1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election

* * *

| <- 1987 | October 19, 1991 (first round)
November 16, 1991 (runoff) | 1995 ->

|
|

|  |  |

|
|

Candidate  | Edwin Edwards | David Duke
Party  | Democratic | Republican
First round  | 523,096
33.76% | 491,342
31.71%
Runoff  | 1,057,031
61.17% | 671,009
38.83%

* * *

|  |
Candidate  | Buddy Roemer | Clyde C. Holloway
Party  | Republican | Republican
First round  | 410,690
26.51%  | 82,683
5.34%
Runoff  | Eliminated | Eliminated

* * *

First round parish results

Runoff parish results

Edwards

30–40%

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

80–90%

Duke

30–40%

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

80–90%

Roemer

30–40%

40–50%

|
|

* * *

| Governor before election

Buddy Roemer
Republican

| Elected Governor

Edwin Edwards
Democratic

|

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Government

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The 1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election resulted in the election of Democrat Edwin Edwards to his fourth non-consecutive term as governor of Louisiana. The election received national and international attention due to the unexpectedly strong showing of David Duke, a former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, who had ties to other white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups. Incumbent Republican Governor Buddy Roemer, who had switched from the Democratic to Republican Party during his term, ran for re-election to a second term but was eliminated in the first round of voting.

## Background

[edit]

In 1991, all elections in Louisiana except U.S. presidential elections followed a variation of the open primary system called the jungle primary. Candidates of all parties are listed on one ballot; voters need not limit themselves to the candidates of one party. Unless one candidate takes 50% or more of the vote in the first round, a run-off election is then held between the top two candidates, who may be members of the same party. In this election, the first round of voting was held on October 19, 1991, and the runoff was held on November 16. In 1990, Duke mounted a campaign for the U.S. Senate, losing to incumbent Democrat J. Bennett Johnston. Leading Republicans repudiated Duke's candidacy, citing his history as a white supremacist.

Public Service Commissioner Kathleen Blanco, a Democrat, announced her candidacy in May 1991. Edwards was not impressed by her entry. It was the first time in 40 years a woman had seriously run for Governor but Edwards surmised she would not get out of single digits. Blanco, who came from Acadiana, could have complicated Edwards' bid for a fourth term but after 100 days she suddenly withdrew and ran for Public Service Commissioner again.[1] Blanco would later be elected governor in her own right in 2003.

Meanwhile, Governor Roemer was facing a potential opponent for the Republican support who could have denied him major party support he needed to stave off Holloway and Duke. Another prominent party-switcher, Secretary of State Fox McKeithen, who withdrew from a 1990 U.S. Senate bid, actively explored a gubernatorial bid. His father, former Governor John McKeithen, would prove to be a strong asset had he run, but in the end, McKeithen figured that his time had come and gone and ran for reelection as Secretary of State.[2]

## Primary election

[edit]

After the withdrawal of Blanco and McKeithen, the field of candidates began to solidify. Then late in March, incumbent Governor Buddy Roemer changed his party affiliation from Democrat to Republican, dismaying many members of both parties. One irate Republican was the state party chairman, Billy Nungesser of New Orleans. After failing to get the Louisiana Republicans' endorsement convention canceled, Roemer announced he would skip the event. The convention, as expected, endorsed U.S. Representative Clyde C. Holloway, the favored candidate of the anti-abortion forces in the state, with whom Roemer was at odds at the time.[3]

The first round primary gubernatorial contest included Roemer, Edwin Edwards, David Duke, and Eighth District Congressman Holloway who all ran in Louisiana's open primary. Roemer was wounded by his mistakes as governor, while Edwards and Duke each had a passionate core group of supporters. Roemer placed third in the primary. One of the contributing factors to his defeat was a last-minute advertising barrage by Marine Shale owner Jack Kent; Marine Shale had been targeted by the Roemer administration as a polluter, and Kent spent $500,000 of his own money in the closing days of the campaign to purchase anti-Roemer commercials.

