2004 United States presidential election

For related races, see 2004 United States elections.

2004 United States presidential election

* * *

| ← 2000 | November 2, 2004 | 2008 →

|
|

* * *

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout| 60.1%[1] 5.9 pp
|   |  |

|
|

Nominee  | George W. Bush | John Kerry |
Party  | Republican | Democratic
Home state  | Texas | Massachusetts
Running mate  | Dick Cheney | John Edwards
Electoral vote  | 286 | 251[a]
States carried  | 31 | 19 + DC
Popular vote  | 62,040,610[2] | 59,028,444[2]
Percentage  | 50.7% | 48.3%

* * *

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush/Cheney and blue denotes those won by Kerry/Edwards. Light blue is the electoral vote for John Edwards (written as "John Ewards") by a Minnesota faithless elector. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.

* * *

| President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

| Elected President

George W. Bush
Republican

|

2004 U.S. presidential election

* Timeline
* General election debates

* Statewide polling
* Parties

* Voting controversies
* Vote count

Democratic Party

* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Nominee
* Convention

Republican Party

* Primaries
* Nominee
* Convention

Minor parties

* Libertarian Party
* Primaries
* Convention
* Green Party
* Convention
* Constitution Party
* All candidates

Related races

* House
* Senate
* Governors

* Vice President
* Democratic

| ← 2000 | 2004 | 2008 →

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 2, 2004. Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush and his running mate, incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney, were re-elected to a second term. They narrowly defeated the Democratic ticket of John Kerry, a senator from Massachusetts, and his running mate John Edwards, a senator from North Carolina.

Bush and Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty. Meanwhile, the Democrats engaged in a competitive primary. Kerry emerged as the early-front runner but was faced with serious opposition by former Vermont governor Howard Dean, who briefly surged ahead of Kerry in the polls. Kerry won the first set of primaries in January and re-emerged as the front-runner, and Dean dropped out in February. Kerry clinched his party's nomination in March after a series of primary victories over runner-up Edwards, who he ultimately selected to be his running mate.

The September 11 attacks in 2001 decisively reshaped Bush's foreign policy goals and garnered him near-universal support early in his term. However, by 2004 his handling of the war on terror attracted serious debate, particularly over his handling of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Bush presented himself as a decisive leader and attacked Kerry as a "flip-flopper". Kerry criticized Bush's conduct of the Iraq War but he had also voted for it. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, abortion, same-sex marriage, and embryonic stem cell research.

Bush won by a narrow margin of 35 electoral votes and took 50.7% of the popular vote. Bush swept the South and the Mountain states and took the crucial swing states of Ohio, Iowa, and New Mexico, the last two flipping Republican. Although Kerry flipped New Hampshire, Bush won both more electoral votes and states than in 2000. Ohio was the tipping-point state, and was considered to be the state that allowed Bush to win reelection. Some aspects of the election process were subject to controversy, although not to the degree seen in the 2000 presidential election. Bush won Florida by a 5% margin, a significant improvement over his razor-thin victory margin in the state four years earlier which led to a legal challenge in Bush v. Gore. This remains the most recent presidential election in which the Republican candidate won Colorado, New Mexico, and Virginia.

At the time, Bush received the most popular votes in history, a record which would be broken in 2008. Bush's win was the only Republican popular vote victory during the eight elections from 1992 to 2020. As of 2025, Bush is the only Republican president since 1984 to have won re-election to a consecutive second term and since 1988 the only Republican presidential candidate to have won a majority of the popular vote.[b]

## Background

[edit]

George W. Bush won the presidency in 2000 after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court, which declared there was not sufficient time to hold a recount without violating the U.S. Constitution. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. The Taliban had been removed by December, although a long reconstruction would follow.

The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the UN sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force.[3] Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country.[4] The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a "coalition of the willing" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces; however, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Nevertheless, on May 1, Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of "major combat operations" in the Iraq War.[5]

## Nominations

[edit]

### Republican nomination

[edit]

Main articles: George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign, 2004 Republican Party presidential primaries, and 2004 Republican National Convention

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

George W. Bush

|

* * *

Business and personal

* Early life
* Professional life
* Eponyms
* Family
* Honors
* Public image
* Bibliography
* Non-profit organizaitons
* Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
* One America Appeal

* * *

46th Governor of Texas

* Governorship
* Elections

* * *

43rd President of the United States

* Presidency
* timeline
* Transition
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Efforts to impeach
* Presidential library

* * *

Tenure

* September 11 attacks
* War on terror
* War in Afghanistan
* Patriot Act
* No Child Left Behind Act
* Invasion of Iraq
* Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
* Hurricane Katrina
* Iraq War
* 2007 Iraq surge
* Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
* Email controversy
* Great Recession
* Economic Stimulus Act

* * *

Policies

* Domestic
* Economy
* Foreign
* Bush Doctrine
* international trips
* Space
* Climate change
* Legislation and programs
* Pardons

* * *

Appointments

* Federal judges
* Roberts
* Miers
* Alito
* George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2000
* election
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* Florida recount
* Bush v. Gore
* 2004
* election
* primaries
* convention
* debates

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Republican Party (United States)2004 Republican Party ticket

George W. Bush | Dick Cheney
for President | for Vice President

43rd
President of the United States
(2001–2009) | 46th
Vice President of the United States
(2001–2009)
Campaign

Bush was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on an anti-war platform in New Hampshire but decided not to run after the capture of Saddam Hussein in December 2003.[6] On March 10, 2004, Bush officially attained the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. He accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.[7]

### Democratic Party nomination

[edit]

Main articles: John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign, 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and 2004 Democratic National Convention

Democratic Party (United States)2004 Democratic Party ticket

John Kerry | John Edwards
for President | for Vice President

U.S. Senator
from Massachusetts
(1985–2013) | U.S. Senator
from North Carolina
(1999–2005)
Campaign

#### Withdrawn candidates

[edit]

Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries

John Edwards | Howard Dean | Dennis Kucinich | Wesley Clark | Al Sharpton | Joe Lieberman | Carol Moseley
Braun | Dick Gephardt
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Senator from
North Carolina
(1999–2005) | 79th
Governor of Vermont
(1991–2003) | U.S. Representative from Ohio
(1997–2013) | Supreme Allied
Commander Europe
(1997–2000) | Minister and Activist  | U.S. Senator
from Connecticut
(1989–2013) | U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1993–1999) | House Minority Leader
(1995–2003)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign
W: March 2
3,162,337 votes | W: Feb 18
903,460 votes | W: July 22
620,242 votes | W: Feb 11
547,369 votes | W: March 15
380,865 votes | W: Feb 3
280,940 votes | W: Jan 15
98,469 votes | W: Jan 20
63,902 votes

#### Democratic primaries

[edit]

Senator Kerry at a primary rally in St. Louis, Missouri, at the St. Louis Community College – Forest Park

The 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries took place from January 14 to June 8, 2004, to select the Democratic Party's nominee for president. Before the primaries, Vermont governor Howard Dean was a favorite to win the nomination; however, Massachusetts senator John Kerry won victories in two early races: the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. These wins strengthened Kerry's previously weak campaign.[8] By March 11, Kerry had received enough delegates to win the nomination.[9] Other major candidates included North Carolina senator John Edwards and retired U.S. Army general Wesley Clark. Kerry asked Republican senator John McCain to be his running mate but McCain turned down his offer.[10] On July 6, Kerry selected Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention was held later that month in Boston.[11]

#### Democratic National Convention

[edit]

Heading into the convention, the Kerry–Edwards ticket unveiled its new slogan: a promise to make America "stronger at home and more respected in the world".[12] Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the convention's prominent theme.[13] The keynote address at the convention was delivered by Illinois state senator and U.S. Senate candidate and future president Barack Obama; the speech was well received, and it elevated Obama's status within the Democratic Party.[14]

### Other nominations

[edit]

David Cobb, the Green Party candidate Libertarian candidate Michael Badnarik

See also: List of candidates in the United States presidential election, 2004

There were four other presidential tickets on the ballot in a number of states totaling enough electoral votes to have a theoretical possibility of winning a majority in the Electoral College. They were:

* Michael Badnarik / Richard Campagna, Libertarian Party (campaign). Badnarik was nominated on the third ballot and Campagna on the first ballot at the Libertarian National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia, held May 28–31, 2004.[15]
* David Cobb / Pat LaMarche, Green Party (campaign). Cobb was nominated on the second ballot at the 2004 Green National Convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, held June 23–28, 2004.[16]
* Ralph Nader / Peter Camejo, independent (also Reform Party, Independent Party (DE), Populist Party (MD), Better Life Party, Cross-endorsements N.Y., Peace and Justice Party, Independence Parties of New York and South Carolina, and the Vermont Green Party who chose not to ratify the national party's presidential nominee).[17]
* Michael Peroutka / Chuck Baldwin, Constitution Party (also Alaskan Independence Party).  Peroutka and Baldwin were unanimously nominated at the Constitution Party National Convention at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (June 23–26, 2004).[18]

## Issues unique to the election

[edit]

### Electronic voting machines

[edit]

Ahead of the 2004 election, some states implemented electronic voting systems. Critics raised several issues about voting machines, particularly those made by Diebold Election Systems. Cybersecurity professionals found security vulnerabilities in Diebold machines.[19] Voting machines made by several companies were also criticized for their lack of a paper trail, which would have made results easier to verify.[19] Democrats also criticized various executives at Diebold, Inc. (the parent company of Diebold Election Systems) for their support of Bush's campaign, stating that it constituted a conflict of interest.[19] Following these issues, California banned the use of Diebold's AccuVote TSX voting machines for elections in 2004.[20]

### Campaign law changes

[edit]

