2008 in paleontology

Overview of the events of 2008 in paleontology

List of years in paleontology

(table)

* … 1998
* 1999
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* 2002
* 2003
* 2004

* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011

* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018 …

In science
2005
2006
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* Art
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*   * Literature
* Music
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* Science+...

* v
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 in paleontology.

Important finds in 2008

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2008.

## Protozoa

[edit]

### New taxa

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Paleoleishmania neotropicum[2]

sp nov

Valid

Poinar

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

second record, and youngest, of the extinct genus Paleoleishmania

|  Paleoleishmania neotropicum

## Plants

[edit]

### Ferns and fern allies

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Synonymy  | Notes  | Images

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Calcaropteris[3]

Gen et 2 sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A matoniaceous morphogenus.
The type species is C. boeselii
Also includes C. bifurcata

Cladophlebis baja-beeceensis[3]

Sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A osmundaceous foliage morphospecies.

Cladophlebis methowensis[3]

Sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A osmundaceous foliage morphospecies.

Furcillopteris[3]

Gen, sp, et comb nov

valid

(R.W. Brown) Miller & Hickey

Paleocene
Danian

Fort Union Formation

USA
Colorado

|  |

A fern morphogenus of uncertain affinity.
The type species is Dryopteris serrata (1962)
Also includes F. oblongata

Microphyllopteris delicata[3]

Sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A gleicheniaceous morphospecies.

Microphyllopteris gieseckiana[3]

Comb nov

valid

(Heer) Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

Gleichenites nordenskioldi auct. non (Heer) Seward nee Bell, 1956)

A gleicheniaceous morphospecies.
Moved from Gleichenia gieseckiana (1868)

Neocalamites vaganta[3]

Sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

An apocalamitaceous morphospecies.

Paramatonia[3]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A matoniaceous morphogenus.
The type species is P. linearis

Sectilopteris[3]

Gen et 3 comb nov

valid

(Fontaine) Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Aptian

Patuxent Formation

USA
Virginia

|  |

A fern morphogenus of uncertain affinity.
The type species is Sphenopteris latiloba (1886)
Also includes Sphenopteris newberryi (1956) & Hymenopteris psilotoides (1824)

Winthropteris[3]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Miller & Hickey

Cretaceous
Late Albian

Winthrop Formation

USA
Washington

|  |

A blechnaceous morphogenus.
The type species is W. ovalis

### Angiosperms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Dillhoffia[4]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Manchester & Pigg

Ypresian

Unnamed Formation, Kamloops Group

Canada

|  |  Dillhoffia cachensis

Pluricarpellatia[5]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Mohr, Bernardes-de-Oliveira & Taylor

Early Cretaceous

Crato Formation

Brazil

|  |

### Monocots

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Montrichardia aquatica[6]

sp nov

Valid

Herrera et al

Middle to late Paleocene

Cerrejón Formation

Colombia

only fossil record of the genus Montrichardia

Petrocardium[6]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Herrera et al

Middle to late Paleocene

Cerrejón Formation

Colombia

Two named species Petrocardium cerrejonense and Petrocardium wayuuorum

## Arthropoda

[edit]

### Arachnomorphs

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Dicranocaris[7]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Briggs, Lieberman, Hendricks, Halgedahl & Jarrard

Middle Cambrian

* Wheeler Formation
* Marjum Formation

United States

An arachnormorph of uncertain classification.
Type species D. guntherorum

Nettapezoura[7]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Briggs, Lieberman, Hendricks, Halgedahl & Jarrard

Middle Cambrian

Marjum Formation

United States

An arachnormorph of uncertain classification.
Type species N. basilika

Palaeosiro[8]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Poinar

Cenomanian

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A stylocellid harvestman.
Type species P. burmanicum

### Crustaceans

[edit]

#### Research

[edit]

* Schram (2008) publishes an adjustment to the taxonomy of Paleozoic stomatopods, erecting the family Archaeocarididae.[9]

### Insects

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Cataglyphoides[10]

Gen et sp et comb nov

Valid

Dlussky

Middle Eocene

Baltic amber

Europe

Fossil formicine ant, two species
C. constrictus (Mayr, 1868)
& C. intermedius Dlussky, 2008

|  Cataglyphoides constrictus

Dolichoderus punctatus[11]

Sp nov

Valid

Dlussky

Middle Eocene

Baltic amber

Europe

Fossil dolichoderine ant

|  Dolichoderus punctatus

Electropodagrion[12]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Azar & Nel

Middle Eocene

Baltic Amber

Europe

A Megapodagrionidae damselfly

Elektroepyris[13]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Perrichot & Nel

Eocene

Oise amber

France

A bethylid wasp

|  Elektroepyris magnificus

Formosibittacus[14]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Li, Ren & Shih

Middle Jurassic

Jiulongshan Formation

China

A bittacid

Haidomyrmodes[15]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Perrichot et al

