2002 Bali bombings

Terrorist attacks in Indonesia

This article is about the 2002 bombings in Bali. For the 2005 attack, see 2005 Bali bombings.

2002 Bali bombings

The Bali Bombing memorial at the site of the original Paddy's Pub across the road from the site of the now demolished Sari Club (to the left of this picture)

2002 Bali bombings (Badung Regency)

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2002 Bali bombings (Bali)

Show map of Bali

2002 Bali bombings (Indonesia)

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Location in Badung Regency, Bali and Indonesia

Location| Bali, Indonesia
Coordinates| 8°43′02″S 115°10′27″E﻿ / ﻿8.71722°S 115.17417°E﻿ / -8.71722; 115.17417
Date| 12 October 2002; 22 years ago (2002-10-12)
11:05 p.m. Central Indonesia Standard Time (UTC+08:00)
Target|

* Two nightclubs (Paddy's Pub and Sari Club) in Kuta
* U.S. Consular office in Denpasar

Attack type

| Suicide bombing, car bombing, terrorist attack
Weapons| Van bomb, explosive belt, Improvised explosive device
Deaths| 204 (including both bombers)
Injured| 209
Perpetrators| Jemaah Islamiyah
Al-Qaeda[1]
Motive| Retaliation for United States' support of war on terror and Australia's role in the liberation of Timor-Leste

* v
* t
* e

Terrorism in Indonesia

* Magelang (Borobudur) 1985
* Jakarta Aug 2000
* Jakarta Sep 2000
* Dec 2000
* Poso 2002
* Bali 2002
* Makassar 2002
* Jakarta 2003
* Aceh 2003
* Palopo 2004
* Jakarta 2004
* Poso 2004
* Tentena 2005
* Bali 2005
* Palu 2005
* Jakarta 2009
* Cirebon 2011
* Jakarta 2013
* Jakarta (Thamrin) 2016
* Samarinda 2016
* Jakarta 2017
* Depok (Mako Brimob) 2018
* Surabaya 2018
* Medan 2019
* South Hulu Sungai 2020
* Makassar 2021
* Jakarta 2021
* Jakarta 2022
* Bandung 2022

* v
* t
* e

al-Qaeda attacks

* (1992) Aden hotels

* (1993) WTC bombing

* (1998) US embassies

* (2000) USS Cole

* (2001) 9/11

* (2002) Ghriba
* Faylaka Island
* Bali (1st)
* Mombasa

* (2003) Riyadh
* Casablanca
* Marriott Hotel
* Istanbul

* (2004) Madrid
* Khobar

* (2005) Amman

* (2007) Qahtaniya

* (2008) Islamabad

* (2009) Camp Chapman

* (2013) In Amenas

* (2015) Paris

The 2002 Bali bombings were a series of terrorist attacks on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attacks killed 202 people (including 88 Australians and 38 local Indonesians) and injured a further 209, making it the worst terrorist act in Indonesia's history.[2][3]

Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah (also abbreviated JI), a violent Islamist group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three who were sentenced to death. The attack involved the detonation of three bombs: a bomb vest worn by a suicide bomber; a large car bomb, both of which were detonated in or near popular Kuta nightclubs; and a third, much smaller device detonated outside the United States consulate in Denpasar, causing only minor damage.[4]

On 9 November 2005, one of the top JI's bomb-makers, former Malaysian university lecturer Azahari Husin, was killed in a police raid on a house in Batu, East Java. Azahari was believed to be the technical mastermind behind the Bali bombings and several bomb attacks in Indonesia.[5] On 9 November 2008, Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, Imam Samudra, and Huda bin Abdul Haq were executed by firing squad on the island prison of Nusakambangan. On 9 March 2010, Dulmatin, nicknamed "The Genius"—believed to have set off one of the Bali bombs with a mobile phone—was killed in a shootout with Indonesian police in Pamulang, South Tangerang.[6]

## Attack

[edit]

A Mitsubishi L300 van similar to the one in which the car bomb was planted

At 11:05 p.m. on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber inside the nightclub Paddy's Pub (sometimes called Paddy's Irish Bar or Paddy's Bar) detonated an explosives vest, causing many patrons, with or without injuries, to flee into the street.[7] Twenty seconds later, a second and much more powerful car bomb inside a white Mitsubishi van was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the Sari Club, a renowned open-air thatch-roof bar opposite Paddy's Pub.

The bombing occurred during one of the year's busiest tourist periods in Kuta Beach, driven in part by many Australian sporting teams making their annual end-of-season holiday.[7]

Damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a one-metre-deep (3.3 ft) crater.[8]

The local Sanglah Hospital was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly burn victims. So many people were injured by the explosion that some of them had to be placed in hotel pools near the explosion site to ease the pain of their burns. Many had to be flown great distances, to Darwin (1,800 km or 1,100 mi) and Perth (2,600 km or 1,600 mi), for specialist burn treatment.

A comparatively small bomb exploded outside the U.S. consulate in Denpasar, causing minor injuries to one person and minimal property damage. It was reportedly packed with human excrement[9] and is thought to have exploded shortly before the two Kuta bombs.

An August 2005 report by the United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO) described the events as follows:[10]

> The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, Idris and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new Yamaha motorbike, after asking how much they could re-sell it for if they returned it in a few days. Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U.S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest and the other to arm the vehicle bomb. The first bomber headed to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive the minivan the short distance to the Sari Club. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Denpasar. Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices. Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker.

Total fatalities | 202

|

Fatalities by nationality
(Source: SBS News Australia)[11]

Nationality | Deaths[12]
Australia  | 88
Indonesia  | 38
United Kingdom  | 23
United States  | 7
Germany  | 6
Sweden  | 5
France  | 4
Netherlands  | 4
Denmark  | 3
Switzerland  | 3
New Zealand  | 2
Brazil  | 2
Canada  | 2
Japan  | 2
South Africa  | 2
South Korea  | 2
Italy  | 1
Ecuador  | 1
Greece  | 1
Poland  | 1
Portugal  | 1
Taiwan  | 1
Unknown | 3

Fatalities by age
(Source: Sydney Morning Herald)[13]

Age | Deaths
Under 21  | 20
21–30  | 77
31–40  | 73
Over 40  | 28
Unknown | 4

The final death toll was 202, mainly comprising Western tourists and holiday-makers in their 20s and 30s who were in or near Paddy's Pub or the Sari Club, but also including many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply passing by. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were Australian tourists, with 88 fatalities. On 14 October, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1438 condemning the attack as a threat to international peace and security.