The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. The act created restrictions on fundraising by political parties and candidates. A large number of independent 527 groups were created to bypass these restrictions.[21] Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they did not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. These groups were active throughout the campaign season, spending a record $556 million for all elections in 2004.[22]

The Stand by Your Ad provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act required political advertisements on television to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization or campaign responsible for the advertisement. This provision was intended to force campaigns to take responsibility for negative advertisements.[23] Campaign strategists criticized this requirement, stating that it would waste time and cause voters to be confused.[23]

## General election campaign

[edit]

### Campaign issues

[edit]

See also: Political positions of George W. Bush

Bush focused his campaign on national security, presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a "flip-flopper." This strategy was designed to convey to American voters the idea that Bush could be trusted to be tough on terrorism while Kerry would be "uncertain in the face of danger."[24] In the final months before the election, Kerry's campaign focused on domestic issues such as the economy and health care. Kerry's campaign managers believed that Kerry had an advantage on domestic issues.[25] Bush's campaign also focused on increasing voter turnout among conservatives.[26] According to one exit poll, people who voted for Bush cited the issues of terrorism and traditional values as the most important factors in their decision.[27] Kerry supporters cited the war in Iraq, the economy and jobs, and health care.[27]

Bush speaking at campaign rally in St. Petersburg, Florida, October 19, 2004

#### Economy

[edit]

See also: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration

Tax cuts were passed in 2001 and 2003 under the Bush administration with Bush's support. Kerry voted against these tax cuts.[28] During the 2004 campaign, Bush praised these tax cuts, stating that they helped to grow the economy.[29] On the other hand, Kerry attacked Bush for failing to create jobs under his presidency.[30] Kerry stated that he wanted to reduce the United States budget deficit by capping government spending while ending various tax breaks for businesses.[29] Kerry also supported tax credits for businesses that hire additional workers.[30] Bush attacked Kerry for his economic proposals, stating that they would cause Americans to pay higher taxes. Bush also attacked Kerry for previously supporting tax raises, such as a proposed increase on the federal gas tax.[28]

#### Foreign policy

[edit]

See also: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration

Bush defended the Iraq War, arguing that it was necessary to stop terrorism. He also said that the United States had made progress stopping terrorism in other nations.[31] Bush attacked Kerry for opposing the Iraq War after voting to authorize it in 2002, characterizing the shift as one of many flip-flops by Kerry.[32] Kerry argued that Bush had misled the American public in pursuing the Iraq War, noting that no illegal weapons had been found in Iraq. He said that the Iraq War was a mistake[33] and a diversion from terrorism in other nations such as Afghanistan.[34] After the election, exit polls found that foreign policy concerns were the most important issues for voters.[35]

John Kerry at a Oakland Rally on January 27, 2004

#### Health care

[edit]

Health savings accounts (HSAs) were introduced in 2004 as part of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, signed by Bush in December 2003.[36] As part of his 2004 campaign, Bush supported the expansion of HSAs. He proposed tax cuts to help Americans purchase their own health insurance. He also proposed a plan that would allow small businesses to purchase health insurance in large groups. Kerry's health care proposals included government subsidies for businesses that provide health insurance and the expansion of government-run health care programs.[37] Health policy experts stated that Bush's proposals would have a more limited impact than Kerry's proposals.[38][39] Kerry also attacked Bush for his policy on stem cell research. In 2001, the Bush administration restricted embryonic stem cell research to existing stem cell lines. Kerry stated that this restriction was a barrier to conducting important research.[40]

#### Same-sex marriage

[edit]

In July 2004, Bush announced his support for a Constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, shortly before the Senate voted on the amendment. Although Kerry stated that he opposed same-sex marriage, he also opposed the amendment, saying that the legality of same-sex marriage should be decided by individual states.[41] The Senate vote failed on July 14.[42]

### Controversies

[edit]

#### Bush military service controversy

[edit]

Main article: George W. Bush military service controversy

During the campaign, Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in the Texas Air National Guard.[43] A scandal occurred at CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday, introducing what became known as the Killian documents. These documents were allegedly written by Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander, and they contained various allegations about Bush's service.[44] Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged,[45] leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.[46][47] The Killian documents were eventually concluded to be forgeries.[48]

#### Kerry military service controversy

[edit]

Main article: John Kerry military service controversy

Kerry was accused by the Swift Vets and POWs for Truth of distorting his military service in Vietnam.[49] The group challenged the legitimacy of each of the combat medals awarded to Kerry by the U.S. Navy, and the disposition of his discharge. The organization spent $22.4 million in advertisements against Kerry. After the election, political analysts described their advertising campaign as effective.[22] The term swiftboating was used during the campaign to describe the organization's negative advertising, which Democrats saw as unfair. It was also used after the campaign to generally describe a harsh attack by a political opponent that is dishonest, personal and unfair.[50]

### Presidential debates

[edit]

Neighboring yard signs for Bush and Kerry in Grosse Pointe, Michigan

Main article: 2004 United States presidential debates

Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were organized by the Commission on Presidential Debates, and held in the autumn of 2004.

Debates among candidates for the 2004 U.S. presidential election No.  | Date  | Host  | City  | Moderators  | Participants  | Viewship

(Millions)

|
|
|
|
|
|

P1  | Thursday, September 30, 2004  | University of Miami | Coral Gables, Florida | Jim Lehrer | President George W. Bush
Senator John Kerry | 62.4[51]
VP  | Tuesday, October 5, 2004  | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland, Ohio | Gwen Ifill | Vice President Dick Cheney
Senator John Edwards | 43.5[51]
P2  | Friday, October 8, 2004  | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis, Missouri | Charles Gibson | President George W. Bush
Senator John Kerry | 46.7[51]
P3  | Wednesday, October 13, 2004  | Arizona State University | Tempe, Arizona | Bob Schieffer | President George W. Bush
Senator John Kerry | 51.1

* University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL

Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH

Washington University in St. Louis
St. Louis, MO

Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ

class=notpageimage|

Sites of the 2004 general election debates

The first debate was held on September 30, slated to focus on foreign policy. A consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign.[52]
* On October 5, the vice presidential debate between Cheney and Edwards. An initial poll by ABC indicated a victory for Cheney, while polls by CNN and MSNBC gave it to Edwards.[53][54][55][56]
* The second presidential debate was conducted in a town meeting format, less formal than the first presidential debate. This debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience.[57]
* Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate on October 13.[58] 51 million viewers watched the debate. After Kerry, responding to a question about gay rights, reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney's daughter was a lesbian, Cheney responded with a statement calling himself "a pretty angry father" due to Kerry using Cheney's daughter's sexual orientation for his political purposes.[59] Polls taken by Gallup in found that Kerry pulled ahead in October, but showed a tight race as the election drew to a close.[60]

### Osama bin Laden videotape

[edit]

Main article: 2004 Osama bin Laden video

On October 29, four days before the election, excerpts of a video of Osama bin Laden addressing the American people were broadcast on al Jazeera. In his remarks, bin Laden mentions the September 11 attacks, and taunted Bush over his response to them. In the days following the video's release, Bush's lead over Kerry increased by several points.[61]

### Electoral College forecasts

[edit]

Elections analysts and political pundits issue probabilistic forecasts of the composition of the Electoral College. These forecasts use a variety of factors to estimate the likelihood of each candidate winning the Electoral College electors for that state. Most election predictors use the following ratings:

* "tossup": no advantage
* "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
* "lean" or "leans": slight advantage
* "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
* "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory

Below is a list of states considered by one or more forecast to be competitive; states that are deemed to be "safe" or "solid" by forecasters The Cook Political Report, The New York Times, and CNN.

State  | EVs | New York Times
November 2,
2004[62] | 538
November 2,
2004[62] | CNN
November 2,
2004[62]

|
|
|
|

Arkansas | 6  | Likely R  | Likely R  | Lean R
Arizona | 10  | Likely R  | Likely R  | Lean R
Colorado | 9  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Lean R
Delaware | 3  | Likely D  | Likely D  | Lean D
Florida | 27  | Likely R  | Tossup  | Tossup
Iowa | 7  | Likely R (flip) | Tossup  | Lean R (flip)
Maryland | 11  | Likely D  | Likely D  | Safe D
Maine | 15  | Likely D  | Lean D  | Lean D
Michigan | 17  | Likely D  | Lean D  | Lean D
Minnesota | 10  | Likely D  | Tossup  | Tossup
New Hampshire | 3  | Likely D (flip) | Tossup  | Tossup
Missouri | 11  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Lean R
Nevada | 5  | Likely R  | Tossup  | Lean R
New Jersey | 11  | Likely D  | Likely D  | Lean D
New Mexico | 5  | Lean R (flip) | Tossup  | Tossup
North Carolina | 15  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Safe R
Ohio | 20  | Lean D (flip) | Tossup  | Tossup
Pennsylvania | 21  | Likely D  | Tossup  | Lean D
Oregon | 7  | Likely D  | Lean D  | Lean D
Tennessee | 11  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Safe R
Wisconsin | 10  | Likely R (flip) | Tossup  | Tossup
West Virginia | 5  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Likely R
Virginia | 13  | Likely R  | Lean R  | Lean R

## Timeline

[edit]

Main article: Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election

## Results

[edit]