Middle Cretaceous

Charentese amber

France

A Sphecomyrminae ant, type species H. mammuthus

|  Haidomyrmodes mammuthus

Jurahylobittacus[14]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Li, Ren & Shih

Middle Jurassic

Jiulongshan Formation

China

A bittacid

Lutzomyia adiketis[2]

sp nov

Valid

Poinar

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

Vector for the extinct Trypanosomatidae
species Paleoleishmania neotropicum

|  Lutzomyia adiketis

Proraphidia gomezi[16]

sp nov

Valid

Jarzembowski

Lower Cretaceous

Lower Weald Clay

England

|  |

Proraphidia hopkinsi[16]

sp nov

Valid

Jarzembowski

Barremian

|  |

Spain

|  |

Proteroscelio gravatus[17]

Sp nov

valid

Johnson, Musetti & Masner

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

Lebanese Amber

Lebanon

A member of Platygastroidea.

Rhabdepyris gallicus[13]

Sp nov

Valid

Perrichot & Nel

Eocene

Oise amber

France

A bethylid wasp

|  Rhabdepyris gallicus

Sinomeganeura[18]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Ren, Nel, & Prokop

Namurian

Tupo Formation

China

Third Namurian age Meganeuridae griffenfly described.

Sinoprotelenomus[17]

Nom nov

valid

Zhang in Johnson, Musetti & Masner

Miocene

|  |

China

A member of Platygastroidea;
replacement name for Protelenomus Zhang (1989).

Sphecomyrmodes occidentalis[15]

Sp nov

jr syn

Perrichot et al

Middle Cretaceous

Charentese amber

France

A stem group ant
jr synonym of Gerontoformica occidentalis

|  Gerontoformica occidentalis

Syndesus ambericus[19]

Sp nov

Valid

Woodruff

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A stag beetle

Termitaradus avitinquilinus[20]

Sp nov

Valid

Grimaldi & Engel

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A termite bug

### Xiphosurans

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Lunataspis

gen et sp nov

Valid taxon

Nowlan, Rudkin, & Young

Late Ordovician

Churchill River Group?

Canada

|  |

## Fishes

[edit]

### Bony fish

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Arquatichthys[21]

|  |

Valid

Lu & Zhu

Devonian (Pragian)

Posongchong Formation

China

A basal member of Dipnomorpha. The type species is A. porosus.

Donnrosenia[22]

|  |

Valid

Long, Choo, & Young

Devonian (Givetian)

Aztec Siltstone

Antarctica

A basal member of Actinopterygii. Genus includes new species D. schaefferi.

Genyonemus whistleri[23]

|  |

Valid

Takeuchi & Huddleston

Late Miocene

Puente Formation

United States

A relative of the white croaker.

Hiodon woodruffi[24]

Comb nov

valid

(Wilson)

Ypresian

Klondike Mountain Formation

United States
Washington

A mooneye,
Moved from Eohiodon woodruffi Wilson 1978

|  Hiodon woodruffi

Tarachomylax multicostatus[25]

|  |

Valid

Qiao & Zhu

Devonian (Emsian)

Chuandong Formation

China

A lungfish.

### Cartilaginous fish

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Thrinacoselache[26]

Gen. et. sp. nov.

Jr. synonym

Grogan & Lund

Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)

Bear Gulch Limestone

USA

Type species is T. gracia. Genus now a junior synonym of Thrinacodus.

### Placoderms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Gavinaspis[27]

Gen. et. sp. nov.

Valid

Dupret & Zhu

Early Devonian (Lochkovian)

Xitun Formation

China

A phyllolepid.

Materpiscis[28] |

gen et sp nov

Valid

Long, Trinajstic, Young, & Senden

Late Devonian

Gogo Formation

Australia

discovered with fossilized embryo.

|  Materpiscis embryo features

### General research

[edit]

* Hilton & Grande redescribe the fossil mooneyes of western North America synonymizing the genus Eohiodon with Hiodon.[24]
* Cicimurri, Paris, & Everhart describe a partial dentition from a Holocephali chimaeroid fish found in the Niobrara Chalk.[29]

## Amphibians

[edit]

Jenkins, F. A., jr, Shubin, N. H., Gatesy, S. M., and Warren, A., 2008, Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 28, n. 4, p. 935-950.

### Newly named amphibians

[edit]

Name  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Beelzebufo[30] | Valid taxon  |

* Evans
* Jones
* Krause

| Late Cretaceous (70 mya)  | Maevarano Formation |

* Madagascar

|  |  An artist's depiction of Beelzebufo
Gerobatrachus[31] | Valid taxon  |

* Anderson
* Reisz
* Scott
* Fröbisch
* Sumida

| Early Permian (290 mya)  |  |

* USA ( Texas)

Oumtkoutia[32] | Valid taxon  |

* Rage
* Dutheil

| Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)  | Kem Kem Beds |

* Morocco

| A pipid anuran.