### Awards

[edit]

There were many acts of individual heroism in the bombings' aftermath. Several of these received official recognition under Australia's honours and awards system, particularly in the Special Honours List for 2003.[14][15][16]

Timothy Britten, a Senior Constable with the Western Australia Police Force, and Richard Joyes were both awarded the Cross of Valour, Australia's highest civilian honour, for entering the burning remains of the Sari Club to free a badly injured woman from the wreckage; after rescuing her on the third attempt, both men then searched for other potential survivors until the increasing intensity of the flames and of secondary explosions made this impossible. Both men were aware of the possibility of being injured or even killed (Britten specifically believed that yet another bomb might detonate at any moment in order to disrupt rescue efforts and kill emergency workers) and indeed sustained several injuries during their efforts to rescue the woman and find other survivors.[17][18][19][20][16]

Natalie Goold initially escaped from Paddy's Bar after the bombings but then went back into the burning building, sustaining burns to her right arm and hand, to rescue her friend Nicole McLean, who had been heavily injured by the blasts. After asking two men for their shirts to use as tourniquets for McLean's wounds, Goold secured McLean's transportation to a local hospital and stayed with her during their medical evacuation to Australia.[21][22][23]

Robert Meredith and his group of friends were caught up in the bombing of the Sari Club; he was thrown onto his back and badly winded. Despite intense heat and flames, Meredith and his friends managed to help about ten other survivors escape by lifting them over a wall; while the wall ended up collapsing under people's weight, injuring Meredith's feet and depriving him of the already limited protection of his thong sandals, he managed to get to a staircase from where he helped yet more survivors get to safety. Meredith would ultimately be left with several burns and cuts to his feet.[21][24]

Lauren Munro was also caught up in the Sari bombing, being rendered unconscious; when he came to, he pulled free an injured woman who had been trapped under roof beams, and carried her out of the building and over a wall of rubble. Munro helped several other people get over the same wall before re-entering the Sari Club and spending the next two hours carrying out many more injured people and helping to fight the fire.[21][25] Ben Clohessy was also rendered unconscious by the blast that destroyed the Sari Club and also rescued or helped to rescue other survivors after regaining consciousness.[26][27] Goold, Meredith, Munro, and Clohessy were all awarded the Star of Courage (SC) on 17 October 2003 for their respective actions.[21][16][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Awards of the Commendation for Brave Conduct were made to, among other people, Hanabeth Luke.[28] Luke was in the Sari Club with her partner Marc Gajado at the time of the second bombing, with the explosion throwing her to the ground. After managing to escape the now-burning building by climbing through its collapsed roof using severed electrical wire, Luke began a search for Gajado, during which she came across a badly injured Tom Singer. Singer was lying close to a burning car and Luke believed that he would be engulfed in flames if he remained there.[29][30][31][32]

When Singer confirmed that he could not stand up independently, Luke helped him to his feet and supported him in walking away. Luke then tried to return to the Sari Club to resume looking for Gajado, but was persuaded by a friend that it was too dangerous to do so (Gajado was ultimately determined to have been killed instantly); she thus went back to attending to Singer, helping other people to get him into a car to be taken to hospital. Singer died in hospital a month later.[33][30][31][32] Separately from her Commendation for Brave Conduct award, a photograph of Luke helping Singer was published in news media around the world in the days after the bombings.[31][30]

Kusitino 'Kossy' Halemai, a Wallis and Futuna-born Australian citizen who was managing the Bounty Hotel in Kuta at the time of the attacks, sheltered survivors in the immediate aftermath of the blasts.[34][35] A makeshift triage area in the hotel's reception area was organised by Richard[36] and Gilana Poore,[37] with the couple also fielding phone calls from the media and from families trying to trace loved ones. After three days of this, the Poores flew to Richard's native New Zealand where they organised the collection of eighty boxes of medical supplies; they then returned to Bali with these supplies as well as two burns nurses.[38] Halemai and the Poores were honoured with the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), with Gilana Poore's OAM being awarded on 26 January 2005,[37] Halemai's OAM being awarded on 13 June 2005,[34][35] and Richard Poore's OAM being awarded on 22 August 2005.[36][38]

James Parkinson, an emergency nurse, worked alongside Doctor Hogg from Wollongong in the Denpasar Sanglah Hospital running the trauma centre for the bombing victims. After he disappeared in Africa and Europe for three years, the Governor General's department finally tracked him down and awarded Parkinson the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005.[39]

### The bomb

[edit]

The Mitsubishi L300 van bomb was initially thought to have consisted of C4, a military grade plastic explosive which is difficult to obtain. However, investigators discovered the bomb was made from potassium chlorate, aluminium powder, and sulfur.[40] For the Sari club bomb with the L300 van, the terrorists assembled 12 plastic filing cabinets filled with explosives. The cabinets, each containing a potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, sulfur mixture with a TNT booster, were connected by 150 metres (490 ft) of PETN-filled detonating cord. Ninety-four RDX electric detonators were fitted to the TNT. The total weight of the van bomb was 1,020 kilograms (2,250 lb).[41] The large, high-temperature blast damage produced by this mixture was similar to a thermobaric explosive,[42] although the bombers may not have known this.[43]

## Suspects

[edit]

The organization suspected of responsibility for the bombing was Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist group allegedly led by radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir.[44][45] A week after the blasts, Arab satellite channel Al-Jazeera put to air an audio-cassette purportedly carrying a recorded voice message from Osama bin Laden that stated the Bali bombings were in direct retaliation for support of the United States' War on Terror and Australia's role in the liberation of Timor-Leste.[46]

> You will be killed just as you kill, and will be bombed just as you bomb. Expect more that will further distress you.

The recording did not however claim responsibility for the Bali attack.[46] Former FBI agent Ali Soufan confirmed in his book, The Black Banners, that al-Qaeda did in fact finance the attack.[47] In addition, Riduan Isamuddin confessed that al-Qaeda had sent him US$30,000 to fund the bombings of the two nightclubs.[48][1][49]

Aris Munandar (aka Sheik Aris) is a Jemaah Islamiyah associate linked to Bashir. He is believed to have assisted the Bali bomber Amrozi in acquiring some of the explosives used in the Bali bombings. Philippine intelligence considers Munandar to be associated with Mohammad Abdullah Sughayer, a Saudi national Abu Sayyaf Group in southern Philippines. Munandar is still at large. A report by the United States-Indonesia Society describes the arrest of Amrozi and other suspects.[50]

