2008 United States presidential election

For related races, see 2008 United States elections.

2008 United States presidential election

* * *

| ← 2004 | November 4, 2008 | 2012 →

|
|

* * *

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout| 61.6%[1] 1.5 pp
|   |  |

|
|

Nominee  | Barack Obama | John McCain |
Party  | Democratic | Republican
Home state  | Illinois | Arizona
Running mate  | Joe Biden | Sarah Palin
Electoral vote  | 365 | 173
States carried  | 28 + DC \+ NE-02 | 22
Popular vote  | 69,498,516[2]: 6  | 59,948,323[2]: 6
Percentage  | 52.9% | 45.7%

* * *

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Obama/Biden and red denotes those won by McCain/Palin. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.

* * *

| President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

| Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

|

2008 U.S. presidential election

* Timeline
* General election debates

* National polling
* Statewide polling
* Parties

Democratic Party

* Candidates
* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* National polling
* Statewide polling
* Results
* Nominee
* Convention
* superdelegates

Republican Party

* Candidates
* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* National polling
* Statewide polling
* Results
* Nominee
* Convention

Minor parties

* Libertarian Party
* primaries
* convention
* Green Party
* primaries
* convention
* Constitution Party
* All candidates

Related races

* House
* Senate
* Governors

* Vice President
* Democratic
* Republican

| ← 2004 | 2008 | 2012 →

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, the senior senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of John McCain, the senior senator from Arizona, and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. Obama became the first African American to be elected to the presidency.

Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment; this was the first election since 1952 in which neither the incumbent president nor vice president was on the ballot, and the first since 1928 in which neither ran for the nomination. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, defeating his main challengers Mitt Romney and Mike Huckabee, and selected Palin as his running mate. The Democratic primaries were marked by a sharp contest between Obama and the initial front-runner, former first lady and Senator Hillary Clinton, as well as other challengers who dropped out before most of the primaries were held, including Senators John Edwards and Joe Biden. Clinton's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party's presidential primary.[a] After a long primary season, Obama narrowly secured the Democratic nomination in June 2008 and selected Biden as his running mate.

Bush's popularity had significantly declined during his second term, which was attributed to the growing disdain for the Iraq war, his response to Hurricane Katrina, the Abu Ghraib torture controversy, and the 2008 financial crisis. McCain opted to distance himself from Bush and did not campaign with him, nor did Bush appear in person at the 2008 Republican National Convention, although he did endorse McCain. Obama strongly opposed the Iraq war, as well as a troop surge that had begun in 2007, while McCain supported the war. Obama campaigned on the theme that "Washington must change", while McCain emphasized his experience. McCain's decision to suspend his campaign during the height of the financial crisis backfired as voters viewed his response as erratic.[5]

Obama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral College and popular vote by sizable margins, and flipping nine states that had voted Republican in 2004: Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia, as well as Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Obama won every state in the Great Lakes region. Obama received the largest share of the popular vote won by a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and was the first Democrat to win an outright majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976. At the time, Obama also received the most popular votes in history, a record which would be broken in 2020.

As of 2025[update], this is the most recent time a Democrat carried Indiana and North Carolina in a presidential election and the most recent time a Democrat won the male vote in a presidential election.

## Background

[edit]

Further information: United States presidential election § Procedure

The incumbent in 2008, George W. Bush. His second term expired at noon on January 20, 2009.

Article Two of the United States Constitution says that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for at least 14 years. Candidates for president typically seek the nomination of a political party, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose a candidate for the position. Traditionally, the primaries are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president. President George W. Bush, a Republican and former Governor of Texas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon Eastern Standard Time on January 20, 2009.

## Nominations

[edit]

### Democratic Party nomination

[edit]

Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign, 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and 2008 Democratic National Convention

#### Candidate

[edit]

Main article: 2008 Democratic Party presidential candidates

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Barack Obama

|

* * *

Personal

* Early life and career
* Family
* Honors
* Public image
* Publications
* Dreams from My Father
* The Audacity of Hope
* A Promised Land
* Summer playlist
* Non-profit organizations
* Obama Foundation
* One America Appeal
* Speeches

* * *

Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois

* Illinois State Senate tenure
* 2004 DNC keynote address
* U.S. Senate tenure
* 2004 election
* sponsored bills

* * *

44th President of the United States

* Presidency
* timeline
* Transition
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Efforts to impeach
* Presidential library

* * *

Tenure

* First 100 days
* Recovery Act
* Trips
* foreign
* '09
* '10
* '11
* '12
* '13
* '14
* '15
* '16–'17
* Russia nuclear treaty
* Nobel Peace Prize
* Affordable Care Act
* Dodd–Frank
* Iraq withdrawal
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* 2011 debt-ceiling crisis
* Libya intervention
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Benghazi attack
* 2013 debt-ceiling crisis
* Anti-ISIL campaign
* Iraq
* Syria
* Tan suit controversy
* Iran nuclear deal
* Cuban thaw
* Sanctions against Russia
* Selma 50th anniversary speech
* Paris Agreement

* * *

Policies

* Economy
* Energy
* Foreign policy
* Arctic
* Europe
* East Asia
* Middle East
* South Asia
* Obama Doctrine
* Pardons
* Marine
* Native
* Social
* Space

* * *

Appointments

* Cabinet
* Judiciary
* Sotomayor
* Kagan
* Garland
* Supreme Court candidates

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2008
* election
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* Obama coalition
* 2012
* election
* primaries
* convention
* debates

* * *

* v
* t
* e

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Joe Biden

|

* * *

Personal

* Early life and career
* Eponyms
* Family
* Honors
* Presidential library
* Public image
* Age and health concerns
* SNL parodies
* The Onion parody
* Bibliography
* Post-presidency

* * *

U.S. Senator from Delaware

* U.S. Senate career
* Judiciary Committee
* Bork hearings
* Thomas hearings
* 1994 Crime Bill
* Violence Against Women Act
* Foreign Relations Committee
* Elections
* 1972
* 1978
* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008

* * *

47th Vice President of the United States

* Transition
* Tenure
* Obama administration
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Economic policy
* Great Recession response
* 2010 Tax Relief Act
* 2011 debt-ceiling crisis
* fiscal cliff
* Foreign policy
* Task forces
* Gun Violence
* Protect Students from Sexual Assault
* "Buy a shotgun"

* * *

Vice presidential campaigns

* 2008
* election
* selection
* convention
* debates
* 2012
* election
* convention
* debates

* * *

46th President of the United States

* Presidency
* timeline
* Transition
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* Inauguration
* Efforts to impeach
* inquiry

* * *

Tenure

* First 100 days
* Executive actions
* proclamations
* Trips
* foreign
* '21
* '22
* '23
* '24–'25
* Ukraine visit
* Geneva summit
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Classified documents incident
* 2023 debt-ceiling crisis

* * *

Policies

* COVID-19
* WH Response Team
* Economy
* ARP
* IIJA
* IRA
* Electoral/ethics
* Environment
* Foreign policy
* AUKUS
* Camp David Principles
* IPEF
* War in Ukraine
* War in Israel
* Immigration
* border crisis
* Social issues
* guns
* cannabis
* marriage

* * *

Appointments

* Cabinet
* Ambassadors
* Federal judges
* Jackson
* Supreme Court candidates
* Executive Office
* U.S. attorneys

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 1988
* primaries
* 2008
* primaries
* 2020
* primaries
* election
* sexual misconduct allegation
* Ukraine conspiracy theory
* convention
* debates
* endorsements
* VP selection
* 2024
* primaries
* debate
* endorsements
* opposition
* withdrawal

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party (United States)2008 Democratic Party ticket

Barack Obama | Joe Biden
for President | for Vice President

U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(2005–2008) | U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009)
Campaign

#### Withdrawn candidates

[edit]

Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries

Hillary Clinton | John Edwards | Bill Richardson | Dennis Kucinich | Joe Biden | Mike Gravel | Chris Dodd | Tom Vilsack
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Senator
from New York
(2001–2009) |  U.S. Senator
from North Carolina
(1999–2005) | 30th
Governor of New Mexico
(2003–2011) | U.S. Representative
from Ohio
(1997–2013) | U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009) | U.S. Senator
from Alaska
(1969–1981) | U.S. Senator
from Connecticut
(1981–2011) | 40th
Governor of Iowa
(1999–2007)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign
W: June 7
17,493,836 votes | W: Jan 30
1,009,331 votes | W: Jan 10
106,356 votes | W: Jan 23
104,000 votes | W: Jan 3
81,777 votes | W: N/A
40,263 votes | W: Jan 3
35,284 votes | W: Feb 23, 2007
0 votes

#### Before the primaries

[edit]

Media speculation had begun almost immediately after the results of the 2004 presidential election were released. In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats regained majorities in both houses of the U.S. Congress.[6] Early polls taken before anyone had announced a candidacy had shown Senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama as the most popular potential Democratic candidates.[7] Nevertheless, the media speculated on several other candidates, including Al Gore, the runner-up in the 2000 election; John Kerry, the runner-up in the 2004 election; John Edwards, Kerry's running mate in 2004; Delaware Senator Joe Biden; New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson; Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack; and Indiana Senator Evan Bayh.[8]

Edwards was one of the first to formally announce his candidacy for the presidency, on December 28, 2006. This run would be his second attempt at the presidency.[9] Clinton announced intentions to run in the Democratic primaries on January 20, 2007.[10] Obama announced his candidacy on February 10 in his home state of Illinois.[11]

#### Early primaries and caucuses

[edit]

Early in the year, the support for Barack Obama started to increase in the polls and he passed Clinton for the top spot in Iowa; he ended up winning the caucus in that state, with Edwards coming in second and Clinton in third.[12] Obama's win was fueled mostly by first time caucus-goers and Independents and showed voters viewed him as the "candidate of change".[12] Iowa has since been viewed as the state that jump-started Obama's campaign and set him on track to win both the nomination and the presidency.[13] After the Iowa caucus, Biden and Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd withdrew from the nomination contest.[12]

Obama became the new front runner in New Hampshire, when his poll numbers skyrocketed after his Iowa victory.[14] The Clinton campaign was struggling after a huge loss in Iowa and no strategy beyond the early primaries and caucuses. According to The Vancouver Sun, campaign strategists had "mapped a victory scenario that envisioned the former first lady wrapping up the Democratic presidential nomination by Super Tuesday on Feb. 5."[15] In what is considered a turning point for her campaign, Clinton had a strong performance at the Saint Anselm College, ABC, and Facebook debates several days before the New Hampshire primary as well as an emotional interview in a public broadcast live on TV.[16] Clinton won that primary by 2% of the vote, contrary to the predictions of pollsters who consistently had her trailing Obama for a few days up to the primary date.[14] Clinton's win was the first time a woman had ever won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection.[17]

On January 30, 2008, after placing in third in the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries, Edwards announced that he was suspending his campaign for the presidency, but he did not initially endorse any remaining candidates.[18][19]

#### Super Tuesday

[edit]

Voting sign in Utah

Super Tuesday was February 5, 2008, when the largest-ever number of simultaneous state primary elections was held.[20] Super Tuesday ended up leaving the Democrats in a virtual tie, with Obama amassing 847 delegates to Clinton's 834 from the 23 states that held Democratic primaries.[21]

California was one of the Super Tuesday states that could provide a large number of delegates to the candidates. Obama trailed in the California polling by an average of 6.0% before the primary; he ended up losing that state by 8.3% of the vote.[22] Some analysts cited a large Latino turnout that voted for Clinton as the deciding factor.[23]

The Louisiana, Nebraska, Hawaii, Wisconsin, U.S. Virgin Islands, the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia primaries and the Washington and Maine caucuses all took place after Super Tuesday in February. Obama won all of them, giving him 10 consecutive victories after Super Tuesday.[24][25]

#### Ohio, Texas, and Pennsylvania

[edit]

On March 4, Hillary Clinton carried Ohio and Rhode Island in the Democratic primaries; some considered these wins, especially Ohio, a "surprise upset" by 10%,[26][27] although she did lead in the polling averages in both states.[22][28] She also carried the primary in Texas, but Obama won the Texas caucuses held the same day and netted more delegates from the state than Clinton.[29]

Only one state held a primary in April. This was Pennsylvania, on April 22. Although Obama made a strong effort to win Pennsylvania, Hillary Clinton won that primary by nearly 10%, with approximately 55% of the vote.[30] Obama had outspent Clinton three to one in Pennsylvania, but his comment at a San Francisco fundraiser that small-town Americans "cling" to guns and religion drew sharp criticism from the Clinton campaign and may have hurt his chances in the Keystone State.[31] In addition, Clinton had several advantages in Pennsylvania. Throughout the primary process, she relied on the support of older, white, working class voters. Pennsylvania held a closed primary, which means that only registered Democrats could vote, and, according to Ron Elving of NPR, the established Democratic electorate "was older, whiter, more Catholic and more working-class than in most of the primaries to date."[32] After Pennsylvania, Obama had a higher number of delegates and popular votes than Clinton did and was still in a stronger position to win the nomination. Clinton, however, had received the endorsement of more superdelegates than Obama.[30]

#### Indiana and North Carolina

[edit]

On May 6, North Carolina and Indiana held their Democratic presidential primaries. Clinton and Obama campaigned aggressively there before the voting took place. Polling had shown Obama a few points ahead in North Carolina and Clinton similarly leading in Indiana.[33][34] In the actual results, Obama outperformed the polls by several points in both states, winning by a significant margin in North Carolina[35] and losing by only 1.1% in Indiana (50.56% to 49.44%).[36] After these primaries, most pundits declared that it had become "increasingly improbable," if not impossible, for Clinton to win the nomination.[37] The small win in Indiana barely kept her campaign alive for the next month.[38] Although she did manage to win the majority of the remaining primaries and delegates, it was not enough to overcome Obama's substantial delegate lead.

