2010s global surveillance disclosures

Disclosures of NSA and related global espionage

For earlier global surveillance disclosures, see Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013).

Part of a series on

Global surveillance
Disclosures

* Origins
* Pre-2013
* 2013–present
* Reactions

Systems

* List of government mass surveillance projects
* XKeyscore
* PRISM
* ECHELON
* Sentient
* Carnivore
* Dishfire
* Stone Ghost
* Tempora
* Frenchelon
* Fairview
* MYSTIC
* DCSN
* Boundless Informant
* Bullrun
* Pinwale
* Stingray
* SORM
* RAMPART-A
* Mastering the Internet
* Jindalee Operational Radar Network

Selected agencies

* FVEY
* ASD
* CSE
* GCSB
* GCHQ
* NSA
* BND
* BSSN
* CNI
* DIH
* DGSE
* KGB
* MSS
* JSCU
* Spetssvyaz
* Unit 8200

Places

* The Doughnut
* Fort Meade
* Menwith Hill
* Pine Gap
* Southern Cross Cable
* Utah Data Center
* Bad Aibling Station
* Dagger Complex
* GCHQ Bude

Laws

* Five Eyes
* UKUSA Agreement
* Lustre
* U.S.
* USA Freedom Act
* FISA amendments
* EU
* Data Retention Directive
* Data Protection Directive
* GDPR
* China
* National Intelligence Law
* Cybersecurity Law
* UK
* Investigatory Powers Act 2016

Proposed changes

* U.S.
* FISA Improvements Act
* Other proposals

Concepts

* Mass surveillance
* Corporate
* Industry
* Culture of fear
* Secure communication
* Security sector governance and reform
* SIGINT
* Call detail record
* Surveillance issues in smart cities

Related topics

* Intelligence field
* Espionage
* Intelligence agency
* Cryptography
* Tor
* VPNs
* TLS
* Human rights
* Privacy
* Liberty
* Satellites
* Stop Watching Us
* Nothing to hide argument

* v
* t
* e

National Security Agency surveillance

Map of global NSA data collection as of 2007[update], with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red

Programs

Pre-1978

* ECHELON
* MINARET
* SHAMROCK
* PROMIS

Since 1978

* Upstream collection
* BLARNEY
* FAIRVIEW
* Main Core
* ThinThread
* Genoa

Since 1990

* RAMPART-A

Since 1998

* Tailored Access Operations

Since 2001

* OAKSTAR
* STORMBREW
* Trailblazer
* Turbulence
* Genoa II
* Total Information Awareness
* President's Surveillance Program
* Terrorist Surveillance Program

Since 2007

* PRISM
* Dropmire
* Stateroom
* Bullrun
* MYSTIC

Databases, tools etc.

* PINWALE
* MARINA
* Main Core
* MAINWAY
* TRAFFICTHIEF
* DISHFIRE
* XKeyscore
* ICREACH
* BOUNDLESSINFORMANT

GCHQ collaboration

* MUSCULAR
* Tempora

Legislation

* Safe Streets Act
* Privacy Act of 1974
* FISA
* ECPA
* Patriot Act
* Homeland Security Act
* Protect America Act of 2007
* FISA Amendments Act of 2008

Institutions

* FISC
* Senate Intelligence Committee
* National Security Council

Lawsuits

* ACLU v. NSA
* Hepting v. AT&T
* Jewel v. NSA
* Clapper v. Amnesty
* Klayman v. Obama
* ACLU v. Clapper
* Wikimedia v. NSA
* US v. Moalin

Whistleblowers

* William Binney
* Thomas Drake
* Mark Klein
* Thomas Tamm
* Russ Tice
* Edward Snowden

Publication

* 2005 warrantless surveillance scandal
* Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)

Related

* Cablegate
* Surveillance of reporters
* Mail tracking
* UN diplomatic spying
* Insider Threat Program
* Mass surveillance in the United States
* Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom

Concepts

* SIGINT
* Metadata

Collaboration

United States

* CSS
* CYBERCOM
* DOJ
* FBI
* CIA
* DHS
* IAO

Five Eyes

* CSEC
* GCHQ
* ASD
* GCSB

Other

* DGSE
* BND

* v
* t
* e

GCHQ surveillance

Programmes

* ECHELON
* IMP

Tempora
* Mastering the Internet
* Global Telecoms Exploitation

Related

* UN diplomatic spying

Concepts

* SIGINT
* Metadata

Collaboration

Five Eyes

* CSEC
* NSA
* DSD
* GCSB

* v
* t
* e

During the 2010s, international media reports revealed new operational details about the Anglophone cryptographic agencies' global surveillance[1] of both foreign and domestic nationals. The reports mostly relate to top secret documents leaked by ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden. The documents consist of intelligence files relating to the U.S. and other Five Eyes countries.[2] In June 2013, the first of Snowden's documents were published, with further selected documents released to various news outlets through the year.