> General Pastika ordered his men to make the arrest early the next morning, November. Amrozi was asleep in the rear of the house. According to Greg Barton's account, Amrozi did not attempt to escape, but laughed instead, later exclaiming, "Gosh, you guys are very clever, how did you find me?" Amrozi's mobile phone, a particularly important piece of evidence, was seized during his arrest. Bags of chemical ingredients for bombs were found in his workshop and soil samples taken from outside his home showed traces of the primary chemical used in the Sari Club bomb. Police found receipts for the purchase of chemicals used to make the bombs, as well as a list of expenses incurred in making the bombs. Further search of Amrozi's home revealed copies of speeches by Osama bin Laden, and Abu Bakar Bashir, the radical Indonesian Muslim cleric reputed to be the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah. The speeches exhorted listeners to wage jihad. Police also uncovered training manuals on ambush techniques and numerous articles on jihad. Under questioning Amrozi revealed the names of six others involved in the bombing: Ali Imron, Imam Samudra, Dul Matin, Idris, Abdul Ghani and Umar Patek. But Amrozi's mobile phone proved to be the real catch. Indonesian investigators were able to print out a list of calls he had made immediately before, during and after the bombing, as well as the names and telephone numbers in the phone's memory. Pastika kept Amrozi's arrest secret for two days. After it was announced, Polri monitored the sudden flurry of communications among numbers listed in Amrozi's telephone before the calls abruptly ceased. The investigators were able to identify the location of a number of the telephones, leading to a series of arrests.

Indonesian authorities also believe more suspects remain at large. In 2005, Indonesian police arrested 24 additional people suspected of involvement in the Bali attacks and a 2003 bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta.

On 12 October 2005, a story in Australian broadcaster SBS's documentary series Dateline, called "Inside Indonesia's War on Terrorism", argued that the Indonesian military or police may have been involved in executing the attack.[51]

On 13 June 2007, it was reported that Abu Dujana, who might have headed a terrorist cell in Bali, was captured.[52]

Just past midnight on 9 November 2008, the three convicted of carrying out the bombings (Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim, and Ali Ghufron) were executed by a firing squad.

Umar Patek was finally arrested in Abbottabad, Pakistan in early 2011.[53] The U.S. government had offered a US$1 million reward for his arrest. Patek is a suspect in other bombings as well as the one in Bali.

Another suspect named Zulkarnaen was finally arrested in Lampung on 10 December 2020.[54] He was also stated to have orchestrated numerous Jemaah Islamiyah-related incidents in the past and been one of the executives of said terrorist group.[55]

## Legal proceedings

[edit]

### Initial charges and trials

[edit]

In April 2003, Indonesian authorities charged Abu Bakar Bashir (also rendered "Ba'asyir"), the alleged spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, with treason. It was alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state. The specific charges against Bashir related to a series of church bombings on Christmas Eve in 2000, and to a plot to bomb United States and other Western interests in Singapore. He was initially not charged over the Bali attack, although he was frequently accused of being the instigator or inspirer of the attack. On 2 September, Bashir was acquitted of treason but convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to a prison term of four years. He said he would appeal.[56]

On 15 October 2004, he was arrested by the Indonesian authorities and charged with involvement in another bomb attack, which killed 14 people at the J. W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta on 5 August 2003. Secondary charges in this indictment accused him of involvement in the Bali bombing, the first time he faced charges in relation to this attack.[56]

On 3 March 2005, Bashir was found not guilty of the charges surrounding the 2003 bombing, but guilty of conspiracy over the 2002 attacks in Bali. He was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. The Australian, US, and many governments expressed its disappointment that the sentence was too short. In the outcome, Bashir was freed on 14 June 2006 having served less than 26 months for his conspiracy.[56] On 21 December 2006, Bashir's conviction was overturned by Indonesia's Supreme Court.

On 30 April 2003, the first charges related to the Bali bombings were made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying the explosives and the van used in the bombings. On 8 August, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, Imam Samudra, was sentenced to death on 10 September. Amrozi's brother, Ali Imron, who had expressed remorse for his part in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 September. A fourth accused, Ali Ghufron, the brother-in-law of Noordin Mohammed Top was sentenced to death on 1 October. Ali Ghufron, alias Mukhlas, told police that he was the head of one of Jemaah Islamiyah's four cells and had ordered the Bali bombings. He also confessed that a fellow leader Riduan Isamuddin, known as Hambali, had provided the funds for the attacks. He told police,

> I do not know for sure the source of the aforementioned money from Hambali; most probably it was from Afghanistan, that is, from Sheikh Usama bin Laden. As far as I know, Hambali did not have a source of funds except from Afghanistan.

Another operative, Wan Min bin Wan Mat, revealed to police that he had given Mukhlas money, at Hambali's request and that he understood part of the money had come directly from al-Qaeda.

As noted below, all three were executed on 9 November 2008. The Australian, US, and many other foreign governments expressed satisfaction with the speed and efficiency with which the Indonesian police and courts dealt with the bombings primary suspects, despite what they characterized as light sentences. All Australian jurisdictions abolished the death penalty more than 30 years ago, but a poll[57] showed that 77% of Australians approved of the death sentence for Amrozi. The Australian government said it would not ask Indonesia to refrain from using the death penalty.

On 11 August 2003, Riduan Isamuddin, generally known as Hambali, described as the operational chief of Jemaah Islamiyah was arrested in Ayutthaya, Thailand, the old capital one hour's drive north of Bangkok. He is in American custody in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

### Constitutional appeals

[edit]

On 23 July 2004, one of the convicted bombers, Maskur Abdul Kadir, successfully appealed his conviction. He had been tried under retroactive laws which were introduced after the bombing and which were employed to aid the prosecution of those involved in the attack. These laws were used by the prosecution instead of existing criminal laws as they allowed the death penalty to be imposed and lowered certain evidentiary restrictions.

The highest court in Indonesia, the Constitutional Court, found by a margin of five to four that trying the terrorist suspects under these retroactive laws violated Article 28I(1) of the constitution [2]. The minority judges argued that international human rights documents such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allowed an exception to not applying retrospective legislation in the prosecution of crimes against humanity. The majority found that this argument was inconsistent with the text of Article 28I(1) which states that the rights listed there "cannot be limited under any circumstances".

Following this decision, charges related to the bombings against Idris, who had confessed to participating in the attacks to the police and court, were dismissed. The legal status of Kadir, Idris and others who might have their convictions quashed following the ruling on the retrospective law is unclear.

The Constitutional Court is a relatively new body, created after the fall of Suharto, and this decision was one of the first to overrule the constitutionality of the government's application of a law.