#### Florida and Michigan

[edit]

During late 2007, the two parties adopted rules against states' moving their primaries to an earlier date in the year. For the Republicans, the penalty for this violation was supposed to be the loss of half the state party's delegates to the convention. The Democratic penalty was the complete exclusion from the national convention of delegates from states that broke these rules. The Democratic Party allowed only four states to hold elections before February 5, 2008. Clinton won a majority of delegates and popular votes from both states (though 40% voted uncommitted in Michigan) and subsequently led a fight to seat all the Florida and Michigan delegates.[39]

There was some speculation that the fight over the delegates could last until the convention in August. On May 31, 2008, the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic Party reached a compromise on the Florida and Michigan delegate situation. The committee decided to seat delegates from Michigan and Florida at the convention in August, but to only award each a half-vote.[40]

#### Clinching the nomination

[edit]

2008 DNC during Stevie Wonder's performance

The major political party nomination process (technically) continues through June of an election year. In previous cycles, the candidates were effectively chosen by the end of the primaries held in March, but, in this cycle, Barack Obama did not win enough delegates to secure the nomination until June 3, after a 17-month campaign against Hillary Clinton. He had a wide lead in states won, while Clinton had won majorities in several of the larger states. Now, because a form of proportional representation and popular vote decided Democratic state delegate contests, numbers were close between Clinton and Obama.[41] By May, Clinton claimed to hold a lead in the popular vote, but the Associated Press found that her numbers were "accurate only" in one close scenario.[42]

In June, after the last of the primaries had taken place, Obama secured the Democratic nomination for president, with the help of multiple super delegate endorsements (most of the super delegates had refused to declare their support for either candidate until the primaries were completed).[43] He was the first African American to win the nomination of a major political party in the United States.[44] For several days, Clinton refused to concede the race, although she signaled her presidential campaign was ending in a post-primary speech on June 3 in her home state of New York.[45] She finally conceded the nomination to Obama on June 7. She pledged her full support to the presumptive nominee and vowed to do everything she could to help him get elected.[46]

### Republican Party nomination

[edit]

Main articles: John McCain 2008 presidential campaign, 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries, and 2008 Republican National Convention

Not only was the 2008 election the first time since 1952 that neither the incumbent president nor the incumbent vice president was a candidate in the general election, but it was also the first time since the 1928 election that neither sought his party's nomination for president; as Bush was term-limited from seeking another nomination, the unique aspect was Vice President Cheney's decision not to seek the Republican nomination.[47][48] The 2008 election was also the third presidential election since 1896 in which neither the incumbent president, the incumbent vice president, nor a current or former member of the incumbent president's Cabinet won the nomination of either major party the others being 1920 and 1952.[49] With no members of the Bush administration emerging as major contenders for the Republican nomination, the Republican race was as open as the Democratic race.

#### Candidate

[edit]

Main article: 2008 Republican Party presidential candidates

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

John McCain

|

* * *

* Personal

* Early life and military career
* Political positions
* Public image
* Bibliography
* Faith of My Fathers
* Worth the Fighting For
* Why Courage Matters
* The Restless Wave

* * *

* U.S. Senator from Arizona

* Early Congressional career (1983–2000)
* Senate career (2001–2014)
* Keating Five

* * *

* Presidential campaigns

* 2000
* primaries
* 2008
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* Democratic and liberal support
* staff members

* v
* t
* e

|  | This article is part of a series
about
Sarah Palin

|

* Political positions
* Electoral history
* Public image

* * *

* Mayor of Wasilla (1999–2002)

* Sports complex

* * *

* Governorship (2006–2009)

* 2006 election
* Gravina Island Bridge
* Public safety commissioner dismissal
* Resignation

* * *

* 2008 vice presidential candidacy
* McCain presidential campaign
* Vice presidential candidate election
* Convention
* Election
* Couric interviews
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Drill, baby, drill
* Mama grizzly
* Email hack
* The Masked Avengers' prank

* * *

* Later career

* Books
* Going Rogue
* America by Heart
* Good Tidings and Great Joy
* Sweet Freedom
* Media career
* Sarah Palin's Alaska
* Sarah Palin Channel
* Amazing America
* Death panel
* 2022 congressional campaigns
* Special election
* Regular election

* v
* t
* e

Republican Party (United States)2008 Republican Party ticket

John McCain | Sarah Palin
for President | for Vice President

U.S. Senator
from Arizona
(1987–2018) | 9th
Governor of Alaska
(2006–2009)
Campaign

#### Withdrawn candidates

[edit]

Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries

Mitt Romney | Mike Huckabee | Ron Paul | Rudy Giuliani | Fred Thompson
|  |  |  |
70th
Governor of
Massachusetts
(2003–2007) | 44th
Governor of
Arkansas
(1996–2007) | U.S. Representative
from Texas
(1996–2013) | 107th
Mayor of
New York City
(1994–2001) | U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1994–2003)
|  |  |  |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign
W: Feb 7
4,699,788 votes | W: March 4
4,276,046 votes | W: June 12
1,160,403 votes | W: Jan 30
597,518 votes | W: Jan 22
292,752 votes
Alan Keyes | Duncan Hunter | Tom Tancredo | Sam Brownback | Jim Gilmore
|  |  |  |
16th
Assistant Secretary
of State for IOA
(1985–1987) | U.S. Representative
from California
(1981–2009) | U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1999–2009) | U.S. Senator
from Kansas
(1996–2011) | 68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002)
|  |  |  |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign
W: April 15
59,636 votes | W: Jan 19
39,883 votes | W: Jan 10
8,595 votes | W: Oct 18, 2007
2,838 votes | W: July 14, 2007
0 votes

#### Before the primaries

[edit]

Immediately after the 2006 midterm elections, media pundits began speculating, as they did about the Democrats, about potential Republican candidates for president in 2008.[7] In November 2006, former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani led in the polls, followed closely by Arizona Senator John McCain.[50] The media speculated that Giuliani's pro-choice stance on abortion and McCain's age and support of the unpopular Iraq War would be detriments to their candidacies.[7] Giuliani remained the frontrunner in the polls throughout most of 2007, with McCain and former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson fighting for second place.[51] Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, Giuliani, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, and Texas Representative Ron Paul announced their candidacies on January 28, February 5, February 13, and March 12, respectively.[52][53][54][55] McCain officially announced his candidacy on March 1, 2007, after several informal announcements.[56] In the third quarter of 2007, the top four GOP (Republican) fundraisers were Romney, Giuliani, Thompson, and Ron Paul.[57] MSNBC's Chuck Todd christened Giuliani and John McCain the front runners after the second Republican presidential debate in early 2007.[58]

#### Early primaries/caucuses

[edit]

Huckabee, winner of Iowa, had little to no money and hoped for at least a third-place finish in New Hampshire. McCain eventually displaced Rudy Giuliani and Romney as the front runner in New Hampshire. McCain staged a turnaround victory,[59] having been written off by the pundits and polling in single digits less than a month before the race.[60]

With the Republicans stripping Michigan and Florida of half their delegates for moving their primaries into January 2008 against party rules, the race for the nomination was based there. McCain meanwhile managed a small victory over Huckabee in South Carolina,[61] setting him up for a larger and more important victory over Romney in Florida, which held a closed primary on January 29.[62] By this time, after several scandals, no success in the early primaries, and a third-place finish in Florida, Giuliani conceded the nomination and endorsed John McCain the next day.[63]

#### Super Tuesday

[edit]

McCain was also endorsed in February by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger before the California primary took place on Super Tuesday. This gave him a significant boost in the polls for the state's primary,[64] which awarded the greatest number of delegates of all the states. On Super Tuesday, McCain won his home state of Arizona, taking all 53 delegates. He also won nearly all of California's 173 delegates, the largest of the Super Tuesday prizes. McCain also scored wins in seven other states, picking up 574 delegates.[65] Huckabee was the "surprise performer", winning 5 states and 218 delegates.[65] Romney won 7 states and 231 delegates.[65] Two days later, Romney suspended his presidential campaign, saying that if he stayed in the race, he would "forestall the launch of a national campaign and be making it easier for Senator Clinton or Obama to win".[66] His departure left Huckabee and Paul as McCain's only major challengers in the remaining primaries and caucuses. Romney endorsed McCain on February 14.[67]

Louisiana, the District of Columbia, Kansas, Wisconsin, and Washington held primaries in February after Super Tuesday. Despite McCain picking up big victories, Huckabee won Louisiana and Kansas. McCain narrowly carried the Washington caucuses over Huckabee and Paul, who amassed a large showing.[25] The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico closed February for the Republicans. After Super Tuesday, John McCain had become the clear front runner, but by the end of February, he still had not acquired enough delegates to secure the nomination. In March, John McCain clinched the Republican nomination after sweeping all four primaries, Texas, Ohio, Vermont, and Rhode Island, putting him over the top of the 1,191 delegates required to win the GOP nomination.[28] Mike Huckabee then conceded the race to McCain, leaving Ron Paul, who had just 16 delegates, as his only remaining opponent.[68] Romney would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 4 years later, which he then lost to Barack Obama.

### Third party and other nominations

[edit]

Main article: Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election

Along with the Democratic and Republican parties, three other parties nominated candidates with ballot access in enough states to win the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election. These were the Constitution Party, the Green Party, and the Libertarian Party. In addition, independent candidate Ralph Nader ran his own campaign.

The Constitution Party nominated writer, pastor, and conservative talk show host Chuck Baldwin for president, and attorney Darrell Castle from Tennessee for vice president.[69][70] While campaigning, Baldwin voiced his opposition to the Iraq War, the Sixteenth Amendment, Roe v. Wade, the IRS, and the Federal Reserve.[71]

The Green Party nominated former Democratic representative Cynthia McKinney from Georgia for president, and political activist Rosa Clemente from New York for vice president. McKinney campaigned on a platform that supported single-payer universal health care, the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and Afghanistan, reparations for African Americans, and the creation of a Department of Peace.[72]

The Libertarian Party nominated former Republican representative Bob Barr from Georgia for president, and his former rival for the Libertarian nomination Wayne Allyn Root from Nevada, for vice president. During the 2008 presidential campaign, Barr advocated a reworking or abolition of the income tax[73] and opposed the war in Iraq[74] and the Patriot Act.[75]

#### Candidates gallery

[edit]

* Independent:
Attorney
Ralph Nader
from Connecticut
(campaign)

* Libertarian Party:
Former Representative
Bob Barr
from Georgia
(campaign)

* Constitution Party:
Former Pastor
Chuck Baldwin
from Florida
(campaign)

* Green Party:
Former Representative
Cynthia McKinney
from Georgia
(campaign)

### Party conventions

[edit]

Denver

Saint Paul

Kansas City

Chicago

class=notpageimage|

Sites of the 2008 National Party Conventions

* April 23–26, 2008: 2008 Constitution Party National Convention held in Kansas City, Missouri.
* May 23–26, 2008: 2008 Libertarian National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
* July 10–13, 2008: 2008 Green Party National Convention, held in Chicago, Illinois.
* August 25–28, 2008: 2008 Democratic National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
* September 1–4, 2008: 2008 Republican National Convention, held in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

## General election campaign

[edit]

### Issues

[edit]

#### Iraq

[edit]

Until the onset of the 2008 financial crisis, the unpopular Iraq War was a key issue during the campaign. John McCain supported the war while Barack Obama opposed it (Obama's early and strong opposition to the war helped him stand out against the other Democratic candidates during the primaries, as well as stand out to a war-weary electorate during the general campaign). Though McCain meant it as a peacetime presence like the United States maintained in Germany and Japan after World War II,[76] his statement that the United States could be in Iraq for as much as the next 50 to 100 years would prove costly. Obama used it against him as part of his strategy to tie him to the unpopular President Bush.

John McCain's support for the troop 'surge' employed by General David Petraeus, which was one of several factors credited with improving the security situation in Iraq, may have boosted McCain's stance on the issue in voters' minds. McCain (who supported the invasion) argued that his support for the successful surge showed his superior judgment. However, Obama was quick to remind voters that there would have been no need for a "surge" had there been no war at all, thus questioning McCain's judgment.