## Archosaurs

[edit]

### Newly named pseudosuchians

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Acynodon adriaticus[33]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delfino, Martin & Buffetaut

Late Cretaceous

|  |

Italy

|  |

Dakosaurus carpenteri[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Wilkinson, Young & Benton

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

Kimmeridge Clay Formation

United Kingdom

A metriorhynchid crocodyliform. Originally described as a species of Dakosaurus, subsequently transferred to the separate genus Torvoneustes.[35]

Gryposuchus croizati[36]

Sp. nov

Valid

Riff & Aguilera

Late Miocene

Urumaco Formation

Venezuela

|  |

Guarinisuchus[37]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Barbosa, Kellner & Viana

Early Paleocene (Danian)

Maria Farinha Formation

Brazil

A dyrosaurid crocodyliform. Genus includes new species G. munizi.

Ocepesuchus[38]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Jouve et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Ouled Abdoun Basin

Morocco

A member of Gavialoidea. Genus includes new species O. eoafricanus.

Postosuchus alisonae[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peyer et al.

Late Triassic

Newark Supergroup

United States
( North Carolina)

|  |

Sierritasuchus[40]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Parker, Stocker & Irmis

Late Triassic

Tecovas Formation

United States
( Texas)

An aetosaur Genus includes new species S. macalpini.

Sphagesaurus montealtensis[41]

Sp. nov

Valid

Andrade & Bertini

Late Cretaceous

Adamantina Formation

Brazil

A sphagesaurid crocodyliform. Originally described as a species of Sphagesaurus, but subsequently transferred to the genus Caipirasuchus.[42]

Wargosuchus[43]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Martinelli & Pais

Late Cretaceous

Bajo de La Carpa Formation

Argentina

A baurusuchid crocodyliform. Genus includes new species W. australis.

### Newly named pterosaurs

[edit]

|  |

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| Name  | Status  | Location  | Authors  | Notes  |

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Elanodactylus

Valid

|  China |

Andres Ji, Q.

|  |  |

Hongshanopterus

Valid

|  China |

Xiaolin Wang de Almeida et al.

|  |  |

Mythunga

Valid

|  Australia |

Molnar Thulborn, R.A.

|  |  |

Nemicolopterus

Valid

|  China |

Wang Kellner et al.

|  |  |

Raeticodactylus

Junior synonym

|  Switzerland |

Stecher

|  |

Jr. synonym of Caviramus

Shenzhoupterus

Valid

|  China |

Lü J. Unwin et al.

|  |  |

Volgadraco

Valid

|  Russia |

Averianov Arkhangelsky Pervushov

|  |  |

### Dinosaurs

[edit]

* Oviraptorosaurian eggs with embryonic skeletons are discovered for the first time in China.[44]
* Mongolian Late Jurassic theropod fossils are found for the first time.[45]
* A new study on morphological variation in shed theropod teeth from the Mil River Formation is published.[46]

#### Newly named dinosaurs

[edit]

28 new dinosaur genera were erected in 2008. Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.[47]

Name  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Austroraptor[48]

Valid

* Novas
* Pol
* et al.[CAL 1]

Campanian–Maastrichtian

Allen Formation

* Argentina

The largest dromaeosaurid yet discovered in the Southern Hemisphere.

| Austroraptor

Dakotadon[49]

Valid

* Paul

Barremian

Lakota Formation

* USA ( South Dakota)

A new genus for "Iguanodon" lakotaensis (Weishampel and Bjork, 1989).

Daxiatitan[50]

Valid

* You
* Li
* et al.[CAL 2]

Lower Cretaceous

Lanzhou Basin

* China

A basal titanosaur.

| Daxiatitan

Diceratus[51]

Junior synonym

* Mateus

Late Cretaceous

|  |  |

Objective junior synonym of Nedoceratops; possible junior synonym of Triceratops.

Dollodon[49]

Valid

* Paul

Barremian

Bernissart

* Belgium

An iguanodontian.

| Dollodon

Dongyangosaurus[52]

Valid

* Lü
* Azuma
* et al.[CAL 3]

early Late Cretaceous

Fangyang Formation

* China

A titanosauriform.

Duriavenator[53]

Valid

* Benson

Bajocian

Dorset

* United Kingdom

A megalosaurid.

| Duriavenator

Eocarcharia[54]

Valid

* Sereno
* Brusatte

Aptian/Albian

Elrhaz Formation

* Niger

A carcharodontosaurid.

| Eocarcharia

Eomamenchisaurus[55]

Valid

* Lü
* Li
* et al.[CAL 4]

Middle Jurassic

Zhanghe Formation

* China

A mamenchisaurid.

Epidexipteryx[56]

Valid

* Zhang
* Zhou
* et al.[CAL 5]

Late Jurassic

Daohugou Beds

* China

An avialian.

| Epidexipteryx

Gobiceratops[57]

Valid

* Alifanov

Late Cretaceous

Baruungoyot Formation

* Mongolia

Possible junior synonym of Bagaceratops.