Electoral results  Presidential candidate  | Party  | Home state  | Popular vote  | Electoral
vote  | Running mate

|
|
|
|
|

Count  | Percentage  | Vice-presidential candidate  | Home state  | Electoral vote
George W. Bush (incumbent) | Republican | Texas | 62,040,610 | 50.73% | 286 |  Dick Cheney (incumbent) | Wyoming | 286
John Kerry | Democratic | Massachusetts | 59,028,444  | 48.27%  | 251  |  John Edwards | North Carolina | 251
John Edwards(a) | Democratic | North Carolina | 0  | 0.00%  | 1  |  John Edwards | North Carolina | 1
Ralph Nader | Reform | Connecticut | 465,650  | 0.38%  | 0  |  Peter Camejo(b) | California | 0
Michael Badnarik | Libertarian | Texas | 397,265  | 0.32%  | 0  |  Richard Campagna | Iowa | 0
Michael Peroutka | Constitution | Maryland | 143,630  | 0.12%  | 0  |  Chuck Baldwin | Florida | 0
David Cobb | Green | Texas | 119,859  | 0.10%  | 0  |  Pat LaMarche | Maine | 0
Leonard Peltier | Peace and Freedom | Pennsylvania | 27,607  | 0.02%  | 0  |  Janice Jordan | California | 0
Walt Brown | Socialist | Oregon | 10,837  | 0.01%  | 0  |  Mary Alice Herbert | Vermont | 0
Róger Calero(c) | Socialist Workers | New York | 3,689  | 0.01%  | 0  |  Arrin Hawkins(c) | Minnesota | 0
Thomas Harens | Christian Freedom | Minnesota | 2,387  | 0.002%  | 0  |  Jennifer Ryan | Minnesota | 0
Other | 50,652  | 0.04%  | —  | Other | —
Total  | 122,290,630  | 100%  | 538  |  | 538
Needed to win  | 270  |  | 270

Source (Electoral and Popular Vote): Federal Elections Commission Electoral and Popular Vote Summary Voting age population: 215,664,000

Percent of voting age population casting a vote for president: 56.70%

(a) One faithless elector from Minnesota cast an electoral vote for John Edwards (written as John Ewards) for president.[63]
(b) In Montana, Karen Sanchirico was listed on the ballot as Nader's running mate, not Camejo. In Alabama, Jan D. Pierce was Nader's running mate. In New York, Nader appeared on two distinct tickets, one with Camejo and one with Pierce.[64]
(c) Because Arrin Hawkins, then aged 28, was constitutionally ineligible to serve as vice president, Margaret Trowe replaced her on the ballot in some states. James Harris replaced Calero on certain other states' ballots.

| Popular vote

|  |
Bush |

| 50.73%
Kerry |

| 48.27%
Nader |

| 0.38%
Badnarik |

| 0.32%
Peroutka |

| 0.12%
Others |

| 0.17%

| Electoral vote

|  |
Bush |

| 53.16%
Kerry |

| 46.65%
Edwards  |

| 0.19%

### Results by state

[edit]

Of the 3,154 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Bush won the popular vote in 2,568 (81.42%) while Kerry carried 586 (18.58%). The following table records the official vote tallies for each state as reported by the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Bush's margin of victory over Kerry (the margin is negative for states and districts won by Kerry).

Legend  States/districts won by Kerry/Edwards

States/districts won by Bush/Cheney
† | At-large results (for states that split electoral votes)

| George W. Bush
Republican  | John Kerry
Democratic  | Ralph Nader
Independent / Reform  | Michael Badnarik
Libertarian  | Michael Peroutka
Constitution  | David Cobb
Green  | Others  | Margin  | Margin
Swing[c] | State Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