#### Bush's unpopularity

[edit]

George W. Bush had become increasingly unpopular among Americans by late 2005 due in part by the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War domestically and internationally, as well as Bush's handling of the 2008 financial crisis and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. By the time Obama was elected as President of the United States on November 4, 2008, Bush's approval rating was in the low to mid 20s and his disapproval grew increasingly significant, being in the high 60s, and even low 70s in some polls.[77] Polls consistently showed that his approval ratings among American voters had averaged around 30 percent.[78][79][80] In March 2008, Bush endorsed McCain at the White House,[81] but did not make a single appearance for McCain during the campaign. Bush appeared at the 2008 GOP convention only through a live video broadcast. He chose not to appear in person due to disaster events in the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of Hurricane Gustav. Although he supported the war in Iraq, McCain made an effort to show that he had disagreed with Bush on many other key issues such as climate change. During the entire general election campaign, Obama countered by pointing out in ads and at numerous campaign rallies that McCain had claimed in an interview that he voted with Bush 90% of the time, and congressional voting records supported this for the years Bush was in office.[82]

#### Age issue

[edit]

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The Palins and McCains campaigning in Fairfax, Virginia, September 10, 2008, following the Republican National Convention

Similar to Senator Bob Dole's 1996 presidential campaign, one of the more widely leveled charges against McCain was the issue of his age—he turned 72 in August and there was widespread concern about the idea of electing a man who would be 80 years old if he completed two full terms in office (the oldest president, Ronald Reagan, had been a month shy of 78 when he left office in January 1989).[83][84] In addition, McCain suffered from the ill effects of his captivity in North Vietnam and reportedly had difficulty lifting his arms above his head. His age in particular was considered a liability against the youthful Senator Obama, who was nearly twenty-five years his junior.[85] McCain, by comparison, was born before World War II and belonged to the Silent Generation.[86] Much like Bob Dole, McCain attempted to counter these charges by releasing all of his medical records, something Obama did not do. McCain's wife Cindy dismissed concerns about his health by arguing that "We went hiking the Grand Canyon last summer and [John] did great and had no trouble keeping up with us." McCain also appeared at several campaign stops with his still-active 95-year-old mother. In a speech on the House floor, Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha criticized McCain's age by saying "Seven presidents have come and gone since I've been in Congress, and I saw the toll the job took on each one of them." If elected, McCain would have been the first president born in the 1930s. McCain ultimately died in 2018,[87] just one year after the completion of Obama's second term.

Like the Clinton campaign in 1996, Obama avoided discussing McCain's age directly, instead preferring to simply call his ideas and message "old" and "old hat". He also made a strong appeal to youth voters and back during his primary contest with Hillary Clinton, had stated "When I watched the feud between the Clintons and [Newt Gingrich] unfold during the 1990s, I was reminded of old quarrels started on college campuses long ago. It's time for a new generation to take over." Obama's active use of a Blackberry and other modern technology also stood in contrast to the Arizona Senator's admission that he was an infrequent user of email and the internet.[88] McCain's service in Vietnam, while marketable to baby boomers, was referred to as "unimportant" to younger voters.

Obama campaigning as a symbol of change in Cleveland, Ohio with a "Change We Need" sign

Obama promised "universal health care, full employment, a green America, and an America respected instead of feared by its enemies".[89]

Polls regularly found the general electorate as a whole divided more evenly between 'change' and 'experience' as candidate qualities than the Democratic primary electorate, which split in favor of 'change' by a nearly 2–1 margin.[90] Advantages for McCain and Obama on experience and the ability to bring change, respectively, remained steady through the November 4 election. However, final pre-election polling found that voters considered Obama's inexperience less of an impediment than McCain's association with sitting president George W. Bush,[91] an association which was rhetorically framed by the Obama campaign throughout the election season as "more of the same".

McCain appeared to undercut his line of attack by picking first-term Alaska governor Sarah Palin to be his running mate.[92] Palin had been governor only since 2006, and before that had been a council member and mayor of Wasilla. The choice of Palin was controversial; however, it appeared to solve two pressing concerns—McCain's age and health (since a youthful vice president would succeed him to office if he died or became incapacitated) and appealing to right-wing conservatives, a group that had been comparatively unmoved by McCain. Palin also came off as more down-to-earth and relatable to average Americans than McCain, widely criticized as a "Beltway insider".[93] However, media interviews suggested that Palin lacked knowledge on certain key issues, and they cast doubt among many voters about her qualifications to be vice president or president. In this regard, her inexperience was also a liability when McCain's age and health were factored in—there was a higher-than-normal probability of Palin succeeding to the presidency. "One 72-year-old heartbeat away from the presidency" became a popular anti-GOP slogan.[94] She also came under attack on everything from her 17-year-old daughter giving birth to a child out of wedlock to actively participating in hunting moose and other animals.[95] Because of Palin's conservative views, there was also concern that she would alienate independents and moderates, two groups that pundits observed McCain would need to win the election.[96]

#### Economy

[edit]

Polls taken in the last few months of the presidential campaign and exit polls conducted on Election Day showed the economy as the top concern for voters.[97][98] In the fall of 2008, many news sources were reporting that the economy was suffering its most serious downturn since the Great Depression.[99] During this period, John McCain's election prospects fell with several politically costly comments about the economy.

On August 20, John McCain said in an interview with Politico that he was uncertain how many houses he and his wife, Cindy, owned; "I think—I'll have my staff get to you," he told the media outlet.[100] Both on the stump and in Obama's political ad, "Seven", the gaffe was used to portray McCain as somebody unable to relate to the concerns of ordinary Americans. This out-of-touch image was further cultivated when, on September 15, the day of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, at a morning rally in Jacksonville, Florida, McCain declared that "the fundamentals of our economy are strong," despite what he described as "tremendous turmoil in our financial markets and Wall Street."[101] With the perception among voters to the contrary, the comment appeared to cost McCain politically.

On September 24, 2008, after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis, McCain announced that he was suspending his campaign to return to Washington so he could help craft a $700 billion bailout package for the troubled financial industry, and he stated that he would not debate Obama until Congress passed the bailout bill.[102] Despite this decision, McCain was portrayed as somebody not playing a significant role in the negotiations for the first version of the bill, which fell short of passage in the House. He eventually decided to attend the first presidential debate on September 26, despite Congress' lack of immediate action on the bill. His ineffectiveness in the negotiations and his reversal in decision to attend the debates were seized upon to portray McCain as erratic in his response to the economy. Days later, a second version of the original bailout bill was passed by both the House and Senate, with Obama, his vice presidential running mate Joe Biden, and McCain all voting for the measure (Hillary Clinton would as well).[103]

All the aforementioned remarks and campaign issues hurt McCain's standing with voters. All these also occurred after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis and after McCain's poll numbers had started to fall. Although sound bites of all of these "missteps" were played repeatedly on national television, many pundits and analysts say that the actual financial crisis and economic conditions caused McCain's large drop in support in mid-September and severely damaged his campaign.[104][105]

#### Health care

[edit]

John McCain's proposals focused on open-market competition rather than government funding or control. At the heart of his plan were tax credits – $2,500 for individuals and $5,000 for families who do not subscribe to or do not have access to health care through their employer. To help people who are denied coverage by insurance companies due to pre-existing conditions, McCain proposed working with states to create what he calls a "Guaranteed Access Plan".[106]

Barack Obama called for universal health care. His health care plan proposed creating a National Health Insurance Exchange that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare-like government run option. Coverage would be guaranteed regardless of health status, and premiums would not vary based on health status either. It would have required parents to cover their children, but did not require adults to buy insurance.

Critics of McCain's plan argued that it would not significantly reduce the number of uninsured Americans, would increase costs, reduce consumer protections and lead to less generous benefit packages.[107] Critics of Obama's plan argued that it would increase federal regulation of private health insurance without addressing the underlying incentives behind rising health care spending.[108][109] Mark Pauly suggested that a combination of the two approaches would work better than either one alone.[110]

A poll released in early November 2008 found that voters supporting Obama listed health care as their second priority; voters supporting McCain listed it as fourth, tied with the war in Iraq. Affordability was the primary health care priority among both sets of voters. Obama voters were more likely than McCain voters to believe government can do much about health care costs.[111]

### Presidential debates

[edit]

Main article: 2008 United States presidential debates

The United States presidential election of 2008 was sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization that sponsored four debates that occurred at various locations around the United States (U.S.) in September and October 2008. Three of the debates involved the presidential nominees, and one involved the vice-presidential nominees.

Debates among candidates for the 2008 U.S. presidential election  No.  | Date  | Time  | Host  | City  | Moderators  | Participants  | Viewership
(millions)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

P1  | Friday, September 26, 2008  | 9:00 pm EDT  | University of Mississippi | Oxford, Mississippi | Jim Lehrer of PBS | Senator Barack Obama
Senator John McCain | 52.4[112]
VP  | Friday, October 3, 2008  | 9:00 pm EDT  | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis, Missouri  | Gwen Ifill of PBS | Senator Joe Biden
Governor Sarah Palin | 69.9[112]
P2  | Tuesday, October 7, 2008  | 9:00 pm EDT  | Belmont University | Nashville, Tennessee | Tom Brokaw of NBC | Senator Barack Obama
Senator John McCain | 63.2[112]
P3  | Wednesday, October 15, 2008  | 9:00 pm EDT  | Hofstra University | Hempstead, New York | Bob Schieffer of CBS | 56.5[112]

[113][114]

University of Mississippi
Oxford, MS

Belmont University
Nashville, TN

Washington University
St. Louis, MO

Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY

class=notpageimage|

Sites of the 2008 general election debates

Another debate was sponsored by the Columbia University political union and took place there on October 19. All candidates who could theoretically win the 270 electoral votes needed to win the election were invited, and Ralph Nader, Cynthia McKinney, and Chuck Baldwin agreed to attend. Amy Goodman, principal host of Democracy Now!, moderated. It was broadcast on cable by C-SPAN and on the Internet by Break-the-Matrix.[115]

### Campaign costs

[edit]

Main article: Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election

The reported cost of campaigning for president has increased significantly in recent years. One source reported that if the costs for both Democratic and Republican campaigns were added together (for the presidential primary election, general election, and the political conventions), the costs have more than doubled in only eight years ($448.9 million in 1996, $649.5 million in 2000, and $1.01 billion in 2004).[116] In January 2007, Federal Election Commission Chairman Michael E. Toner estimated that the 2008 race would be a $1 billion election, and that to be taken seriously, a candidate would have needed to raise at least $100 million by the end of 2007.[117]

#### Expense summary

[edit]

According to required campaign filings as reported by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), 148 candidates for all parties collectively raised $1,644,712,232 and spent $1,601,104,696 for the primary and general campaigns combined through November 24, 2008. The amounts raised and spent by the major candidates, according to the same source, were as follows:

Candidate (party)  | Amount raised  | Amount spent  | Votes  | Average spent per vote

|
|
|
|

Barack Obama (D)  | $778,642,962  | $760,370,195  | 69,498,516  | $10.94
John McCain (R)  | $379,006,485  | $346,666,422  | 59,948,323  | $5.78
Ralph Nader (I)  | $4,496,180  | $4,187,628  | 739,034  | $5.67
Bob Barr (L)  | $1,383,681  | $1,345,202  | 523,715  | $2.57
Chuck Baldwin (C)  | $261,673  | $234,309  | 199,750  | $1.17
Cynthia McKinney (G)  | $240,130  | $238,968  | 161,797  | $1.48
Excludes spending by independent expenditure concerns.
Source: Federal Election Commission[118]

### Notable expressions and phrases

[edit]

* Drill, baby, drill: Republican self-described energy policy
* Yes We Can: Obama's campaign slogan
* That one: McCain's reference to Obama during the 2nd debate.
* Lipstick on a pig: Obama used this phrase to insinuate that any changes that McCain was advocating from the policies of George W. Bush would only be slight modifications of Bush's policies but the underlying policies would be the same, and in Obama's opinion, bad. Some called it sexist, claiming it was a reference to Sarah Palin, who cracked a joke during the Republican convention that the only difference between a hockey mom and a pit bull is lipstick.[119]

### Electoral College forecasts

[edit]

Elections analysts and political pundits issue probabilistic forecasts of the composition of the Electoral College. These forecasts use a variety of factors to estimate the likelihood of each candidate winning the Electoral College electors for that state. Most election predictors use the following ratings:

* "tossup": no advantage
* "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
* "lean" or "leans": slight advantage
* "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
* "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory

Below is a list of states considered by one or more forecast to be competitive; states that are deemed to be "safe" or "solid" by forecasters The Cook Political Report, RealClearPolitics, and FiveThirtyEight.

State  | EVs | RealClearPolitics
November 4,
2008[120] | 538
November 4,
2008[121] | Cook Political Report
November 4,
2008[122]

|
|
|
|

Arkansas | 11  | Lean R  | Safe R  | Safe R
Arizona | 10  | Lean R  | Tossup  | Safe R
Colorado | 9  | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Safe D (flip)
Georgia | 15  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Lean R
Florida | 27  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Lean D (flip)
Iowa | 7  | Safe D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Safe D (flip)
Indiana | 11  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Lean R
Michigan | 17  | Safe D  | Lean D  | Safe D
Minnesota | 10  | Safe D  | Lean D  | Safe D
Montana | 3  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Tossup
Missouri | 11  | Lean R  | Solid R  | Safe R
Nevada | 5  | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip)
New Mexico | 5  | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip) | Safe D (flip)
North Dakota | 3  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Safe R
North Carolina | 15  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Tossup
Ohio | 20  | Tossup  | Tossup  | Lean D (flip)
Pennsylvania | 21  | Lean D  | Lean D  | Lean D
South Dakota | 3  | Lean R  | Tossup  | Safe R
West Virginia | 5  | Lean R  | Lean R  | Lean R
Virginia | 13  | Tossup  | Lean D (flip) | Lean D (flip)

## Internet campaigns

[edit]

### Fundraising

[edit]

See also: Grassroots fundraising

Howard Dean collected large contributions through the Internet in his 2004 primary run. In 2008, candidates went even further to reach out to Internet users through their own sites and such sites as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook.[123][124]

On December 16, 2007, Ron Paul collected $6 million, more money on a single day through Internet donations than any presidential candidate in US history.[125][126][127]

### Promotion

[edit]

The 2008 election was the first time that a majority of the voting-age population preferred to get their news from the Internet.[128] Not only did the Internet allow candidates to raise money, but also it gave them a tool to appeal to newer and younger demographics. Political pundits were now evaluating candidates based on their social media following. Senator Barack Obama's victory is credited to his competitive edge in social media and Internet following. Obama had over 2 million American supporters on Facebook and 100,000 followers on Twitter, while McCain attracted only 600,000 Facebook supporters (likes) and 4,600 followers on Twitter. Obama's YouTube channel held 115,000 subscribers and more than 97 million video views. Obama had maintained a similar advantage over Senator Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary.[129]

Obama's edge in social media was crucial to the election outcome. According to a study by the Pew Internet and American Life project, 35 percent of Americans relied on online video for election news. Ten percent of Americans used social networking sites to learn about the election.[130] The 2008 election showed huge increases in Internet use.

