1988 United States presidential election in Texas

Main article: 1988 United States presidential election

1988 United States presidential election in Texas

* * *

| <- 1984 | November 8, 1988 | 1992 ->

|
|

Turnout| 66.17% (of registered voters)
44.34% (of voting age population)[1]
|  |  |

|
|

Nominee  | George H. W. Bush | Michael Dukakis |
Party  | Republican | Democratic
Home state  | Texas | Massachusetts
Running mate  | Dan Quayle | Lloyd Bentsen
Electoral vote  | 29 | 0
Popular vote  | 3,036,829 | 2,352,748
Percentage  | 55.95% | 43.35%

* * *

County Results

Congressional District Results

Precinct Results

Bush

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

80–90%

90–100%

Dukakis

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

80–90%

90–100%

Other

Tie

No Votes

|
|

* * *

| President before election

Ronald Reagan
Republican

| Elected President

George H. W. Bush
Republican

|

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Government

* v
* t
* e

The 1988 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose 29 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won his home state against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.

Texas voted for Bush by a solid 12.6% margin. Texas had been considered a competitive, albeit Republican-leaning, state in the run-up to the election.[2]

## Background

[edit]

Support for the Republican Party of Texas grew during the 1980s. Republican nominee Bill Clements won the governorship in 1978 and returned to the office in 1986 after losing in the 1982 election. Between 1978 and 1986, Republican membership in the Texas House of Representatives rose from 22 to 56, in the United States House of Representatives from 4 to 10, and in local and judicial offices from 0 to 504.[3]

## Campaign

[edit]

### Primary

[edit]

Dukakis won 38% of the white vote.[4] The racial composition of the Democratic primary was 67% white, 23% black, and 11% Hispanic.[5]

45% of white voters participated in the Republican primary.[6]

Dukakis selected Texas U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen, who had previously been considered in 1984, to serve as his vice-presidential running mate.[7][8] U.S. Senator Phil Gramm nominated Bush at the Republican National Convention.[9]

### General

[edit]

Bentsen was running for reelection in the concurrent senatorial election against Republican nominee Beau Boulter. The Bush campaign and Texas GOP were initially interested in aiding Boulter, but later pursued a Texas Ticket strategy in which they promoted voting for both Bush in the presidential election and Bentsen in the senatorial election. Bentsen criticized the strategy on October 22, stating that the "Republicans are trying to peddle the notion that you can vote twice for Texas by voting for George Bush and Lloyd Bentsen".[10] Bentsen won reelection despite the Republican victory in the presidential election.[9]

61% of white voters supported Bush while 38% supported Dukakis.[11][12]

As of the 2024 presidential election[update], and despite Bill Clinton's two ensuing nationwide election victories (while holding the Republican margin of victory in Texas to single digits both times), the 1988 election constitutes the last occasion when Lee County, Calhoun County and San Saba County have supported the Democratic presidential nominee.[13]

## Results

[edit]

1988 United States presidential election in Texas

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | Percentage  | Electoral votes
| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 3,036,829 | 55.95% | 29
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis | 2,352,748  | 43.35%  | 0
| Libertarian | Ron Paul | 30,355[a] | 0.56%  | 0
| New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 7,208  | 0.13%  | 0
| Write-Ins  |  | 160[b] | >0.01%  | 0
| Socialist Workers Party | James Warren | 110[b] | >0.01%  | 0
Totals | 5,427,410 | 100.0% | 29

### Results by county

[edit]

County  | George H.W. Bush
Republican  | Michael Dukakis
Democratic  | Ron Paul[14]
Libertarian  | Various candidates
Other parties  | Margin  | Total votes cast