### Results

[edit]

First voting round, October 19

1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %
| Democratic | Edwin Edwards | 523,096 | 33.76
| Republican | David Duke | 491,342 | 31.71
| Republican | Buddy Roemer (incumbent)  | 410,690  | 26.51
| Republican | Clyde C. Holloway | 82,683  | 5.34
| Democratic | Sam S. Jones | 11,847  | 0.76
| Other  | Ed Karst | 9,663  | 0.62
| Democratic | Fred Dent  | 7,385  | 0.48
| Republican | Anne Thompson  | 4,118  | 0.27
| Democratic | Jim Crowley  | 4,000  | 0.26
| Democratic | Albert Powell  | 2,053  | 0.13
| Other  | Ronnie Johnson  | 1,372  | 0.09
| Democratic | Cousin Ken Lewis  | 1,006  | 0.06
Total  | 1,549,255  | 100

## Runoff election

[edit]

### Campaign

[edit]

Faced with the alternative of David Duke, many Louisianans who were otherwise critical of Edwards now looked favorably on him as an alternative. This included Buddy Roemer, who ran on an "Anyone but Edwards" platform during his successful 1987 campaign. He ended up endorsing Edwards rather than Duke, who was the putative Republican candidate.

The resulting runoff campaign was widely seen as one of the dirtiest and most negative campaigns in recent history.[citation needed] Edwards and his supporters seized on Duke's record as a white supremacist; Duke responded by claiming to be a born-again Christian who had renounced racism and anti-Semitism after his conversion.[4]

Nearly the entire Republican leadership rejected Duke's candidacy. In a news conference, President George H. W. Bush condemned Duke as unfit for public office:[4]

> When someone has a long record, an ugly record, of racism and bigotry, that record simply cannot be erased by the glib rhetoric of a political campaign. So I believe David Duke is an insincere charlatan. I believe he's attempting to hoodwink the voters of Louisiana. I believe he should be rejected for what he is and what he stands for.

Humorous unofficial bumper stickers were created in support of Edwards over Duke, despite Edwards' negative reputation. One bumper sticker read "Vote for the Lizard, not the Wizard", while another read "Vote For The Crook: It's Important."[5][6][7]

Anti-Duke poster in New Orleans.

### Debate

[edit]

The runoff debate, held on November 6, 1991, received significant attention when reporter Norman Robinson questioned Duke. Robinson, who is African-American, told Duke that he was "scared" at the prospect of his winning the election because of his history of "diabolical, evil, vile" racist and anti-Semitic comments, some of which he read to Duke. He then pressed Duke for an apology. When Duke protested that Robinson was not being fair to him, Robinson replied that he did not think Duke was being honest. Jason Berry of the Los Angeles Times called it "startling TV" and the "catalyst" for the "overwhelming" turnout of black voters that helped former Governor Edwin Edwards defeat Duke.[8]

### Results

[edit]

Runoff, November 16

1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election runoff

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %
| Democratic | Edwin Edwards | 1,057,031 | 61.17
| Republican | David Duke | 671,009  | 38.83
Majority | 386,022  | 22.34
Total  | 1,728,040  | 100
| Democratic gain from Republican
Runoff results by parish[9]

