1999 in paleontology

Overview of the events of 1999 in paleontology

List of years in paleontology

(table)

* …
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* …

In paleobotany
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In arthropod paleontology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In paleoentomology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In paleomalacology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In reptile paleontology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In archosaur paleontology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In mammal paleontology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

In paleoichthyology
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

* Art
* Archaeology
* Architecture
* Literature
* Music
* Philosophy
* Science +...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1999.

1999 in science

1998

2000

Fields

* Archaeology

Technology

* Sustainable energy research
* Transportation technology

Social sciences

* Psychology
* Governance and policy studies

Paleontology

* Dinosaurs' extinction

Extraterrestrial environment

* Spaceflight

Terrestrial environment

* Environment and environmental sciences
* Tornado research

Other/related

* Birding/ornithology
* Literature
* Philosophy
* Timeline of cosmological theories
* List of open letters by academics
* History of technology by type
* List of science timelines

* v
* t
* e

## Flora

[edit]

### Ferns and fern allies

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Makotopteris[2]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Stockey, Nishida, & Rothwell

Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Allenby Formation
Princeton Chert

Canada
British Columbia

An athyriaceous fern
The type species is M. princetonensis

### Cycads

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Eostangeria pseudopteris[3]

Sp nov

valid

Kvaček & Manchester

Late Paleocene

upper Fort Union Formation
or lower Wasatch Formation

USA
Wyoming

An eostangerioid zamiaceous cycad.
Also found in the Eocene John Day Formation of Oregon.

### Angiosperms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Florissantia sikhote-alinensis[4]

comb nov

valid

(Kryshtofovich) Manchester

Miocene

Amgu flora

Russia
Primorsky Krai

A mallow relative,
moved from Porana sikhote-alinensis (1921)

Quercus hiholensis[5]

Sp nov

Valid

Borgardt & Pigg

Middle Miocene

"Yakima Canyon Flora"

USA

A white oak, permineralized acorns

|  †Quercus hiholensis

Sargentodoxa globosa[4]

Comb nov

valid

(Manchester) Manchester

Middle Eocene

Clarno Formation

USA
Oregon

A lardizabalaceous species;
New comb for Bumelia? globosa (1994)[4]

## Arthropods

[edit]

### Insects

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
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|

Cephalotes alveolatus[6]

Comb nov

Valid

(Vierbergen & Scheven)

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
Moved from Zacryptocerus alveolatus (1995)

|  Cephalotes alveolatus

Cephalotes caribicus[6]

Sp nov

Valid

De Andrade & Baroni Urbani

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant.

|  Cephalotes caribicus

Cephalotes dieteri[6]

Sp nov

Valid

De Andrade & Baroni Urbani

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant.

|  Cephalotes dieteri

Cephalotes hispaniolicus[6]

Sp nov

Valid

De Andrade & Baroni Urbani

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant.

|  Cephalotes hispaniolicus

Cephalotes serratus[6]

Comb nov

valid

(Vierbergen & Scheven, 1995)

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
moved from Exocryptocerus serratus (1995)[7]

|  Cephalotes serratus

Camponotus crozei[8]

Sp nov

Valid

Riou

Turolian

Montagne d'Andance

France

A formicine ant.

|  Camponotus crozei

Electrostephanus neovenatus[9]

Sp nov

valid

Aguiar & Janzen

Lutetian

Baltic Amber

Europe

A stephanid wasp

Electrostephanus sulcatus[9]

Sp nov

jr synonym

Aguiar & Janzen

Lutetian

Baltic Amber

Europe

A stephanid wasp,
Moved to Denaeostephanus sulcatus

Neoephemera antiqua[10]

sp. nov

valid

Sinitchenkova

Ypresian

Klondike Mountain Formation

USA

A neoephemerid mayfly

|  Neoephemera antiqua

Pachycondyla rebekkae[11]

sp. nov

valid

Rust & Andersen

Ypresian

Fur Formation

Denmark

A Myrmeciinae ant
moved to Ypresiomyrma rebekkae (2006)[12]

|  Pachycondyla rebekkae

Penthetria intermedia[13]

Comb nov

valid

(Scudder)

Priabonian

Florissant Formation

United States
Colorado

A bibionid fly
Originally Mycetophaetus intermedius (1892)[14]
Moved from Plecia intermedia (1959)[15]

## Mollusca

[edit]

### Newly named bivalves

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
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|
|

Concavodonta ovalis[16]

sp nov

Valid

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

third species in the genus

Concavodontinae[16]

subfam nov

Valid

Sánchez

Ordovician

|  |  |

one of two Subfamilies in Praenuculidae

Cuyopsis[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

Monotypic with the species C. symmetricus

Emiliania[16]