|
|
|
|
|
|

#  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %
Anderson | 7,858  | 55.95%  | 6,128  | 43.63%  | 49  | 0.35%  | 10  | 0.07%  | 1,730  | 12.32%  | 14,045
Andrews | 3,052  | 72.82%  | 1,122  | 26.77%  | 12  | 0.29%  | 5  | 0.12%  | 1,930  | 46.05%  | 4,191
Angelina | 12,738  | 53.40%  | 10,849  | 45.48%  | 249  | 1.04%  | 16  | 0.07%  | 1,889  | 7.92%  | 23,852
Aransas | 3,858  | 62.27%  | 2,305  | 37.20%  | 29  | 0.47%  | 4  | 0.06%  | 1,553  | 25.07%  | 6,196
Archer | 2,010  | 55.13%  | 1,627  | 44.62%  | 9  | 0.25%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 383  | 10.51%  | 3,646
Armstrong | 720  | 69.23%  | 314  | 30.19%  | 6  | 0.58%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 406  | 39.04%  | 1,040
Atascosa | 4,777  | 50.26%  | 4,657  | 49.00%  | 63  | 0.66%  | 7  | 0.07%  | 120  | 1.26%  | 9,504
Austin | 4,524  | 63.18%  | 2,593  | 36.22%  | 41  | 0.57%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 1,931  | 26.96%  | 7,160
Bailey | 1,459  | 62.27%  | 876  | 37.39%  | 8  | 0.34%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 583  | 24.88%  | 2,343
Bandera | 3,435  | 72.15%  | 1,251  | 26.28%  | 72  | 1.51%  | 3  | 0.06%  | 2,184  | 45.87%  | 4,761
Bastrop | 5,991  | 42.51%  | 8,004  | 56.80%  | 91  | 0.65%  | 6  | 0.04%  | -2,013  | -14.29%  | 14,092
Baylor | 914  | 44.15%  | 1,153  | 55.70%  | 3  | 0.14%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -239  | -11.55%  | 2,070
Bee | 4,620  | 49.78%  | 4,616  | 49.74%  | 39  | 0.42%  | 6  | 0.06%  | 4  | 0.04%  | 9,281
Bell | 29,382  | 61.79%  | 17,751  | 37.33%  | 365  | 0.77%  | 53  | 0.11%  | 11,631  | 24.46%  | 47,551
Bexar | 193,192  | 52.25%  | 174,036  | 47.07%  | 2,144  | 0.58%  | 377  | 0.10%  | 19,156  | 5.18%  | 369,749
Blanco | 1,680  | 61.79%  | 1,012  | 37.22%  | 24  | 0.88%  | 3  | 0.11%  | 668  | 24.57%  | 2,719
Borden | 283  | 62.33%  | 169  | 37.22%  | 1  | 0.22%  | 1  | 0.22%  | 114  | 25.11%  | 454
Bosque | 3,458  | 56.26%  | 2,670  | 43.44%  | 16  | 0.26%  | 3  | 0.05%  | 788  | 12.82%  | 6,147
Bowie | 15,454  | 55.31%  | 12,331  | 44.13%  | 131  | 0.47%  | 25  | 0.09%  | 3,123  | 11.18%  | 27,941
Brazoria | 34,028  | 57.60%  | 23,436  | 39.67%  | 1,549  | 2.62%  | 68  | 0.12%  | 10,592  | 17.93%  | 59,081
Brazos | 29,369  | 65.72%  | 14,885  | 33.31%  | 348  | 0.78%  | 88  | 0.20%  | 14,484  | 32.41%  | 44,690
Brewster | 1,708  | 51.55%  | 1,569  | 47.36%  | 33  | 1.00%  | 3  | 0.09%  | 139  | 4.19%  | 3,313
Briscoe | 464  | 44.27%  | 574  | 54.77%  | 8  | 0.76%  | 2  | 0.19%  | -110  | -10.50%  | 1,048
Brooks | 608  | 17.43%  | 2,859  | 81.94%  | 10  | 0.29%  | 12  | 0.34%  | -2,251  | -64.51%  | 3,489
Brown | 6,810  | 58.68%  | 4,763  | 41.04%  | 29  | 0.25%  | 4  | 0.03%  | 2,047  | 17.64%  | 11,606
Burleson | 2,242  | 41.99%  | 3,085  | 57.78%  | 11  | 0.21%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -843  | -15.79%  | 5,339
Burnet | 5,120  | 53.85%  | 4,343  | 45.68%  | 42  | 0.44%  | 3  | 0.03%  | 777  | 8.17%  | 9,508
Caldwell | 3,553  | 43.00%  | 4,649  | 56.27%  | 52  | 0.63%  | 8  | 0.10%  | -1,096  | -13.27%  | 8,262
Calhoun | 3,183  | 48.79%  | 3,314  | 50.80%  | 21  | 0.32%  | 6  | 0.09%  | -131  | -2.01%  | 6,524
Callahan | 2,887  | 58.67%  | 2,017  | 40.99%  | 10  | 0.20%  | 7  | 0.14%  | 870  | 17.68%  | 4,921
Cameron | 24,263  | 43.68%  | 30,972  | 55.75%  | 253  | 0.46%  | 64  | 0.12%  | -6,709  | -12.07%  | 55,552
Camp | 1,908  | 47.20%  | 2,121  | 52.47%  | 12  | 0.30%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -213  | -5.27%  | 4,042
Carson | 2,100  | 66.71%  | 1,034  | 32.85%  | 11  | 0.35%  | 3  | 0.10%  | 1,066  | 33.86%  | 3,148
Cass | 5,305  | 47.11%  | 5,941  | 52.75%  | 14  | 0.12%  | 2  | 0.02%  | -636  | -5.64%  | 11,262
Castro | 1,604  | 52.61%  | 1,436  | 47.10%  | 8  | 0.26%  | 1  | 0.03%  | 168  | 5.51%  | 3,049
Chambers | 3,694  | 54.48%  | 3,035  | 44.76%  | 46  | 0.68%  | 6  | 0.09%  | 659  | 9.72%  | 6,781
Cherokee | 7,520  | 57.12%  | 5,604  | 42.57%  | 38  | 0.29%  | 3  | 0.02%  | 1,916  | 14.55%  | 13,165
Childress | 1,201  | 52.98%  | 1,060  | 46.76%  | 6  | 0.26%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 141  | 6.22%  | 2,267
Clay | 2,043  | 47.07%  | 2,288  | 52.72%  | 8  | 0.18%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -245  | -5.65%  | 4,340
Cochran | 771  | 52.74%  | 681  | 46.58%  | 8  | 0.55%  | 2  | 0.14%  | 90  | 6.16%  | 1,462
Coke | 863  | 55.97%  | 674  | 43.71%  | 4  | 0.26%  | 1  | 0.06%  | 189  | 12.26%  | 1,542
Coleman | 2,340  | 54.15%  | 1,978  | 45.78%  | 3  | 0.07%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 362  | 8.37%  | 4,321