Parish  | Edwin Washington Edwards
Democratic  | David Ernest Duke
Republican  | Margin  | Total votes cast
#  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %
Acadia | 14,928  | 60.44%  | 9,772  | 39.56%  | 5,156  | 20.88%  | 24,700
Allen | 6,171  | 60.46%  | 4,036  | 39.54%  | 2,135  | 20.92%  | 10,207
Ascension | 14,792  | 53.48%  | 12,867  | 46.52%  | 1,925  | 6.96%  | 27,659
Assumption | 6,488  | 59.67%  | 4,385  | 40.33%  | 2,103  | 19.34%  | 10,873
Avoyelles | 9,044  | 53.72%  | 7,792  | 46.28%  | 1,252  | 7.44%  | 16,836
Beauregard | 5,565  | 46.70%  | 6,351  | 53.30%  | 786  | 6.60%  | 11,916
Bienville | 4,685  | 59.30%  | 3,216  | 40.70%  | 1,469  | 18.60%  | 7,901
Bossier | 14,536  | 50.14%  | 14,457  | 49.86%  | 79  | 0.28%  | 28,993
Caddo | 59,933  | 64.08%  | 33,591  | 35.92%  | 26,342  | 28.16%  | 93,524
Calcasieu | 40,617  | 65.71%  | 21,193  | 34.29%  | 19,424  | 31.42%  | 61,810
Caldwell | 2,112  | 37.04%  | 3,590  | 62.96%  | 1,478  | 15.92%  | 5,702
Cameron | 2,669  | 64.75%  | 1,453  | 35.25%  | 1,216  | 19.50%  | 4,122
Catahoula | 2,815  | 44.79%  | 3,470  | 55.21%  | 655  | 10.42%  | 6,285
Claiborne | 4,329  | 57.70%  | 3,174  | 42.30%  | 1,155  | 15.40%  | 7,503
Concordia | 4,544  | 47.41%  | 5,040  | 52.59%  | 496  | 5.18%  | 9,584
De Soto | 6,607  | 59.11%  | 4,571  | 40.89%  | 2,036  | 18.22%  | 11,178
East Baton Rouge | 100,138  | 66.41%  | 50,656  | 33.59%  | 49,482  | 32.82%  | 150,794
East Carroll | 3,017  | 68.98%  | 1,357  | 31.02%  | 1,660  | 37.96%  | 4,374
East Feliciana | 4,949  | 59.55%  | 3,362  | 40.45%  | 1,587  | 19.10%  | 8,311
Evangeline | 8,947  | 54.50%  | 7,470  | 45.50%  | 1,477  | 9.00%  | 16,417
Franklin | 4,410  | 41.65%  | 6,179  | 58.35%  | 1,769  | 16.70%  | 10,589
Grant | 3,516  | 43.86%  | 4,500  | 56.14%  | 984  | 12.28%  | 8,016
Iberia | 16,594  | 56.43%  | 12,814  | 43.57%  | 3,780  | 12.86%  | 29,408
Iberville | 10,693  | 64.56%  | 5,870  | 35.44%  | 4,823  | 29.12%  | 16,563
Jackson | 3,345  | 44.49%  | 4,173  | 55.51%  | 828  | 11.02%  | 7,518
Jefferson | 102,261  | 59.30%  | 70,183  | 40.70%  | 32,078  | 18.60%  | 172,444
Jefferson Davis | 8,581  | 63.79%  | 4,870  | 36.21%  | 3,711  | 27.58%  | 13,451
Lafayette | 40,816  | 64.63%  | 22,336  | 35.37%  | 18,480  | 29.26%  | 63,152
Lafourche | 21,346  | 59.29%  | 14,655  | 40.71%  | 6,691  | 18.58%  | 36,001
LaSalle | 2,432  | 33.12%  | 4,910  | 66.88%  | 2,478  | 33.76%  | 7,342
Lincoln | 9,382  | 61.22%  | 5,943  | 38.78%  | 3,439  | 22.44%  | 15,325
Livingston | 12,152  | 39.58%  | 18,554  | 60.42%  | 6,402  | 20.84%  | 30,706
Madison | 3,582  | 61.04%  | 2,286  | 38.96%  | 1,296  | 22.08%  | 5,868
Morehouse | 6,517  | 47.30%  | 7,261  | 52.70%  | 744  | 5.60%  | 13,778
Natchitoches | 8,870  | 58.24%  | 6,360  | 41.76%  | 2,510  | 16.48%  | 15,230
Orleans | 173,744  | 87.02%  | 25,921  | 12.98%  | 147,823  | 74.04%  | 199,665
Ouachita | 26,137  | 49.45%  | 26,722  | 50.55%  | 585  | 1.10%  | 52,859
Plaquemines | 6,689  | 55.79%  | 5,301  | 44.21%  | 1,388  | 11.58%  | 11,990
Pointe Coupee | 7,430  | 61.32%  | 4,687  | 38.68%  | 2,743  | 22.64%  | 12,117
Rapides | 27,638  | 55.95%  | 21,762  | 44.05%  | 5,876  | 11.90%  | 49,400
Red River | 2,674  | 53.34%  | 2,339  | 46.66%  | 335  | 6.68%  | 5,013
Richland | 3,970  | 43.39%  | 5,179  | 56.61%  | 1,209  | 13.22%  | 9,149
Sabine | 4,635  | 46.88%  | 5,251  | 53.12%  | 616  | 6.24%  | 9,886
St. Bernard | 14,394  | 44.23%  | 18,153  | 55.77%  | 3,759  | 11.54%  | 32,547
St. Charles | 12,680  | 61.66%  | 7,885  | 38.34%  | 4,795  | 23.32%  | 20,565
St. Helena | 3,700  | 60.18%  | 2,448  | 39.82%  | 1,252  | 20.36%  | 6,148
St. James | 8,028  | 66.34%  | 4,074  | 33.66%  | 3,954  | 32.68%  | 12,102
St. John the Baptist | 11,993  | 64.21%  | 6,685  | 35.79%  | 5,308  | 28.42%  | 18,678
St. Landry | 23,362  | 61.34%  | 14,725  | 38.66%  | 8,637  | 22.68%  | 38,087
St. Martin | 12,726  | 64.20%  | 7,095  | 35.80%  | 5,631  | 28.40%  | 19,821
St. Mary | 15,039  | 61.42%  | 9,447  | 38.58%  | 5,592  | 22.84%  | 24,486
St. Tammany | 32,678  | 55.88%  | 25,800  | 44.12%  | 6,878  | 11.76%  | 58,478
Tangipahoa | 18,779  | 53.28%  | 16,469  | 46.72%  | 2,310  | 6.56%  | 35,248
Tensas | 1,993  | 58.84%  | 1,394  | 41.16%  | 599  | 17.68%  | 3,387
Terrebonne | 19,799  | 59.17%  | 13,662  | 40.83%  | 6,137  | 18.34%  | 33,461
Union | 4,029  | 40.09%  | 6,020  | 59.91%  | 1,991  | 19.82%  | 10,049
Vermillion | 14,477  | 64.75%  | 7,882  | 35.25%  | 6,595  | 29.50%  | 22,359
Vernon | 6,676  | 49.33%  | 6,856  | 50.67%  | 180  | 1.31%  | 13,532
Washington | 9,157  | 46.40%  | 10,577  | 53.60%  | 1,420  | 7.20%  | 19,734
Webster | 9,024  | 51.77%  | 8,406  | 48.23%  | 618  | 3.54%  | 17,430
West Baton Rouge | 6,016  | 59.52%  | 4,092  | 40.48%  | 1,024  | 19.04%  | 10,108
West Carroll | 1,625  | 31.12%  | 3,596  | 68.88%  | 1,971  | 37.76%  | 5,221
West Feliciana | 2,896  | 64.47%  | 1,596  | 35.53%  | 1,300  | 28.94%  | 4,492
Winn | 3,660  | 46.05%  | 4,288  | 53.95%  | 628  | 7.90%  | 7,948
Totals  | 1,057,031  | 61.17%  | 671,009  | 38.83%  | 386,022  | 22.34%  | 1,728,040