Kryptops[54]

Valid

* Sereno
* Brusatte

Aptian/Albian

Elrhaz Formation

* Niger

An abelisaurid.

| Kryptops

Loricatosaurus[58]

Valid

* Maidment
* Norman
* et al.[CAL 6]

Callovian

|  |

* England
* France

A stegosaurid.

Microceratus[51]

Nomen dubium

* Mateus

Campanian

|  |

* China

Orkoraptor[59]

Valid

* Novas
* Ezcurra
* Lecuona

Maastrichtian

Pari Aike Formation

* Argentina

A neovenatorid.

| Orkoraptor

Peloroplites[60]

Valid

* Carpenter
* Bartlett
* et al.[CAL 7]

Lower Cretaceous

Cedar Mountain Formation

* USA

A nodosaurid ankylosaur.

Pitekunsaurus[61]

Valid

* Filippi
* Garrido

Campanian

Anacleto Formation

* Argentina

A titanosaur.

Qingxiusaurus[62]

Valid

* Mo
* Huang
* et al.[CAL 8]

Late Cretaceous

|  |

* China

A titanosaur.

Sahaliyania[63]

Valid

* Godefroit
* Hai
* et al.[CAL 9]

Maastrichtian

Yuliangze Formation

* China

A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid.

Similicaudipteryx[64]

Valid

* He
* Wang
* Zhou

Aptian

Jiufotang Formation

* China

A caudipterid oviraptorosaur.

| Similicaudipteryx

Tastavinsaurus[65]

Valid

* Canudo
* Royo-Torres
* Cuenca-Bescós

Aptian

Xert Formation

* Spain

A titanosauriform. Lurasiformes.

| Tastavinsaurus

Uberabatitan[66]

Valid

* Salgado
* Carvalho

Upper Cretaceous

Marília Formation

* Brazil

A titanosaur.

| Tethyshadros

Wulagasaurus[63]

Valid

* Godefroit
* Hai
* et al.[CAL 9]

Maastrichtian

Yuliangze Formation

* China

A saurolophine hadrosaurid.

#### Newly named birds

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Aegolius martae[67]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Marco Pavia

Early/Middle Pleistocene

Sicily

Italy:

Sicily

A Strigidae.

Bermuteo avivorus[68]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Late Pleistocene

|  |

Bermuda

An Accipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Bountyphaps obsoleta[69]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Graham M. Wragg

Subrecent

Henderson Island

Pitcairn

A Columbidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Calonectris wingatei[70]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Middle Pleistocene

|  |

Bermuda

A Procellariidae.

Caracara tellustris[71]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

|  |

Jamaica

A Falconidae.

Cathayornis chabuensis[72]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Li Jianjun

Li Zhiheng

Zhang Yuguang

Zhou Zhonghe

Bai Zhiqiang

Zhang Lifu

Ba Tuya

Early Cretaceous

Jinchuan Formation

China

A Cathayornithidae Zhou, Jin et Zhang, 2006, Enantiornithes Walker, 1981.

Certhiops rummeli[73]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Albrecht Manegold

Early Miocene

MN 3

Germany:

Bavaria

A Certhioidea, this is the type species of the new genus.

Didactylornis jii[74]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Yuan Chongxi

Lower Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

China

Basal pygostylia, Sapeornithidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Enantiophoenix electrophyla[75]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Andrea Cau

Paolo Arduini

Upper Cretaceous

|  |

Lebanon

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Avisauridae Brett-Surman et Paul, 1985, this is the type species of the new genus.

Eoconfuciusornis zhengi[76]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Fucheng Zhang

Zhonghe Zhou

Michael Benton

Lower Cretaceous

Dabeigou Formation

China

A Primitive Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995, this is the type species of the new genus.

Ephippiorhynchus tchoufour[77]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Antoine Louchart

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Patrick Vignaud

Androssa Likius

Michel Brunet

Late Miocene

ca 7 Ma

Chad

A Ciconiidae.

Eurotrochilus noniewiczi[78]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zygmunt Bochenski

Zbigniew Bochenski

Early Oligocene

Late Rupelian

Poland

A new European species of the Trochilidae.

Foudia delloni[79]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Anthony S. Cheke

Julian P. Hume

Subrecent

Not seen since 1672

Réunion

The original Foudia from Réunion.

Hokkaidornis abashiriensis[80]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Kazuhiko Sakurai

Masaichi Kimura

Takayuki Katoh

Late Oligocene

Tokoro Formation

Japan

A Plotopteridae Howard, 1969, this is the type species of the new genus.

Jabiru codorensis[81]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Stig A. Walsh

Rodolfo Sánchez

Early Pliocene

Codore Formation,

Middle El Jebe Member

Venezuela

A Ciconiidae.

Leptoptilos patagonicus[82]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jorge I. Noriega

Gerardo Cladera

Late Miocene

Puerto Madryn Formation

Argentina

A Ciconiidae.