Collin | 67,776  | 74.29%  | 22,934  | 25.14%  | 465  | 0.51%  | 55  | 0.06%  | 44,842  | 49.15%  | 91,230
Collingsworth | 872  | 51.81%  | 809  | 48.07%  | 2  | 0.12%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 63  | 3.74%  | 1,683
Colorado | 3,723  | 56.41%  | 2,847  | 43.14%  | 26  | 0.39%  | 4  | 0.06%  | 876  | 13.27%  | 6,600
Comal | 13,994  | 70.04%  | 5,716  | 28.61%  | 237  | 1.19%  | 33  | 0.17%  | 8,278  | 41.43%  | 19,980
Comanche | 2,120  | 44.53%  | 2,622  | 55.07%  | 18  | 0.38%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -502  | -10.54%  | 4,761
Concho | 617  | 48.85%  | 643  | 50.91%  | 1  | 0.08%  | 2  | 0.16%  | -26  | -2.06%  | 1,263
Cooke | 7,196  | 62.84%  | 4,217  | 36.82%  | 30  | 0.26%  | 9  | 0.08%  | 2,979  | 26.02%  | 11,452
Coryell | 7,461  | 64.17%  | 4,026  | 34.63%  | 123  | 1.06%  | 17  | 0.15%  | 3,435  | 29.54%  | 11,627
Cottle | 379  | 35.00%  | 690  | 63.71%  | 14  | 1.29%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -311  | -28.71%  | 1,083
Crane | 1,219  | 67.05%  | 596  | 32.78%  | 3  | 0.17%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 623  | 34.27%  | 1,818
Crockett | 932  | 51.24%  | 881  | 48.43%  | 6  | 0.33%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 51  | 2.81%  | 1,819
Crosby | 1,121  | 43.75%  | 1,435  | 56.01%  | 5  | 0.20%  | 1  | 0.04%  | -314  | -12.26%  | 2,562
Culberson | 417  | 42.46%  | 557  | 56.72%  | 3  | 0.31%  | 5  | 0.51%  | -140  | -14.26%  | 982
Dallam | 1,205  | 64.72%  | 645  | 34.64%  | 12  | 0.64%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 560  | 30.08%  | 1,862
Dallas | 347,094  | 58.38%  | 243,198  | 40.91%  | 3,446  | 0.58%  | 800  | 0.13%  | 103,896  | 17.47%  | 594,538
Dawson | 3,154  | 59.32%  | 2,155  | 40.53%  | 6  | 0.11%  | 2  | 0.04%  | 999  | 18.79%  | 5,317
Deaf Smith | 3,744  | 65.39%  | 1,930  | 33.71%  | 36  | 0.63%  | 16  | 0.28%  | 1,814  | 31.68%  | 5,726
Delta | 849  | 40.41%  | 1,244  | 59.21%  | 8  | 0.38%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -395  | -18.80%  | 2,101
Denton | 57,444  | 68.22%  | 26,204  | 31.12%  | 474  | 0.56%  | 88  | 0.10%  | 31,240  | 37.10%  | 84,210
DeWitt | 3,628  | 58.00%  | 2,579  | 41.23%  | 43  | 0.69%  | 5  | 0.08%  | 1,049  | 16.77%  | 6,255
Dickens | 435  | 38.12%  | 696  | 61.00%  | 7  | 0.61%  | 3  | 0.26%  | -261  | -22.88%  | 1,141
Dimmit | 900  | 24.65%  | 2,735  | 74.91%  | 12  | 0.33%  | 4  | 0.11%  | -1,835  | -50.26%  | 3,651
Donley | 1,043  | 60.89%  | 661  | 38.59%  | 9  | 0.53%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 382  | 22.30%  | 1,713
Duval | 907  | 17.79%  | 4,177  | 81.95%  | 11  | 0.22%  | 2  | 0.04%  | -3,270  | -64.16%  | 5,097
Eastland | 3,929  | 54.83%  | 3,215  | 44.86%  | 19  | 0.27%  | 3  | 0.04%  | 714  | 9.97%  | 7,166
Ector | 23,155  | 67.80%  | 10,825  | 31.70%  | 152  | 0.45%  | 20  | 0.06%  | 12,330  | 36.10%  | 34,152
Edwards | 556  | 59.78%  | 368  | 39.57%  | 4  | 0.43%  | 2  | 0.22%  | 188  | 20.21%  | 930
Ellis | 16,422  | 59.18%  | 11,169  | 40.25%  | 104  | 0.37%  | 54  | 0.19%  | 5,253  | 18.93%  | 27,749
El Paso | 55,573  | 46.79%  | 62,622  | 52.72%  | 434  | 0.37%  | 152  | 0.13%  | -7,049  | -5.93%  | 118,781
Erath | 5,427  | 56.71%  | 4,113  | 42.98%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 30  | 0.31%  | 1,314  | 13.73%  | 9,570
Falls | 2,344  | 44.76%  | 2,877  | 54.94%  | 11  | 0.21%  | 5  | 0.10%  | -533  | -10.18%  | 5,237
Fannin | 4,024  | 43.67%  | 5,163  | 56.03%  | 23  | 0.25%  | 4  | 0.04%  | -1,139  | -12.36%  | 9,214
Fayette | 4,551  | 57.09%  | 3,390  | 42.53%  | 29  | 0.36%  | 1  | 0.01%  | 1,161  | 14.56%  | 7,971
Fisher | 721  | 32.19%  | 1,516  | 67.68%  | 3  | 0.13%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -795  | -35.49%  | 2,240
Floyd | 1,741  | 55.48%  | 1,391  | 44.33%  | 3  | 0.10%  | 3  | 0.10%  | 350  | 11.15%  | 3,138
Foard | 306  | 37.32%  | 513  | 62.56%  | 1  | 0.12%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -207  | -25.24%  | 820
Fort Bend | 39,818  | 62.43%  | 23,351  | 36.61%  | 458  | 0.72%  | 157  | 0.25%  | 16,467  | 25.82%  | 63,784
Franklin | 1,439  | 49.69%  | 1,453  | 50.17%  | 3  | 0.10%  | 1  | 0.03%  | -14  | -0.48%  | 2,896
Freestone | 3,159  | 51.85%  | 2,916  | 47.87%  | 16  | 0.26%  | 1  | 0.02%  | 243  | 3.98%  | 6,092
Frio | 1,505  | 33.16%  | 3,016  | 66.46%  | 16  | 0.35%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -1,511  | -33.30%  | 4,538
Gaines | 2,265  | 62.81%  | 1,310  | 36.33%  | 28  | 0.78%  | 3  | 0.08%  | 955  | 26.48%  | 3,606