State  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | %  | #  |
Alabama | 9 | 1,176,394 | 62.46% | 9 | 693,933 | 36.84% | – | 6,701 | 0.36% | – | 3,529 | 0.19% | – | 1,994 | 0.11% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 898 | 0.05% | – | 482,461 | 25.62% | 10.70% | 1,883,449 | AL
Alaska | 3 | 190,889 | 61.07% | 3 | 111,025 | 35.52% | – | 5,069 | 1.62% | – | 1,675 | 0.54% | – | 2,092 | 0.67% | – | 1,058 | 0.34% | – | 790 | 0.25% | – | 79,864 | 25.55% | −5.40% | 312,598 | AK
Arizona | 10 | 1,104,294 | 54.87% | 10 | 893,524 | 44.40% | – | 2,773 | 0.14% | – | 11,856 | 0.59% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 138 | 0.01% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 210,770 | 10.47% | 4.18% | 2,012,585 | AZ
Arkansas | 6 | 572,898 | 54.31% | 6 | 469,953 | 44.55% | – | 6,171 | 0.58% | – | 2,352 | 0.22% | – | 2,083 | 0.20% | – | 1,488 | 0.14% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 102,945 | 9.76% | 4.32% | 1,054,945 | AR
California | 55 | 5,509,826 | 44.36% | – | 6,745,485 | 54.30% | 55 | 21,213 | 0.17% | – | 50,165 | 0.40% | – | 26,645 | 0.21% | – | 40,771 | 0.33% | – | 27,747 | 0.22% | – | −1,235,659 | −9.94% | 1.85% | 12,421,852 | CA
Colorado | 9 | 1,101,255 | 51.69% | 9 | 1,001,732 | 47.02% | – | 12,718 | 0.60% | – | 7,664 | 0.36% | – | 2,562 | 0.12% | – | 1,591 | 0.07% | – | 2,808 | 0.13% | – | 99,523 | 4.67% | −3.69% | 2,130,330 | CO
Connecticut | 7 | 693,826 | 43.95% | – | 857,488 | 54.31% | 7 | 12,969 | 0.82% | – | 3,367 | 0.21% | – | 1,543 | 0.10% | – | 9,564 | 0.61% | – | 12 | 0.00% | – | −163,662 | −10.36% | 7.10% | 1,578,769 | CT
Delaware | 3 | 171,660 | 45.75% | – | 200,152 | 53.35% | 3 | 2,153 | 0.57% | – | 586 | 0.16% | – | 289 | 0.08% | – | 250 | 0.07% | – | 100 | 0.03% | – | −28,492 | −7.60% | 5.47% | 375,190 | DE
District of Columbia | 3 | 21,256 | 9.34% | – | 202,970 | 89.18% | 3 | 1,485 | 0.65% | – | 502 | 0.22% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 737 | 0.32% | – | 636 | 0.28% | – | −181,714 | −79.84% | −3.64% | 227,586 | DC
Florida | 27 | 3,964,522 | 52.10% | 27 | 3,583,544 | 47.09% | – | 32,971 | 0.43% | – | 11,996 | 0.16% | – | 6,626 | 0.09% | – | 3,917 | 0.05% | – | 6,234 | 0.08% | – | 380,978 | 5.01% | 5.00% | 7,609,810 | FL
Georgia | 15 | 1,914,254 | 57.97% | 15 | 1,366,149 | 41.37% | – | 2,231 | 0.07% | – | 18,387 | 0.56% | – | 580 | 0.02% | – | 228 | 0.01% | – | 46 | 0.00% | – | 548,105 | 16.60% | 4.91% | 3,301,875 | GA
Hawaii | 4 | 194,191 | 45.26% | – | 231,708 | 54.01% | 4 | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,377 | 0.32% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,737 | 0.40% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | −37,517 | −8.75% | 9.59% | 429,013 | HI
Idaho | 4 | 409,235 | 68.38% | 4 | 181,098 | 30.26% | – | 1,115 | 0.19% | – | 3,844 | 0.64% | – | 3,084 | 0.52% | – | 58 | 0.01% | – | 13 | 0.00% | – | 228,137 | 38.12% | −1.41% | 598,447 | ID
Illinois | 21 | 2,345,946 | 44.48% | – | 2,891,550 | 54.82% | 21 | 3,571 | 0.07% | – | 32,442 | 0.62% | – | 440 | 0.01% | – | 241 | 0.00% | – | 132 | 0.00% | – | −545,604 | −10.34% | 1.67% | 5,274,322 | IL
Indiana | 11 | 1,479,438 | 59.94% | 11 | 969,011 | 39.26% | – | 1,328 | 0.05% | – | 18,058 | 0.73% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 102 | 0.00% | – | 65 | 0.00% | – | 510,427 | 20.68% | 5.05% | 2,468,002 | IN
Iowa | 7 | 751,957 | 49.90% | 7 | 741,898 | 49.23% | – | 5,973 | 0.40% | – | 2,992 | 0.20% | – | 1,304 | 0.09% | – | 1,141 | 0.08% | – | 1,643 | 0.11% | – | 10,059 | 0.67% | 0.98% | 1,506,908 | IA
Kansas | 6 | 736,456 | 62.00% | 6 | 434,993 | 36.62% | – | 9,348 | 0.79% | – | 4,013 | 0.34% | – | 2,899 | 0.24% | – | 33 | 0.00% | – | 14 | 0.00% | – | 301,463 | 25.38% | 4.58% | 1,187,756 | KS
Kentucky | 8 | 1,069,439 | 59.55% | 8 | 712,733 | 39.69% | – | 8,856 | 0.49% | – | 2,619 | 0.15% | – | 2,213 | 0.12% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 22 | 0.00% | – | 356,706 | 19.86% | 4.73% | 1,795,882 | KY
Louisiana | 9 | 1,102,169 | 56.72% | 9 | 820,299 | 42.22% | – | 7,032 | 0.36% | – | 2,781 | 0.14% | – | 5,203 | 0.27% | – | 1,276 | 0.07% | – | 4,346 | 0.22% | – | 281,870 | 14.50% | 6.83% | 1,943,106 | LA
Maine† | 2 | 330,201 | 44.58% | – | 396,842 | 53.57% | 2 | 8,069 | 1.09% | – | 1,965 | 0.27% | – | 735 | 0.10% | – | 2,936 | 0.40% | – | 4 | 0.00% | – | −66,641 | −8.99% | −3.89% | 740,752 | ME
Maine-1 | 1 | 165,824 | 43.14% | – | 211,703 | 55.07% | 1 | 4,004 | 1.04% | – | 1,047 | 0.27% | – | 346 | 0.09% | – | 1,468 | 0.38% | – | – | – | – | −45,879 | −11.93% | −4.01% | 384,392 | ME1
Maine-2 | 1 | 164,377 | 46.13% | – | 185,139 | 51.95% | 1 | 4,065 | 1.14% | – | 918 | 0.26% | – | 389 | 0.11% | – | 1,468 | 0.41% | – | – | – | – | −20,762 | −5.83% | −3.96% | 356,356 | ME2
Maryland | 10 | 1,024,703 | 42.93% | – | 1,334,493 | 55.91% | 10 | 11,854 | 0.50% | – | 6,094 | 0.26% | – | 3,421 | 0.14% | – | 3,632 | 0.15% | – | 2,481 | 0.10% | – | −309,790 | −12.98% | 3.41% | 2,386,678 | MD
Massachusetts | 12 | 1,071,109 | 36.78% | – | 1,803,800 | 61.94% | 12 | 4,806 | 0.17% | – | 15,022 | 0.52% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 10,623 | 0.36% | – | 7,028 | 0.24% | – | −732,691 | −25.16% | 2.14% | 2,912,388 | MA
Michigan | 17 | 2,313,746 | 47.81% | – | 2,479,183 | 51.23% | 17 | 24,035 | 0.50% | – | 10,552 | 0.22% | – | 4,980 | 0.10% | – | 5,325 | 0.11% | – | 1,431 | 0.03% | – | −165,437 | −3.42% | 1.71% | 4,839,252 | MI
Minnesota | 10 | 1,346,695 | 47.61% | – | 1,445,014 | 51.09% | 9 | 18,683 | 0.66% | – | 4,639 | 0.16% | – | 3,074 | 0.11% | – | 4,408 | 0.16% | – | 5,874 | 0.21% | – | −98,319 | −3.48% | −1.08% | 2,828,387 | MN
Mississippi | 6 | 684,981 | 59.45% | 6 | 458,094 | 39.76% | – | 3,177 | 0.28% | – | 1,793 | 0.16% | – | 1,759 | 0.15% | – | 1,073 | 0.09% | – | 1,268 | 0.11% | – | 226,887 | 19.69% | 2.77% | 1,152,145 | MS
Missouri | 11 | 1,455,713 | 53.30% | 11 | 1,259,171 | 46.10% | – | 1,294 | 0.05% | – | 9,831 | 0.36% | – | 5,355 | 0.20% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 196,542 | 7.20% | 3.86% | 2,731,364 | MO
Montana | 3 | 266,063 | 59.07% | 3 | 173,710 | 38.56% | – | 6,168 | 1.37% | – | 1,733 | 0.38% | – | 1,764 | 0.39% | – | 996 | 0.22% | – | 11 | 0.00% | – | 92,353 | 20.51% | −4.57% | 450,445 | MT
Nebraska† | 2 | 512,814 | 65.90% | 2 | 254,328 | 32.68% | – | 5,698 | 0.73% | – | 2,041 | 0.26% | – | 1,314 | 0.17% | – | 978 | 0.13% | – | 1,013 | 0.13% | – | 258,486 | 33.22% | 4.23% | 778,186 | NE
Nebraska-1 | 1 | 169,888 | 62.97% | 1 | 96,314 | 35.70% | – | 2,025 | 0.75% | – | 656 | 0.24% | – | 405 | 0.15% | – | 453 | 0.17% | – | 30 | 0.01% | – | 73,574 | 27.27% | 4.29% | 269,771 | NE1
Nebraska-2 | 1 | 153,041 | 60.24% | 1 | 97,858 | 38.52% | – | 1,731 | 0.68% | – | 813 | 0.32% | – | 305 | 0.12% | – | 261 | 0.10% | – | 23 | 0.01% | – | 55,183 | 21.72% | 3.32% | 254,032 | NE2
Nebraska-3 | 1 | 189,885 | 74.92% | 1 | 60,156 | 23.73% | – | 1,942 | 0.77% | – | 572 | 0.23% | – | 604 | 0.24% | – | 264 | 0.10% | – | 29 | 0.01% | – | 129,729 | 51.19% | 4.77% | 253,452 | NE3
Nevada | 5 | 418,690 | 50.47% | 5 | 397,190 | 47.88% | – | 4,838 | 0.58% | – | 3,176 | 0.38% | – | 1,152 | 0.14% | – | 853 | 0.10% | – | 3,688 | 0.44% | – | 21,500 | 2.59% | −0.96% | 829,587 | NV
New Hampshire | 4 | 331,237 | 48.87% | – | 340,511 | 50.24% | 4 | 4,479 | 0.66% | – | 372 | 0.05% | – | 161 | 0.02% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 978 | 0.14% | – | −9,274 | −1.37% | −2.64% | 677,738 | NH
New Jersey | 15 | 1,670,003 | 46.24% | – | 1,911,430 | 52.92% | 15 | 19,418 | 0.54% | – | 4,514 | 0.12% | – | 2,750 | 0.08% | – | 1,807 | 0.05% | – | 1,769 | 0.05% | – | −241,427 | −6.68% | 9.15% | 3,611,691 | NJ
New Mexico | 5 | 376,930 | 49.84% | 5 | 370,942 | 49.05% | – | 4,053 | 0.54% | – | 2,382 | 0.31% | – | 771 | 0.10% | – | 1,226 | 0.16% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 5,988 | 0.79% | 0.85% | 756,304 | NM
New York | 31 | 2,962,567 | 40.08% | – | 4,314,280 | 58.37% | 31 | 99,873 | 1.35% | – | 11,607 | 0.16% | – | 207 | 0.00% | – | 87 | 0.00% | – | 2,415 | 0.03% | – | −1,351,713 | −18.29% | 6.69% | 7,391,036 | NY
North Carolina | 15 | 1,961,166 | 56.02% | 15 | 1,525,849 | 43.58% | – | 1,805 | 0.05% | – | 11,731 | 0.34% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 108 | 0.00% | – | 348 | 0.01% | – | 435,317 | 12.44% | −0.40% | 3,501,007 | NC
North Dakota | 3 | 196,651 | 62.86% | 3 | 111,052 | 35.50% | – | 3,756 | 1.20% | – | 851 | 0.27% | – | 514 | 0.16% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 9 | 0.00% | – | 85,599 | 27.36% | −0.24% | 312,833 | ND
Ohio | 20 | 2,859,768 | 50.81% | 20 | 2,741,167 | 48.71% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 14,676 | 0.26% | – | 11,939 | 0.21% | – | 192 | 0.00% | – | 166 | 0.00% | – | 118,601 | 2.10% | −1.40% | 5,627,908 | OH
Oklahoma | 7 | 959,792 | 65.57% | 7 | 503,966 | 34.43% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 455,826 | 31.14% | 9.26% | 1,463,758 | OK
Oregon | 7 | 866,831 | 47.19% | – | 943,163 | 51.35% | 7 | 0 | 0.00% | – | 7,260 | 0.40% | – | 5,257 | 0.29% | – | 5,315 | 0.29% | – | 8,956 | 0.49% | – | −76,332 | −4.16% | −3.72% | 1,836,782 | OR
Pennsylvania | 21 | 2,793,847 | 48.42% | – | 2,938,095 | 50.92% | 21 | 2,656 | 0.05% | – | 21,185 | 0.37% | – | 6,318 | 0.11% | – | 6,319 | 0.11% | – | 1,170 | 0.02% | – | −144,248 | −2.50% | 1.67% | 5,769,590 | PA
Rhode Island | 4 | 169,046 | 38.67% | – | 259,765 | 59.42% | 4 | 4,651 | 1.06% | – | 907 | 0.21% | – | 339 | 0.08% | – | 1,333 | 0.30% | – | 1,093 | 0.25% | – | −90,719 | −20.75% | 8.33% | 437,134 | RI
South Carolina | 8 | 937,974 | 57.98% | 8 | 661,699 | 40.90% | – | 5,520 | 0.34% | – | 3,608 | 0.22% | – | 5,317 | 0.33% | – | 1,488 | 0.09% | – | 2,124 | 0.13% | – | 276,275 | 17.08% | 1.14% | 1,617,730 | SC
South Dakota | 3 | 232,584 | 59.91% | 3 | 149,244 | 38.44% | – | 4,320 | 1.11% | – | 964 | 0.25% | – | 1,103 | 0.28% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 83,340 | 21.47% | −1.26% | 388,215 | SD
Tennessee | 11 | 1,384,375 | 56.80% | 11 | 1,036,477 | 42.53% | – | 8,992 | 0.37% | – | 4,866 | 0.20% | – | 2,570 | 0.11% | – | 33 | 0.00% | – | 6 | 0.00% | – | 347,898 | 14.27% | 10.41% | 2,437,319 | TN
Texas | 34 | 4,526,917 | 61.09% | 34 | 2,832,704 | 38.22% | – | 9,159 | 0.12% | – | 38,787 | 0.52% | – | 1,636 | 0.02% | – | 1,014 | 0.01% | – | 548 | 0.01% | – | 1,694,213 | 22.87% | 1.54% | 7,410,765 | TX
Utah | 5 | 663,742 | 71.54% | 5 | 241,199 | 26.00% | – | 11,305 | 1.22% | – | 3,375 | 0.36% | – | 6,841 | 0.74% | – | 39 | 0.00% | – | 1,343 | 0.14% | – | 422,543 | 45.54% | 5.05% | 927,844 | UT
Vermont | 3 | 121,180 | 38.80% | – | 184,067 | 58.94% | 3 | 4,494 | 1.44% | – | 1,102 | 0.35% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,466 | 0.47% | – | −62,887 | −20.14% | −10.20% | 312,309 | VT
Virginia | 13 | 1,716,959 | 53.68% | 13 | 1,454,742 | 45.48% | – | 2,393 | 0.07% | – | 11,032 | 0.34% | – | 10,161 | 0.32% | – | 104 | 0.00% | – | 2,976 | 0.09% | – | 262,217 | 8.20% | 0.16% | 3,198,367 | VA
Washington | 11 | 1,304,894 | 45.64% | – | 1,510,201 | 52.82% | 11 | 23,283 | 0.81% | – | 11,955 | 0.42% | – | 3,922 | 0.14% | – | 2,974 | 0.10% | – | 1,855 | 0.06% | – | −205,307 | −7.18% | −1.60% | 2,859,084 | WA
West Virginia | 5 | 423,778 | 56.06% | 5 | 326,541 | 43.20% | – | 4,063 | 0.54% | – | 1,405 | 0.19% | – | 82 | 0.01% | – | 5 | 0.00% | – | 13 | 0.00% | – | 97,237 | 12.86% | 6.54% | 755,887 | WV
Wisconsin | 10 | 1,478,120 | 49.32% | – | 1,489,504 | 49.70% | 10 | 16,390 | 0.55% | – | 6,464 | 0.22% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 2,661 | 0.09% | – | 3,868 | 0.13% | – | −11,384 | −0.38% | −0.16% | 2,997,007 | WI
Wyoming | 3 | 167,629 | 68.86% | 3 | 70,776 | 29.07% | – | 2,741 | 1.13% | – | 1,171 | 0.48% | – | 631 | 0.26% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 480 | 0.20% | – | 96,853 | 39.79% | −0.27% | 243,428 | WY
U.S Total | 538 | 62,040,610 | 50.73% | 286 | 59,028,444 | 48.27% | 251 | 465,151 | 0.38% | – | 397,265 | 0.32% | – | 143,630 | 0.12% | – | 119,859 | 0.10% | – | 99,887 | 0.08% | – | 3,012,166 | 2.46% | 2.98% | 122,290,630 | US

