1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands

Attacks on British soldiers in Limburg

1988 IRA attacks in Netherlands

Part of the Troubles

Roermond

Nieuw-Bergen

1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands (Netherlands)

Location| Roermond and Nieuw-Bergen, Limburg, Netherlands
Coordinates| 51°12′0″N 5°59′0″E﻿ / ﻿51.20000°N 5.98333°E﻿ / 51.20000; 5.98333
Date| 1 May 1988
Target| RAF personnel

Attack type

| Shooting, bombing
Deaths| 3
Injured| 3
Perpetrator| Provisional IRA

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The Troubles
in Britain and continental Europe

1970 – 1981

* Aldershot bombing
* Old Bailey bombing
* King's Cross & Euston bombings
* Westminster bombing
* M62 coach bombing
* Parliament bombing
* Tower of London bombing
* Guildford pub bombings
* Woolwich pub bombing
* Birmingham pub bombings
* Pillar box bombings
* Talbot Arms bombing
* Bristol bombing
* Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings
* Caterham bombing
* Hilton bombing
* Piccadilly bombing
* Walton's bombing
* Biddy Mulligan's bombing
* Balcombe St siege
* West Ham attack
* Olympia bombing
* Airey Neave killing
* Glasgow pub bombings
* Brussels bombing
* Chelsea Barracks bombing

* * *

1982 – 1998

* Hyde & Regent's Park bombings
* Harrods bombing
* Brighton hotel bombing
* Rheindahlen bombing
* Operation Flavius
* 1988 Netherlands attacks
* Glamorgan barracks bombing

Deal barracks bombing
* Wembley bombing
* Roermond killings
* Lichfield shooting

Carlton bombing
* London Stock Exchange bombing
* Downing Street mortar attack
* Paddington & Victoria bombings
* London Bridge bombing
* Baltic Exchange bombing
* Staples Cnr bombing
* Sussex Arms bombing
* Stoke Newington bomb
* 1992 Manchester bombing
* Warrington bombings
* 1993 Harrods bombing
* Camden bombing
* Bishopsgate bombing
* Finchley Rd bombings
* Heathrow mortar attacks
* Docklands bombing
* Aldwych bombing
* 1996 Manchester bombing
* Osnabrück attack

* * *

See also: The Troubles in Ireland and Assassinations during the Troubles

The Provisional IRA carried out two separate attacks on the same day on 1 May 1988 against British military personnel in the Netherlands which resulted in the deaths of three RAF members and another three being injured.[1] It was the worst attack suffered by the British security forces during The Troubles from 1969 to 1998 in mainland Europe.[2][3]

## Background

[edit]

1988 was one of the worst years of the Troubles conflict in terms of violence during the 1980s. It saw an increase in IRA activity, a new campaign of sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries, and a heavy response by the British Army to IRA attacks. On 6 March the SAS shot dead 3 IRA members in Gibraltar. On 16 March at the funerals of the IRA volunteers shot in Gibraltar, a loyalist UDA volunteer killed an IRA member, Kevin Brady, as well as 2 civilians and injured dozens of other people in a grenade and gun attack at Milltown cemetery in Belfast. At Brady's funeral, two plain clothed, off-duty, British Army corporals were cornered by an angry crowd who assumed they were under attack and the IRA killed both of them. In May, the UVF killed 3 Catholic civilians and injured 9 in a gun attack in a Belfast pub.[4] On 15 June, 7 people were killed, first 6 British soldiers were killed in the Lisburn van bombing and then the IRA shot dead a UVF member.[5]

On 7 July, an IRA member and 2 civilians were killed in a premature bomb explosion.[6] Later that month on 23 July the IRA killed a family of three in a botched operation in Armagh.[7] On 20 August the IRA killed 8 British soldiers and injured a further 28 in the Ballygawley bus bombing, this was the worst attack suffered from the British army since 1982. Ten days later on 30 August the SAS shot dead 3 more IRA Volunteers at Drumnakilly.[8] One day later 3 civilians were killed when somebody triggered an IRA booby-trap bomb by mistake.[9] Twenty-nine people were killed in the month of August alone.[10] 104 people died in 1988 compared to 61 in 1986 and 57 in 1985. It was the worst year since 1982 when 110 people were killed.[11]

### Previous attacks in mainland Europe

[edit]