## Analysis

[edit]

Edwards' large victory was credited to his almost unanimous support from black voters, who had a turnout of 80%. He also won 75% of voters who supported Roemer. 63% of female voters and 59% of male voters supported Edwards. Duke received 56% of white voters with family incomes under $15,000, 63% of those with incomes between $15,000 and $29,999, and 60% of those with incomes between $30,000 and $49,999. 51% of white voters with family incomes between $50,000 and $74,999 and 66% with incomes above $75,000 supported Edwards.[10]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bridges, Tyler (December 7, 2004). "Blanco's Bid". New Orleans News and Entertainment. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
2. ^ Sadow, Jeff (December 16, 2009). "McKeithen's death raises provocative questions". Between The Lines. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
3. ^ Thomas, Patrick (June 14, 1991). "Louisiana GOP Expected to Reject Roemer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
4. ^ a b Suro, David (July 2, 1996). "The 1991 Election: Louisiana – Bush Denounces Duke As Racist and Charlatan". The New York Times.
5. ^ "The No-Win Election", TIME Magazine, November 25, 1991
6. ^ "Voters to pick 'scoundrel' or ex-KKK Grand Wizard" Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Milwaukee Sentinel, November 15, 1991
7. ^ Photo of bumper sticker Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New Orleans Times-Picayune
8. ^ "Duke Gets His Comeuppance From the Victims of His Hate Message : Politics: Up until an amazing TV exchange, Louisiana's blacks had remained on the sidelines. Then they flooded the polls". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1991. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
9. ^ "Nov 16 1991 (by parish) Election Results". sos.la.gov. Louisiana Secretary of State. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
10. ^ "Blacks and Affluent Whites Give Edwards Victory". The New York Times. November 18, 1991. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024.