Manuherikia douglasi[83]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Alan J. D. Tennyson

Suzanne J. Hand

R. Paul Scofield

Early-Middle Miocene

Bannockburn Formation

New Zealand

An Anatidae, Anserinae.

Megadyptes waitaha[84]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Sanne Boessenkool

Jeremy J. Austin

Trevor H. Worthy

R. Paul Scofield

Alan Cooper

Philip J. Seddon

Jonathan M. Waters

Late Holocene

Subrecent

New Zealand

A Spheniscidae, when it became extinct it made room for Megadyptes antipodes.

Mopsitta tanta[85]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

David W. Waterhouse

Bent E. K, Lindow

Nikita V. Zelenkov

Gareth J. Dyke

Early Eocene,

Ypresian

Fur Formation

Denmark

Described in the Psittaciformes, Gerald Mayr, 2009 sees no reasons to place the species in Psittaciformes.

Palaeortyx volans[86]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Ursula B. Göhlich

Marco Pavia

Neogene

Gargano

Italy

A Phasianidae.

Pelagornis mauretanicus[87]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cécille Mourer-Chauviré

Denis Geraads

Late Pliocene

Ahl al Oughlam

Morocco

A Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888.

Pengornis houi[88]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Zhou Zhonghe

Julia A. Clarke

Zhang Fucheng

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

China

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, this is the type species of the new genus and the type genus of the new family Pengornithidae Wang, O'Connor, Zheng, Wang, Hu et Zhou, 2014.

Phaethusavis pelagicus[89]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Estelle Bourdon

Mbarek Amaghzaz

Baâdi Bouya

Early Eocene

Early Ypresian

Morocco

A Phaethontidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Pleistovultur nevesi[90]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga

Guilherme R. R. Brito

Rafael Migotto

Alex Hubbe

Elizabeth Höfling

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

|  |

Brazil

A Cathartidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Thomasococcyx philohippus[91]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

David W. Steadman

Early Miocene

Hemingfordian LMA

USA:

Florida

A Cuculidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Tirarinetta kanunka[92]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Pliocene

Tirari Formation

Australia

South Australia

An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Zhongornis haoae[93]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Gao Chunling

Luis M. Chiappe

Meng Qinjing

Jingmai O'Connor

Wang Xuri

Cheng Xiaodong

Liu Jinyuan

Lower Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

Basal Aves, this is the type species of the new genus.

Zygodactylus luberonensis[94]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Early Oligocene

MP 23-24

France

A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, ?Piciformes.

### Other publications

[edit]

* Hutchinson, J.R., Miller, C., Fritsch, G., and Hildebrandt, T. 2008. The anatomical foundation for multidisciplinary studies of animal limb function: examples from dinosaur and elephant limb imaging studies; pp. 23–38 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.
* Witmer, L.M., Ridgely, R.C., Dufeau, D.L., and Semones, M.C. 2008. Using CR to peer into the past: 3D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs; pp. 67–88 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.

## Turtles

[edit]

### Newly named turtles

[edit]

Currently valid turtle genera named in 2008

Name  | Status  | Location  | Authors  | Images
Condorchelys[95] | Valid taxon  |  Argentina |

* Sterli

Kharakhutulia[96] | Valid taxon  |  Mongolia |

* Sukhanov, Danilov & Syromyatnikova

Odontochelys[97] | Valid taxon  |  China |

* Li et al.

| Odontochelys

## Squamates

[edit]

### new taxa

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Itaboraiophis[98]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Rage

Middle Paleocene

|  |

Brazil

A "booid"-grade snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Itaboraiophis depressus.

Kuwajimalla[99]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Evans & Manabe

Early Cretaceous (Valanginian to Hauterivian)

Kuwajima Formation

Japan

A polyglyphanodontian lizard. The type species is Kuwajimalla kagaensis.

Merkurosaurus[100]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Klembara

Early Miocene

|  |

Czech Republic

A member of Anguimorpha, might be related to the Chinese crocodile lizard. The type species is Merkurosaurus ornatus.

Ovoo[101]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Norell, Gao, & Conrad

Late Cretaceous

near Ukhaa Tolgod

Mongolia

one of the oldest monitor lizards

Paraungaliophis[98]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Rage

Middle Paleocene

|  |

Brazil

A snake related to members of the genus Ungaliophis. The type species is Paraungaliophis pricei.

Paulacoutophis[98]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Rage

Middle Paleocene

|  |

Brazil

A booid-grade snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Paulacoutophis perplexus.

Prognathodon kianda[102]

sp nov

Valid

Schulp et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

|  |

Angola

A mosasaur.

Selmasaurus johnsoni[103]

sp nov

Valid

Polcyn & Everhart

Late Cretaceous (early Santonian)

Niobrara Chalk

United States

A mosasaur.