See also: 1979 Brussels bombing and 1987 Rheindahlen bombing

The IRA and other Republican paramilitaries such as the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) had been carrying out attacks against British military personnel and British diplomats on mainland Europe since the mid-1970s. Prominent attacks included:

* January 1973: A car bomb exploded in the Globe cinema carpark of JHQ Rheindahlen. The bomb was timed to go off when British military personnel were leaving the carpark. Nobody was hurt in the attack.[12]
* 22 March 1979: Richard Sykes, then British Ambassador to the Netherlands, and his Dutch valet, Karel Straub, were killed in a gun attack in The Hague, Netherlands.[13]
* 28 August 1979: Four British soldiers were wounded when the IRA detonated a bomb under a bandstand in Brussels, Belgium, as British Army musicians were preparing to perform.
* 16 February 1980: a British soldier was shot dead by the IRA outside his home, Bielefeld, West Germany.[14]
* 24 November 1981: the left-wing Republican group INLA claimed responsibility for exploding a bomb outside the British Consulate in Hamburg, West Germany.[15]
* 25 November 1981: the INLA claimed responsibility for exploding a bomb at a British Army base in Herford, West Germany; one British soldier was injured.[15]
* 23 March 1987: 31 people were injured in a car bomb attack at Rheindahlen Military Complex, near Mönchengladbach in Germany.[16]

## The attacks

[edit]

The first attack of 1 May 1988 took place in the market of Roermond city, a popular social centre for British military personnel in the southeastern part of the Netherlands on the West German border. Two enlisted Royal Air Force members from the RAF Regiment based at RAF Wildenrath in Germany were sitting in a parked car near their base at around 01:00 am when IRA members fired shots from an automatic rifle into their car, killing one of the airmen (SAC Ian Shinner, 20) and badly injuring his companion. Police on the scene said that at least 23 bullets were fired into the vehicle.

Half an hour later in Nieuw-Bergen, about 30 miles north of Roermond, a booby-trap bomb that was placed under the car of four other RAF airmen exploded while they were parked outside a discotheque. The bombing killed two more RAF airmen (John Miller Reid and John Baxter) and injured two others. "The bodies were in such a condition that they could not immediately be identified", police spokesman Louis Steens told The Associated Press in Nieuw Bergen.[17] The airmen were based at RAF Laarbruch, about 3 miles (5 km) away across the border in West Germany.[18]

The IRA were able to identify the British military personnel due to the number plates on the cars. In both attacks, the cars being driven by the RAF members had British military licence plates.

The IRA issued a statement from Belfast in relation to the attacks saying: "We have a simple message for [Prime Minister Margaret] Thatcher. Disengage from Ireland and there will be peace. If not, there will be no haven for your military personnel and you will regularly be at airports awaiting your dead."[19] Both the British and Irish governments condemned the attacks.

Many Irish Republicans saw the attacks as revenge for the killings of the three IRA volunteers in Gibraltar two months before (see Operation Flavius). In 1990, two Australian tourists were shot dead by the IRA in Roermond after being mistaken for British military personnel.

## See also

[edit]

* 1987 Rheindahlen bombing (Germany)
* Operation Flavius (Gibraltar)
* Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose (Netherlands)
* Osnabrück mortar attack (Germany)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
2. ^ Lederer, Edith M. "IRA Killings Follows Lull In Terrorist Attacks Outside Britain With AM-Netherlands-Ira, Bjt". AP NEWS.
3. ^ RTE Archives Collection. "IRA Kill RAF Members". rte.ie. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
4. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
5. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
6. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
7. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
8. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
9. ^ Malcolm Sutton. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
10. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1988". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
11. ^ "Deaths in each year of the Troubles, Northern Ireland, 1969-1998". www.wesleyjohnston.com.
12. ^ "Urbanks - JHQ - Cold War Urban Exploring".
13. ^ Sutton, Malcolm. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
14. ^ Sutton, Malcolm. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
15. ^ a b The Bulletin. 26 November 1981.
16. ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 23 | 1987: 30 hurt as car bomb hits Army base". news.bbc.co.uk. 23 March 1987. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
17. ^ Sutton, Malcolm. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
18. ^ "IRA KILLS 3 BRITISH SERVICEMEN". 2 May 1988 - via www.washingtonpost.com.
19. ^ DeYoung, Karen (2 May 1988). "IRA KILLS 3 BRITISH SERVICEMEN". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 15 October 2016.