Although Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, it has held a straw poll for its presidential preference since 1980. In 2004, the results were Bush 21,490 (64.1%), Kerry 11,781 (35.1%), Nader 196 (0.58%) and Badnarik 67 (0.2%).[65] Maine and Nebraska each allowed for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district.[66][67]

#### States that flipped Democratic to Republican

[edit]

* New Mexico
* Iowa

#### States that flipped Republican to Democratic

[edit]

* New Hampshire

### Close states

[edit]

Red font color denotes those won by Republican President George W. Bush; blue denotes states won by Democrat John Kerry.

States where margin of victory was under 1% (22 electoral votes):

1. Wisconsin 0.38% (11,384 votes)
2. Iowa 0.67% (10,059 votes)
3. New Mexico 0.79% (5,988 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 1% but less than 5% (93 electoral votes):

1. New Hampshire 1.37% (9,274 votes)
2. Ohio 2.10% (118,601 votes) (tipping point state)
3. Pennsylvania 2.50% (144,248 votes)
4. Nevada 2.59% (21,500 votes)
5. Michigan 3.42% (165,437 votes)
6. Minnesota 3.48% (98,319 votes)
7. Oregon 4.16% (76,332 votes)
8. Colorado 4.67% (99,523 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (149 electoral votes):

1. Florida 5.01% (380,978 votes)
2. Maine's 2nd Congressional District 5.83% (20,762 votes)
3. New Jersey 6.68% (241,427 votes)
4. Washington 7.18% (205,307 votes)
5. Missouri 7.20% (196,542 votes)
6. Delaware 7.60% (28,492 votes)
7. Virginia 8.20% (262,217 votes)
8. Hawaii 8.75% (37,517 votes)
9. Maine 8.99% (66,641 votes)
10. Arkansas 9.76% (102,945 votes)
11. California 9.94% (1,235,659 votes)

#### Statistics

[edit]

[68]

Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)

1. Ochiltree County, Texas 91.97%
2. Madison County, Idaho 91.89%
3. Glasscock County, Texas 91.56%
4. Roberts County, Texas 90.93%
5. Arthur County, Nebraska 90.23%

Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)

1. Shannon County, South Dakota 84.62%
2. City and County of San Francisco, California 83.02%
3. Macon County, Alabama 82.92%
4. Bronx County, New York 82.80%

### Finance

[edit]

These maps show the amount of attention given by the campaigns to the close states. At left, each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice-presidential candidate during the final five weeks. At right, each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period.

Money spent

* George W. Bush (R) $367,227,801
* John Kerry (D) $326,236,288
* Ralph Nader (I) $4,566,037
* Michael Badnarik (L) $1,093,013
* Michael Peroutka (C) $729,087
* David Cobb (G) $493,723
* Walt Brown (SPUSA) $2,060

Source: FEC[69]

### Ballot access

[edit]

Presidential ticket  | Party  | Ballot access

|
|

Bush / Cheney  | Republican  | 50+DC
Kerry / Edwards  | Democratic  | 50+DC
Badnarik / Campagna  | Libertarian  | 48+DC
Peroutka / Baldwin  | Constitution  | 36
Nader / Camejo  | Independent, Reform  | 34+DC
Cobb / LaMarche  | Green  | 27+DC

### 2004 United States Electoral College

[edit]

Main article: List of 2004 United States presidential electors

One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards" [sic] written on it.[70] The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for Edwards for vice president (Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president).[71] This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president. Electoral balloting in Minnesota was performed by secret ballot, and none of the electors admitted to casting the Edwards vote for president, so it may never be known who the faithless elector was. It is not even known whether the vote for Edwards was deliberate or unintentional; the Republican Secretary of State and several of the Democratic electors have expressed the opinion that this was an accident.[72]

### Statistical analysis

[edit]

Cheney visited Washington & Jefferson College in Pennsylvania on October 27, 2004[73]

During the campaign and as the results came in on the night of the election, there was much focus on Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida. These three swing states were seen as evenly divided, and with each casting 20 electoral votes or more, they had the power to decide the election. As the final results came in, Kerry took Pennsylvania and then Bush took Florida, focusing all attention on Ohio.

Bush in the Oval Office, receiving a concession phone call from Kerry, which came the afternoon of the day following the election

The morning after the election, the winner was still undetermined. The result in Ohio would decide the winner, although the results in New Mexico and Iowa were also undetermined. Bush led in Ohio, but the state was still counting provisional ballots. In the afternoon of the day after the election, Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell announced that there were roughly 135,000 provisional ballots remaining. Kerry's campaign believed that it was statistically impossible to erase Bush's lead. Faced with this announcement, Kerry conceded defeat.[74]

Bush became the first Republican to ever win without carrying New Hampshire, and the first to win the popular vote without Vermont and Illinois. This was the last time a president was re-elected to a consecutive term with a higher share of the electoral or popular vote. Bush carried Colorado despite the state being Kerry's birth state. Bush simultaneously lost his own birth state of Connecticut, making this the only election since 1864 where neither candidate carried their birth state. This election was the first time since 1976 that New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, Illinois, Michigan, and California voted for the losing candidate in the popular vote, as well as the first since 1980 that Maryland did so, and the first since 1948 that Delaware did so. Bush's 2.4% popular vote margin is the smallest ever for a re-elected incumbent president, surpassing the 1812 election.

Bush won three states that have not voted Republican since: Virginia, Colorado, and New Mexico. Virginia had voted Republican in every election from 1968 to 2004 but conversely has voted Democratic in every election since 2008. In contrast, this is the last election in which the losing candidate won any of the following states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. This is also the last time a Republican was elected without carrying Maine's 2nd congressional district. This election is the only time in history that every Northeastern state voted Democratic and every former Confederate state voted Republican in the same election. Thus, Bush is the only candidate to win without carrying any Northeastern electoral votes. Furthermore, this was the last election where both major party tickets consisted entirely of white men. This is also the last election where both parties flipped states and is also the most recent year when an incumbent candidate from either party would flip any states, with Bush taking the two which he did not win in 2000, in both New Mexico and Iowa.

Until 2024[update], this was the last time Nevada voted for the Republican presidential candidate, and the only presidential election since 1988 in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote with a majority, and it remains the only presidential election since 1984 in which the incumbent Republican president won a second consecutive term. Bush also became the only incumbent president to win consecutive re-election after previously losing the popular vote. Bush is the seventh Republican to have won re-election to a consecutive term, along with Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, William McKinley, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. The 2004 election had the highest turnout rate among eligible voters since 1968.[75][76] This is one of only four U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not carry any of the three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the others were 2000, 1916 and 1884.

This was the first presidential election since 1988 where a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. This was the last time a Republican candidate won the national popular vote until Donald Trump in 2024. This remains the most recent presidential election in which both major party candidates flipped at least one state. In addition, this was one of only two elections in the 21st century in which a candidate from either party won fewer than 20 states, with the other being 2024, when Kamala Harris also won 19 states. This is the earliest presidential election of which all four of the presidential and vice presidential candidates of both major parties are still alive, and is the most recent to date in which both major party tickets did not include a woman or person of color. This along with the previous election would be the only ones between 1980 and 2024 where the winner won fewer than 300 electoral votes (or below 55% of the electoral college vote). This is also the last winning ticket that did not have Joe Biden or Donald Trump on it.

* Presidential electoral votes by state. Red is Republican; blue is Democratic.

* Cartogram in which each square represents one electoral vote.

* Presidential popular votes by county.[d]

* Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.[d]

* Results by county flips from 2000 to the 2004 presidential election[d]

* County swing from 2000 to 2004[d]

* Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.

* Presidential popular votes cartogram, in which the sizes of counties have been rescaled according to their population.

* Results by congressional district.