Another study done after the election gave a lot of insight on young voters. Thirty-seven percent of Americans ages 18–24 got election news from social networking sites. Almost a quarter of Americans saw something about the election in an online video.[131] YouTube and other online video outlets allowed candidates to advertise in ways like never before. The Republican Party in particular was criticized for not adequately using social media and other means to reach young voters.

Anonymous and semi-anonymous smear campaigns, traditionally done with fliers and push calling, also spread to the Internet.[132] Organizations specializing in the production and distribution of viral material, such as Brave New Films, emerged; such organizations have been said to be having a growing influence on American politics.[133]

## Controversies

[edit]

### Voter suppression allegations

[edit]

Allegations of voter list purges using unlawful criteria caused controversy in at least six swing states: Colorado, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Nevada and North Carolina.[134] On October 5, 2008, the Republican Lt. Governor of Montana, John Bohlinger, accused the Montana Republican Party of vote caging to purge 6,000 voters from three counties which trend Democratic.[135] Allegations arose in Michigan that the Republican Party planned to challenge the eligibility of voters based on lists of foreclosed homes.[136] The campaign of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama filed a lawsuit challenging this. The House Judiciary Committee wrote to the Department of Justice requesting an investigation.[137]

Libertarian candidate Bob Barr filed a lawsuit in Texas to have Obama and McCain removed from the ballot in that state.[138] His campaign alleged that both of the candidates had missed the August 26 deadline to file and had been included on the ballot in violation of Texas election law. Neither Obama nor McCain had been confirmed as the candidate of their respective parties at the time of the deadline. The Texas Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit without explanation.[139]

In Ohio, identified by both parties as a key state, allegations surfaced from both Republicans and Democrats that individuals from out of state were moving to the state temporarily and attempting to vote despite not meeting the state's requirement of permanent residency for more than 29 days. The Franklin County Board of Elections referred 55 cases of possible voting irregularities to the local prosecutor.[140] Three groups attracted particular notice: 'Vote from Home,' 'Vote Today Ohio,' and 'Drop Everything and Come to Ohio.' Vote from Home attracted the most attention when thirteen of the group's members moved to the same location in eastern Columbus. Members of the group organized by Marc Gustafson, including several Marshall and Rhodes scholars studying at Oxford University, settled with Franklin County Prosecutor Ron O'Brien to have their challenged ballots withdrawn.[141][142] The Obama campaign and others alleged that members of the McCain campaign had also voted without properly establishing residency.[140] Since 1953, only six people in Ohio have gone to prison for illegal voting.[143]

### Media bias

[edit]

Republicans and independents leveled significant criticism at media outlets' coverage of the presidential election season. An October 22, 2008 Pew Research Center poll estimated 70% of registered voters believed journalists wanted Barack Obama to win the election, as opposed to 9% for John McCain.[144] Another Pew survey, conducted after the election, found that 67% of voters thought that the press fairly covered Obama, versus 30% who viewed the coverage as unfair. Regarding McCain, 53% of voters viewed his press coverage as fair versus 44% who characterized it as unfair. Among affiliated Democrats, 83% believed the press fairly covered Obama; just 22% of Republicans thought the press was fair to McCain.[145]

At the February debate, Tim Russert of NBC News was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton.[146] Among the questions, Russert had asked Clinton, but not Obama, to provide the name of the new Russian President (Dmitry Medvedev).[146] This was later parodied on Saturday Night Live. In October 2007, liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over the issue of supporting drivers' licenses for illegal immigrants.[147]

On April 16, ABC News hosted a debate in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos were criticized by viewers, bloggers and media critics for the poor quality of their questions.[146][147] Many viewers said they considered some of the questions irrelevant when measured against the importance of the faltering economy or the Iraq War. Included in that category were continued questions about Obama's former pastor, Senator Hillary Clinton's assertion that she had to duck sniper fire in Bosnia more than a decade ago, and Senator Obama's not wearing an American flag pin.[146] The moderators focused on campaign gaffes and some believed they focused too much on Obama.[147] Stephanopoulos defended their performance, saying "Senator Obama was the front-runner" and the questions were "not inappropriate or irrelevant at all."[146][147]

In an op-ed published on April 27, 2008, in The New York Times, Elizabeth Edwards wrote that the media covered much more of "the rancor of the campaign" and "amount of money spent" than "the candidates' priorities, policies and principles."[148] Author Erica Jong commented that "our press has become a sea of triviality, meanness and irrelevant chatter."[149] A Gallup poll released on May 29, 2008, also estimated that more Americans felt the media was being harder on Hillary Clinton than they were towards Barack Obama. Time magazine columnist Mark Halperin stated that the media during the 2008 election had a "blind, almost slavish" worship of Obama.[150]

The Project for Excellence in Journalism and Harvard University's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy conducted a study of 5,374 media narratives and assertions about the presidential candidates from January 1 through March 9, 2008. The study found that Obama received 69% favorable coverage and Clinton received 67%, compared to only 43% favorable media coverage of McCain.[151] Another study by the Center for Media and Public Affairs at George Mason University found the media coverage of Obama to be 72% negative from June 8 to July 21 compared to 57% negative for McCain.[152] An October 29 study found 29% of stories about Obama to be negative, compared to 57% of stories about McCain being negative.[153]

## Timeline

[edit]

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election

## Conduct

[edit]

Final poll closing times on Election Day.

7PM EST [00:00 UTC] (6)

7:30PM EST [00:30 UTC] (3)

8PM EST [01:00 UTC] (15+DC)

8:30PM EST [01:30 UTC] (1)

9PM EST [02:00 UTC] (15)

10PM EST [03:00 UTC] (4)

11PM EST [04:00 UTC] (5)

1AM EST [06:00 UTC] (1)

Election Day was on November 4, 2008. The majority of states allowed early voting, with all states allowing some form of absentee voting.[154] Voters cast votes for listed presidential candidates but were actually selecting representatives for their state's Electoral College slate.

A McCain victory quickly became improbable as Obama amassed early wins in his home state of Illinois, the Northeast, and the critical battleground states of Ohio and Pennsylvania by 9:30 pm Eastern Standard Time.[155] Obama won the entire Northeast by comfortable margins and the Great Lakes states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota by double digits. McCain held on to traditionally Republican states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska (though notably, Obama did win an electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district), Kansas, Oklahoma, Montana, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and his home state of Arizona. Out of the southern states, Obama won Florida, North Carolina, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Obama also won the hotly contested states of Iowa and New Mexico, which Al Gore had won in 2000 and George W. Bush in 2004. Also, for only the second time since 1936 (1964 being the other), Indiana went Democratic, giving Obama all eight Great Lakes states, the first time a presidential candidate had won all of them since Richard Nixon in 1972.

CNN and Fox News called Virginia for Obama shortly before 11:00 pm, leaving him only 50 electoral votes shy of victory with only six West Coast states (California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Alaska, and Hawaii) still voting. All American networks called the election in favor of Obama at 11:00 pm as the polls closed on the West Coast. Obama was immediately declared the winner in California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii, McCain won Idaho, and the Electoral College totals were updated to 297 for Obama and 146 for McCain (270 are needed to win). McCain gave a concession speech half an hour later in his hometown of Phoenix, Arizona.[156] Obama appeared just before midnight Eastern Time in Grant Park, Chicago, in front of a crowd of 250,000 people to deliver his victory speech.[157]

Cartogram of the Electoral Votes for 2008 United States presidential election, each square representing one electoral vote. The map shows the impact of winning swing states. Nebraska, being one of two states that are not winner-take-all, for the first time had its votes split, with its second congressional district voting for Obama.

Following Obama's speech, spontaneous street parties broke out in cities across the United States including Philadelphia, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Chicago, Columbus, Detroit, Boston, Los Angeles, Portland, Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Denver, Atlanta, Madison, and New York City[158] and around the world in London; Bonn; Berlin; Obama, Japan; Toronto; Rio de Janeiro; Sydney; and Nairobi.[159]

Later on election night, after Obama was named the winner, he picked up several more wins in swing states in which the polls had shown a close race. These included Florida, Indiana, Virginia, and the western states of Colorado and Nevada. All of these states had been carried by Bush in 2004. North Carolina and the bellwether state of Missouri remained undecided for several days. Eventually Obama was declared the winner in North Carolina and McCain in Missouri, with Obama pulling out a rare win in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. This put the projected electoral vote count at 365 for Obama and 173 for McCain. Obama's victories in the populous swing states of Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Virginia contributed to his decisive win. The presidential electors cast their ballots for president and vice president, and Congress tallied these votes on January 8, 2009.[160]

### Turnout

[edit]

The voter turnout for this election was broadly predicted to be high by American standards,[161][162] and a record number of votes were cast.[163] The final tally of total votes counted was 131.3 million, compared to 122.3 million in 2004 (which also boasted the highest record since 1968, the last presidential election before the voting age was lowered to 18). Expressed as a percentage of eligible voters, 131.2 million votes could reflect a turnout as high as 63.0% of eligible voters, which would be the highest since 1960.[164][165] This 63.0% turnout rate is based on an estimated eligible voter population of 208,323,000.[165] Another estimate puts the eligible voter population at 213,313,508, resulting in a turnout rate of 61.6%, which would be the highest turnout rate since 1968.[166][167]

Broken down by age group, voters under 35 voted for Obama by a large majority with McCain most popular among voters over 60. Voters between 35 and 59 were nearly split 50/50 between the two candidates.

American University's Center for the Study of the American Electorate released a report on November 6, 2008, two days after the election, which concluded that the anticipated increase in turnout had failed to materialize.[164] That report was the basis for some news articles that indicated voter turnout failed to meet expectations.[168][169] When the remaining votes were counted after the release of the report, the total number of votes cast in the presidential election was raised to 131.2 million, which surpassed the American University report's preliminary estimate of 126.5 to 128.5 million voters by a factor of between 2% and 4%.

The election saw increased participation from African Americans, who made up 13.0% of the electorate, versus 11.1% in 2004.[170] According to exit polls, over 95% of African Americans voted for Obama. This played a critical role in Southern states such as North Carolina. 74% of North Carolina's registered African American voters turned out, as opposed to 69% of North Carolinians in general, with Obama carrying 100% (with rounding) of African-American females and African Americans age 18 to 29, according to exit polling.[171] This was also the case in Virginia, where much higher turnout among African Americans propelled Obama to victory in the former Republican stronghold.[172] Even in southern states in which Obama was unsuccessful, such as Georgia and Mississippi, due to large African American turnout he was much more competitive than John Kerry in 2004.[173][174]

### Ballot access

[edit]

Presidential ticket  | Party  | Ballot access[175] | Votes

|
|
|

Obama / Biden  | Democratic  | 50+DC | 69,498,516
McCain / Palin  | Republican  | 50+DC  | 59,948,323
Nader / Gonzalez  | Independent  | 45+DC  | 739,034
Barr / Root  | Libertarian  | 45  | 523,715
Baldwin / Castle  | Constitution  | 37  | 199,750
McKinney / Clemente  | Green  | 32 + DC  | 161,797
Others—total  |  | (see below)  | 242,685

No other candidate had ballot access in enough states to win 270 electoral votes. All six candidates appeared on the ballot for a majority of the voters, while the 17 other listed candidates were available to no more than 30% of the voters.[176]

The following candidates and parties had ballot listing or write-in status in more than one state:[177]

* Alan Keyes (America's Independent Party) received 47,746 votes; listed in three states: Colorado and Florida, plus California (listed as American Independent), and also had write-in status in Kentucky, Ohio, Texas, and Utah.
* Ron Paul received 42,426 votes; listed in Louisiana (Louisiana Taxpayers) and in Montana (Constitution), with write-in status in California.
* Gloria La Riva (Party for Socialism and Liberation) received 6,808 votes[178] nationally; listed in 12 states: Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.
* Brian Moore (Socialist Party, see Brian Moore presidential campaign, 2008) received 6,538 votes; listed in eight states: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin, and Tennessee (independent) and Vermont (Liberty Union). He also filed for write-in status in 17 other states: Alaska, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.
* Róger Calero (Socialist Workers Party) received 5,151 votes; listed in ten states. He was listed by name in Delaware, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. James Harris was listed as his stand-in in Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, and Washington, and also had write-in status in California.
* Charles Jay (Boston Tea Party) received 2,422 votes; listed in Colorado and Florida, and in Tennessee (as independent), with write-in status in Arizona, Montana, and Utah.
* Tom Stevens (Objectivist) received 755 votes; listed in Colorado and Florida.
* Gene Amondson (Prohibition) received 653 votes; listed in Colorado, Florida, and Louisiana.
* Jonathan Allen (Heartquake) received 483 votes; listed only in Colorado, with write-in status in Arizona, Georgia, Montana, Texas, and other states.