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Provisional Irish Republican Army

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Actions|

| 1970–1979|

* Battle of St Matthew's
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* Brussels bombing
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|

1980–1989|

* Dunmurry train bombing
* Lough Foyle attacks
* Glasdrumman ambush
* 1981 Bessbrook attack
* Chelsea Barracks bombing
* Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings
* Harrods bombing
* Royal Artillery Barracks bombing
* Brighton hotel bombing
* Ballygawley land mine attack
* Newry mortar attack
* Ballygawley attack
* Enniskillen mortar attack
* RUC Birches barracks attack
* Rheindahlen bombing
* Loughgall ambush
* Operation Flavius
* Corporals killings
* Lisburn bombing
* Aughanduff Lynx shootdown
* 1988 Netherlands attacks
* Glamorgan barracks bombing
* Inglis Barracks bombing
* Ballygawley bus bombing
* Jonesborough ambush
* Clive Barracks bombing
* Deal barracks bombing
* Mayobridge attack
* Derryard attack

1990–1991|

* Derrygorry Gazelle downing
* South Armagh sniper
* Downpatrick roadside bomb
* Operation Conservation
* 1990 Wembley bombing
* Carlton Club bombing
* London Stock Exchange bombing
* Honourable Artillery Company bombing
* Lichfield gun attack
* RFA Fort Victoria bombing
* Proxy bombings
* Downing Street mortar attack
* Paddington & Victoria station bombings
* Mullacreevie ambush
* Glenanne barracks bombing
* Coagh ambush
* Musgrave Park Hospital bombing
* Crumlin Road Prison bombing

1992–1997|

* Teebane bombing
* Clonoe ambush
* London Bridge bombing
* Staples Cnr bombing
* Baltic Exchange bombing
* Sussex Arms bombing
* Cloghoge attack
* Coalisland riots
* Forensic Science Laboratory bombing
* Stoke Newington Road bomb
* 1992 Manchester bombing
* Night of the Long Knives
* 1993 Harrods bombing
* Warrington bombings
* Cullaville occupation
* Camden bombing
* Bishopsgate bombing
* Finchley Road bombings
* Battle of Newry Road
* Shankill Road bombing
* 1993 Fivemiletown ambush
* Heathrow attacks
* Crossmaglen Lynx downing
* Drumcree conflict
* Docklands bombing
* Aldwych bus bombing
* 1996 Manchester bombing
* Hammersmith Bridge bombing
* Osnabrück mortar attack
* Thiepval barracks bombing
* Coalisland attack
* 1997 Northern Ireland riots

Personalities
(Volunteers)|

* Paddy Agnew
* Martina Anderson
* Declan Arthurs
* Thomas Begley
* Ivor Bell
* Patricia Black
* Charles Breslin
* Edward Butler
* Paul Butler
* Joe Cahill
* Liam Campbell
* Fergal Caraher
* Malachy Carey
* Owen Carron
* Gerard Casey
* Carál Ní Chuilín
* Gabriel Cleary
* Peter Cleary
* Kevin Coen
* Eamon Collins
* Eddie Copeland
* Marion Coyle
* Gerard Davison
* Matt Devlin
* Hugh Doherty
* Joe Doherty
* Kieran Doherty
* Martin Doherty
* Pat Doherty
* Colin Duffy
* Rose Dugdale
* Dessie Ellis
* Mairéad Farrell
* William Fleming
* Kieran Fleming
* Bernard Fox
* Angelo Fusco
* Michael Gaughan
* John Francis Green
* Dessie Grew
* George Harrison
* Brendan Hughes
* Francis Hughes
* Martin Hurson
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* Brian Keenan
* Gerry Kelly
* John Kelly
* Patrick Joseph Kelly
* Sean Kelly
* Jim Lynagh
* Proinsias Mac Airt
* Breandán Mac Cionnaith
* Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde
* Joseph MacManus
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* Patrick Magee
* Paul Magee
* Donna Maguire
* Larry Marley
* Paul Marlowe
* Leo Martin
* Alex Maskey
* Pearse McAuley
* Daniel McCann
* Fra McCann
* Jennifer McCann
* Raymond McCartney
* Martin McCaughey
* Raymond McCreesh
* Joe McDonnell
* Séamus McElwaine
* Thomas McElwee
* Brendan McFarlane
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* Gerry McGeough
* Pat McGeown
* John Joe McGirl
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* Tommy McKearney
* Billy McKee
* Kevin McKenna
* Laurence McKeown
* Michael McKevitt
* Thomas McMahon
* Jackie McMullan
* Martin Meehan
* Ian Milne
* Arthur Morgan
* Danny Morrison
* Conor Murphy
* Thomas "Slab" Murphy
* Kieran Nugent
* Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
* Ed O'Brien
* Dáithí Ó Conaill
* Éamonn O'Doherty
* Joe B. O'Hagan
* Siobhán O'Hanlon
* Rita O'Hare
* Diarmuid O'Neill
* Dolours Price
* Marian Price
* Liam Quinn
* Paddy Quinn
* Billy Reid
* Bobby Sands
* Seán Savage
* Pat Sheehan
* Frank Stagg
* Jimmy Steele
* Bobby Storey
* Gerard Tuite
* Seamus Twomey
* Roy Walsh
* Séanna Walsh