## Voter demographics

[edit]

2004 presidential vote by demographic subgroup

Demographic subgroup  | Kerry  | Bush  | Other  | % of
total vote
Total vote  | 48  | 51  | 1  | 100
Ideology
Liberals | 86  | 13  | 1  | 21
Moderates | 54  | 45  | 1  | 45
Conservatives | 15  | 84  | 1  | 34
Party
Democrats | 89  | 11  | 0  | 37
Republicans | 6  | 93  | 1  | 37
Independents | 49  | 48  | 3  | 26
Gender
Men  | 44  | 55  | 1  | 46
Women  | 51  | 48  | 1  | 54
Marital status
Married  | 42  | 57  | 1  | 63
Non-married  | 58  | 40  | 2  | 37
Race
White | 41  | 58  | 1  | 77
Black | 88  | 11  | 1  | 11
Asian | 56  | 43  | 1  | 2
Other  | 56  | 40  | 4  | 2
Hispanic | 54  | 44  | 2  | 8
Religion
Protestant | 40  | 59  | 1  | 54
Catholic | 47  | 52  | 1  | 27
Jewish | 74  | 25  | 1  | 3
Muslim | 93  | <1  | >6  | 1
Other  | 74  | 23  | 3  | 7
None | 67  | 31  | 2  | 10
Religious service attendance
More than weekly  | 35  | 64  | 1  | 16
Weekly  | 41  | 58  | 1  | 26
Monthly  | 49  | 50  | 1  | 14
A few times a year  | 54  | 45  | 1  | 28
Never  | 62  | 36  | 2  | 15
White evangelical or born-again Christian?
White evangelical or born-again Christian | 21  | 78  | 1  | 23
Everyone else  | 56  | 43  | 1  | 77
Age
18–29 years old  | 54  | 45  | 1  | 17
30–44 years old  | 46  | 53  | 1  | 29
45–59 years old  | 48  | 51  | 1  | 30
60 and older  | 46  | 54  | 0  | 24
First time voter?
First time voter  | 53  | 46  | 1  | 11
Everyone else  | 48  | 51  | 1  | 89
Sexual orientation
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 77  | 22  | 1  | 4
Heterosexual | 46  | 53  | 1  | 96
Education
Not a high school graduate  | 50  | 49  | 1  | 4
High school graduate  | 47  | 52  | 1  | 22
Some college education  | 46  | 54  | 0  | 32
College graduate  | 46  | 52  | 2  | 26
Postgraduate education | 55  | 44  | 1  | 16
Family income
Under $15,000  | 63  | 36  | 1  | 8
$15,000–30,000  | 57  | 42  | 1  | 15
$30,000–50,000  | 50  | 49  | 1  | 22
$50,000–75,000  | 43  | 56  | 1  | 23
$75,000–100,000  | 45  | 55  | 0  | 14
$100,000–150,000  | 42  | 57  | 1  | 11
$150,000–200,000  | 42  | 58  | 0  | 4
Over $200,000  | 35  | 63  | 2  | 3
Union households
Union | 59  | 40  | 1  | 24
Non-union  | 44  | 55  | 1  | 76
Military service
Veterans | 41  | 57  | 2  | 18
Non-veterans  | 50  | 49  | 1  | 82
Issue regarded as most important
Moral values | 18  | 80  | 2  | 22
Economy | 80  | 18  | 2  | 20
Terrorism | 14  | 86  | 0  | 19
Iraq | 73  | 26  | 1  | 15
Health care | 77  | 23  | 0  | 8
Taxes | 43  | 57  | 0  | 5
Education | 73  | 26  | 1  | 4
Region
Northeast | 56  | 43  | 1  | 22
Midwest | 48  | 51  | 1  | 26
South | 42  | 58  | 0  | 32
West | 50  | 49  | 1  | 20
Community size
Urban  | 54  | 45  | 1  | 30
Suburban  | 47  | 52  | 1  | 46
Rural  | 42  | 57  | 1  | 25

Source: CNN exit poll (13,660 surveyed)[77]

## Aftermath

[edit]

This is one of only two U.S. presidential elections, held since the Democrats and Republicans became the two major parties in U.S. politics, in which the winner did not carry any of the three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the other was 2000, when Bush was first elected.[78]

### Voting problems in Ohio

[edit]

After the election, activists and election scholars criticized various issues with the election in Ohio. Long lines at polling places over seven hours were reported. An electronic voting machine erroneously gave thousands of extra votes to Bush.[79] Professor Edward B. Foley stated that he believed that Ohio's voting problems did not affect the outcome.[80]

### Objections and conspiracy theories

[edit]

Main article: 2004 United States election voting controversies

This section has been flagged as possibly containing fringe theories without giving appropriate weight to mainstream views. Please help improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Map of election day problems reported to the Election Incident Reporting System

After the election, many blogs published false rumors claiming to show evidence that voter fraud had prevented Kerry from winning.[81][82] Although the overall result of the election was not challenged by the Kerry campaign, Green Party presidential candidate David Cobb and Libertarian Party presidential candidate Michael Badnarik obtained a recount in Ohio. This recount was completed December 28, 2004, although on January 24, 2007, a jury convicted two Ohio elections officials of selecting precincts to recount where they already knew the hand total would match the machine total, thereby avoiding having to perform a full recount.[83] Independent candidate Ralph Nader obtained a recount in 11 New Hampshire precincts that used Accuvote voting machines.[84]

At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, an objection was made under the Electoral Count Act (now 3 U.S.C. § 15) to Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the law required that the two houses separate to debate and vote on the objection. In the House of Representatives, the objection was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats.[85] Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker, Barbara Boxer, with 74 senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome but "to cast the light of truth on a flawed system which must be fixed now".[86][87]

Kerry would later state that "the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters". In the same article, Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said: "I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened."[88]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election
* Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns
* Jesusland map
* Newspaper endorsements in the 2004 United States presidential election
* History of the United States (1991–2008)
* Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
* Second inauguration of George W. Bush
* White House shakeup (2004)
* 2004 Colorado Amendment 36
* Bush vs. Kerry Boxing, a 2004 boxing video game
* Sorry Everybody, a website to protest against the 2004 election results

### Other elections

[edit]

* 2004 United States gubernatorial elections
* 2004 United States House of Representatives elections
* 2004 United States Senate elections