Galveston | 34,913  | 47.15%  | 38,633  | 52.18%  | 431  | 0.58%  | 65  | 0.09%  | -3,720  | -5.03%  | 74,042
Garza | 1,183  | 54.02%  | 989  | 45.16%  | 17  | 0.78%  | 1  | 0.05%  | 194  | 8.86%  | 2,190
Gillespie | 5,662  | 77.42%  | 1,588  | 21.71%  | 61  | 0.83%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 4,074  | 55.71%  | 7,313
Glasscock | 384  | 72.73%  | 143  | 27.08%  | 1  | 0.19%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 241  | 45.65%  | 528
Goliad | 1,427  | 51.11%  | 1,358  | 48.64%  | 7  | 0.25%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 69  | 2.47%  | 2,792
Gonzales | 2,983  | 50.42%  | 2,897  | 48.97%  | 35  | 0.59%  | 1  | 0.02%  | 86  | 1.45%  | 5,916
Gray | 7,259  | 74.22%  | 2,460  | 25.15%  | 55  | 0.56%  | 7  | 0.07%  | 4,799  | 49.07%  | 9,781
Grayson | 18,825  | 56.55%  | 14,347  | 43.10%  | 97  | 0.29%  | 18  | 0.05%  | 4,478  | 13.45%  | 33,287
Gregg | 26,465  | 67.19%  | 12,486  | 31.70%  | 416  | 1.06%  | 20  | 0.05%  | 13,979  | 35.49%  | 39,387
Grimes | 2,820  | 50.52%  | 2,735  | 49.00%  | 23  | 0.41%  | 4  | 0.07%  | 85  | 1.52%  | 5,582
Guadalupe | 13,265  | 64.37%  | 7,111  | 34.50%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 233  | 1.13%  | 6,154  | 29.87%  | 20,609
Hale | 6,284  | 64.05%  | 3,502  | 35.69%  | 19  | 0.19%  | 6  | 0.06%  | 2,782  | 28.36%  | 9,811
Hall | 714  | 40.96%  | 1,029  | 59.04%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -315  | -18.08%  | 1,743
Hamilton | 1,718  | 55.67%  | 1,355  | 43.91%  | 12  | 0.39%  | 1  | 0.03%  | 363  | 11.76%  | 3,086
Hansford | 1,967  | 81.25%  | 443  | 18.30%  | 11  | 0.45%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 1,524  | 62.95%  | 2,421
Hardeman | 855  | 42.73%  | 1,143  | 57.12%  | 2  | 0.10%  | 1  | 0.05%  | -288  | -14.39%  | 2,001
Hardin | 6,897  | 45.46%  | 8,245  | 54.34%  | 28  | 0.18%  | 3  | 0.02%  | -1,348  | -8.88%  | 15,173
Harris | 464,217  | 57.02%  | 342,919  | 42.12%  | 5,205  | 0.64%  | 1,819  | 0.22%  | 121,298  | 14.90%  | 814,160
Harrison | 11,957  | 56.18%  | 8,974  | 42.16%  | 335  | 1.57%  | 19  | 0.09%  | 2,983  | 14.02%  | 21,285
Hartley | 1,229  | 70.35%  | 505  | 28.91%  | 11  | 0.63%  | 2  | 0.11%  | 724  | 41.44%  | 1,747
Haskell | 1,193  | 40.93%  | 1,715  | 58.83%  | 5  | 0.17%  | 2  | 0.07%  | -522  | -17.90%  | 2,915
Hays | 11,716  | 50.36%  | 11,187  | 48.09%  | 330  | 1.42%  | 31  | 0.13%  | 529  | 2.27%  | 23,264
Hemphill | 1,170  | 68.62%  | 527  | 30.91%  | 8  | 0.47%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 643  | 37.71%  | 1,705
Henderson | 11,005  | 52.61%  | 9,819  | 46.94%  | 73  | 0.35%  | 21  | 0.10%  | 1,186  | 5.67%  | 20,918
Hidalgo | 29,246  | 34.87%  | 54,330  | 64.78%  | 210  | 0.25%  | 84  | 0.10%  | -25,084  | -29.91%  | 83,870
Hill | 4,796  | 52.14%  | 4,381  | 47.63%  | 20  | 0.22%  | 1  | 0.01%  | 415  | 4.51%  | 9,198
Hockley | 4,368  | 60.25%  | 2,850  | 39.31%  | 27  | 0.37%  | 5  | 0.07%  | 1,518  | 20.94%  | 7,250
Hood | 7,400  | 63.16%  | 4,255  | 36.32%  | 55  | 0.47%  | 6  | 0.05%  | 3,145  | 26.84%  | 11,716
Hopkins | 5,133  | 50.61%  | 4,984  | 49.14%  | 25  | 0.25%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 149  | 1.47%  | 10,142
Houston | 3,882  | 50.00%  | 3,846  | 49.54%  | 30  | 0.39%  | 6  | 0.08%  | 36  | 0.46%  | 7,764
Howard | 6,024  | 57.28%  | 4,445  | 42.26%  | 41  | 0.39%  | 7  | 0.07%  | 1,579  | 15.02%  | 10,517
Hudspeth | 405  | 49.63%  | 406  | 49.75%  | 4  | 0.49%  | 1  | 0.12%  | -1  | -0.12%  | 816
Hunt | 12,331  | 58.06%  | 8,820  | 41.53%  | 79  | 0.37%  | 8  | 0.04%  | 3,511  | 16.53%  | 21,238
Hutchinson | 7,526  | 71.50%  | 2,950  | 28.03%  | 43  | 0.41%  | 7  | 0.07%  | 4,576  | 43.47%  | 10,526
Irion | 539  | 62.17%  | 326  | 37.60%  | 1  | 0.12%  | 1  | 0.12%  | 213  | 24.57%  | 867
Jack | 1,542  | 50.16%  | 1,521  | 49.48%  | 11  | 0.36%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 21  | 0.68%  | 3,074
Jackson | 2,954  | 57.75%  | 2,141  | 41.86%  | 18  | 0.35%  | 2  | 0.04%  | 813  | 15.89%  | 5,115
Jasper | 4,985  | 42.87%  | 6,613  | 56.87%  | 28  | 0.24%  | 3  | 0.03%  | -1,628  | -14.00%  | 11,629
Jeff Davis | 524  | 60.23%  | 325  | 37.36%  | 19  | 2.18%  | 2  | 0.23%  | 199  | 22.87%  | 870
Jefferson | 35,754  | 38.99%  | 55,649  | 60.69%  | 209  | 0.23%  | 81  | 0.09%  | -19,895  | -21.70%  | 91,693
Jim Hogg | 510  | 23.80%  | 1,630  | 76.06%  | 2  | 0.09%  | 1  | 0.05%  | -1,120  | -52.26%  | 2,143
Jim Wells | 4,335  | 33.64%  | 8,495  | 65.92%  | 42  | 0.33%  | 14  | 0.11%  | -4,160  | -32.28%  | 12,886
Johnson | 17,509  | 58.03%  | 12,507  | 41.45%  | 139  | 0.46%  | 16  | 0.05%  | 5,002  | 16.58%  | 30,171