## Sources

[edit]

* First gubernatorial debate
* Second gubernatorial debate
* Third gubernatorial debate
* Louisiana Secretary of State Elections Division. Official Election Results Database
* Statewide primary results, October 19, 1991
* Primary results by parish: Governor, October 19, 1991
* Statewide runoff results, November 16, 1991
* Runoff results by parish: Governor, November 16, 1991
* WWL-TV (New Orleans) coverage of runoff results
* WDSU-TV (New Orleans) Coverage of Runoff Results (Via C-SPAN)

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* 1823
* 1829
* 1835
* 1840
* 1847
* 1852
* 1859
* 1868
* 1876
* 1882
* 1889
* 1894
* 1900
* 1904 (special)
* 1912
* 1918
* 1924
* 1930
* 1936
* 1942
* 1948
* 1954
* 1960
* 1966
* 1972
* 1978
* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008
* 2014
* 2020

|

Class 3|

* 1812
* 1813
* 1818
* 1819
* 1824
* 1825
* 1831
* 1837
* 1843
* 1848
* 1853
* 1868
* 1876 (special)
* 1879
* 1891
* 1894 (special)
* 1896
* 1900
* 1908
* 1914
* 1918 (special)
* 1920
* 1926
* 1932
* 1938
* 1944
* 1950
* 1956
* 1962
* 1968
* 1974
* 1980
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

|

U.S. House|

* 1806
* 1812
* 1814
* 1816
* 1818
* 1820
* 1822
* 1824
* 1826
* 1828
* 1830
* 1832
* 1834
* 1836
* 1838
* 1840
* 1843
* 1844
* 1847
* 1849
* 1851
* 1853
* 1855
* 1857
* 1859
* 1868
* 1870
* 1872
* 1874
* 1876
* 1878
* 1880
* 1882
* 1884
* 1886
* 1888
* 1890
* 1892
* 1894
* 1896
* 1898
* 1900
* 1902
* 1904
* 1906
* 1908
* 1910
* 1912
* 1914
* 1916
* 1920
* 1928
* 1936
* 1940
* 1942
* 1946
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1958
* 1968
* 1972
* 1980
* 1986
* 1988
* 1990
* 1994
* 1996
* 1998
* 2002
* 2004
* 2006
* 2008
* 2010
* 2012
* 2014
* 2016
* 2018
* 2020
* 2022

See also: Political party strength in Louisiana

* v
* t
* e

(1990 <-)  1991 United States elections (-> 1992)

U.S. Senate|

* Pennsylvania (special)

U.S.
House|

* Arizona (2nd sp)
* Illinois (15th sp)
* Massachusetts (1st sp)
* Pennsylvania (2nd sp)
* Texas (3rd sp)
* Virginia (7th sp)

Governors|

* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Mississippi

State
legislatures|

* New Jersey
* Assembly
* Senate
* Virginia
* House of Delegates
* Senate

Mayors|

* Baltimore, MD
* Boston MA
* Burlington, VT
* Chicago, IL
* Columbus, OH
* Durham, NC
* Evansville, IN
* Fort Wayne, IN
* Hartford, CT
* Houston, TX
* Indianapolis, IN
* Las Vegas, NV
* Manchester, NH
* Philadelphia, PA
* San Francisco, CA
* South Bend, IN
* Springfield, MA
* Tucson, AZ
* West Palm Beach, FL
* Worcester, MA

States|

* Arizona
* California
* Florida
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Mississippi
* Nevada
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Pennsylvania
* Texas
* Virginia

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[MD]: Maryland
*[MA]: Massachusetts
*[VT]: Vermont
*[IL]: Illinois
*[OH]: Ohio
*[NC]: North Carolina
*[IN]: Indiana
*[CT]: Connecticut
*[TX]: Texas
*[NV]: Nevada
*[NH]: New Hampshire
*[PA]: Pennsylvania
*[CA]: California
*[AZ]: Arizona
*[FL]: Florida