Gen et sp nov

homonym

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

genus name preoccupied by Emiliania Hay & Mohler, 1967, renamed to Emiliodonta

Hemiconcavodonta[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

third genus in the subfamily Concavodontinae

Praenuculinae[16]

subfam nov

Valid

Sánchez

Ordovician

|  |  |

one of two Subfamilies in Praenuculidae

Similodonta ceryx[17]

Sp nov

Valid

Cope

Middle Ordovician

Gilfach Farm No. 1 Borehole

Wales

oldest species in the genus Similodonta

Trigonoconcha[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

Monotypic with the species T. acuta

Villicumia[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sánchez

Caradoc

Don Braulio Formation

Argentina

Monotypic with the species V. canteraensis

## Fish

[edit]

### Newly named actinopterygii ("ray-finned fish")

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
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|

Nardovelifer[18]

gen et sp nov

Valid

C. Sorbini & L. Sorbini

Campanian

Nardo

Italy

|  |  Nardovelifer altipinnis

## Reptiles

[edit]

### Archosauromorphs

[edit]

* Ornithomimid gastroliths documented.[19]

#### Newly named dinosauriforms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
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|

Eucoelophysis[20]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Sullivan & Lucas

Norian

Chinle Formation, New Mexico

USA

Sister genus to the Dinosaurs; first identified as a relative of coelophysid.

#### Newly named dinosaurs

[edit]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[21]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
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|

Achillobator[22]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Perle, Norell, & Clark

Late Cretaceous

Bayan Shireh Formation

Mongolia

A large dromaeosaurid.

|  Achillobator

Agustinia[23]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Bonaparte

Albian

Lohan Cura Formation

Argentina

An armored sauropod

|  Agustinia

"Airakoraptor"[22]

gen nov

Nomen nudum

Perle, Norell, & Clark

|  |  |

Mongolia

A dromaeosaurid, now Kuru kulla, which was later described in 2021.

Animantarx[24]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, & Bird

Late Cretaceous

Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah

USA

Nodosaur whose name means "living citadel."

|  Animantarx ramaljonesi

"Archaeoraptor"[25]

|  |

Hoax

Stephen Czerkas vide:C. P. Sloan vide:Olson

|  |  |  |

Chimera of Yanornis and Microraptor.

Atlasaurus[26]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Monbaron, Russell, & Taquet

Middle Jurassic

Tiougguit Formation

Morocco

A primitive sauropod

Beipiaosaurus[27]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Xu, Tang, & Wang

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

A therizinosaur

|  Beipiaosaurus

"Bilbeyhallorum"[28]

|  |

Nomen nudum

Burge, Bird, McClelland, & Cicconetti

Aptian

Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah

USA

informal name for Cedarpelta.

Cedarosaurus[29]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Tidwell, Carpenter, & Brooks

Barremian

Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah

USA

A sauropod.

Chaoyangsaurus[30]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Zhao, Cheng, & Xu

Late Jurassic

Tuchengzi Formation

China

An extremely primitive ceratopsian

|  Chaoyangsaurus

Dinheirosaurus[31]

gen et sp nov

Valid

* Bonaparte & Mateus

Kimmeridgian

Alcobaça Formation

Portugal

A diplodocid.

"Eugongbusaurus"[32]

gen nov

Nomen nudum

Knoll

Late Jurassic

Shishugou Formation

China

A ?hypsilophodont that hasn't yet been formally named.

Gondwanatitan[33]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Kellner & Azevedo

Late Cretaceous

Adamantina Formation

Brazil

A titanosaur

Guaibasaurus[34]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Bonaparte, Ferigolo, & Ribeiro

Late Triassic

Caturrita Formation

Brazil

A sauropodomorph.

|  Guaibasaurus
Jobaria[35] |

gen et sp nov

Valid

Sereno, et al

Middle Jurassic

Tiourarén Formation

Niger

A eusauropod

|  Jobaria

Lessemsaurus[36]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Bonaparte

Late Triassic

Los Colorados Formation

Argentina

A primitive sauropodomorph

|  Lessemsaurus sauropoides

Lirainosaurus[37]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Sanz et al

Late Cretaceous

Vitoria Formation

Spain

A titanosaur.