The following candidates (parties) were listed on the ballot in only one state:

* Richard Duncan (Independent) – Ohio; 3,905 votes.
* John Joseph Polachek (New Party) Illinois; 1,149 votes.
* Frank McEnulty (New American Independent) – Colorado (listed as unaffiliated); 829 votes.
* Jeffrey Wamboldt (We the People) – Wisconsin; 764 votes.
* Jeff Boss (Vote Here) – New Jersey; 639 votes.
* George Phillies – New Hampshire (also listed with the label Libertarian); 531 votes.
* Ted Weill (Reform) – Mississippi; 481 votes.
* Bradford Lyttle (U.S. Pacifist) – Colorado; 110 votes.

In Nevada, 6,267 votes were cast for "None of These Candidates".[179] In the three states that officially keep track of "blank" votes for president, 103,193 votes were recorded as "blank".[180] More than 100,000 write-in votes were cast and recorded for a scattering of other candidates, including 62 votes for "Santa Claus" (in ten states) and 11 votes for "Mickey Mouse" (in five states).[181]

According to the Federal Election Commission, an unusually high number of "miscellaneous" write-ins were cast for president in 2008, including 112,597 tallied in the 17 states that record votes for non-listed candidates.[182] There were more presidential candidates on the ballot than at any other time in U. S. history, except for the 1992 election, which also had 23 candidates listed in at least one state.

## Results

[edit]

Of the 3,154 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, McCain won the most popular votes in 2,270 (71.97%) while Obama carried 884 (28.03%).

Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report.[2] The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 8, 2009.[160]

Electoral results  Presidential candidate  | Party  | Home state  | Popular vote  | Electoral
vote  | Running mate

|
|
|
|
|

Count  | Percentage  | Vice-presidential candidate  | Home state  | Electoral vote
Barack Obama | Democratic | Illinois | 69,498,516  | 52.93%  | 365  |  Joe Biden | Delaware | 365
John McCain | Republican | Arizona | 59,948,323  | 45.65%  | 173  |  Sarah Palin | Alaska | 173
Ralph Nader | Independent | Connecticut | 739,034  | 0.56%  | 0  |  Matt Gonzalez | California | 0
Bob Barr | Libertarian | Georgia | 523,715  | 0.40%  | 0  |  Wayne Allyn Root | Nevada | 0
Chuck Baldwin | Constitution | Florida | 199,750  | 0.15%  | 0  |  Darrell Castle | Tennessee | 0
Cynthia McKinney | Green | Georgia | 161,797  | 0.12%  | 0  |  Rosa Clemente | North Carolina | 0
Alan Keyes | America's Independent Party  | New York | 47,746  | 0.04%  | 0  |  Wiley Drake | Colorado | 0
Other | 194,939  | 0.15%  | —  | Other | —
Total  | 131,313,820  | 100%  | 538  |  | 538
Needed to win  | 270  |  | 270

| Popular vote

|  |
Obama |

| 52.92%
McCain |

| 45.66%
Nader |

| 0.56%
Barr |

| 0.40%
Baldwin |

| 0.15%
McKinney |

| 0.12%
Keyes |

| 0.04%
Others |

| 0.15%

| Electoral vote

|  |
Obama |

| 67.84%
McCain |

| 32.16%

### Results by state

[edit]

Further information: United States presidential election § The popular vote on Election Day

The following table records the official vote tallies for each state for those presidential candidates who were listed on ballots in enough states to have a theoretical chance for a majority in the Electoral College. State popular vote results are from the official Federal Election Commission report.[2] The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over McCain (the margin is negative for states and districts won by McCain).

Legend  States/districts won by Obama/Biden

States/districts won by McCain/Palin
† | At-large results (for states that split electoral votes)

| Barack Obama
Democratic  | John McCain
Republican  | Ralph Nader
Independent  | Bob Barr
Libertarian  | Chuck Baldwin
Constitution  | Cynthia McKinney
Green  | Others  | Margin  | Margin
Swing[b] | Total votes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