### Execution of perpetrators

[edit]

On 24 October 2008, Bali officials announced that three men convicted of carrying out the bombings would be executed by firing squad in November 2008.[58][59][60] On 25 October 2008, Communications and Information Minister asked the Indonesian media to stop calling the three "heroes".[61]

The Denpasar District Court, on 3 November, accepted a reprieve motion to reconsider the death sentences.[62][63] Fahmi Bachmid, a lawyer for the family of Jafar Sodiq, a brother of Amrozi and Mukhlas, stated: "We lodged the judicial review to Denpasar court to question (previous) decisions." Lawyer Imam Asmara Hadi stated: "We have lodged an appeal because we haven't received a copy of the Supreme Court rejection of our previous appeal."

Indonesia's Supreme Court denied previous petitions for judicial review amid the constitutional court's dismissal of the bombers' appeals. Denpasar court official Nengah Sanjaya said the 3-page appeal would be sent to a Cilacap, central Java court. But the Attorney General's office said on 1 November the execution was "very close".[64] Supreme Court judge Djoko Sarwoko, however, said a "last-minute legal challenge by the relatives of Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron will not change or delay the execution." They were moved to isolation cells, and execution spots were ready on the Nusakambangan island prison where they were being held. Local chief prosecutor Muhammad Yamin said they would be "executed simultaneously" but at different locations.[65]

Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad after midnight on 9 November 2008 (West Indonesian time).[66] In the final moment, there was no remorse or repentance, and they shouted Allahu Akbar ("God is great!").[67] Despite his carefree demeanor throughout his trial and incarceration, the Australian edition of The Daily Telegraph reported Amrozi was pale-faced and shaking in the moments before his execution.[68] For burial, Mukhlas and Amrozi's bodies were flown by helicopter to Tenggulun, Lamongan, East Java, while Imam Samudra's body was flown to Serang, Banten, amid "welcome martyrs" banner displayed at the cemetery.

The execution caused high tension and sparked clashes in Tenggulun between hundreds of police and supporters.[69][70] Indonesian singer and TV presenter Dorce Gamalama attended the funeral of Imam Samudra. After praying with the crowd, she spent half an hour in the house of the executed man and spoke with his mother. On leaving she was quoted as saying "I'm certain he's gone to heaven".[71] Ma'ruf Amin, deputy chairman of the Indonesian Ulema Council, the chief body for Islamic clerics in Indonesia said of the men: "They did not die a holy death. That can only be in a war and Indonesia is not at war."[72]

## Memorials

[edit]

### Bali

[edit]

List of victims The bombing site and memorial in September 2007

A permanent memorial was built on the site of the destroyed Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", was reopened further along Legian Street). The memorial is made of intricately carved stone, set with a large marble plaque, which bears the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flags of the victims. The monument is well-maintained and illuminated at night.[citation needed]

The memorial was dedicated on 12 October 2004, the second anniversary of the attack. The dedication included a Balinese Hindu ceremony and the opportunity for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. The Australian ambassador and Indonesian officials attended the ceremony.[citation needed]

The Balinese mark their commitment in a nine-day-long event. After major cleansing ceremonies, establishing a memorial for the lost lives, and paying respect to those who left loved ones behind, the people of Kuta look forward to restoring Bali's image through an event named "Kuta Karnival — A Celebration of Life". The community event consists of traditional art performances such as Balinese Sunset Dances, sports on the beach as well as in the water for young and old plus rows and rows of culinary displays along the one kilometre of sandy beach.[citation needed]

In line with the return of tourism to Kuta, Kuta Karnival has grown into a tourism promotional event with major coverage from television and newspapers from across the globe.[citation needed] Companies, embassies, Non-Government Organizations, associations and even individuals come forth to get involved in the various events such as a Balinese dance competition presented by a surf-wear company, an environment exhibition presented by an embassy, a fun cycle presented by a group of individuals, a seminar presented by an association and a parade on the streets presented by an NGO. Tourists and locals alike, more than ninety thousand people, participate in the numerous events year after year.[citation needed]

Further bombings in Bali in 2005 did not reduce the Kuta community's determination to carry out this annual event.[citation needed] Kuta Karnival is conducted to commemorate and give respect to the victims of human violence and show the world the true spirit of local community survival despite terrorism attacks.[citation needed]

On 12 October 2010, Australian and Indonesian survivors of the 2002 bombings attended a solemn commemoration service to mark the eighth anniversary of the devastating attacks.[73]

### Melbourne

[edit]

Bali 2002 bombing memorial, Swanston Street, Melbourne

In Lincoln Square on the western side of Swanston Street in Carlton, Melbourne, is a memorial representing the 88 Australians who died in the bombings, and notably the 22 from Victoria.

There are 88 jets in the fountain; at night, there are lights representing all those who died. The fountain shuts off and becomes a reflecting pool on 12 October each year.

This was one of the very few fountains allowed to operate during the drought in 2007.

Christine Anu sang The Lighthouse by toxtwo at the opening ceremony.

#### Jason McCartney

[edit]

Main article: Jason McCartney (footballer)

One Melburnian survivor of the bombings was North Melbourne AFL player Jason McCartney. He suffered second-degree burns to over 50% of his body while helping carry others to safety and nearly died during surgery after being transported back to Melbourne.

> But what a moment this is, for not only Australia, not only for AFL football, but for the free world as well. Now, I'm not trying to overdramatize things...this shows terrorism, as I said, will never beat courage. Welcome back indeed, Jason McCartney, an inspiration to all.

Eddie McGuire on Nine Network's television call of McCartney's return after the bombings (North Melbourne vs. Richmond, Round 11, 2003)[74]

After a long rehabilitation process, McCartney returned for a single AFL match: North Melbourne vs. Richmond at Docklands Stadium in Melbourne on 6 June 2003. He wore compression garments and protective gloves as well as the numbers "88" and "202" on his jersey, signifying the Australian and total numbers of victims, respectively, while many in the crowd held up signs saying "Bali 88/202". Other Australian victims were honored in a video shown on the stadium's video screens before the game, with the attendees including Melbourne players Steven Febey and Steven Armstrong, who were both injured in the blast, and representatives from five Australian rules football clubs who lost players in the attacks were presented to the crowd.[75] McCartney helped North Melbourne to a narrow win before announcing his retirement at the end of the game,[74] and his comeback has been cited as one of the AFL's most inspirational stories.[76][77][78][79]

### Perth

[edit]

Memorial at Kings Park, Perth

A memorial which lists the victims of the bombings from Western Australia was opened on the first anniversary, and is situated on the ridge of Mount Eliza in Kings Park, overlooking the city. The memorial is specifically designed to frame the sun's rays at dawn on 12 October each year and faces in the exact direction of Bali. Due to a 52-storey building in Elizabeth Quay, sunlight no longer reaches the memorial.