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ One Minnesota elector voted for Edwards for both president and vice president.
2. ^ In the 2024 election, Republican Donald Trump won a plurality of the popular vote, but was 0.2% short of a majority.
3. ^ Percentage point difference in margin from the 2000 election
4. ^ a b c d Alaska and Louisiana do not have counties. Alaska's boroughs and census areas and Louisiana's parishes are pictured.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
2. ^ a b "2004 ELECTION RESULTS" (PDF). www.fec.gov.
3. ^ Tagliabue, John (March 6, 2003). "France, Germany and Russia Vow to Stop Use of Force Against Iraq". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
4. ^ "U.S Advises Weapons Inspectors to Leave Iraq". USA Today. Vienna, Austria. Associated Press. March 17, 2003. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
5. ^ "Rove Regrets Using Banner Declaring 'Mission Accomplished'". NBC News. Associated Press. April 16, 2004. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
6. ^ Lincoln Chafee, Against the Tide (2007), pp. 119–20
7. ^ Gongloff, Mark (September 2, 2004). "Bush to Push Ownership Society". CNN. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
8. ^ Nagourney, Adam (January 28, 2004). "Kerry Defeats Dean in New Hampshire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
9. ^ "Primary Results: Delegate Scorecard". CNN. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
10. ^ "McCain Spurning Kerry on VP Slot?". CBS News. Associated Press. June 12, 2004. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
11. ^ "Kerry Names Edwards His Running Mate". CNN. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
12. ^ Newman, Maria (July 13, 2004). "Democratic Convention to Focus on Kerry's Military Service". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
13. ^ "Kerry Casts Bush As Unfit to Lead Frayed Military". NBC News. July 24, 2004. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
14. ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
15. ^ "Libertarians Pick Their Nominee". NBC News. May 30, 2004. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
16. ^ "Green Party Deals Nader a Blow". CBS News. August 7, 2004. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
17. ^ "Federal Elections 2004" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Washington, D.C. 2005\. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
18. ^ "Third Parties". CNN. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
19. ^ a b c Warner, Melanie (November 9, 2003). "Machine Politics in the Digital Age". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
20. ^ Schwartz, John (May 1, 2004). "High-Tech Voting System Is Banned in California". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
21. ^ Justice, Glen (February 19, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: Fund-Raising; Advocacy Groups Win Fund Ruling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
22. ^ a b Janofsky, Michael (December 17, 2004). "Advocacy Groups Spent Record Amount on 2004 Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
23. ^ a b Rutenberg, Jim (November 8, 2003). "Fine Print Is Given Full Voice in Campaign Ads". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
24. ^ Stevenson, Richard W. (February 24, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The President; Campaign Begins As Bush Attacks Kerry in Speech". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
25. ^ Nagourney, Adam (October 3, 2004). "Domestic Issues Pushed to Front of Campaigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
26. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth; Halbfinger, David M.; Rosenbaum, David E. (November 4, 2004). "Turnout Effort and Kerry, Too, Were G.O.P.'s Keys to Victory". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
27. ^ a b "Decision 2004 – Exit Poll". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
28. ^ a b Stevenson, Richard W. (March 21, 2004). "At Rally in Vital State, Bush Attacks Kerry on Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
29. ^ a b "Kerry Slams Bush over Deficit". CNN. April 7, 2004. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
30. ^ a b Neilan, Terence (September 15, 2004). "Kerry Sharply Criticizes Bush's Record on the Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
31. ^ Stevenson, Richard W.; Wilgoren, Jodi (July 13, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The President; Bush Forcefully Defends War, Citing Safety of U.S. and World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
32. ^ "Kerry Discusses $87 Billion Comment". CNN. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
33. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi; Bumiller, Elisabeth (September 21, 2004). "In Harshest Critique Yet, Kerry Attacks Bush over War in Iraq". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
34. ^ Toner, Robin (September 25, 2004). "Kerry Promises to Refocus U.S. on Terror War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
35. ^ Klinkner, Philip A. (2006). "Mr. Bush's War: Foreign Policy in the 2004 Election". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (2): 281–296\. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00303.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27552219. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
36. ^ "Fact Sheet: Guidance Released on Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
37. ^ Stevenson, Richard W.; Toner, Robin (September 17, 2004). "Bush Says Kerry Is Pushing Nationalized Health Care". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
38. ^ Toner, Robin (May 14, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: Political Memo; Biggest Divide? Maybe It's Health Care". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
39. ^ Connolly, Ceci (August 22, 2004). "Bush Health Care Plan Seems to Fall Short". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
40. ^ Farhi, Paul (June 21, 2004). "Kerry Voices Support for Stem Cell Funding". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
41. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Kirkpatrick, David D. (July 12, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: Same-Sex Marriage; Urged by Right, Bush Takes on Gay Marriages". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
42. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Senate Battle Over, War Is Not". CNN. Washington, D.C. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
43. ^ Robinson, Walter V. (September 8, 2004). "Bush Fell Short on Duty at Guard". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
44. ^ "CBS 60 Minutes Wednesday Transcript" (PDF). Thornburgh-Boccardi Report, Exhibit 1B. September 8, 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
45. ^ Michael Dobbs and Mike Allen (September 9, 2004). "Some Question Authenticity of Papers on Bush". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
46. ^ "Thornburgh-Boccardi Report" (PDF). CBS News. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
47. ^ "Final Figure in '60 Minutes' Scandal Resigns". Fox News. Associated Press. March 25, 2005. Archived from the original on May 30, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
48. ^ Zeller, Tom (May 23, 2005). "In Blogs, Smoking Guns Provide Ammunition". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
49. ^ "Election of 2004". Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
50. ^ "Glossary: US Elections". BBC News. November 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
51. ^ a b c "CPD: 2004 Debates". Debates.org. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
52. ^ "Poll: Kerry Wins Debate, Pulls Even". MSNBC. October 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
53. ^ "Dick Cheney Debate with John Edwards Polls Give It to Edwards". s5000.com. October 6, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
54. ^ "US Running Mates Clash over Iraq". BBC News. October 6, 2004. Archived from the original on March 14, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
55. ^ Sandalow, Marc (October 5, 2004). "Edwards-Cheney Debate: Wide Audience Expected: Tight Race Makes VP Matchup More Compelling". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 29, 2004.
56. ^ Langer, Gary; Sussman, Dalia (October 6, 2004). "Cheney Gains with Help from His Friends". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
57. ^ "US Debate: What the Commentators Said". BBC. October 9, 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
58. ^ "Transcript & Video: Third Debate – You Decide 2004". Fox News. October 14, 2004. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
59. ^ Vanden Brook, Tom (October 14, 2004). "Kerry Lesbian Remark Angers Cheneys". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
60. ^ "Gallup Presidential Election Trial-Heat Trends, 1936-2008". Gallup, Inc. September 24, 2008. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
61. ^ Sherwell, Philip (October 31, 2004). "Bush Takes a Six-Point Lead After New Bin Laden Tape". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
62. ^ a b c "DC Political Report". DCPoliticalReport.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010.
63. ^ "MPR: Minnesota elector gives Edwards a vote; Kerry gets other nine". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
64. ^ "2004 Presidential Election by State". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006.
65. ^ "2004 Presidential Vote". Ballot-Access.org. December 12, 2004. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
66. ^ "Maine Certificate of Ascertaiment, 2004 Presidential Election". May 20, 2019. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
67. ^ "Nebraska Certificate of Ascertainment, 2004 Presidential Election". May 20, 2019.
68. ^ 2004 Presidential General Election Data - National, Uselectionatlas.org.
69. ^ "Search Campaign Finance Summary Data". Fec.gov. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
70. ^ Freddoso, David (December 21, 2004). "Does L Stand for Loser?". National Review. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
71. ^ Radio, Minnesota Public. "MPR: Minnesota elector gives Edwards a vote; Kerry gets other nine". Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2005.
72. ^ "Minnesota Elector Gives Edwards a Vote; Kerry Gets Other Nine". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010.
73. ^ "Travels of Vice President Dick Cheney-October 2004". Gwu.edu. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
74. ^ Liptak, Adam (November 4, 2004). "In Making His Decision on Ohio, Kerry Did the Math". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
75. ^ Faler, Brian (January 14, 2005). "Election Turnout in 2004 Was Highest Since 1968". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
76. ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". Presidency.UCSB.edu. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
77. ^ "CNN Election 2004". CNN. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
78. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (September 16, 2024). "Why These Three States Are the Most Consistent Tipping Point in American Politics". CNN. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
79. ^ Liptak, Adam (November 7, 2004). "Voting Problems in Ohio Set Off an Alarm". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
80. ^ Dao, James; Fessenden, Ford; Zeller, Tom Jr. (December 24, 2004). "Voting Problems in Ohio Spur Call for Overhaul". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
81. ^ Zeller, Tom Jr. (November 12, 2004). "Vote Fraud Theories, Spread by Blogs, Are Quickly Buried". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
82. ^ Weiss, Joanna (December 19, 2020). "What Happened to the Democrats Who Never Accepted Bush's Election". Politico. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
83. ^ Kropko, M.R. (January 24, 2007). "Election Staff Convicted in Recount Rig". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
84. ^ Herron, Michael C.; Wand, Jonathan (June 1, 2007). "Assessing Partisan Bias in Voting Technology: The Case of the 2004 New Hampshire Recount". Electoral Studies. 26 (2): 247–261\. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2006.02.004. ISSN 0261-3794.
85. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 7". Clerk.house.gov. January 6, 2005. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
86. ^ "Congress Ratifies Bush Victory After Challenge". The New York Times. January 7, 2005. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
87. ^ "Senator Barbara Boxer's (Democrat California) Objection to the Certification of Ohio's Electoral Votes". The Green Papers. January 6, 2005. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
88. ^ Kennedy, Jr, Robert F. (June 1, 2006). "Was the 2004 Election Stolen?". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.

## Sources

[edit]

* Official Federal Election Commission Report, a PDF file, with the latest, most final, and complete vote totals available.
* "Presidential Results by Congressional District". Polidata. Washington, D.C.: Polidata. Retrieved July 29, 2005.
* Barone, Michael J. The Almanac of American Politics: 2006 (2005)
* Daclon, Corrado Maria, US elections and war on terrorism (2004), Analisi Difesa, no. 50
* Evan Thomas, Eleanor Clift, and Staff of Newsweek. Election 2004 (2005)

### Books

[edit]

* Ceaser, James W. and Andrew E. Busch. Red Over Blue: The 2004 Elections and American Politics (2005), narrative history.
* Freeman, Steven F. and Joel Bleifuss, Foreword by U.S. Representative John Conyers, Jr. Was the 2004 Presidential Election Stolen? Exit Polls, Election Fraud, and the Official Count (Seven Stories Press, 2006)
* Green, John C. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. The Values Campaign?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections (2006)
* Miller, Mark Crispin. Fooled Again: How the Right Stole the 2004 Election (2005) –
* Sabato, Larry J. Divided States of America: The Slash And Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005)
* Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Nordhaus, William (July 2006). "Electoral Victory and Statistical Defeat? Economics, Politics, and the 2004 Presidential Election". Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 1 (3): 313–322\. doi:10.1561/100.00000014.
* Baum, Matthew A.; Gussin, Phil (March 2008). "In the Eye of the Beholder: How Information Shortcuts Shape Individual Perceptions of Bias in the Media" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 3 (1): 1–31\. doi:10.1561/100.00007010. S2CID 144067126. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* Election of 2004 in Counting the Votes

### Official candidate websites

[edit]

* Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
* George W. Bush (Republican) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
* David Cobb (Green) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
* John Kerry (Democrat) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
* Ralph Nader (Independent) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
* "Michael Peroutka (Constitution)". Archived from the original on November 1, 2004. Retrieved September 25, 2007.

### Election maps and analysis

[edit]

* Maps of proportion shift, counties more Republican, counties more Democratic, compared to 2000 election.
* NYTimes.com 2004 Election Results Interactive Graphic
* PBS.org Interactive Electoral College Map
* Maps and cartograms of the 2004 U.S. presidential election results Archived November 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – Michael Gastner, Cosma Shalizi, and Mark Newman, University of Michigan
* Election 2004 Results – Robert J. Vanderbei, Princeton University
* Interactive Atlas of the 2004 Presidential Election Results – Dave Liep
* Alternate views of the electoral results map
* Assessing the Vote and the Roots of American Political Divide

### State-by-state forecasts of electoral vote outcome

[edit]

* Probability analysis of Electoral College based on latest poll results by state
* Electoral Vote Predictor 2004
* Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball Archived April 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
* "Race 2004". Archived from the original on November 2, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
* USA Today polls

### Controversies

[edit]

* About.com, Democracy & Voting Rights – Ohio 2004 Election as Lesson in What Can Go Wrong
* "The Whoppers of 2004". FactCheck. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. October 31, 2004. Archived from the original on November 1, 2004.