State/district  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | EV | #  | %  | %  | #  |
Alabama | 9 | 813,479 | 38.74% | - | 1,266,546 | 60.32% | 9 | 6,788 | 0.32% | - | 4,991 | 0.24% | - | 4,310 | 0.21% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 3,705 | 0.18% | - | -453,067 | -21.58% | 4.04% | 2,099,819 | AL
Alaska | 3 | 123,594 | 37.89% | - | 193,841 | 59.42% | 3 | 3,783 | 1.16% | - | 1,589 | 0.49% | - | 1,660 | 0.51% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 1,730 | 0.53% | - | -70,247 | -21.53% | 4.01% | 326,197 | AK
Arizona | 10 | 1,034,707 | 45.12% | - | 1,230,111 | 53.64% | 10 | 11,301 | 0.49% | - | 12,555 | 0.55% | - | 1,371 | 0.06% | - | 3,406 | 0.15% | - | 24 | 0.00% | - | -195,404 | -8.52% | 1.95% | 2,293,475 | AZ
Arkansas | 6 | 422,310 | 38.86% | - | 638,017 | 58.72% | 6 | 12,882 | 1.19% | - | 4,776 | 0.44% | - | 4,023 | 0.37% | - | 3,470 | 0.32% | - | 1,139 | 0.10% | - | -215,707 | -19.86% | −10.09% | 1,086,617 | AR
California | 55 | 8,274,473 | 61.01% | 55 | 5,011,781 | 36.95% | - | 108,381 | 0.80% | - | 67,582 | 0.50% | - | 3,145 | 0.02% | - | 38,774 | 0.29% | - | 57,764 | 0.43% | - | 3,262,692 | 24.06% | 14.11% | 13,561,900 | CA
Colorado | 9 | 1,288,633 | 53.66% | 9 | 1,073,629 | 44.71% | - | 13,352 | 0.56% | - | 10,898 | 0.45% | - | 6,233 | 0.26% | - | 2,822 | 0.12% | - | 5,895 | 0.25% | - | 215,004 | 8.95% | 13.62% | 2,401,462 | CO
Connecticut | 7 | 997,772 | 60.59% | 7 | 629,428 | 38.22% | - | 19,162 | 1.16% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 311 | 0.02% | - | 90 | 0.01% | - | 34 | 0.00% | - | 368,344 | 22.37% | 12.00% | 1,646,797 | CT
Delaware | 3 | 255,459 | 61.94% | 3 | 152,374 | 36.95% | - | 2,401 | 0.58% | - | 1,109 | 0.27% | - | 626 | 0.15% | - | 385 | 0.09% | - | 58 | 0.01% | - | 103,085 | 24.99% | 17.41% | 412,412 | DE
District of Columbia | 3 | 245,800 | 92.46% | 3 | 17,367 | 6.53% | - | 958 | 0.36% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 590 | 0.22% | - | 1,138 | 0.43% | - | 228,433 | 85.92% | 6.08% | 265,853 | DC
Florida | 27 | 4,282,074 | 51.03% | 27 | 4,045,624 | 48.22% | - | 28,124 | 0.34% | - | 17,218 | 0.21% | - | 7,915 | 0.09% | - | 2,887 | 0.03% | - | 6,902 | 0.08% | - | 236,450 | 2.81% | 7.83% | 8,390,744 | FL
Georgia | 15 | 1,844,123 | 46.99% | - | 2,048,759 | 52.20% | 15 | 1,158 | 0.03% | - | 28,731 | 0.73% | - | 1,402 | 0.04% | - | 250 | 0.01% | - | 63 | 0.00% | - | -204,636 | -5.21% | 11.39% | 3,924,486 | GA
Hawaii | 4 | 325,871 | 71.85% | 4 | 120,566 | 26.58% | - | 3,825 | 0.84% | - | 1,314 | 0.29% | - | 1,013 | 0.22% | - | 979 | 0.22% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 205,305 | 45.27% | 36.52% | 453,568 | HI
Idaho | 4 | 236,440 | 36.09% | - | 403,012 | 61.52% | 4 | 7,175 | 1.10% | - | 3,658 | 0.56% | - | 4,747 | 0.72% | - | 39 | 0.01% | - | 51 | 0.01% | - | -166,572 | -25.43% | 12.69% | 655,122 | ID
Illinois | 21 | 3,419,348 | 61.92% | 21 | 2,031,179 | 36.78% | - | 30,948 | 0.56% | - | 19,642 | 0.36% | - | 8,256 | 0.15% | - | 11,838 | 0.21% | - | 1,160 | 0.02% | - | 1,388,169 | 25.14% | 14.80% | 5,522,371 | IL
Indiana | 11 | 1,374,039 | 49.95% | 11 | 1,345,648 | 48.91% | - | 909 | 0.03% | - | 29,257 | 1.06% | - | 1,024 | 0.04% | - | 87 | 0.00% | - | 90 | 0.00% | - | 28,391 | 1.04% | 21.71% | 2,751,054 | IN
Iowa | 7 | 828,940 | 53.93% | 7 | 682,379 | 44.39% | - | 8,014 | 0.52% | - | 4,590 | 0.30% | - | 4,445 | 0.29% | - | 1,423 | 0.09% | - | 7,332 | 0.48% | - | 146,561 | 9.54% | 10.20% | 1,537,123 | IA
Kansas | 6 | 514,765 | 41.65% | - | 699,655 | 56.61% | 6 | 10,527 | 0.85% | - | 6,706 | 0.54% | - | 4,148 | 0.34% | - | 35 | 0.00% | - | 36 | 0.00% | - | -184,890 | -14.96% | 10.42% | 1,235,872 | KS
Kentucky | 8 | 751,985 | 41.17% | - | 1,048,462 | 57.40% | 8 | 15,378 | 0.84% | - | 5,989 | 0.33% | - | 4,694 | 0.26% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 112 | 0.01% | - | -296,477 | -16.23% | 3.63% | 1,826,620 | KY
Louisiana | 9 | 782,989 | 39.93% | - | 1,148,275 | 58.56% | 9 | 6,997 | 0.36% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 2,581 | 0.13% | - | 9,187 | 0.47% | - | 10,732 | 0.55% | - | -365,286 | -18.63% | −4.12% | 1,960,761 | LA
Maine†  | 2 | 421,923 | 57.71% | 2 | 295,273 | 40.38% | - | 10,636 | 1.45% | - | 251 | 0.03% | - | 177 | 0.02% | - | 2,900 | 0.40% | - | 3 | 0.00% | - | 126,650 | 17.33% | 8.32% | 731,163 | ME
Maine's 1st | 1 | 232,145 | 60.51% | 1 | 144,604 | 37.69% | - | 5,263 | 1.37% | - |  |  | - |  |  | - | 1,362 | 0.36% | - | 252 | 0.07% | - | 87,541 | 22.82% | 10.88% | 383,626 | ME1
Maine's 2nd | 1 | 189,778 | 54.61% | 1 | 150,669 | 43.35% | - | 5,373 | 1.55% | - |  |  | - |  |  | - | 1,538 | 0.44% | - | 179 | 0.05% | - | 39,109 | 11.26% | 5.42% | 347,537 | ME2
Maryland | 10 | 1,629,467 | 61.92% | 10 | 959,862 | 36.47% | - | 14,713 | 0.56% | - | 9,842 | 0.37% | - | 3,760 | 0.14% | - | 4,747 | 0.18% | - | 9,205 | 0.35% | - | 669,605 | 25.45% | 12.46% | 2,631,596 | MD
Massachusetts | 12 | 1,904,097 | 61.80% | 12 | 1,108,854 | 35.99% | - | 28,841 | 0.94% | - | 13,189 | 0.43% | - | 4,971 | 0.16% | - | 6,550 | 0.21% | - | 14,483 | 0.47% | - | 795,243 | 25.81% | 0.65% | 3,080,985 | MA
Michigan | 17 | 2,872,579 | 57.43% | 17 | 2,048,639 | 40.96% | - | 33,085 | 0.66% | - | 23,716 | 0.47% | - | 14,685 | 0.29% | - | 8,892 | 0.18% | - | 170 | 0.00% | - | 823,940 | 16.47% | 13.05% | 5,001,766 | MI
Minnesota | 10 | 1,573,354 | 54.06% | 10 | 1,275,409 | 43.82% | - | 30,152 | 1.04% | - | 9,174 | 0.32% | - | 6,787 | 0.23% | - | 5,174 | 0.18% | - | 10,319 | 0.35% | - | 297,945 | 10.24% | 6.76% | 2,910,369 | MN
Mississippi | 6 | 554,662 | 43.00% | - | 724,597 | 56.18% | 6 | 4,011 | 0.31% | - | 2,529 | 0.20% | - | 2,551 | 0.20% | - | 1,034 | 0.08% | - | 481 | 0.04% | - | -169,935 | -13.18% | 6.52% | 1,289,865 | MS
Missouri | 11 | 1,441,911 | 49.29% | - | 1,445,814 | 49.43% | 11 | 17,813 | 0.61% | - | 11,386 | 0.39% | - | 8,201 | 0.28% | - | 80 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -3,903 | -0.14% | 7.07% | 2,925,205 | MO
Montana | 3 | 231,667 | 47.25% | - | 242,763 | 49.51% | 3 | 3,686 | 0.75% | - | 1,355 | 0.28% | - | 143 | 0.03% | - | 23 | 0.00% | - | 10,665 | 2.18% | - | -11,096 | -2.26% | 18.24% | 490,302 | MT
Nebraska†  | 2 | 333,319 | 41.60% | - | 452,979 | 56.53% | 2 | 5,406 | 0.67% | - | 2,740 | 0.34% | - | 2,972 | 0.37% | - | 1,028 | 0.13% | - | 2,837 | 0.35% | - | -119,660 | -14.93% | 18.29% | 801,281 | NE
Nebraska's 1st | 1 | 121,411 | 44.33% | - | 148,179 | 54.10% | 1 | 1,963 | 0.72% | - | 922 | 0.34% | - | 1,024 | 0.37% | - | 394 | 0.14% | - |  |  | - | -26,768 | -9.77% | 12.50% | 273,893 | NE1
Nebraska's 2nd | 1 | 138,809 | 49.97% | 1 | 135,439 | 48.75% | - | 1,628 | 0.59% | - | 1,014 | 0.36% | - | 599 | 0.22% | - | 320 | 0.12% | - |  |  | - | 3,370 | 1.22% | 22.93% | 277,809 | NE2
Nebraska's 3rd | 1 | 73,099 | 29.63% | - | 169,361 | 68.64% | 1 | 1,815 | 0.74% | - | 804 | 0.33% | - | 1,349 | 0.55% | - | 314 | 0.13% | - |  |  | - | -96,262 | -39.01% | 12.17% | 246,742 | NE3
Nevada | 5 | 533,736 | 55.15% | 5 | 412,827 | 42.65% | - | 6,150 | 0.64% | - | 4,263 | 0.44% | - | 3,194 | 0.33% | - | 1,411 | 0.15% | - | 6,267 | 0.65% | - | 120,909 | 12.50% | 15.10% | 967,848 | NV
New Hampshire | 4 | 384,826 | 54.13% | 4 | 316,534 | 44.52% | - | 3,503 | 0.49% | - | 2,217 | 0.31% | - | 226 | 0.03% | - | 40 | 0.01% | - | 3,624 | 0.51% | - | 68,292 | 9.61% | 8.24% | 710,970 | NH
New Jersey | 15 | 2,215,422 | 57.27% | 15 | 1,613,207 | 41.70% | - | 21,298 | 0.55% | - | 8,441 | 0.22% | - | 3,956 | 0.10% | - | 3,636 | 0.09% | - | 2,277 | 0.06% | - | 602,215 | 15.57% | 8.89% | 3,868,237 | NJ
New Mexico | 5 | 472,422 | 56.91% | 5 | 346,832 | 41.78% | - | 5,327 | 0.64% | - | 2,428 | 0.29% | - | 1,597 | 0.19% | - | 1,552 | 0.19% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 125,590 | 15.13% | 15.79% | 830,158 | NM
New York | 31 | 4,804,945 | 62.88% | 31 | 2,752,771 | 36.03% | - | 41,249 | 0.54% | - | 19,596 | 0.26% | - | 634 | 0.01% | - | 12,801 | 0.17% | - | 8,935 | 0.12% | - | 2,052,174 | 26.85% | 8.57% | 7,640,931 | NY
North Carolina | 15 | 2,142,651 | 49.70% | 15 | 2,128,474 | 49.38% | - | 1,448 | 0.03% | - | 25,722 | 0.60% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 158 | 0.00% | - | 12,336 | 0.29% | - | 14,177 | 0.32% | 12.76% | 4,310,789 | NC
North Dakota | 3 | 141,278 | 44.62% | - | 168,601 | 53.25% | 3 | 4,189 | 1.32% | - | 1,354 | 0.43% | - | 1,199 | 0.38% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -27,323 | -8.63% | 18.73% | 316,621 | ND
Ohio | 20 | 2,940,044 | 51.50% | 20 | 2,677,820 | 46.91% | - | 42,337 | 0.74% | - | 19,917 | 0.35% | - | 12,565 | 0.22% | - | 8,518 | 0.15% | - | 7,149 | 0.13% | - | 262,224 | 4.59% | 6.70% | 5,708,350 | OH
Oklahoma | 7 | 502,496 | 34.35% | - | 960,165 | 65.65% | 7 | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -457,669 | -31.30% | −0.15% | 1,462,661 | OK
Oregon | 7 | 1,037,291 | 56.75% | 7 | 738,475 | 40.40% | - | 18,614 | 1.02% | - | 7,635 | 0.42% | - | 7,693 | 0.42% | - | 4,543 | 0.25% | - | 13,613 | 0.74% | - | 298,816 | 16.35% | 12.19% | 1,827,864 | OR
Pennsylvania | 21 | 3,276,363 | 54.49% | 21 | 2,655,885 | 44.17% | - | 42,977 | 0.71% | - | 19,912 | 0.33% | - | 1,092 | 0.02% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 17,043 | 0.28% | - | 620,478 | 10.32% | 7.82% | 6,013,272 | PA
Rhode Island | 4 | 296,571 | 62.86% | 4 | 165,391 | 35.06% | - | 4,829 | 1.02% | - | 1,382 | 0.29% | - | 675 | 0.14% | - | 797 | 0.17% | - | 2,121 | 0.45% | - | 131,180 | 27.80% | 7.06% | 471,766 | RI
South Carolina | 8 | 862,449 | 44.90% | - | 1,034,896 | 53.87% | 8 | 5,053 | 0.26% | - | 7,283 | 0.38% | - | 6,827 | 0.36% | - | 4,461 | 0.23% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -172,447 | -8.97% | 8.10% | 1,920,969 | SC
South Dakota | 3 | 170,924 | 44.75% | - | 203,054 | 53.16% | 3 | 4,267 | 1.12% | - | 1,835 | 0.48% | - | 1,895 | 0.50% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -32,130 | -8.41% | 13.06% | 381,975 | SD
Tennessee | 11 | 1,087,437 | 41.83% | - | 1,479,178 | 56.90% | 11 | 11,560 | 0.44% | - | 8,547 | 0.33% | - | 8,191 | 0.32% | - | 2,499 | 0.10% | - | 2,337 | 0.09% | - | -391,741 | -15.07% | −0.80% | 2,599,749 | TN
Texas | 34 | 3,528,633 | 43.68% | - | 4,479,328 | 55.45% | 34 | 5,751 | 0.07% | - | 56,116 | 0.69% | - | 5,708 | 0.07% | - | 909 | 0.01% | - | 1,350 | 0.02% | - | -950,695 | -11.77% | 11.09% | 8,077,795 | TX
Utah | 5 | 327,670 | 34.41% | - | 596,030 | 62.58% | 5 | 8,416 | 0.88% | - | 6,966 | 0.73% | - | 12,012 | 1.26% | - | 982 | 0.10% | - | 294 | 0.03% | - | -268,360 | -28.17% | 17.36% | 952,370 | UT
Vermont | 3 | 219,262 | 67.46% | 3 | 98,974 | 30.45% | - | 3,339 | 1.03% | - | 1,067 | 0.33% | - | 500 | 0.15% | - | 66 | 0.02% | - | 1,838 | 0.57% | - | 120,288 | 37.01% | 16.87% | 325,046 | VT
Virginia | 13 | 1,959,532 | 52.63% | 13 | 1,725,005 | 46.33% | - | 11,483 | 0.31% | - | 11,067 | 0.30% | - | 7,474 | 0.20% | - | 2,344 | 0.06% | - | 6,355 | 0.17% | - | 234,527 | 6.30% | 14.50% | 3,723,260 | VA
Washington | 11 | 1,750,848 | 57.65% | 11 | 1,229,216 | 40.48% | - | 29,489 | 0.97% | - | 12,728 | 0.42% | - | 9,432 | 0.31% | - | 3,819 | 0.13% | - | 1,346 | 0.04% | - | 521,632 | 17.17% | 10.00% | 3,036,878 | WA
West Virginia | 5 | 303,857 | 42.59% | - | 397,466 | 55.71% | 5 | 7,219 | 1.01% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 2,465 | 0.35% | - | 2,355 | 0.33% | - | 89 | 0.01% | - | -93,609 | -13.12% | −0.26% | 713,451 | WV
Wisconsin | 10 | 1,677,211 | 56.22% | 10 | 1,262,393 | 42.31% | - | 17,605 | 0.59% | - | 8,858 | 0.30% | - | 5,072 | 0.17% | - | 4,216 | 0.14% | - | 8,062 | 0.27% | - | 414,818 | 13.91% | 13.52% | 2,983,417 | WI
Wyoming | 3 | 82,868 | 32.54% | - | 164,958 | 64.78% | 3 | 2,525 | 0.99% | - | 1,594 | 0.63% | - | 1,192 | 0.47% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 1,521 | 0.60% | - | -82,090 | -32.24% | 7.55% | 254,658 | WY
U.S. Total | 538 | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 365 | 59,948,323 | 45.65% | 173 | 739,034 | 0.56% | - | 523,715 | 0.40% | - | 199,750 | 0.15% | - | 161,797 | 0.12% | - | 242,685 | 0.18% | - | 9,550,193 | 7.27% | 9.73% | 131,313,820 | US

Note: Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district.[183][184]

#### States and EV districts that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

* Colorado
* Florida
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Virginia

### Cartographic gallery

[edit]

* Results by state with pie charts for the electoral college and popular vote. Note that the depicted split in Nebraska's electoral votes denotes the one electoral vote won by Obama in Nebraska's second congressional district and is not representative of the district's actual geographical boundaries.

* Results by county,[c] shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.

* Results by county flips from 2004 to the 2008 presidential election[c]

* Change in vote margins at the county level from the 2004 election to the 2008 election.[c] Obama made dramatic gains in every region of the country except for Arizona (McCain's home state), Alaska (Palin's home state), Appalachia, and the inner South, where McCain improved over Bush.

* Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.

* Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority; brighter red represents a Republican majority.[185]

* Results by congressional districts, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.

### Close states

[edit]

States/districts in the 2008 United States presidential election in which the margin of victory was less than 5%. Blue states/districts went for Obama, red for McCain. Yellow states were won by either candidate by 5% or more. Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Virginia and Iowa were won by Bush in 2004 but were won by Obama by a margin of more than 5% in 2008.

States where the margin of victory was under 1% (26 electoral votes; 15 won by Obama, 11 by McCain):

1. Missouri, 0.14% (3,903 votes) – 11 electoral votes
2. North Carolina, 0.32% (14,177 votes) – 15 electoral votes

States where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (62 electoral votes; 59 won by Obama, 3 by McCain):

1. Indiana, 1.04% (28,391 votes) – 11 electoral votes
2. Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 1.22% (3,370 votes) – 1 electoral vote
3. Montana, 2.26% (11,096 votes) – 3 electoral votes
4. Florida, 2.81% (236,450 votes) – 27 electoral votes
5. Ohio, 4.59% (262,224 votes) – 20 electoral votes

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (73 electoral votes; 33 won by Obama, 40 by McCain):

1. Georgia, 5.21% (204,636 votes) – 15 electoral votes
2. Virginia, 6.30% (234,527 votes) – 13 electoral votes
3. South Dakota, 8.41% (32,130 votes) – 3 electoral votes
4. Arizona, 8.52% (195,404 votes) – 10 electoral votes
5. North Dakota, 8.63% (27,323 votes) – 3 electoral votes
6. Colorado, 8.95% (215,004 votes) – 9 electoral votes (tipping-point state for Obama victory)
7. South Carolina, 8.97% (172,447 votes) – 8 electoral votes
8. Iowa, 9.54% (146,561 votes) – 7 electoral votes (tipping-point state for McCain victory)
9. New Hampshire, 9.61% (68,292 votes) – 4 electoral votes
10. Nebraska's 1st congressional district, 9.77% (26,768 votes) – 1 electoral vote

Blue denotes states or congressional districts won by Democrat Barack Obama; red denotes those won by Republican John McCain.