### Gold Coast

[edit]

An Indonesian-style stone memorial is situated in Allambe Memorial Park at Nerang. A bronze plaque lists the names of the 88 Australians who died in the bombings. An annual twilight service is held at the site of the memorial on each anniversary of the Bali bombings.

### Sydney

[edit]

Memorial at Dolphin Point, Coogee Beach, to 20 of the Australian Bali bombing victims who were residents of Coogee and its neighbouring suburbs

On the northern side of Coogee Beach a memorial to the Bali bombing victims comprises three interlocking bronze shapes that have an abstract resemblance to three bowed figures supporting each other. There are also some graffiti memorials in memory of the dead.

A memorial to seven residents of Sutherland Shire who were victims is at Cronulla. Called The Seed, the work is based on the seed and foliage of the Banksia robur, a native plant indigenous to the Shire. This sculpture of pink sandstone is the centrepiece of the memorial. It is set in a black granite pond located in 'Peryman Place' not far from North Cronulla Beach, frequented by many of the seven victims and their families.
Two plaques are set into the granite surrounding the pond. The plaques carry the victims' photos, names, and ages; and also details of the event, the design's symbolism, its dedication, and a poem written by the families of the victims. The work is by sculptor Chris Bennetts and Ishi Buki Sandstone Sculpture.[80]

South of Sydney, in the town of Ulladulla, a large youth centre is being built as a memorial to Craig Dunn and Danny Lewis, two local victims of the bombings. Money is being raised through the Dunn & Lewis Youth Development Foundation.[81][82][83]

### Canberra

[edit]

A granite cube serves as a memorial in the Eastern Formal Gardens of Parliament House.

### London

[edit]

Main article: Bali Bombings Memorial, London

Memorial in London, outside the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

On the fourth anniversary of the bombings the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall (now Charles III and Queen Camilla) unveiled a memorial in London, at the rear of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building, facing St. James's Park. The memorial consists of a 1.5-metre marble globe, to represent that people from 21 countries were killed, and has 202 doves carved into it. The names of all 202 victims are on a curved stone wall behind the globe. It is the work of the artist Gary Breeze and the sculptor Martin Cook.[84]

There is a small stone memorial to the 28 British nationals who died, in the small country park of Ratby Burroughs in Leicestershire.

### Hong Kong

[edit]

In 2005, two marble wall placards were unveiled at Hong Kong Football Club in memory of the members of the club who were killed in the bombings (including Jake Young).

### Singapore

[edit]

Every year since 2002, the Rugby Section of the Singapore Cricket Club (the "SCC") has held a dawn memorial service on the Padang (the SCC's rugby field in central Singapore) on the anniversary of the bombings, to honour the memory of the eight players which the SCC lost (Neil Bowler, Chris Redman, Dave Kent, Peter Record, Tim Arnold, Chris Bradford, Chris Kays and Charlie Vanrenen). The service is attended by survivors of the 2002 rugby tour to Bali, friends and family of those who lost their lives, as well as current and past players of the club.

The SCC also maintains a permanent memorial to the players it lost inside the club's main lounge.

### Vietnam

[edit]

A remembrance garden was constructed at the International School Ho Chi Minh City commemorating teachers from that school who were killed in the bombings.

## In media

[edit]

Peace Park at the former site of the Sari Club

In 2006, Long Road to Heaven, an Indonesian feature film about the bombings, was released by Kalyana Shira Films. The film was directed by Enison Sinaro and written by Wong Wai Leng and Andy Logam-Tan. It stars Raelee Hill, Mirrah Foulkes, Alex Komang, Surya Saputra, John O' Hare, Sarah Treleaven, and Joshua Pandelaki. It tells the story during three different times: the planning a few months before the bombing, its execution in 2002, and the trials in 2003 through the viewpoints of both the victims and the bombers. The story is not chronologically linear, starting with the explosion and then moving from time to time so as all three plots are culminated one after the other. At the beginning of each scene, subtitles tell the date and location of the scene.

A comic book about the first Bali bombing was launched to promote peace and discourage radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. The book, Ketika Nurani Bicara (When Conscience Speaks), tells about the bombing from the perspective of three people: a volunteer who helped evacuate a bombing victim who lost her husband in the blast; a victim who struggled to raise her children without her husband; and a terrorist who regrets his involvement in the bombing.[85]

A Seconds from Disaster episode, "Bali Bombings", was a documentary telling the story of what happened, and looking at what happened after the incident.

A Zero Hour documentary depicts the disaster.[86]

In 2022 (20 years after the incident), the Australian-Indonesian historical drama Bali 2002, aired on Stan and Nine Network.

## See also

[edit]

* 2000s portal
* Australia portal
* Indonesia portal

* 2005 Bali bombings
* Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
* 2004 Jakarta embassy bombing
* Anti-Australian sentiment
* Bali Mandara Eye Hospital
* List of terrorist incidents
* List of terrorist incidents in Indonesia
* Terrorism in Indonesia