### Election campaign funding

[edit]

* Money Maps

### Campaign ads

[edit]

* Campaign commercials from the 2004 election

* v
* t
* e

(← 2000) 2004 United States presidential election (2008 →)

* Candidates
* Debates
* Timeline
* Potomac primary
* Mini-Tuesday

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* Primary results

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: George W. Bush
* campaign
* positions
* Incumbent VP nominee: Dick Cheney

* Other candidates: John Buchanan
* Jack Fellure
* Tom Laughlin

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Debates
* Primaries
* Primary results

Candidates|

* Nominee: John Kerry
* campaign
* VP nominee: John Edwards

* Other candidates: Carol Moseley Braun
* Wesley Clark
* campaign
* Howard Dean
* campaign
* John Edwards
* campaign
* positions
* Dick Gephardt
* campaign
* Bob Graham
* campaign
* Caroline Killeen
* Dennis Kucinich
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Joe Lieberman
* campaign
* positions
* Al Sharpton
* campaign

Controversies|

* Moss v. Bush
* Conspiracy theories
* Kerry military service
* Bush military service

Third-party and independent candidates

Constitution Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Michael Peroutka
* VP nominee: Chuck Baldwin

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: David Cobb
* campaign
* VP nominee: Pat LaMarche

Other candidates
Sheila Bilyeu
Peter Camejo
Paul Glover
Kent Mesplay
Lorna Salzman

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Michael Badnarik
* campaign
* VP nominee: Richard Campagna

Other candidates
Gary Nolan
Aaron Russo

Personal Choice Party|

Nominee
Charles Jay
VP nominee
Marilyn Chambers

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Gene Amondson
Alternate nominee
Earl Dodge

Reform Party|

Nominee
Ralph Nader (campaign)

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Walt Brown
* VP nominee: Mary Alice Herbert

Other candidates
Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
Róger Calero
Alternate nominee
James Harris
VP nominee
Arrin Hawkins

Workers World Party|

Nominee
John Parker
VP nominee
Teresa Gutierrez

Independents and other candidates|

Thomas Harens
Tom Laughlin
Ralph Nader (campaign)
Leonard Peltier
Joe Schriner

Other 2004 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

State and district results of the 2004 United States presidential election

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* District of Columbia
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

* v
* t
* e

(2003 ←)   2004 United States elections   (→ 2005)

President|

* 2004 United States presidential election

U.S.
Senate|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Missouri
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Utah
* Vermont
* Washington
* Wisconsin

U.S.
House|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* District of Columbia
* delegate
* shadow
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* 6th sp
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* 1st sp
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* At-large sp
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

State
governors|

* Delaware
* Lt. Gov
* Indiana
* Missouri
* Lt. Gov
* Montana
* New Hampshire
* North Carolina
* Lt. Gov
* North Dakota
* Utah
* Vermont
* Washington
* West Virginia

State
legislatures|

* Arizona
* House
* Arizona
* California
* Assembly
* Senate
* Connecticut Senate
* Delaware
* House
* Senate
* Iowa Senate
* Kentucky
* House
* Senate
* Massachusetts Senate
* Michigan House
* Minnesota House
* Montana House
* New Hampshire General Court
* New Mexico Senate
* North Carolina
* House
* Senate
* Pennsylvania
* House
* Senate
* Texas
* House
* Senate
* Washington Senate
* West Virginia Senate
* Wyoming Senate

State officials|

* Pennsylvania
* Attorney General
* Auditor General
* Treasurer

Mayors|

* Baltimore, MD
* Bakersfield, CA
* Baton Rouge, LA
* Fresno, CA
* Irvine, CA
* Jersey City, NJ (special)
* Milwaukee, WI
* Orlando, FL
* Portland, OR
* Sacramento, CA
* San Diego, CA
* San Juan, PR
* Santa Ana, CA
* Virginia Beach, VA

States|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Ballot
measures|

* Kentucky
* Amendment 1

* v
* t
* e

United States presidential elections

Elections by year|

* 1788–89
* 1792
* 1796
* 1800
* 1804
* 1808
* 1812
* 1816
* 1820
* 1824
* 1828
* 1832
* 1836
* 1840
* 1844
* 1848
* 1852
* 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* 1868
* 1872
* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888
* 1892
* 1896
* 1900
* 1904
* 1908
* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024
* 2028

Elections by state|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* District of Columbia
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Primaries and caucuses|

* Iowa caucuses
* New Hampshire presidential primary
* Nevada presidential caucuses
* South Carolina presidential primary
* Super Tuesday

Nominating conventions|

* List of nominating conventions
* Brokered convention
* Convention bounce
* Superdelegate

Electoral College
and popular vote|

* Results
* summary
* elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
* Electoral College margins
* Electoral College results by state
* electoral vote changes between elections
* electoral vote recipients
* popular votes received
* popular-vote margins
* Electoral Count Act
* Certificate of ascertainment
* Certificate of vote
* Contingent election
* Faithless elector
* Unpledged elector
* Voter turnout

Related|

* Campaign slogans
* Historical election polling
* Election Day
* Major party tickets
* Major party losers
* Presidential debates
* October surprise
* Red states and blue states
* Swing state
* Tipping-point state
* Election recount (2000)
* Guam straw poll
* Puerto Rico straw poll
* Vice presidential confirmations:
* 1973
* 1974

* House elections
* Senate elections
* Gubernatorial elections

* v
* t
* e

George W. Bush

* 43rd President of the United States (2001–2009)
* 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inaugurations
* 2001
* 2005
* Timeline
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* January 2009
* Domestic policy
* Legislation and programs
* Economic policy
* Foreign policy
* International trips
* Bush Doctrine
* Russia summits
* Slovenia
* Slovakia
* War in Afghanistan
* Patriot Act
* No Child Left Behind Act
* 2003 invasion of Iraq
* Status of Forces Agreement
* Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
* USA Freedom Corps
* Department of Homeland Security
* Space policy
* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
* "War on Terror"
* President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
* award
* Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
* Email controversy
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court candidates
* John Roberts
* Harriet Miers
* Samuel Alito
* controversies
* Cabinet
* Cheney vice presidency
* Pardons
* Impeachment efforts
* Executive orders
* Presidential proclamations
* State funeral of Ronald Reagan
* State funeral of Gerald Ford
* Obama transition

Life and
legacy|

* Childhood home
* Early life and career
* Presidential library
* Official White House portrait
* Military service controversy
* Killian documents controversy
* authenticity issues
* Professional life
* Governorship of Texas
* Prairie Chapel Ranch
* Walker's Point Estate
* Clinton Bush Haiti Fund

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (Feb 2001)
* Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington (2001)
* Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001)
* Mission Accomplished (2003)
* State of the Union addresses
* 2002 ("Axis of evil")
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008

Elections|

| U.S. House|

* 1978

|

Gubernatorial|

* 1994
* 1998

Presidential|

* 2000 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* Bush v. Gore
* 2004 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Public image|

* Bushisms
* Nicknames
* As the subject of books and films
* Fictionalized portrayals
* Miss Me Yet?
* "Yo, Blair"

Books|

* A Charge to Keep (1999)
* Decision Points (2010)
* 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014)
* Portraits of Courage (2017)
* Out of Many, One (2021)

Popular
culture|

* Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)
* W. (2008 film)

Family|

* Laura Bush (wife)
* Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter)
* Jenna Bush Hager (daughter)
* George H. W. Bush (father
* presidency)
* Barbara Bush (mother)
* Robin Bush (sister)
* Jeb Bush (brother)
* Neil Bush (brother)
* Marvin Bush (brother)
* Dorothy Bush Koch (sister)
* Barney (dog)
* Miss Beazley (dog)
* India (cat)
* Spot Fetcher (dog)

* ← Bill Clinton
* Barack Obama →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Dick Cheney

* 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009)
* 7th White House Chief of Staff (1975-1977)
* 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993)
* U.S. Representative for WY–AL (1979–1989)

20th century career|

| Cabinet|

* White House Chief of Staff to Gerald Ford (1975-1977)
* Secretary of Defense to George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

|

U.S. House|

* 1978
* 1980
* 1982
* 1984
* 1986
* 1988
* House Minority Whip

Private sector|

Halliburton

Presidential elections|

* 2000 campaign
* selection
* convention
* debate
* election
* transition
* 2004 campaign
* convention
* debate
* election

Vice presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* 1st inauguration
* 2nd inauguration
* Timeline
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* January 2009
* Domestic policy
* Legislation and programs
* Economic policy
* Foreign policy
* "War on Terror"
* Bush Doctrine
* Russia summits
* Slovenia
* Slovakia
* War in Afghanistan
* Patriot Act
* 2003 invasion of Iraq
* Status of Forces Agreement
* Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
* USA Freedom Corps
* Department of Homeland Security
* Space policy
* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
* Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
* Email controversy
* Efforts to impeach Dick Cheney
* Obama transition

Legacy and
public image|

* Agathidium cheneyi
* Dick Cheney hunting accident
* Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America
* In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir
* Vice

Family and
personal life|

* Lynne Cheney (wife)
* Liz Cheney (daughter)
* Mary Cheney (daughter)

* ← Al Gore
* Joe Biden →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

John Kerry

* 68th United States Secretary of State (2013–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013)

Career|

* Military career
* Senate career
* Kerry–Feingold Amendment
* Secretary of State tenure
* John Kerry Parameters
* Foreign trips

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008

|

Presidential|

* 2004 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election

Related|

* Going Upriver
* The New Soldier
* Military service controversy
* Kerry–Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
* Swiftboating
* Unfit for Command

Family|

* Forbes family
* Teresa Heinz (second wife)
* Julia Thorne (first wife)
* Alexandra Kerry (daughter)
* Vanessa Kerry (daughter)
* Richard Kerry (father)
* Rosemary Forbes Kerry (mother)
* Cameron Kerry (brother)

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[EV]: electoral votes
*[MD]: Maryland
*[CA]: California
*[LA]: Louisiana
*[NJ]: New Jersey
*[WI]: Wisconsin
*[FL]: Florida
*[OR]: Oregon
*[PR]: Puerto Rico
*[VA]: Virginia