#### Statistics

[edit]

Counties with highest percentage of Democratic vote:[186]

1. Prince George's County, Maryland 88.87%
2. Bronx County, New York 88.71%
3. Shannon County, South Dakota 88.69%

Counties with highest percentage of Republican vote:

1. King County, Texas 92.64%
2. Roberts County, Texas 92.08%
3. Ochiltree County, Texas 91.70%
4. Glasscock County, Texas 90.13%
5. Beaver County, Oklahoma 89.25%

## Voter demographics

[edit]

The 2008 presidential vote by demographic subgroup

Demographic subgroup  | Obama  | McCain  | Other  | % of
total vote
Total vote  | 53  | 46  | 1  | 100
Ideology
Liberals | 89  | 10  | 1  | 22
Moderates | 60  | 39  | 1  | 44
Conservatives | 20  | 78  | 2  | 34
Party
Democrats | 89  | 10  | 1  | 39
Republicans | 9  | 90  | 1  | 32
Independents | 52  | 44  | 4  | 29
Gender
Men  | 49  | 48  | 3  | 47
Women  | 56  | 43  | 1  | 53
Marital status
Married  | 47  | 52  | 1  | 66
Non-married  | 65  | 33  | 2  | 34
Race
White | 43  | 55  | 2  | 74
Black | 95  | 4  | 1  | 13
Asian | 62  | 35  | 3  | 2
Other  | 66  | 31  | 3  | 2
Hispanic | 67  | 31  | 2  | 9
Religion
Protestant | 45  | 54  | 1  | 54
Catholic | 54  | 45  | 1  | 27
Jewish | 78  | 21  | 1  | 2
Other  | 73  | 22  | 5  | 6
None | 75  | 23  | 2  | 12
Religious service attendance
More than weekly  | 43  | 55  | 2  | 12
Weekly  | 43  | 55  | 2  | 27
Monthly  | 53  | 46  | 1  | 15
A few times a year  | 59  | 39  | 2  | 28
Never  | 67  | 30  | 3  | 16
White evangelical or born-again Christian?
White evangelical or born-again Christian | 24  | 74  | 2  | 26
Everyone else  | 62  | 36  | 2  | 74
Age
18–24 years old  | 66  | 32  | 2  | 10
25–29 years old  | 66  | 31  | 3  | 8
30–39 years old  | 54  | 44  | 2  | 18
40–49 years old  | 49  | 49  | 2  | 21
50–64 years old  | 50  | 49  | 1  | 27
65 and older  | 45  | 53  | 2  | 16
Age by race
Whites 18–29 years old  | 54  | 44  | 2  | 11
Whites 30–44 years old  | 41  | 57  | 2  | 20
Whites 45–64 years old  | 42  | 56  | 2  | 30
Whites 65 and older  | 40  | 58  | 2  | 13
Blacks 18–29 years old  | 95  | 4  | 1  | 3
Blacks 30–44 years old  | 96  | 4  | n/a  | 4
Blacks 45–64 years old  | 96  | 3  | 1  | 4
Blacks 65 and older  | 94  | 6  | n/a  | 1
Latinos 18–29 years old  | 76  | 19  | 5  | 3
Latinos 30–44 years old  | 63  | 36  | 1  | 3
Latinos 45–64 years old  | 58  | 40  | 2  | 2
Latinos 65 and older  | 68  | 30  | 2  | 1
Others  | 64  | 33  | 3  | 5
First time voter?
First time voter  | 69  | 30  | 1  | 11
Everyone else  | 50  | 48  | 2  | 89
Sexual orientation
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 70  | 27  | 3  | 4
Heterosexual | 53  | 45  | 2  | 96
Education
Not a high school graduate  | 63  | 35  | 2  | 4
High school graduate  | 52  | 46  | 2  | 20
Some college education  | 51  | 47  | 2  | 31
College graduate  | 50  | 48  | 2  | 28
Postgraduate education | 58  | 40  | 2  | 17
Education by race/ethnicity
White college graduates  | 47  | 51  | 2  | 35
White no college degree  | 40  | 58  | 2  | 39
Non-white college graduates  | 75  | 22  | 3  | 9
Non-white no college degree  | 83  | 16  | 1  | 16
Family income
Under $15,000  | 73  | 25  | 2  | 6
$15,000–30,000  | 60  | 37  | 3  | 12
$30,000–50,000  | 55  | 43  | 2  | 19
$50,000–75,000  | 48  | 49  | 3  | 21
$75,000–100,000  | 51  | 48  | 1  | 15
$100,000–150,000  | 48  | 51  | 1  | 14
$150,000–200,000  | 48  | 50  | 1  | 6
Over $200,000  | 52  | 46  | 2  | 6
Union households
Union | 59  | 39  | 2  | 21
Non-union  | 51  | 47  | 2  | 79
Military service
Veterans | 44  | 54  | 2  | 15
Non-veterans  | 54  | 44  | 2  | 85
Issue regarded as most important
Economy | 53  | 44  | 3  | 63
Iraq | 59  | 39  | 2  | 10
Health care | 73  | 26  | 1  | 9
Terrorism | 13  | 86  | 1  | 9
Energy | 50  | 46  | 4  | 7
Region
Northeast | 59  | 40  | 1  | 21
Midwest | 54  | 44  | 2  | 24
South | 45  | 54  | 1  | 32
West | 57  | 40  | 3  | 23
Community size
Urban  | 63  | 35  | 2  | 30
Suburban  | 50  | 48  | 2  | 49
Rural  | 45  | 53  | 2  | 21

Source: Exit polls conducted by Edison Research of Somerville, New Jersey, for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, Associated Press, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, and NBC News.[187]

## Analysis

[edit]

Obama, having a white mother and Kenyan father of the Luo ethnic group,[188] became the first African American as well as the first biracial president.[189] Several black people had previously run for president, including Shirley Chisholm, Jesse Jackson, Lenora Fulani, Carol Moseley Braun, Alan Keyes, and Al Sharpton, though Obama was the first one ever to win the nomination of a major party, let alone the general election.[190] The Obama-Biden ticket was also the first winning ticket in American history in which neither candidate was a white Protestant, as Biden is Roman Catholic and the first Roman Catholic to be elected vice president; all previous tickets with Catholic vice presidential candidates had been defeated (1964, 1972, 1984).[191] The Obama-Biden ticket was the first winning ticket consisting of two sitting senators since 1960 (John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson) (in the previous election cycle (2004) Democrats also nominated two sitting senators, John Kerry of Massachusetts and John Edwards of North Carolina, but they lost to incumbents Bush and Cheney), and Obama became the first Northern Democratic president since Kennedy. Also, Obama became the first Democratic candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976, the first to win a majority of both votes and states since Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and the first Northern Democrat to win a majority of both votes and states since Franklin Roosevelt in 1944. Obama became the first Northern Democrat to win any state in the former Confederacy since Hubert Humphrey won Texas in 1968. This was the first presidential election since 1952 in which neither of the major-party nominees was the incumbent president or vice-president. This is the only election where both major party nominees were Senators.

Swing by state. States are listed by (increasing) percentage of Democratic votes, showing how the share of the vote changed between 2004 and 2008. Excluding the candidates' home states, only five states trended more Republican: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee and West Virginia.

Prior to the election, commentators discussed whether Senator Obama would be able to redraw the electoral map by winning states that had been voting for Republican candidates in recent decades.[192] In many ways, he was successful. He won every region of the country by double digits except the South, which John McCain won by nine percent, although Obama nonetheless carried Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, and Virginia (the South as defined by the US Census Bureau). McCain won every state in the Deep South, where white voters had generally supported Republican candidates by increasingly large margins in the previous few decades.[193] Obama won all of the 2004 swing states (states that either Kerry or Bush won by less than 5%) by a margin of 8.5 percent or more except for Ohio, which he carried by 4.5 percent.

Obama also defied political bellwethers, becoming the first person to win the presidency while losing Missouri since 1956 and while losing Kentucky and Tennessee since 1960. He was the first Democrat to ever win the presidency without carrying Missouri, to win without carrying Arkansas since that state joined the Union in 1836, and the first to win without West Virginia since 1916 (and, because one West Virginia elector had voted Democratic in 1916, Obama became the first Democrat to win the White House without any of the state's electors since its founding in 1863). Indiana and Virginia voted for the Democratic nominee for the first time since 1964, as did a solitary electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Indiana would return to being a reliably red state in subsequent elections; Virginia, however, has been won by Democrats in every presidential election since and would grow increasingly Democratic at the state level. North Carolina, which Obama was the first Democrat to carry since 1976, would return to the Republican column in the following elections, though only by narrow margins each time.

Obama was also relatively competitive in some traditionally Republican states he lost, notably Montana, which he lost by under 3%, and Georgia, which he lost by just 5%. He is also the only 21st-century Democrat to lose North Dakota and South Dakota by just single digits. McCain remains the last presidential candidate to receive fewer than 200 electoral votes.

This was the first presidential election in which Nebraska split its electoral votes between two candidates. Together with Maine, which would not split its votes until 2016, Nebraska is one of two states that allow a split in electoral votes without faithless electors: a candidate receives one electoral vote for each congressional district won (Nebraska has three, Maine two), while the statewide winner receives an additional two electoral votes. Obama won the electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, largely comprising the city of Omaha. Nebraska's other four electoral votes went to John McCain. This would not happen again until 2020.

As of 2024[update], this election is the last time that Indiana or North Carolina voted Democratic, and is also the most recent election where one of the nominees has since died. Until 2024 this was also the most recent election in which any of the major presidential nominees had any military experience.[194]

This election exhibited the continuation of some of the polarization trends evident in the 2000 and 2004 elections.[195] McCain won whites 55–43 percent, while Obama won blacks 95–4 percent,[196] Hispanics 67–31 percent, and Asians 62–35 percent. Voters aged 18–29 voted for Obama by 66–32 percent while elderly voters backed McCain 53–45 percent.[197] The 25-year age gap between McCain and Obama was the widest in U.S. presidential election history among the top two candidates.[198]

## See also

[edit]

* Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories
* Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories
* First inauguration of Barack Obama
* Newspaper endorsements in the 2008 United States presidential election
* Presidential transition of Barack Obama
* 2008 United States gubernatorial elections
* 2008 United States House of Representatives elections
* 2008 United States Senate elections
* Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election

### Opinion polling

[edit]

* Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
* Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
* International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
* Scientific forecasts: FiveThirtyEight

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Shirley Chisholm had previously won a contest in New Jersey in 1972 that was a no-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot in which the major candidates were not listed; the actual delegate selection vote went to George McGovern.[3][4]
2. ^ Percentage point difference in margin from the 2004 election
3. ^ a b c Alaska and Louisiana do not have counties. Alaska's boroughs and census areas and Louisiana's parishes are pictured.

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[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Balz, Dan, and Haynes Johnson. The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (2009), by leading reporters with inside information
* Crotty, William. "Policy and Politics: The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election," Polity, July 2009, Vol. 41 Issue 3, pp 282–311 online Archived April 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
* Curtis, Mark. Age of Obama: A Reporter's Journey With Clinton, McCain and Obama in the Making of the President in 2008 (2009)
* Gidlow, Liette. Obama, Clinton, Palin: Making History in Election 2008 (2012)
* Nelson, Michael. The Elections of 2008 (2009), factual summary except and text search Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
* Plouffe, David. The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama's Historic Victory. 2009
* Sussman, Glen. "Choosing a New Direction: The Presidential Election of 2008," White House Studies, 2009, Vol. 9 Issue 1, pp 1–20
* Wolffe, Richard. Renegade: The Making of a President (2010) excerpt and text search Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, narrative

### Voters

[edit]

* Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections (2009) excerpt and text search Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
* Corwin E. Smidt and others. The Disappearing God Gap? Religion in the 2008 Presidential Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 278 pages. Finds that the gap between church-attending traditionalists and other voters is not closing, as has been claimed, but is changing in significant ways; draws on survey data from voters who were interviewed in the spring of 2008 and then again after the election.
* Crespino, Joseph. "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election," Southern Spaces (2008) online Archived August 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
* Jessee, Stephen A. "Voter Ideology and Candidate Positioning in the 2008 Presidential Election," American Politics Research, March 2010, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 195–210
* Kenski, Kate, Bruce W. Hardy, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Message Shaped the 2008 Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 378 pages. Draws on interviews with key campaign advisors as well as the National Annenberg Election Survey. excerpt and text search Archived August 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
* Sabato, Larry. The Year of Obama: How Barack Obama Won the White House (2009)
* Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015).
* Todd, Chuck, and Sheldon Gawiser. How Barack Obama Won: A State-by-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election (2009) excerpt and text search Archived August 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 2008.

Wikinews has news related to:

2008 United States presidential election

* Beyond Red and Blue: 7 Ways to View the Presidential Election Map—from Scientific American
* Campaign commercials from the 2008 election
* US Election 2008 Web Monitor
* 2008 Electoral Map
* "Behind the Results", USA Today election coverage
* Joseph Crespino, "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election", Southern Spaces, December 11, 2008.
* Election of 2008 in Counting the Votes
* "The Choice 2008". Frontline. Season 26. Episode 11. October 14, 2008. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved November 28, 2024.