Jones | 3,000  | 50.71%  | 2,898  | 48.99%  | 17  | 0.29%  | 1  | 0.02%  | 102  | 1.72%  | 5,916
Karnes | 2,383  | 48.31%  | 2,529  | 51.27%  | 18  | 0.36%  | 3  | 0.06%  | -146  | -2.96%  | 4,933
Kaufman | 8,466  | 53.19%  | 7,358  | 46.23%  | 72  | 0.45%  | 20  | 0.13%  | 1,108  | 6.96%  | 15,916
Kendall | 4,875  | 76.20%  | 1,446  | 22.60%  | 75  | 1.17%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 3,429  | 53.60%  | 6,398
Kenedy | 76  | 38.78%  | 119  | 60.71%  | 1  | 0.51%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -43  | -21.93%  | 196
Kent | 274  | 40.65%  | 398  | 59.05%  | 1  | 0.15%  | 1  | 0.15%  | -124  | -18.40%  | 674
Kerr | 11,207  | 75.03%  | 3,587  | 24.01%  | 139  | 0.93%  | 4  | 0.03%  | 7,620  | 51.02%  | 14,937
Kimble | 1,061  | 65.62%  | 551  | 34.08%  | 4  | 0.25%  | 1  | 0.06%  | 510  | 31.54%  | 1,617
King | 111  | 63.43%  | 64  | 36.57%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 47  | 26.86%  | 175
Kinney | 771  | 53.17%  | 669  | 46.14%  | 8  | 0.55%  | 2  | 0.14%  | 102  | 7.03%  | 1,450
Kleberg | 4,443  | 44.67%  | 5,367  | 53.96%  | 132  | 1.33%  | 4  | 0.04%  | -924  | -9.29%  | 9,946
Knox | 765  | 42.93%  | 1,013  | 56.85%  | 3  | 0.17%  | 1  | 0.06%  | -248  | -13.92%  | 1,782
Lamar | 8,021  | 51.42%  | 7,553  | 48.42%  | 21  | 0.13%  | 3  | 0.02%  | 468  | 3.00%  | 15,598
Lamb | 3,064  | 57.64%  | 2,230  | 41.95%  | 17  | 0.32%  | 5  | 0.09%  | 834  | 15.69%  | 5,316
Lampasas | 3,000  | 60.41%  | 1,954  | 39.35%  | 6  | 0.12%  | 6  | 0.12%  | 1,046  | 21.06%  | 4,966
La Salle | 693  | 29.46%  | 1,651  | 70.20%  | 6  | 0.26%  | 2  | 0.09%  | -958  | -40.74%  | 2,352
Lavaca | 4,377  | 54.97%  | 3,531  | 44.35%  | 52  | 0.65%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 846  | 10.62%  | 7,962
Lee | 2,513  | 49.60%  | 2,527  | 49.87%  | 23  | 0.45%  | 4  | 0.08%  | -14  | -0.27%  | 5,067
Leon | 2,778  | 54.31%  | 2,316  | 45.28%  | 21  | 0.41%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 462  | 9.03%  | 5,115
Liberty | 8,524  | 50.22%  | 8,343  | 49.15%  | 95  | 0.56%  | 11  | 0.06%  | 181  | 1.07%  | 16,973
Limestone | 3,257  | 48.16%  | 3,476  | 51.40%  | 28  | 0.41%  | 2  | 0.03%  | -219  | -3.24%  | 6,763
Lipscomb | 1,111  | 74.12%  | 377  | 25.15%  | 10  | 0.67%  | 1  | 0.07%  | 734  | 48.97%  | 1,499
Live Oak | 2,277  | 58.69%  | 1,573  | 40.54%  | 29  | 0.75%  | 1  | 0.03%  | 704  | 18.15%  | 3,880
Llano | 3,550  | 57.24%  | 2,629  | 42.39%  | 21  | 0.34%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 921  | 14.85%  | 6,202
Loving | 54  | 70.13%  | 23  | 29.87%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 31  | 40.26%  | 77
Lubbock | 50,760  | 69.26%  | 22,202  | 30.29%  | 269  | 0.37%  | 61  | 0.08%  | 28,558  | 38.97%  | 73,292
Lynn | 1,279  | 54.03%  | 1,086  | 45.88%  | 2  | 0.08%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 193  | 8.15%  | 2,367
Madison | 1,896  | 50.60%  | 1,835  | 48.97%  | 16  | 0.43%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 61  | 1.63%  | 3,747
Marion | 1,857  | 44.97%  | 2,255  | 54.61%  | 16  | 0.39%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -398  | -9.64%  | 4,129
Martin | 1,017  | 61.60%  | 632  | 38.28%  | 2  | 0.12%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 385  | 23.32%  | 1,651
Mason | 975  | 58.91%  | 671  | 40.54%  | 9  | 0.54%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 304  | 18.37%  | 1,655
Matagorda | 6,787  | 54.01%  | 5,675  | 45.16%  | 92  | 0.73%  | 12  | 0.10%  | 1,112  | 8.85%  | 12,566
Maverick | 1,592  | 26.52%  | 4,395  | 73.21%  | 10  | 0.17%  | 6  | 0.10%  | -2,803  | -46.69%  | 6,003
McCulloch | 1,618  | 49.13%  | 1,665  | 50.56%  | 10  | 0.30%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -47  | -1.43%  | 3,293
McLennan | 38,606  | 58.12%  | 27,545  | 41.47%  | 220  | 0.33%  | 52  | 0.08%  | 11,061  | 16.65%  | 66,423
McMullen | 302  | 75.88%  | 94  | 23.62%  | 2  | 0.50%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 208  | 52.26%  | 398
Medina | 5,722  | 57.05%  | 4,227  | 42.15%  | 75  | 0.75%  | 5  | 0.05%  | 1,495  | 14.90%  | 10,029
Menard | 552  | 47.14%  | 614  | 52.43%  | 5  | 0.43%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -62  | -5.29%  | 1,171
Midland | 30,618  | 77.86%  | 8,487  | 21.58%  | 209  | 0.53%  | 12  | 0.03%  | 22,131  | 56.28%  | 39,326
Milam | 3,512  | 41.83%  | 4,865  | 57.94%  | 17  | 0.20%  | 2  | 0.02%  | -1,353  | -16.11%  | 8,396
Mills | 1,043  | 55.24%  | 842  | 44.60%  | 3  | 0.16%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 201  | 10.64%  | 1,888
Mitchell | 1,596  | 47.27%  | 1,773  | 52.52%  | 2  | 0.06%  | 5  | 0.15%  | -177  | -5.25%  | 3,376