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ "Bali death toll set at 202". BBC News. 19 February 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
3. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
4. ^ "Bali suspect re-enacts bombings". 11 February 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
5. ^ "'Bali bomb maker' believed dead". BBC News. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
6. ^ "Bali bomber mastermind Dulmatin killed in shoot-out". 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
7. ^ a b West, Brad (December 2008). "Collective memory and crisis: The 2002 Bali bombing, national heroic archetypes and the counter-narrative of cosmopolitan nationalism". Journal of Sociology. 44 (4): 337–353\. doi:10.1177/1440783308097125. S2CID 144052465. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
8. ^ Australian Department of Defence. "Aspects of forensic responses to the Bali bombings " Archived 18 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ "Bali bombings 2002". International Activities. Australian Federal Police. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
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12. ^ Chang, Charis (29 September 2022). "202 people died in the 2002 Bali bombings. This is who they were". SBS News.
13. ^ Bachelard, Michael; Andrew Forbes; Rodolfo Pazos. "The first Bali bombing: ten years on". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
14. ^ Governor-General of Australia (17 October 2003). "Announcement of the Special Bali Honours List". Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
15. ^ "Full list: Bali honours". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 October 2003.
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17. ^ "Cross of Valour Citations". Australian Bravery Association. 14 May 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
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19. ^ "JOYES, Richard John". It's an Honour. Government of Australia. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
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25. ^ a b MUNRO, Lauren John, SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
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27. ^ a b CLOHESSY, Ben Michael, SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
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33. ^ "Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 - Biographical notes" (PDF). www.gg.gov.au. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. 17 October 2003. p. 9. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
34. ^ a b McMahon, Neil (12 June 2005). "Tears came much later for Bali rescuer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
35. ^ a b HALEMAI, Kusitino Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), 13 June 2005, Citation: "For service to the victims and families affected by the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to continuing support for an international recovery program for Bali."
36. ^ a b POORE, Richard Beresford Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, OAM, 22 August 2005, Citation: "For service to Australia by providing assistance to the victims of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to their families.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
37. ^ a b POORE, Gilana Lea Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, OAM, 26 January 2005, Citation: "For service through the provision of assistance to victims in the immediate aftermath of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002, and subsequently to the people of Bali.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
38. ^ a b Cheng, Derek (26 August 2005). "Aussie award for Kiwi Bali bombing helper". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
39. ^ PARKINSON, James Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Medal of the Order of Australia, 26 January 2005, itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
40. ^ N. C. Asthana; Anjali Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities. Jaipur: Pointer Publishers. p. 263\. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.
41. ^ "Bali: Preparations " Terrorism central Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
42. ^ "Is the world facing Thermobaric Terrorism? " Defense-update.com Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
43. ^ Sheridan, Michael (2 March 2008). "We killed too many, say Bali bombers". The Sunday Times. Additional reporting by Dewi Loveard and Sara Hashash. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
44. ^ Nicholson, Brendan (15 June 2006). "Bashir's release a cause of great pain". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
45. ^ Jones, Sidney (29 August 2003). "Jakarta and jihad : Indonesia faces more terror – International Herald Tribune". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.
46. ^ a b "'Bin Laden' voices new threat to Australia". The Age. 14 November 2002. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
47. ^ "The Black Banners". Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
48. ^ "'Al-Qaeda financed Bali' claims Hambali report". The Sydney Morning Herald. AFP. 6 October 2003. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
49. ^ "'Al-Qaeda financed Bali' claims Hambali report". The Sydney Morning Herald. AFP. 6 October 2003. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
50. ^ Indonesia's War on Terror Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, by William M. Wise, Published by the United States–Indonesia Society, August 2005
51. ^ O'Shea, David. "SBS Documentary: Inside Indonesia's War on Terror | Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
52. ^ Report on capture by ABC News ABC Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
53. ^ "Bali bombing suspect Umar Patek 'arrested in Pakistan'". BBC News. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
54. ^ Flora, Maria (13 December 2020). "18 Tahun Buron, Fakta Zulkarnaen Teroris Bom Bali 1 Ditangkap Densus 88 di Lampung". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 December 2020.
55. ^ Halim, Devina (14 December 2020). Galih, Bayu (ed.). "Ini Rekam Jejak Buronan Bom Bali I Menurut Catatan Densus 88". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 December 2020.
56. ^ a b c Nicholson, Brendan; Forbes, Mark (15 June 2006). "Bashir's release a cause of great pain: Howard". The Age. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
57. ^ "The Death Penalty – a matter of principle". www.humanrights.gov.au. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
58. ^ Saputra, Andy; Rivers, Dan (24 October 2008). "Bali bombers' executions set for November". CNN. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
59. ^ Cazzulino, Michelle (30 October 2008). "Relieved Bali bombing victims want chapter closed". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
60. ^ AAP (30 October 2008). "Bali bombers already brought to justice, Kevin Rudd says". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
61. ^ "Minister Asks Media not to Call Amrozi Et Al: "Heroes"". Antara News. 25 October 2008.
62. ^ "New twist in Bali bombers' execution  Archived 6 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine" The Australian
63. ^ "New appeal filed for Bali bombers". BBC. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
64. ^ Rondonuwu, Olivia; Nathlia, Telly; Retnowati, Herry; Davies, Ed (3 November 2008). Richardson, Alex (ed.). "New court appeal lodged by Bali bombers". Reuters. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
65. ^ "Judge: Bali bombers cannot appeal execution  Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine" GMANews.tv,
66. ^ Firdaus, Irwan (9 November 2008). "Indonesia executes Bali bombers". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
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68. ^ Wockner, Cindy (10 November 2008). "Smiling Bali bomber assassin Amrozi was 'pale & afraid'". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
69. ^ "Bali bomb burials stoke tensions". 9 November 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
70. ^ "Execution of Bali bombers sparks clashes  [dead link]" swissinfo
71. ^ "Dorce Hadiri Pemakaman Imam Samudra". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
72. ^ Allard, Tom; Murray, Lisa (10 November 2008). "Torrent of rage as Indonesia on high alert". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
73. ^ Aussies to mark bomb anniversary in Bali, Australian Times, 12 October 2010. http://www.australiantimes.co.uk/news/Aussies-to-mark-bomb-anniversary-in-Bali [dead link]
74. ^ a b Australian Football League (20 May 2015). Tissot In the Moment: Jason McCartney's return (19:35:00, Round 11, 2003) (Video). North Melbourne Football Club. Retrieved 3 November 2022 – via YouTube.
75. ^ Quayle, Emma (7 June 2003). "Final act of hero's return". The Age. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
76. ^ Boulton, Martin (27 December 2009). "Count to 10 and play – 2000–2009" – via Brisbane Times.
77. ^ AFL: The Greatest – News Stories YouTube (originally produced by Fox Footy)
78. ^ "Twenty years at Docklands: The 20 most memorable moments and biggest stories (2020 AFL)" (Video). Docklands Stadium, Melbourne: Australian Football League. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2025 – via YouTube.
79. ^ Australian Football League, The Game That Made Australia Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 19 September 2010
80. ^ "Memorial for Shire victims of Bali bombings". Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
81. ^ Dunn Lewis Entertainment Centre – http://www.dunnlewiscentre.com.au
82. ^ "Dunn Lewis Centre – Stage 2 Plans". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
83. ^ "Dunn & Lewis Youth Development Foundation". Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
84. ^ Ward-Jackson, Philip (2011). Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1. Public Sculpture of Britain. Vol. 14\. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 79–80.
85. ^ Comic book about Bali bombing released Tuesday | VOI (Voice of Indonesia) Archived 23 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
86. ^ Bali Bombing, Zero Hour, 12 October 2005, retrieved 7 August 2022

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2002 Bali bombings.