Lurdusaurus[38]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Taquet & Russell

Aptian

Elrhaz Formation

Niger

A hadrosaur

|  Lurdusaurus
"Newtonsaurus"[39] |

gen et sp nov

Nomen nudum

Welles vide: Welles & Pickering

Late Triassic

Rhaetic beds

Wales

Informal name

|  "Newtonsaurus"

Nigersaurus[35]

gen et sp nov

Valid

* Sereno et al

Early Cretaceous

Elrhaz Formation

Niger

A rebbachisaurid

|  Nigersaurus

Nodocephalosaurus[40]

gen et sp nov

Valid taxon

* Sullivan

Campanian

Kirtland Formation

USA

An ankylosaurid

Proyandusaurus[32]

gen nov

synonym

Knoll

Bajocian

Shaximiao Formation

China

informal name for Hexinlusaurus

Qantassaurus[41]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Rich & Vickers-Rich

Early Cretaceous

Wonthaggi Formation

Australia

A possible hypsilophodontid

|  Qantassaurus intrepidus

Santanaraptor[42]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Kellner

Cenomanian

Santana Formation

Brazil

A theropod

|  Santanaraptor placidus

Saturnalia[43]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Langer, Abdala, Richter, & Benton

Carnian

Santa Maria Formation

Brazil Zimbabwe

A basal sauropodomorph

|  Saturnalia

Sinornithosaurus[44]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Xu, Wang, & Wu

Aptian

Yixian Formation

China

A Dromaeosaurid

|  Sinornithosaurus

Tangvayosaurus[45]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Allain et at

Early Cretaceous

Grès Supérior Formation

Laos

A titanosaur

Tehuelchesaurus[46]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Rich et al

Middle Jurassic

Cañadon Asfalto Formation

Argentina

A eusauropod

#### Newly named birds

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
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|
|
|
|

Amplibuteo concordatus [47]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Nicholas J. Czaplewski

Late Pliocene

Florida and Arizona

USA:

Florida;

Arizona

An Accipitridae.

Anatalavis oxfordi [48]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Early Eocene

Ypresian,

London Clay,

MP 8

UK:

England

An Anseranatidae, Anatalavinae Olson, 1999. In 2002 Jíří Mlíkovský made this species the type species of his not widely accepted new genus Nettapterornis.[49]

Aquila bivia [47]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Nicholas J. Czaplewski

Late Pliocene

Florida

USA:

Florida;

Arizona

An Accipitridae.

Argornis caucasicus [50]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Aleksandr A. Karkhu

Late Eocene

Northern Caucasus

Russia

An Apodiformes, Jungornithidae Karkhu, 1988.

Canadaga arctica [51]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Hou Lianhai

Late Cretaceous

Middle Maastrichtian

Canada:

Nunavut

A Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872.

Changchengornis hengdaoziensis [52]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Ji Qiang

Luis M. Chiappe

Ji Shu’an

Early Cretaceous

Chaomidianzi Formation

China

A Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995.

Chaunoides antiquus [53]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga

Late Oligocene or Early Miocene

Tremembé Formation

Brazil

An Anhimidae.

Chauvireria bulgarica [54]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Boev

Pleistocene

|  |

Bulgaria

A Phasianidae.

Confuciusornis dui [55]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Hou Lianhai

Larry D. Martin

Zhou Zhonghe

Alan Feduccia

Zhang Fucheng

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

A Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995.

Dryolimnas augusti [56]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cécile Mourer-Chauviré

Roger Bour

Sonia Ribes

François Moutou

Holocene

Réunion

Réunion

A Rallidae.

Emberiza alcoveri [57]

Sp. nov.

Valid

J. C. Rando

M. Lopez

B. Seguí

Late Pleistocene-Holocene

Canary Islands, Tenerife

Spain:

Canary Islands

An Emberizidae.

Eocuculus cherpinae [58]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Robert M. Chandler

Late Eocene

Early Chadronian

USA:

Colorado

A ?Cuculidae.

Eoenantiornis buhleri [59]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Hou Lianhai

Larry D. Martin

Zhou Zongzhe

Alan Feduccia

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Eoenantiornithiformes Hou, Martin, Zhou et Feduccia, 1999, Eoenantiornithidae Hou, Martin, Zhou et Feduccia, 1999, this is the type species of the new genus.

Falco bakalovi [60]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zlatozar N. Boev

Late Pliocene

Villafranchian,

MN 17

Bulgaria

A Falconidae.

Gallinula balcanica [61]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zlatozar N. Boev

Late Pliocene

Villafranchian,

MN 17

Bulgaria

A Rallidae.

Graculavus augustus [62]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Sylvia Hope

Late Cretaceous

Late Maastrichtian,

Lance Formation

USA:

Wyoming

A Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888.