Taniwhasaurus mikasaensis[104]

sp nov

Valid

Caldwell, Konishi, Obata, & Muramoto

upper Santonian-lower Campanian

|  |

Japan

Third identified species for the genus Taniwhasaurus

Tianyusaurus[105]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Lü et al.

Late Cretaceous

Qiupa Formation

China

A polyglyphanodontian lizard. The type species is Tianyusaurus zhengi.

Tinosaurus indicus[106]

Sp nov

Valid

Prasad & Bajpai

Early Eocene

Cambay Shale

India

An agamid lizard, a species of Tinosaurus.

Vallecillosaurus[107]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Smith & Buchy

Late Cretaceous (early Turonian)

Agua Nueva Formation

Mexico

A member of Mosasauroidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Vallecillosaurus donrobertoi.

Vastanagama[106]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Prasad & Bajpai

Early Eocene

Cambay Shale

India

An agamid lizard. The type species is Vastanagama susani.

### New papers

[edit]

* Everhart, M.J. (2008). "A bitten skull of Tylosaurus kansasensis (Squamata: Mosasauridae) and a review of mosasaur-on-mosasaur pathology in the fossil record". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 111 (3/4): 251–262\. doi:10.1660/0022-8443-111.3.251. S2CID 85647383.
* Everhart, M.J. 2008. The mosasaurs of George F. Sternberg, paleontologist and fossil photographer. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 37–46.
* Polcyn, M.J. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. Description and phylogenetic analysis of a new species of Selmasaurus (Mosasauridae: Plioplatecarpinae) from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 13–28.
* Polcyn, M.J., Bell, G.L., Jr., Shimada, K. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. The oldest North American mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and Texas with comments on the radiation of major mosasaur clades. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 137–155.
* Everhart, M.J. 2008. Rare occurrence of a Globidens sp. (Reptilia; Mosasauridae) dentary in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Middle Campanian) of Western Kansas. p. 23-29 in Farley G. H. and Choate, J.R. (eds.), Unlocking the Unknown; Papers Honoring Dr. Richard Zakrzewski, Fort Hays Studies, Special Issue No. 2, 153 p., Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS.

## Sauropterygians

[edit]

### New taxa

[edit]

|  |

|
|

| Name  | Status  | Authors  | Notes

|
|
|

Glyphoderma[108]

Valid

Zhao et al.

|  |

Nichollsia

renamed

Druckenmiller Russell

|  |

Nichollsia preoccupied by a genus of isopod, renamed in 2009 to Nichollssaura

Occitanosaurus

Synonym

Bardet Fernandez Garcia-Ramos Superbiola Pinuela Ruiz-Omenaca Vincent

|  | Junior Synonym of Microcleidus.

Wumengosaurus[109]

Valid

Jiang et al.

|  |
|  |

## Synapsids

[edit]

### Non-mammalian

[edit]

Name  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Alrausuchus[110]

Valid

* Ivakhnenko

Middle Permian

|  |

Russia

A new genus for "Biarmosuchus" tagax

Megawhaitsia[111]

Valid

* Ivakhnenko

Upper Permian

|  |

Russia

### Mammal

[edit]

Newly named mammals

Name  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Unit  | Location  | Notes  | Images

Albireo savagei[112]

Valid

* Barnes

Late Pliocene

Pismo Formation

* United States ( California)

A member of Delphinoidea belonging to the family Albireonidae, a species of Albireo.

Cantalera[113]

Valid

* Badiola
* Canudo
* Cuenca-Bescós

Early Cretaceous (late Hauterivian-early Barremian)

|  |

* Spain

A multituberculate belonging to the family Pinheirodontidae. The type species is C. abadi.

Crenatocetus[114]

Valid

* McLeod
* Barnes

Eocene

|  |

* United States ( North Carolina)

A member of Protocetidae. The type species is Crenatocetus rayi.

Cynarctoides whistleri[115]

Valid

* Wang
* Tedford

Hemingfordian

|  |

* United States ( California and  Texas)

A member of Canidae belonging to the subfamily Borophaginae, a species of Cynarctoides.

Diceratherium radtkei[116]

Valid

* Prothero
* Rasmussen

Arikareean

Cabbage Patch beds
Harrison Formation
Sharps Formation

* United States ( South Dakota,  Montana and  Nebraska)

Djourabus[117]

Valid

* Peigné et al.

Late Miocene

|  |

* Chad

A member of Mustelidae belonging to the subfamily Lutrinae. The type species is D. dabba.

Floridameryx[118]

Valid

* Webb

Late Miocene to earliest Pliocene

|  |

* United States ( Florida and  New Mexico)

A member of Gelocidae belonging to the subfamily Pseudoceratinae. The type species is F. floridanus; genus also includes "Pseudoceras" klausi Frick (1937).

Fossendorhinus[119]

Valid

* Mihlbachler

Uintan

|  |  |

A member of Brontotheriidae; a new genus for "Telmatherium" diploconus Osborn (1895)

Fredszalaya[120]

Valid

* Shockey
* Anaya

Late Oligocene

|  |

* Bolivia

A member of Borhyaenidae. The type species is Fredszalaya hunteri.