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(← 2004) 2008 United States presidential election (2012 →)

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Democratic Party
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Candidates|

* Nominee: Barack Obama
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Republican Party
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Candidates|

* Nominee: John McCain
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* candidacy
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* Other candidates: Sam Brownback
* campaign
* John H. Cox
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Draft movements|

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Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Chuck Baldwin
* campaign
* VP nominee: Darrell Castle

* Other candidates: Daniel Imperato
* Alan Keyes
* campaign

Green Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Rosa Clemente

* Other candidates: Elaine Brown

Libertarian Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Bob Barr
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root

* Other candidates: Mike Gravel
* campaign
* Steve Kubby
* Wayne Allyn Root
* Mary Ruwart
* Doug Stanhope

America's Independent Party|

* Nominee: Alan Keyes
* campaign
* VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough

Boston Tea Party|

* Nominee: Charles Jay

Objectivist Party|

* Nominee: Tom Stevens

Peace and Freedom Party|

* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez

* Other candidates: Gloria La Riva
* Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
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* campaign

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Gene Amondson

Reform Party|

* Nominee: Ted Weill
* VP nominee: Frank McEnulty

Socialism and Liberation Party|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
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Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Brian Moore
* campaign
* VP nominee: Stewart Alexander

* Other candidates: Eric Chester

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* Nominee: Róger Calero
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Independent / Other|

* Jeff Boss
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* campaign
* Earl Dodge
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* Other 2008 elections: House
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* v
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State and district results of the 2008 United States presidential election

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Electoral College
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Related|

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* v
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* e

Barack Obama

* 44th President of the United States (2009–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008)
* Illinois Senator from the 13th district (1997–2004)

| Life and
politics|

* Early life and career
* Illinois Senate career
* 2004 Democratic National Convention
* U.S. Senate career
* Political positions
* Administration foreign policy
* Cannabis
* Mass surveillance
* Social
* Space
* 2009 Nobel Peace Prize
* West Wing Week

|

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inaugurations
* 2009
* 2013
* First 100 days
* Timeline
* 2009
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* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
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* January 2017
* Foreign policy
* Middle East
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Iraq withdrawal
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Benghazi attack
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* War in Syria
* Relations with Iran
* Iran nuclear deal
* Pivot to Asia
* Cuban thaw
* Obama Doctrine
* Europe
* Economic policy
* Affordable Care Act
* American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
* Dodd–Frank Act
* Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
* Energy/Environmental
* Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
* Marine policy
* New Energy for America
* Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
* Clean Power Plan
* Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
* Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
* New START
* MAP-21st Century Act
* FAST Act
* Pardons
* Presidential trips
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016–17
* international
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* Sotomayor
* Kagan
* Garland
* controversies
* Cabinet
* Biden vice presidency
* Presidential Library and Center
* Executive actions
* Executive orders
* Memoranda
* Proclamations
* Trump transition
* Plantation Estate

Books|

* Dreams from My Father (1995)
* The Audacity of Hope (2006)
* Of Thee I Sing (2010)
* A Promised Land (2020)

Speeches|

* "The Audacity of Hope" (2004)
* "Yes We Can" (2008)
* "A More Perfect Union" (2008)
* "Change Has Come to America" (2008)
* "A New Birth of Freedom" (2009)
* Joint session of Congress (2009)
* "A New Beginning" (2009)
* Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (2009)
* State of the Union Address
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* Tucson memorial speech (2011)
* Joint session of Congress (jobs) (2011)
* "You didn't build that" (2012)
* Selma 50th anniversary (2015)
* Farewell address (2017)

Elections|

| Illinois|

* State Senate
* 1996
* 1998
* 2002
* U.S. House of Representatives
* 2000

|

U.S. Senate|

* 2004

Presidential|

* 2008 campaign
* endorsements
* GOP/conservative support
* staff members
* primaries
* primary campaign
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* 2012 campaign
* endorsements
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Family|

* Michelle Obama (wife)
* Ann Dunham (mother)
* Barack Obama Sr. (father)
* Lolo Soetoro (stepfather)
* Maya Soetoro-Ng (maternal half-sister)
* Stanley Armour Dunham (maternal grandfather)
* Madelyn Dunham (maternal grandmother)
* Auma Obama (paternal half-sister)
* Malik Obama (paternal half-brother)
* Marian Robinson (mother-in-law)
* Craig Robinson (brother-in-law)
* Bo (family dog)
* Sunny (family dog)

* v
* t
* e

Public image

News and
political events|

* Oprah Winfrey's endorsement
* Citizenship conspiracy theories
* litigation
* Religion conspiracy theories
* Bill Ayers controversy
* Jeremiah Wright controversy
* Republican and conservative support (2008)
* Assassination threats
* 2008 Denver
* 2008 Tennessee
* First inauguration invitations
* Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial
* Citizen's Briefing Book
* Tea Party protests
* New Energy for America
* Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting
* Firing of Shirley Sherrod
* Impeachment efforts
* Tan suit controversy

Books about|

* Bibliography
* Obama: From Promise to Power
* Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy
* Redemption Song
* The Case Against Barack Obama
* The Obama Nation
* Culture of Corruption
* Catastrophe
* Barack and Michelle
* The Speech
* The Obama Story
* Between Barack and a Hard Place
* Game Change
* Obama Zombies
* Conservative Victory
* The Bridge
* The Obama Diaries
* The Obama Syndrome
* The Obama Identity
* O: A Presidential Novel
* Where's the Birth Certificate?
* Obama's Last Stand
* Barack Obama: The Story
* Game Change 2012
* Buyer's Remorse
* Rising Star
* Shade
* The World as It Is

Music|

* Obama Girl
* "I Got a Crush... on Obama"
* "Barack the Magic Negro"
* will.i.am
* "Yes We Can"
* "The President Sang Amazing Grace"
* "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"
* "Sí Se Puede Cambiar"
* "My President"
* "Deadheads for Obama"
* "Air and Simple Gifts"
* Change Is Now
* Hope! – Das Obama Musical
* "Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney"
* Barack's Dubs
* "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"

Film, TV,
and stage|

* By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (2009)
* Change (2010)
* Obama Anak Menteng (2010)
* 2016: Obama's America (2012)
* The Road We've Traveled (2012)
* Southside with You (2016)
* Hillary and Clinton (2016)
* Barry (2016)
* America's Great Divide (2020)
* We the People (2021)
* Renegades: Born in the USA (2021)
* Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union (2021)
* The First Lady (2022)
* Picturing the Obamas (2022)

Other media|

* Social media use
* Artists for Obama
* "Hope" poster
* "Joker" poster
* Hair Like Mine
* Situation Room
* Iman Crosson
* The Forgotten Man (2010 painting)
* Saraswati (2013 sculpture)
* President Barack Obama (2018 portrait)
* Official White House portrait (2022)
* Obama logo
* In comics
* Barack Obama's summer playlist

Related|

* Barack Obama Day (Illinois)
* Obama Day (Kenya)
* Awards and honors
* Namesakes
* Higher Ground Productions
* "One Last Time (44 Remix)"
* Sunlight before signing

* ← George W. Bush
* Donald Trump →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Joe Biden

* 46th President of the United States (2021–2025)
* 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)

Senator|

* Early life and career
* Classified Information Procedures Act
* Counterterrorism Act
* Violence Against Women Act
* Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

Vice presidency|

* Obama transition
* Task forces
* Gun Violence Prevention
* Protect Students from Sexual Assault
* First Trump transition

Presidency|

| Appointments|

* Cabinet
* Harris vice presidency
* Agriculture
* Commerce
* Defense
* Education
* Energy
* Executive Office appointments
* HHS
* Homeland Security
* HUD
* Interior
* Justice
* U.S. attorneys
* Labor
* State
* ambassadors
* Transportation
* Treasury
* Veterans Affairs
* Judicial appointments
* Jackson
* Supreme Court candidates

|

Legislation|

| 2021|

* American Rescue Plan Act
* Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act
* Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* RENACER Act
* Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act

|

2022|

* Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
* CHIPS and Science Act

Consolidated Appropriations Act
* Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act
* Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act
* No TikTok on Government Devices Act
* Pregnant Workers Fairness Act
* State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act
* Inflation Reduction Act
* Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act
* PACT Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* Postal Service Reform Act
* Respect for Marriage Act
* Speak Out Act
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act

2023|

* COVID-19 Origin Act
* Fiscal Responsibility Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* DCA agreement between Finland and the US

2024|

* ADVANCE Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act
* National Defense Authorization Act
* National Security Act
* Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act

2025|

* Social Security Fairness Act

Policies|

* Cannabis
* COVID-19
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* White House COVID-19 Response Team
* Economic
* Biden v. Nebraska
* Build Back Better Act
* Build Back Better Plan
* Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund
* Electoral and ethical
* Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
* Summit for Democracy
* Environmental
* 2021 Leaders Summit on Climate
* Executive Order 13990
* Foreign
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2023 Chinese balloon incident
* AUKUS
* Camp David Principles
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* War in Ukraine
* 2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* 2023 visit to Ukraine
* Gaza war
* Ankara prisoner exchange
* Relations with Iran
* Immigration
* A Proclamation on Securing the Border
* Social
* 2021 National Day of Unity
* Space

Timeline|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* security
* Celebrating America
* protests
* First 100 days
* 2021
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2022
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2023
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2024
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* January 2025
* Second Trump transition

* Classified documents incident
* White House cocaine incident
* Efforts to impeach
* House Oversight Committee investigation
* inquiry
* Executive actions
* proclamations
* Opinion polling
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024–2025
* Presidential trips
* international
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024–2025
* Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1972
* 1978
* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008

|

Vice presidential|

* 2008 campaign
* selection
* convention
* debate
* election
* transition
* 2012 campaign
* convention
* debate
* election

Presidential|

* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* 2008 campaign
* primaries
* debates
* 2020 campaign
* endorsements
* celebrity
* organizations
* Congress
* state and territorial officials
* municipal officials
* primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* Unity Task Forces
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* protests
* 2024 campaign
* withdrawal
* Democratic opposition
* primaries
* endorsements
* protest vote movements
* debate

Family|

* Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather)
* Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife)
* Jill Biden (second wife)
* James Biden (brother)
* Valerie Biden Owens (sister)
* Beau Biden (son)
* Hunter Biden (son)
* Ashley Biden (daughter)
* Howard Krein (son-in-law)
* Hallie Olivere Biden (daughter-in-law)
* Kathleen Buhle (former daughter-in-law)
* Melissa Cohen Biden (daughter-in-law)
* Dogs
* Champ
* Major
* Commander
* Cat
* Willow

Writings|

* Promises to Keep
* Promise Me, Dad
* Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)

Speeches|

* Inaugural address (2021)
* Joint session of Congress (2021)
* State of the Union Address
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* Warsaw speech (2022)
* Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech (2022)
* Farewell address (2025)

Media
depictions|

* Confirmation
* The Choice 2020
* "Intro to Political Science"
* My Son Hunter
* "One Last Ride"
* The Onion's "Diamond Joe"
* Our Cartoon President
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Spitting Image

Related|

* Age and health concerns
* Awards
* Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot
* Biden Foundation
* Biden Presidential Library
* Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory
* Buy a shotgun
* Eponyms
* Hunter Biden laptop controversy
* I Did That!
* Let's Go Brandon
* Public image
* Sexual assault allegation
* Situation Room
* Sleepy Joe
* 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal

* ← Donald Trump →

* ← Dick Cheney
* Mike Pence →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

John McCain

* U.S. Senator from Arizona (1987–2018)
* U.S. Representative from Arizona's 1st district (1983–1987)

Life|

* Early life and military career
* Cultural and political image
* Death and funeral

Political
activities|

* House and Senate career, until 2000
* Keating Five scandal
* International Republican Institute
* 2000 presidential campaign
* Senate career during 2001–2014
* Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
* Climate Stewardship Acts
* McCain Detainee Amendment
* 2008 opposition to limiting interrogation techniques
* List of bills sponsored
* Political positions
* 2008 Republican National Convention
* 2008 presidential campaign
* Democratic and liberal support
* endorsements

| Elections|

* House elections
* 1982
* 1984
* Senate elections
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2008 United States presidential election
* lobbyist controversy
* debates
* running-mate selection

|

Media|

| Books authored|

* Faith of My Fathers
* Worth the Fighting For
* Why Courage Matters
* Character Is Destiny
* Hard Call
* Thirteen Soldiers
* The Restless Wave

|

* The Nightingale's Song (1995 book)
* Faith of My Fathers (2005 film)
* My Dad, John McCain (2008 book)
* Change (2010 documentary)
* Game Change (2012 film)

Family|

* McCain family
* Cindy McCain (second wife)
* Carol McCain (first wife)
* Meghan McCain (daughter)
* John S. McCain Jr. (father)
* Roberta McCain (mother)
* Joe McCain (brother)
* John S. McCain Sr. (grandfather)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Sarah Palin

* 9th Governor of Alaska (2006–2009)
* Mayor of Wasilla (1996–2002)
* Born (1964-02-11)February 11, 1964

Politics|

* Electoral history
* Political positions

* Early political career

* Mayor of Wasilla
* Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center

* Governor of Alaska

* Election
* Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal
* Gravina Island Bridge

* 2008 vice presidential candidacy

* McCain presidential campaign
* Election
* Vice presidential candidate selection
* Convention
* Vice presidential debate
* Drill, baby, drill
* Mama grizzly
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Katie Couric interviews
* The Masked Avengers' prank
* Email hack

* 2022 U.S. house campaigns

* Special election
* Regular election

Books and media
by Palin|

* Going Rogue: An American Life
* America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag
* Good Tidings and Great Joy: Protecting the Heart of Christmas
* Sweet Freedom: A Devotional
* Sarah Palin's Alaska
* Amazing America with Sarah Palin
* Sarah Palin Channel

Book and
media coverage
about Palin|

* Public image and reception
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Sarah: How a Hockey Mom Turned Alaska's Political Establishment Upside Down
* Katie Couric interviews
* Going Rouge: Sarah Palin, An American Nightmare
* Game Change (book, film)
* The Undefeated

Family|

* Todd Palin (ex-husband)
* Bristol Palin (daughter)
* Levi Johnston (father of grandson)
* Dakota Meyer (ex-son-in-law)

Related|

* Death panel

* Conservatism portal
* Category

Authority control databases

National|

* United States

Other|

* Yale LUX

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*[EV]: electoral votes