## External links

[edit]

* Remember Bali: a memorial website
* Australian Broadcasting Corp. Online, current affairs program Four Corners: "The Bali Confessions" (10 February 2003)
* Bali's message of dialogue- includes the Bali Declaration on Building Interfaith Harmony July 2005
* Moruning in Bali: Bali is Wounded

* v
* t
* e

Al-Qaeda

Leadership|

* Saif al-Adel
* Abd al-Rahman al-Maghrebi
* Ali Mohamed Rage
* Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki
* Ahmad Umar
* Iyad Ag Ghaly
* Amadou Koufa
* Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
* Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
* Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri
* Ibrahim al-Banna
* Ibrahim al Qosi
* Abu Walid al-Masri
* Mahad Karate
* Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli
* Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir
* Fuad Qalaf
* Jehad Mostafa
* Abu Humam al-Shami
* Sami al-Oraydi

Former
leadership|

| Killed|

* Osama bin Laden (killing)
* Ayman al-Zawahiri (killing)
* Mohammed Atef
* Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi (killing)
* Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil
* Haitham al-Yemeni
* Abu Hamza Rabia
* Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah
* Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
* Omar al-Faruq
* Haitham al-Badri
* Abu Yaqub al-Masri
* Abu Talha al-Sudani
* Abu al-Layth al-Libi
* Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi
* Midhat Mursi
* Mohamed Moumou
* Khalid Habib
* Abu Ghadiya
* Abu Zubair al-Masri
* Rashid Rauf
* Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim
* Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam
* Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan
* Saad bin Laden
* Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan
* Abdullah Said al Libi
* Saleh al-Somali
* Saeed al-Masri
* Hamza al-Jawfi
* Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali
* Mohamed Abul-Khair
* Sheikh Fateh
* Huthaifa al-Batawi
* Ilyas Kashmiri
* Fazul Abdullah Mohammed
* Atiyah Abd al-Rahman
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Samir Khan
* Tariq al-Dahab
* Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan
* Fahd al-Quso
* Abu Yahya al-Libi
* Hassan Ghul
* Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti
* Said Ali al-Shihri
* Farman Ali Shinwari
* Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
* Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad
* Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki
* Said Bahaji
* Abu Khalid al-Suri
* Omar Ould Hamaha
* Ahmed Abdi Godane
* Abu Yusuf Al-Turki
* Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah
* Adam Yahiye Gadahn
* Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari
* Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi
* Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh
* Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi
* Nasir al-Wuhayshi
* Muhsin al-Fadhli
* Abu Khalil al-Madani
* Matiur Rehman
* Abu Firas al-Suri
* Ahmed Refai Taha
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Abu Khayr al-Masri
* Ibrahim al-Asiri
* Hamza bin Laden
* Sari Shihab
* Asim Umar
* Qasim al-Raymi
* Abdelmalek Droukdel (killing)
* Khalid al-Aruri
* Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
* Abu Muhsin al-Masri

|

Captured|

* Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
* Wadih el-Hage
* Khalid al-Fawwaz
* Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri
* Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
* Walid bin Attash
* Riduan Isamuddin
* Ali al-Bahlul
* Abu Faraj al-Libbi
* Mustafa Setmariam Nasar
* Abdulhadi al-Iraqi
* Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani
* Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi
* Younis al-Mauritani
* Sulaiman Abu Ghaith
* Abu Anas al-Libi
* Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh
* Mukhtar Robow
* Amin al-Haq

Other|

* Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died)
* Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died)
* Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left)
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled)
* Ahmed al-Sharaa (left)
* Abu Maria al-Qahtani (left)
* Ahmad Salama Mabruk (left)
* Abu Omar al-Turkistani (left)
* Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir (left)
* Khalid Batarfi (died)

Timeline
of attacks|

* 1992 Aden hotel bombings
* 1998 United States embassy bombings
* 2000 USS Cole bombing
* 2001 September 11 attacks
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2004 Madrid train bombings
* 2005 London bombings
* 2007 Algiers bombings
* 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing
* 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
* 2008 Sanaa United States embassy attack
* 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis
* 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack
* 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting
* 2015 Garissa University College attack
* 2015 Bamako hotel attack
* 2016 Ouagadougou attacks
* 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings
* 2016 Bamako attack
* 2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting

Wars|

* Soviet–Afghan War
* Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
* Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
* First Chechen War
* Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
* Second Chechen War
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
* Iraq War
* Somali Civil War
* War in North-West Pakistan (drone strikes)
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Syrian civil war
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
* Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* Houthi insurgency

Affiliates|

* Al-Shabaab (Somalia)
* Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen)
* Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (North Africa)
* Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent (Indian subcontinent)
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (Mali)

Charity organizations|

* Benevolence International Foundation
* Al-Haramain Foundation

Media|

* Al Qaeda Handbook
* Al Neda
* As-Sahab
* Al-Andalus Media
* Al-Kataib Media Foundation
* Radio al-Andalus
* Shahada News Agency
* Al-Malahem Media
* Inspire
* Az-Zallaqa Foundation
* Fatawā of Osama bin Laden
* Al-Khansaa
* Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit
* Management of Savagery
* Voice of Jihad
* Qaedat al-Jihad
* Umar Media
* Global Islamic Media Front
* Al-I'tisam Media Foundation

Video and audio|

* Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden
* Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri

Related|

* Safe houses
* Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
* Timeline

Category:Al-Qaeda

* v
* t
* e

Nightclub fires, disasters, and attacks

Fires (accidental)|

* 1929 Study Club fire
* 1940 Rhythm Club fire
* 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire
* 1947 Karlslust dance hall fire
* 1961 Top Storey Club fire
* 1970 Club Cinq-Sept fire
* 1972 Play Town Club fire
* 1973 Summerland disaster
* 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
* 1981 Stardust fire
* 1983 Alcalá 20 nightclub fire
* 1993 Kheyvis fire
* 1996 Ozone Disco fire
* 2000 Luoyang Christmas fire
* 2001 Volendam New Year's fire
* 2001 Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire
* 2002 Utopía nightclub fire
* 2003 The Station nightclub fire
* 2004 Cromañón nightclub fire
* 2008 Wuwang Club fire
* 2009 Santika Club fire
* 2009 Lame Horse fire
* 2013 Kiss nightclub fire
* 2015 New Taipei water park fire
* 2015 Colectiv nightclub fire
* 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire
* 2022 Yaoundé nightclub fire
* 2022 Mountain B nightclub fire
* 2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire
* 2022 Kostroma café fire
* 2022 Poipet casino hotel fire
* 2023 Fonda Milagros nightclub fire
* 2024 Gayrettepe nightclub fire
* 2025 Kočani nightclub fire

Crowd crushes|

* 2000 Throb nightclub disaster
* 2003 E2 nightclub crush
* 2018 El Paraíso stampede
* 2018 Corinaldo stampede
* 2020 Los Olivos stampede