Glibia namibiesis[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

A rodent belonging to the family Zegdoumyidae, a species of Glibia.

Merycopotamus thachangensis[122]

Valid

* Hanta
* Ratanasthien
* Kunimatsu
* Saegusa
* Nakaya
* Nagaoka
* Jintasakul

Late Miocene

|  |

* Thailand

Metalopex[123]

Valid

* Tedford
* Wang

Late Clarendonian to early Hemphillian

Ash Hollow Formation
Kern River Formation
Rattlesnake Formation
Thousand Creek Formation

* United States ( Arizona,  California,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Texas,  Idaho and  Oregon)

A fox. The type species is Metalopex merriami.

Mioheteromys crowderensis[124]

Valid

* Lindsay
* Reynolds

Late Hemingfordian to Barstovian

Barstow Formation
Crowder Formation

* United States

A rodent belonging to the family Heteromyidae, a species of Mioheteromys.

Namahyrax[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

A hyrax. The type species is Namahyrax corvus.

Namaia[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

Probably a member of the family Adapidae.[125] The type species is Namaia bogenfelsi. The generic name turned out to be preoccupied; Pickford and Uhen (2014) created a replacement name Notnamaia.[126]

Namalestes[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

A member of Cimolesta belonging to the family Todralestidae. The type species is Namalestes gheerbranti.

Namatherium[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

An embrithopod. The type species is Namatherium blackcrowense.

Nasamplus[119]

Valid

* Mihlbachler

Late Eocene (Ulangochuian)

|  |  |

A member of Brontotheriidae; a new genus for "Metatitan" progressus Granger and Gregory (1943).

Pollyosbornia[119]

Valid

* Mihlbachler

Uintan

Uinta Formation

* United States ( Wyoming)

A member of Brontotheriidae; a new genus for "Telmatherium" altidens Osborn (1908).

Prepomonomys[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

A rodent belonging to the family Diamantomyidae. The type species is Prepomonomys bogenfelsi.

Proadinotherium saltoni[120]

Valid

* Shockey
* Anaya

Late Oligocene

|  |

* Bolivia

A member of Toxodontidae, a species of Proadinotherium.

Siamoadapis[127]

Valid

* Chaimanee
* Yamee
* Tian
* Chavasseau
* Jaeger

Middle Miocene

|  |

* Thailand

|  |

Silicamys[121]

Valid

* Pickford
* Senut
* Morales
* Mein
* Sanchez

Eocene (Lutetian)

|  |

* Namibia

A rodent belonging to the family Myophiomyidae. The type species is Silicamys cingulatus.

Sivaonyx beyi[117]

Valid

* Peigné et al.

Late Miocene

|  |

* Chad

A member of Mustelidae belonging to the subfamily Lutrinae.

Stenomylus taylori[128]

Valid

* Cassiliano

Miocene (Hemingfordian)

Zia Formation

* United States ( New Mexico)

A camelid.

Teilhardina magnoliana[129]

Valid

* Beard

Early Eocene

Tuscahoma Formation

* United States ( Mississippi)

Wickia[119]

Valid

* Mihlbachler

Uintan

Sand Wash Basin
Washakie Formation

* United States ( Colorado)

A member of Brontotheriidae. The type species is Wickia brevirhinus.

## Related happenings in geology

[edit]

[130]

## Footnotes

[edit]

* Paleontology portal
* History of science portal

### Complete author list

[edit]

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

1. ^ Novas, Pol, Canale, Porfiri, Calvo.
2. ^ You, Li, Zhou, Ji.
3. ^ Lü, Azuma, Chen, Zheng, Jin.
4. ^ Lü, Li, Zhong, Ji, Li.
5. ^ Zhang, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Sullivan.
6. ^ Maidment, Norman, Barrett, Upchurch.
7. ^ Carpenter, Bartlett, Bird, Barrick.
8. ^ Mo, Huang, Zhao, Wang, Xu.
9. ^ a b Godefroit, Hai, Yu, Lauters.

### References

[edit]