Montague | 3,475  | 48.36%  | 3,689  | 51.34%  | 19  | 0.26%  | 3  | 0.04%  | -214  | -2.98%  | 7,186
Montgomery | 40,360  | 68.24%  | 18,394  | 31.10%  | 354  | 0.60%  | 38  | 0.06%  | 21,966  | 37.14%  | 59,146
Moore | 3,710  | 70.25%  | 1,537  | 29.10%  | 21  | 0.40%  | 13  | 0.25%  | 2,173  | 41.15%  | 5,281
Morris | 2,104  | 37.37%  | 3,522  | 62.56%  | 3  | 0.05%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -1,418  | -25.19%  | 5,630
Motley | 429  | 61.99%  | 262  | 37.86%  | 1  | 0.14%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 167  | 24.13%  | 692
Nacogdoches | 11,767  | 62.32%  | 6,886  | 36.47%  | 211  | 1.12%  | 19  | 0.10%  | 4,881  | 25.85%  | 18,883
Navarro | 6,445  | 48.71%  | 6,749  | 51.01%  | 34  | 0.26%  | 4  | 0.03%  | -304  | -2.30%  | 13,232
Newton | 1,659  | 31.25%  | 3,640  | 68.56%  | 6  | 0.11%  | 4  | 0.08%  | -1,981  | -37.31%  | 5,309
Nolan | 2,734  | 48.74%  | 2,853  | 50.86%  | 19  | 0.34%  | 3  | 0.05%  | -119  | -2.12%  | 5,609
Nueces | 46,337  | 48.30%  | 49,209  | 51.30%  | 293  | 0.31%  | 93  | 0.10%  | -2,872  | -3.00%  | 95,932
Ochiltree | 2,928  | 83.25%  | 579  | 16.46%  | 8  | 0.23%  | 2  | 0.06%  | 2,349  | 66.79%  | 3,517
Oldham | 691  | 68.82%  | 303  | 30.18%  | 9  | 0.90%  | 1  | 0.10%  | 388  | 38.64%  | 1,004
Orange | 11,959  | 39.99%  | 17,834  | 59.63%  | 100  | 0.33%  | 15  | 0.05%  | -5,875  | -19.64%  | 29,908
Palo Pinto | 4,649  | 53.85%  | 3,930  | 45.52%  | 47  | 0.54%  | 8  | 0.09%  | 719  | 8.33%  | 8,634
Panola | 4,642  | 52.87%  | 4,123  | 46.96%  | 13  | 0.15%  | 2  | 0.02%  | 519  | 5.91%  | 8,780
Parker | 14,090  | 62.01%  | 8,517  | 37.48%  | 103  | 0.45%  | 13  | 0.06%  | 5,573  | 24.53%  | 22,723
Parmer | 2,061  | 72.60%  | 764  | 26.91%  | 12  | 0.42%  | 2  | 0.07%  | 1,297  | 45.69%  | 2,839
Pecos | 2,483  | 55.67%  | 1,960  | 43.95%  | 13  | 0.29%  | 4  | 0.09%  | 523  | 11.72%  | 4,460
Polk | 5,831  | 48.88%  | 5,943  | 49.82%  | 145  | 1.22%  | 10  | 0.08%  | -112  | -0.94%  | 11,929
Potter | 16,400  | 62.76%  | 9,563  | 36.60%  | 147  | 0.56%  | 21  | 0.08%  | 6,837  | 26.16%  | 26,131
Presidio | 586  | 33.09%  | 1,176  | 66.40%  | 7  | 0.40%  | 2  | 0.11%  | -590  | -33.31%  | 1,771
Rains | 1,281  | 46.82%  | 1,448  | 52.92%  | 4  | 0.15%  | 3  | 0.11%  | -167  | -6.10%  | 2,736
Randall | 27,986  | 76.33%  | 8,492  | 23.16%  | 173  | 0.47%  | 15  | 0.04%  | 19,494  | 53.17%  | 36,666
Reagan | 935  | 69.00%  | 418  | 30.85%  | 2  | 0.15%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 517  | 38.15%  | 1,355
Real | 795  | 61.58%  | 483  | 37.41%  | 11  | 0.85%  | 2  | 0.15%  | 312  | 24.17%  | 1,291
Red River | 2,475  | 43.79%  | 3,165  | 56.00%  | 11  | 0.19%  | 1  | 0.02%  | -690  | -12.21%  | 5,652
Reeves | 1,724  | 37.86%  | 2,812  | 61.75%  | 9  | 0.20%  | 9  | 0.20%  | -1,088  | -23.89%  | 4,554
Refugio | 1,883  | 50.56%  | 1,831  | 49.17%  | 8  | 0.21%  | 2  | 0.05%  | 52  | 1.39%  | 3,724
Roberts | 441  | 75.90%  | 135  | 23.24%  | 5  | 0.86%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 306  | 52.66%  | 581
Robertson | 2,184  | 37.45%  | 3,630  | 62.24%  | 16  | 0.27%  | 2  | 0.03%  | -1,446  | -24.79%  | 5,832
Rockwall | 7,214  | 72.58%  | 2,659  | 26.75%  | 60  | 0.60%  | 6  | 0.06%  | 4,555  | 45.83%  | 9,939
Runnels | 2,417  | 58.28%  | 1,720  | 41.48%  | 9  | 0.22%  | 1  | 0.02%  | 697  | 16.80%  | 4,147
Rusk | 9,117  | 63.70%  | 5,140  | 35.91%  | 49  | 0.34%  | 7  | 0.05%  | 3,977  | 27.79%  | 14,313
Sabine | 1,925  | 48.28%  | 2,053  | 51.49%  | 9  | 0.23%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -128  | -3.21%  | 3,987
San Augustine | 1,946  | 47.65%  | 2,118  | 51.86%  | 9  | 0.22%  | 11  | 0.27%  | -172  | -4.21%  | 4,084
San Jacinto | 2,691  | 47.31%  | 2,972  | 52.25%  | 25  | 0.44%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -281  | -4.94%  | 5,688
San Patricio | 9,159  | 47.07%  | 9,920  | 50.98%  | 355  | 1.82%  | 24  | 0.12%  | -761  | -3.91%  | 19,458
San Saba | 1,099  | 48.27%  | 1,165  | 51.16%  | 12  | 0.53%  | 1  | 0.04%  | -66  | -2.89%  | 2,277
Schleicher | 653  | 56.44%  | 494  | 42.70%  | 7  | 0.61%  | 3  | 0.26%  | 159  | 13.74%  | 1,157
Scurry | 3,749  | 63.61%  | 2,119  | 35.95%  | 24  | 0.41%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 1,630  | 27.66%  | 5,894
Shackelford | 865  | 55.66%  | 681  | 43.82%  | 8  | 0.51%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 184  | 11.84%  | 1,554
Shelby | 3,999  | 48.34%  | 4,261  | 51.50%  | 12  | 0.15%  | 1  | 0.01%  | -262  | -3.16%  | 8,273
Sherman | 1,145  | 76.38%  | 340  | 22.68%  | 12  | 0.80%  | 2  | 0.13%  | 805  | 53.70%  | 1,499