Espionage and
Supergrasses|

* Eamon Collins
* Denis Donaldson
* Joseph Fenton
* Kevin Fulton
* Raymond Gilmour
* Martin McGartland
* Sean O'Callaghan
* Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife")

Associates|

* Cumann na mBan
* Fianna Éireann
* South Armagh Republican Action Force
* Direct Action Against Drugs
* NORAID
* Clan na Gael
* Troops Out Movement

Derivatives|

* Continuity Irish Republican Army
* Real Irish Republican Army

Prominent
killings|

* Jeffery Stanford Agate
* Johnathan Ball
* Anthony Berry
* Robert Bradford
* Joe Bratty
* Matthew Burns
* Martin Cahill
* Eamon Collins
* Raymond Elder
* Gerard Evans
* Christopher Ewart-Biggs
* Joseph Fenton
* Billy Fox
* Maurice Gibson
* Ian Gow
* Heidi Hazell
* Donald Kaberry
* Andrew Kearney
* Baroness Brabourne
* William "Frenchie" Marchant
* Martin McBirney
* Jerry McCabe
* Robert McConnell
* Jean McConville
* Columba McVeigh
* Ross McWhirter
* Stephen Melrose
* Lord Mountbatten
* Lenny Murphy
* Robert Nairac
* Thomas Oliver
* Tim Parry
* Paul Quinn
* Robert Seymour
* Robert McCartney (allegedly)
* Joseph Rafferty (allegedly)
* Ray Smallwoods
* Sammy Smyth
* Nick Spanos
* James Stronge
* Norman Stronge
* Richard Sykes
* Stephen Tibble
* Sammy Ward
* Michael Willetts

* v
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The Troubles

Participants

State security forces

United Kingdom

* British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment
* Force Research Unit)
* Royal Ulster Constabulary (Ulster Special Constabulary)

|

Ireland

* Defence Forces
* Garda Síochána

Irish republican paramilitaries

* Provisional IRA
* Official IRA
* INLA
* Irish People's Liberation Organisation
* Continuity IRA
* Real IRA
* Republican Action Force
* Saor Éire
* Irish Revolutionary Brigade

Vigilantes

* Direct Action Against Drugs

|

Ulster loyalist paramilitaries

* Ulster Volunteer Force
* Ulster Defence Association
* Red Hand Commando
* Ulster Resistance
* Loyalist Volunteer Force
* Ulster Protestant Volunteers
* Ulster Third Force
* Ulster Volunteer Service Corps
* Down Orange Welfare
* Protestant Action Force
* Woodvale Defence Association