1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
2. ^ a b Poinar, G. (2008). "Lutzomyia adiketis sp. n. (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a vector of Paleoleishmania neotropicum sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors. 1 (1) 22. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-22. PMC 2491605. PMID 18627624.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, I.M.; Hickey, L.J. (2008). "The Fossil Flora of the Winthrop Formation (Albian–Early Cretaceous) of Washington State, USA. Part I: Bryophyta and Pteridophytina". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 49 (2): 135–180\. doi:10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.135.
4. ^ Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. (2008). "The Eocene mystery flower of McAbee, British Columbia". Botany. 86 (9): 1034–1038\. doi:10.1139/B08-044.
5. ^ Mohr, B.A.R.; Bernardes-de-Oliveira, M.E.C.; Taylor, D.W. (2008). "Pluricarpellatia, a nymphaealean angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous of northern Gondwana (Crato Formation, Brazil)". Taxon. 57 (4): 1147–1158\. doi:10.1002/tax.574009.
6. ^ a b Herrera, F.A.; Jaramillo, C.A.; Dilcher, D.L.; Wing, S.L.; Gómez-N, C. (2007). "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia". American Journal of Botany. 95 (12): 1569–1583\. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172. PMID 21628164. S2CID 207654872.
7. ^ a b Briggs, Derek E. G.; Lieberman, Bruce S.; Hendricks, Jonathan R.; Halgedahl, Susan L.; Jarrard, Richard D. (2008). "Middle Cambrian arthropods from Utah". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 238. Bibcode:2008JPal...82..238B. doi:10.1666/06-086.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 31568651.
8. ^ Poinar, G. O. Jr (2008). "Palaeosiro burmanicum n. gen., n. sp., a fossil Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sironidae) in early Cretaceous Burmese amber". Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology. Papers dedicated to Prof. Dr. Božidar Ćurčić. 12: 267–274.
9. ^ Schram, Frederick R. (2008). "An Adjustment to the Higher Taxonomy of the Fossil Stomatopoda". Crustaceana. 81 (6): 751–754\. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20111439.
10. ^ Dlussky, G. M. (2008). "Ants of the tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene amber of Europe". Paleontological Journal. 42 (5): 500–513\. Bibcode:2008PalJ...42..500D. doi:10.1134/S0031030108050055. S2CID 84151414.
11. ^ Dlussky, G. M. (2008). "New species of ants of the genus Dolichoderus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe". Vestnik Zoologii. 42 (6): 497–514.
12. ^ Azar, D.; Nel, A. (2008). "First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. New Series. 44 (4): 451–457\. doi:10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580. S2CID 86072971. – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)
13. ^ a b Perrichot, V.; Nel, A. (2008). "Eocene bethylid wasps from French amber (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 248: 91–101\. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0091.
14. ^ a b Li, Y-L.; Ren, D.; Shih, C-K (2008). "Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1929: 38–46\. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1929.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.
15. ^ a b Perrichot, V.; Nel, A.; Néraudeau, D.; Lacau, S.; Guyot, T. (2008). "New fossil ants in French Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 95 (2): 91–97\. Bibcode:2008NW.....95...91P. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0302-7. PMID 17828384. S2CID 19130572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-25.
16. ^ a b Jepson, J.E.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2008). "Two new species of snakefly (Insecta:Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Spain with a review of other fossil raphidiopterans from the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition" (PDF). Alavesia. 2: 193–201\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
17. ^ a b Norman F. Johnson; Luciana Musetti; Lubomír Masner (2008). "The Cretaceous scelionid genus Proteroscelio Brues (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3603): 1–7\. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3603[1:TCSGPB]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5907. S2CID 67766290.
18. ^ Ren, D.; Nel, A.; Prokop, J. (2008). "New early griffenfly, Sinomeganeura huangheensis from the Late Carboniferous of northern China (Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)" (PDF). Insect Systematics & Evolution. 38 (2): 223–229\. doi:10.1163/187631208788784075. ISSN 1399-560X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24.
19. ^ Woodruff, R.E. (2009). "A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". Insecta Mundi. 0098: 1–10.
20. ^ Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. (2008). "A termite bug in Early Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic (Hemiptera: Termitaphididae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3619): 1–10\. doi:10.1206/610.1. hdl:2246/5921. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-03.
21. ^ Jing Lu; Min Zhu (2008). "An Early Devonian (Pragian) sarcopterygian from Zhaotong, Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (3): 161–170\. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2008.03.001.
22. ^ John A. Long; Brian Choo; Gavin C. Young (2008). "A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone of Antarctica". Antarctic Science. 20 (4): 393–412\. Bibcode:2008AntSc..20..393L. doi:10.1017/S0954102008001144. S2CID 130818552.
23. ^ Gary T. Takeuchi; Richard W. Huddleston (2008). "Genyonemus whistleri new species, a late Miocene sciaenid fish from California". In Xiaoming Wang; Lawrence G. Barnes (eds.). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 279–291\. ISBN 978-1-891276-27-9.
24. ^ a b Hilton, E. J.; Grande, L. (2008). "Fossil Mooneyes (Teleostei: Hiodontiformes, Hiodontidae) from the Eocene of western North America, with a reassessment of their taxonomy". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 221–251\. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..221H. doi:10.1144/sp295.13. S2CID 128680041.
25. ^ Tuo Qiao; Min Zhu (2008). "A new species of Dipnoi (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (1): 71–80\. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2008.01.007.
26. ^ Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard (2008-12-12). "A basal elasmobranch, Thrinacoselache gracia n. gen and sp., (Thrinacodontidae, new family) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Serpukhovian of Montana, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 970–988\. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28..970G. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.970. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84735866.
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