Smith | 34,658  | 64.67%  | 18,719  | 34.93%  | 184  | 0.34%  | 31  | 0.06%  | 15,939  | 29.74%  | 53,592
Somervell | 1,304  | 56.79%  | 983  | 42.81%  | 9  | 0.39%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 321  | 13.98%  | 2,296
Starr | 1,218  | 14.83%  | 6,958  | 84.74%  | 30  | 0.37%  | 5  | 0.06%  | -5,740  | -69.91%  | 8,211
Stephens | 2,342  | 60.45%  | 1,519  | 39.21%  | 12  | 0.31%  | 1  | 0.03%  | 823  | 21.24%  | 3,874
Sterling | 464  | 70.73%  | 188  | 28.66%  | 3  | 0.46%  | 1  | 0.15%  | 276  | 42.07%  | 656
Stonewall | 421  | 36.70%  | 724  | 63.12%  | 1  | 0.09%  | 1  | 0.09%  | -303  | -26.42%  | 1,147
Sutton | 996  | 63.44%  | 571  | 36.37%  | 2  | 0.13%  | 1  | 0.06%  | 425  | 27.07%  | 1,570
Swisher | 1,271  | 39.98%  | 1,893  | 59.55%  | 15  | 0.47%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -622  | -19.57%  | 3,179
Tarrant | 242,660  | 61.24%  | 151,310  | 38.19%  | 1,797  | 0.45%  | 470  | 0.12%  | 91,350  | 23.05%  | 396,237
Taylor | 28,563  | 67.97%  | 13,073  | 31.11%  | 357  | 0.85%  | 31  | 0.07%  | 15,490  | 36.86%  | 42,024
Terrell | 296  | 42.96%  | 390  | 56.60%  | 2  | 0.29%  | 1  | 0.15%  | -94  | -13.64%  | 689
Terry | 2,645  | 57.50%  | 1,941  | 42.20%  | 13  | 0.28%  | 1  | 0.02%  | 704  | 15.30%  | 4,600
Throckmorton | 455  | 45.59%  | 534  | 53.51%  | 8  | 0.80%  | 1  | 0.10%  | -79  | -7.92%  | 998
Titus | 4,247  | 49.27%  | 4,357  | 50.55%  | 15  | 0.17%  | 1  | 0.01%  | -110  | -1.28%  | 8,620
Tom Green | 21,463  | 63.10%  | 12,283  | 36.11%  | 229  | 0.67%  | 37  | 0.11%  | 9,180  | 26.99%  | 34,012
Travis | 105,915  | 44.86%  | 127,783  | 54.13%  | 1,777  | 0.75%  | 609  | 0.26%  | -21,868  | -9.27%  | 236,084
Trinity | 2,448  | 47.65%  | 2,657  | 51.72%  | 30  | 0.58%  | 2  | 0.04%  | -209  | -4.07%  | 5,137
Tyler | 3,070  | 42.10%  | 4,198  | 57.57%  | 23  | 0.32%  | 1  | 0.01%  | -1,128  | -15.47%  | 7,292
Upshur | 5,991  | 53.18%  | 5,242  | 46.53%  | 30  | 0.27%  | 2  | 0.02%  | 749  | 6.65%  | 11,265
Upton | 1,189  | 68.33%  | 544  | 31.26%  | 4  | 0.23%  | 3  | 0.17%  | 645  | 37.07%  | 1,740
Uvalde | 4,266  | 53.32%  | 3,684  | 46.04%  | 44  | 0.55%  | 7  | 0.09%  | 582  | 7.28%  | 8,001
Val Verde | 5,109  | 50.03%  | 5,044  | 49.40%  | 50  | 0.49%  | 8  | 0.08%  | 65  | 0.63%  | 10,211
Van Zandt | 7,371  | 54.36%  | 6,153  | 45.38%  | 33  | 0.24%  | 2  | 0.01%  | 1,218  | 8.98%  | 13,559
Victoria | 15,056  | 62.08%  | 8,923  | 36.79%  | 247  | 1.02%  | 27  | 0.11%  | 6,133  | 25.29%  | 24,253
Walker | 8,473  | 58.88%  | 5,826  | 40.48%  | 82  | 0.57%  | 10  | 0.07%  | 2,647  | 18.40%  | 14,391
Waller | 3,607  | 47.31%  | 3,957  | 51.90%  | 50  | 0.66%  | 10  | 0.13%  | -350  | -4.59%  | 7,624
Ward | 2,709  | 59.02%  | 1,858  | 40.48%  | 19  | 0.41%  | 4  | 0.09%  | 851  | 18.54%  | 4,590
Washington | 6,041  | 66.85%  | 2,960  | 32.75%  | 31  | 0.34%  | 5  | 0.06%  | 3,081  | 34.10%  | 9,037
Webb | 7,528  | 31.59%  | 16,227  | 68.09%  | 43  | 0.18%  | 34  | 0.14%  | -8,699  | -36.50%  | 23,832
Wharton | 6,978  | 53.71%  | 5,935  | 45.69%  | 65  | 0.50%  | 13  | 0.10%  | 1,043  | 8.02%  | 12,991
Wheeler | 1,703  | 61.33%  | 1,067  | 38.42%  | 7  | 0.25%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 636  | 22.91%  | 2,777
Wichita | 23,324  | 56.08%  | 17,956  | 43.17%  | 262  | 0.63%  | 48  | 0.12%  | 5,368  | 12.91%  | 41,590
Wilbarger | 2,669  | 54.15%  | 2,248  | 45.61%  | 12  | 0.24%  | 0  | 0.00%  | 421  | 8.54%  | 4,929
Willacy | 1,750  | 35.43%  | 3,165  | 64.07%  | 21  | 0.43%  | 4  | 0.08%  | -1,415  | -28.64%  | 4,940
Williamson | 27,322  | 57.85%  | 19,589  | 41.48%  | 267  | 0.57%  | 52  | 0.11%  | 7,733  | 16.37%  | 47,230
Wilson | 4,436  | 52.65%  | 3,953  | 46.92%  | 32  | 0.38%  | 4  | 0.05%  | 483  | 5.73%  | 8,425
Winkler | 1,656  | 63.42%  | 947  | 36.27%  | 7  | 0.27%  | 1  | 0.04%  | 709  | 27.15%  | 2,611
Wise | 6,064  | 53.22%  | 5,288  | 46.41%  | 38  | 0.33%  | 5  | 0.04%  | 776  | 6.81%  | 11,395
Wood | 6,216  | 54.69%  | 4,553  | 40.06%  | 33  | 0.29%  | 564  | 4.96%  | 1,663  | 14.63%  | 11,366
Yoakum | 1,762  | 70.28%  | 727  | 29.00%  | 16  | 0.64%  | 2  | 0.08%  | 1,035  | 41.28%  | 2,507
Young | 4,156  | 57.78%  | 3,007  | 41.80%  | 28  | 0.39%  | 2  | 0.03%  | 1,149  | 15.98%  | 7,193
Zapata | 958  | 30.56%  | 2,171  | 69.25%  | 5  | 0.16%  | 1  | 0.03%  | -1,213  | -38.69%  | 3,135
Zavala | 628  | 15.81%  | 3,338  | 84.02%  | 7  | 0.18%  | 0  | 0.00%  | -2,710  | -68.21%  | 3,973
Totals | 3,036,829 | 55.95% | 2,352,748 | 43.35% | 30,355 | 0.56% | 7,478 | 0.14% | 684,081 | 12.60% | 5,427,410