Vigilantes

* Ulster Protestant Action
* Ulster Service Corps
* Orange Volunteers

|

Major events

* 1967–1972
* Northern Ireland civil rights movement
* 1969
* NI riots
* 1970
* Falls Curfew
* 1971
* Operation Demetrius
* Ballymurphy massacre
* McGurk's Bar bombing
* Balmoral showroom bombing
* 1972
* Bloody Sunday
* Abercorn Restaurant bombing
* Donegall Street bombing
* Beginning of direct rule
* Bloody Friday
* Operation Motorman
* Old Bailey bombing
* Sunningdale Agreement
* 1974
* M62 coach bombing
* Ulster Workers' Council strike
* Dublin & Monaghan bombings
* Guildford pub bombings
* Birmingham pub bombings
* 1975
* Miami Showband killings
* Bayardo Bar attack
* Tullyvallen massacre
* Balcombe Street siege
* 1976
* Reavey and O'Dowd killings
* Kingsmill massacre
* 1978
* La Mon restaurant bombing
* Jonesborough Gazelle downing
* 1979
* Warrenpoint ambush
* 1981
* Republican hunger strike
* 1982
* Droppin Well bombing
* 1983
* Maze Prison escape
* 1984
* Brighton hotel bombing
* 1985
* Newry mortar attack
* Anglo-Irish Agreement
* 1987
* Loughgall ambush
* Remembrance Day bombing
* 1988
* Start of peace process
* Operation Flavius
* Milltown Cemetery attack
* Corporals killings
* IRA attacks in the Netherlands
* Aughanduff Lynx shootdown
* Ballygawley bus bombing
* 1989
* Deal barracks bombing
* Attack on Derryard checkpoint
* 1990–1997
* South Armagh sniper campaign
* 1990
* Augher Lynx shootdown
* Proxy bombings
* 1991
* Downing Street mortar attack
* Cappagh killings
* 1992
* Teebane bombing
* Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting
* Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting
* 1993
* Warrington bombings
* Bishopsgate bombing
* Shankill Road bombing
* Greysteel massacre
* Downing Street Declaration
* 1994
* Crossmaglen Lynx downing
* Loughinisland massacre
* Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC
* 1996
* Docklands bombing
* Manchester bombing
* 1997
* NI riots
* Second IRA ceasefire
* 1998
* Good Friday Agreement
* Omagh bombing

Political parties

Irish republican parties

* Sinn Féin
* Official Sinn Féin
* Republican Sinn Féin
* Irish Republican Socialist Party
* Communist Party of Ireland
* Irish Independence Party
* Republican Socialist Collective
* Unity

|

Ulster loyalist parties

* Ulster Unionist Party
* Democratic Unionist Party
* Progressive Unionist Party
* Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
* UK Unionist Party
* Ulster Democratic Party

Other parties

* Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
* Social Democratic and Labour Party

* Segregation (peace lines)
* Irish republicanism
* Irish nationalism
* Unionism
* Ulster loyalism
* United Ireland
* Free Derry
* Films
* Flags
* Murals
* Parades
* Punishment attacks
* Finances
* Special Category Status
* Shoot-to-kill policy
* HM Prison Maze
* Five techniques

* * *

Category

* v
* t
* e

Violent deaths in the Netherlands (since 1945)

Assassinations|

* Richard Sykes (1979)
* Ahmet Benler (1979)
* Klaas Bruinsma (1991)
* Ibrahim Akasha (2000)
* Pim Fortuyn (2002)
* Konstantin Dimitrov (2003)
* Willem Endstra (2004)
* Theo van Gogh (2004)
* Louis Sévèke (2005)
* Sven Westendorp (2011)
* Hans Nijman (2014)
* Mohammad-Reza Kolahi (2015)
* Martin Kok (2016)
* Derk Wiersum (2019)
* Martin van de Pol (2021)
* Peter R. de Vries (2021)

Murder cases|

| until 2000|

* Sebilla Niemans (1959)
* Heul Girl (1976)
* Kerwin Duinmeijer (1983)
* Willem Klein (1986)
* Gerrit Jan Heijn (1987)
* Wim Hogenkamp (1989)
* Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose (1990)
* Roy Francis Adkins (1990)
* Teteringen Girl (1990)
* Danny Leclère (1993)
* Nicole van den Hurk (1995)
* Nicky Verstappen (1998)
* Deventer murder case (1999)
* Marianne Vaatstra (1999)

|

since 2000|

* Derek Dunne (2000)
* Ed Vijent (2001)
* René Steegmans (2002)
* Peter Smit (2005)
* Evert Hingst (2005)
* Greg Halman (2011)
* Facebook murder (2012)
* Els Borst (2014)
* Faisal Mssyeh (2019)
* Jay-Ronne Grootfaam (2019)
* Kelvin Maynard (2019)
* Jergé Hoefdraad (2021)
* Danzel Silos (2024)

Mass murders
and attacks|

* IRA attacks in the Netherlands (1988)
* Attack on the Dutch royal family (2009)
* Alphen aan den Rijn shopping mall shooting (2011)
* Utrecht tram shooting (2019)
* Rotterdam shootings (2023)

Police killings|

* Michael Koomen (2011)
* Rishi Chandrikasing (2012)
* Mitch Henriquez (2015)
* Sammy Baker (2020)

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