Attacks|

* 1972 Blue Bird Café fire
* 1973 Whiskey Au Go Go fire
* 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack
* 1974 Gulliver's nightclub fire
* 1975 Gargantua bar attack
* 1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire
* 1997 Male Box shooting
* 1980 Denmark Place fire
* 1982 Droppin Well bombing
* 1984 Dallas nightclub shooting
* 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing
* 1989 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1990 Happy Land fire
* 1990 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1996 Copenhagen rocket attack
* 1997 Otherside Lounge bombing
* 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire
* 1998 Panda Bar massacre
* 2000 Backstreet Cafe shooting
* 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* 2001 Myojo 56 building fire
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 El Nogal Club bombing
* 2004 Columbus nightclub shooting
* 2005 Stage Club bombing
* 2006 Arua nightclub shooting
* 2007 London car bombs
* 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack
* 2015 Cairo restaurant fire
* 2015 Bataclan theatre massacre
* 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting
* 2017 Lima shooting
* 2017 Little Rock nightclub shooting
* 2017 Konstanz shooting
* 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting
* 2019 Salamanca nightclub shooting
* 2019 Melbourne nightclub shooting
* 2019 Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire
* 2022 Oslo shootings
* 2022 Bratislava shooting
* 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting
* 2025 Chicago shooting

Other|

* 1925 Pickwick Club collapse
* 2022 Enyobeni Tavern disaster (cause of death unknown)
* 2025 Jet Set nightclub roof collapse

* v
* t
* e

War on terror

* September 11 attacks
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (Withdrawal)
* Iraq War (2003–2011) (Withdrawal)

Participants|

| Operational|

* ISAF
* Operation Enduring Freedom participants
* Afghanistan
* Northern Alliance
* Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
* NATO
* Pakistan
* United Kingdom
* United States
* European Union
* Philippines
* Ethiopia

|

Targets|

| Individuals|

* Osama bin Laden
* Hamza bin Laden
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Sirajuddin Haqqani
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Anas Haqqani
* Khalil Haqqani
* Hafiz Saeed
* Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

|

Factions|

* al-Qaeda
* al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Abu Sayyaf
* Al-Shabaab
* Boko Haram
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Islamic Courts Union
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Taliban
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Islamic State

Conflicts|

| Operation
Enduring Freedom|

* War in Afghanistan
* OEF – Philippines
* Georgian involvement in the Iraq War
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* OEF – Trans Sahara
* Drone strikes in Pakistan

|

Other|

* Operation Active Endeavour
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Moro conflict in the Philippines
* Iraq War
* Iraqi insurgency
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* War in Somalia (2006–2009)
* 2007 Lebanon conflict
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Policies|

* Patriot Act (2001)
* Torture Memos (2002)
* Military Commissions Act of 2006
* Military Commissions Act of 2009
* President's Surveillance Program
* Protect America Act of 2007
* Terrorist Surveillance Program

Related|

* Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
* Axis of evil
* Bush Doctrine
* Clash of Civilizations
* Cold War
* Combatant Status Review Tribunal
* Criticism of the war on terror
* CIA black sites
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Enhanced interrogation techniques
* Extrajudicial prisoners
* Extraordinary rendition
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Iranian Revolution
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamism
* North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
* Operation Noble Eagle
* Operation Eagle Assist
* Situation Room photograph
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* Targeted killing
* Targeted Killing in International Law
* Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
* Unitary executive theory
* Unlawful combatant
* CAGE

* Category
* Commons

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Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia

Ideology|

* Islamism
* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Abu Sayyaf
* Islamic State - Philippines Province
* Al-Ma'unah
* Ansar Khalifa Philippines
* Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
* Barisan Revolusi Nasional
* Darul Islam
* Front for the Liberation of Champa
* Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
* Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
* Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
* Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
* Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
* Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia
* Laskar Jihad
* Maute group
* Moro Islamic Liberation Front
* Mujahedeen KOMPAK
* Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
* Patani United Liberation Organisation
* Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement
* Runda Kumpulan Kecil
* United Mujahideen Front of Pattani

Leaders|

* Abdullah Sungkar
* Abu Bakar Bashir
* Abu Sabaya
* Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani
* Ataullah abu Ammar Jununi
* Azahari Husin
* Dulmatin
* Khadaffy Janjalani
* Les Kosem
* Mahmud Ahmad
* Murad Ebrahim
* Noordin Mohammad Top
* Nur Misuari
* Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
* Zulkifli Abdhir

* Events

* South Thailand insurgency
* Timeline of events
* Islamic insurgency in the Philippines
* Cross border attacks in Sabah
* Insurgency in Aceh
* 1985 Borobudur bombing
* Sauk Siege
* Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
* 2000 Sipadan kidnappings
* 2000 Philippine consulate bombing
* Rizal Day bombings
* Dos Palmas kidnappings
* Singapore embassies attack plot
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 Davao City airport bombing
* 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
* 2004 Palopo cafe bombing
* 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing
* Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
* 2005 Tentena market bombings
* 2005 Bali bombings
* 2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
* 2005 Palu market bombing
* 2007 Basilan beheading incident
* 2009 Jakarta bombings
* 2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing
* Mamasapano clash
* 2016 Jakarta attacks
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2016 Davao City bombing
* 2016 Samarinda church bombing
* 2017 Jakarta bombings
* 2018 Mako Brimob standoff
* Surabaya bombings
* 2018 Lamitan bombing
* 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
* 2020 Jolo bombings
* 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing
* Indonesian National Police headquarters shooting
* Datu Paglas market occupation
* Indonesian People's Da'wah Party crackdown
* Istana Negara attempted shooting
* Astana Anyar bombing
* 2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* South Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

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Australia–Indonesia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Australia, Jakarta
* Ambassadors of Australia to Indonesia
* Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra
* Ambassadors of Indonesia to Australia
* Consulate General of Australia, Surabaya
* Consuls-general of Australia

Diplomacy|

* Security Agreements
* Prisoner exchange agreement negotiations
* Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
* Timor Gap Treaty
* Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle

Incidents|

* Black Armada
* Papua conflict
* Australian involvement in the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Australia and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor
* East Timor genocide
* Balibo Five
* Roger East
* 1999 East Timorese crisis
* 2002 Bali bombings
* Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
* Schapelle Corby
* Bali Nine
* 2005 Indonesian embassy bioterrorism hoax
* Michelle Leslie
* West Papuan refugee dispute
* Merauke Five
* Australia–Indonesia spying scandal

Related|

* AIS Indonesia
* Australia Indonesia Youth Exchange Program
* Bali Mandara Eye Hospital
* Bali Peace Park
* Exclusive economic zone of Australia
* MOU Box
* Matrix Cable System
* Indonesia Project
* JASURAUS

Category:Australia–Indonesia relations

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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