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

* Bastrop
* Baylor
* Briscoe
* Burleson
* Caldwell
* Calhoun
* Cameron
* Camp
* Cass
* Clay
* Comanche
* Concho
* Crosby
* Culberson
* Delta
* El Paso
* Falls
* Fannin
* Foard
* Franklin
* Galveston
* Hall
* Hardeman
* Hardin
* Haskell
* Hudspeth
* Jasper
* Karnes
* Kent
* Kleberg
* Knox
* Lee
* Limestone
* Marion
* McCulloch
* Menard
* Milam
* Mitchell
* Montague
* Navarro
* Nolan
* Nueces
* Polk
* Rains
* Red River
* Reeves
* Sabine
* San Augustine
* San Jacinto
* San Patricio
* San Saba
* Shelby
* Terrell
* Throckmorton
* Titus
* Travis
* Trinity
* Tyler
* Waller

[15][16]

## See also

[edit]

* United States presidential elections in Texas
* Presidency of George H. W. Bush

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The figure given in Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas is 30,355, but this figure is the sum of all the county votes for Paul.[14]
2. ^ a b Some of these votes may not have been included by county.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Turnout and Voter Registration Figures (1970-current)".
2. ^ Sentinel, Walter Manley II, Special to The. "NATION'S FATE RESTS WITH 7 STATES THE VOTE OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE IS THE ONLY ONE THAT COUNTS". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved January 17, 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 222.
4. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 266.
5. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 263.
6. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 288.
7. ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 221.
8. ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 232.
9. ^ a b Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 223.
10. ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 225-226.
11. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
12. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
13. ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
14. ^ a b Our Campaigns; TX US President Race, November 08, 1988
15. ^ "1984 Presidential General Election Results - Texas". Dave Leip's election atlas.
16. ^ "1988 Presidential General Election Results - Texas". Dave Leip's election atlas.

## Works cited

[edit]

* Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
* Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275931455.

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