Gurilynia nessovi [63]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Evgeny N. Kurochkin

Late Cretaceous

Gurilyn Tsav

Mongolia

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Alexornithiformes Brodkorb, 1976, Enantiornithidae Nessov & Borkin, 1983.

Hebeiornis fengningensis [64]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Yan

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

Ornithothoraces Chiappe et Calvo, 1994, this is the type species of the new genus. Vescornis hebeiensis Zhang, Ericson et Zhou, 2004. is a junior synonym.[65]

Liaoxiornis delicatus [66]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Hou Lianhai

Chen Peiji

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

A Liaoxiornithidae L. H. Hou et Chen, 1999, this is the type species of the new genus. Lingyuanornis parvus Ji & Ji, 1999. is a junior synonym.[67]

Longmornis robustirostrata [68]

Gen, nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Walter E. Boles

?Early Miocene

Riversleigh

Australia:

Queensland

An Oriolidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Loxia patevi [69]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zlatozar N. Boev

Late Pliocene

MN 17

Bulgaria

A Fringillidae.

Masillapodargus longipes[70]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

Germany:

Hessen

A stem Podargidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Ngawupodius minya [71]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Walter E. Boles

Tessa J. Ivison

Late Oligocene

Namba Formation

Australia:

South Australia

A stem Megapodiidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Nupharanassa bohemica [72]

Sp. nov.

Valid ?

Jirí Mlíkovský

Early Miocene

MN 4b

Czech Republic

A Jacanidae. Mourer-Chauviré, 1999 transferred this species to the genus Geranopterus Milne-Edwards, 1892 and later it was placed in the Geranopteridae Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré, 2000.[73]

Paraprefica kelleri[70]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

Germany:

Hessen

A stem Nyctibiidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Paraprefica major[70]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

Germany:

Hessen

A stem Nyctibiidae.

Pelecanus schreiberi [74]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Strorrs L. Olson

Early Pliocene

Yorktown Formation

USA:

North Carolina

A Pelecanidae.

Primotrogon wintersteini[75]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Middle Oligocene

MP 23

France

A stem Trogonidae, the type species of the new genus.

Pumiliornis tessellatus[76]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

Germany:

Hessen

Order and family Incerta Sedis, the type species of the new genus.

Regulus bulgaricus [77]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zlatozar N. Boev

Late Pliocene

MN 17

Bulgaria

A Regulidae.

Scolopax carmesinae [78]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Bartomeu Seguí

Late Pliocene

Menorca,

MN 17-18

Spain:

Menorca

A Scolopacidae.

Selmes absurdipes [79]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Dieter S. Peters

Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11;

MP 13

Germany:

Hessen;

Saxony-Anhalt

A Coliiformes, Selmeidae Zelenkov et Dyke, 2008, the type species of the new genus.

Tyto neddi [80]

Sp. nov.

Valid

David W. Steadman

William B. Hilgartner

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

A Tytonidae.

Yandangornis longicaudus [81]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Cai Zhengquan

Zhao Lijun

Early Late Cretaceous

Santonian

China

An Enentiornithes, this is the type species of the new genus.

#### Newly named pterosaurs

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Dendrorhynchoides[82]

gen nov

Valid

Ji S.-A., Ji Q., & Padian

Aptian

Yixian Formation

China

A new genus for "Dendrorhynchus" curvidentatus (Ji & Ji, 1998)

Siroccopteryx

gen et sp nov

junior synonym?

Mader & Kellner

Cenomanian

Kem Kem Formation

Morocco

possibly a jr synonym of Coloborhynchus?

Tendaguripterus[83]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Unwin & Heinrich

Kimmeridgian

Tendaguru Formation

Tanzania

Monotypic with the species T. recki

### Lepidosauromorphs

[edit]

#### Newly named plesiosaurs

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Callawayasaurus[84]

gen nov

Valid

Carpenter

Aptian

Paja Formation

Colombia

New genus for the species "Alzadasaurus" colombiensis Wells, 1962

#### Newly named scincomorphans

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pachygenys[85]

gen nov

Valid

Gao and Cheng

Early Cretaceous

Eastern China

China

Has a distinctly small amount of dentary teeth.

## Other Animals

[edit]

Name  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Charniodiscus yorgensis | Disputed  | Borchvardt et Nessov  | Ediacaran | Zimnie Gory Formation and Ust-Pinega Formation |  Russia |  |

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
2. ^ Stockey, R. A.; Nishida, H.; Rothwell, G. W. (1999). "Permineralized ferns from the middle Eocene Princeton chert. I. Makotopteris princetonensis gen. et sp. nov.(Athyriaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (5): 1047–1055\. doi:10.1086/314191. PMID 10506480. S2CID 33465214.
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