These media reports disclosed several secret treaties signed by members of the UKUSA community in their efforts to implement global surveillance. For example, Der Spiegel revealed how the German Federal Intelligence Service (German: Bundesnachrichtendienst; BND) transfers "massive amounts of intercepted data to the NSA",[3] while Swedish Television revealed the National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) provided the NSA with data from its cable collection, under a secret agreement signed in 1954 for bilateral cooperation on surveillance.[4] Other security and intelligence agencies involved in the practice of global surveillance include those in Australia (ASD), Britain (GCHQ), Canada (CSE), Denmark (PET), France (DGSE), Germany (BND), Italy (AISE), the Netherlands (AIVD), Norway (NIS), Spain (CNI), Switzerland (NDB), Singapore (SID) as well as Israel (ISNU), which receives raw, unfiltered data of U.S. citizens from the NSA.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

On June 14, 2013, United States prosecutors charged Edward Snowden with espionage and theft of government property. In late July 2013, he was granted a one-year temporary asylum by the Russian government,[13] contributing to a deterioration of Russia–United States relations.[14][15] Toward the end of October 2013, British prime minister David Cameron warned The Guardian not to publish any more leaks, or it will receive a DA-Notice.[16] In November 2013, a criminal investigation of the disclosure was undertaken by Britain's Metropolitan Police Service.[17] In December 2013, The Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger said: "We have published I think 26 documents so far out of the 58,000 we've seen."[18]

The extent to which the media reports responsibly informed the public is disputed. In January 2014, Obama said that "the sensational way in which these disclosures have come out has often shed more heat than light"[19] and critics such as Sean Wilentz have noted that many of the Snowden documents do not concern domestic surveillance.[20] The US & British Defense establishment weigh the strategic harm in the period following the disclosures more heavily than their civic public benefit. In its first assessment of these disclosures, the Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest "theft" of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States.[21] Sir David Omand, a former director of GCHQ, described Snowden's disclosure as the "most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever".[22]

## Background

[edit]

Snowden obtained the documents while working for Booz Allen Hamilton, one of the largest contractors for defense and intelligence in the United States.[2] The initial simultaneous publication in June 2013 by The Washington Post and The Guardian[23] continued throughout 2013. A small portion of the estimated full cache of documents was later published by other media outlets worldwide, most notably The New York Times (United States), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Der Spiegel (Germany), O Globo (Brazil), Le Monde (France), L'espresso (Italy), NRC Handelsblad (the Netherlands), Dagbladet (Norway), El País (Spain), and Sveriges Television (Sweden).[24]

Barton Gellman, a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist who led The Washington Post's coverage of Snowden's disclosures, summarized the leaks as follows:

> Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system that cast off many of its historical restraints after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Secret legal authorities empowered the NSA to sweep in the telephone, Internet and location records of whole populations.

— The Washington Post[25]

The disclosure revealed specific details of the NSA's close cooperation with U.S. federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)[26][27] and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),[28][29] in addition to the agency's previously undisclosed financial payments to numerous commercial partners and telecommunications companies,[30][31][32] as well as its previously undisclosed relationships with international partners such as Britain,[33][34] France,[10][35] Germany,[3][36] and its secret treaties with foreign governments that were recently established for sharing intercepted data of each other's citizens.[5][37][38][39] The disclosures were made public over the course of several months since June 2013, by the press in several nations from the trove leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden,[40] who obtained the trove while working for Booz Allen Hamilton.[2]

George Brandis, the Attorney-General of Australia, asserted that Snowden's disclosure is the "most serious setback for Western intelligence since the Second World War."[41]

### Global surveillance

[edit]

Main article: Global surveillance

As of December 2013[update], global surveillance programs include:

Global surveillance programs  Program  | International contributors and/or partners  | Commercial partners

|
|

PRISM |

* Australian Signals Directorate (ASD/DSD) of Australia[42]
* Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) of the UK[43]
* Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD) of the Netherlands[44]

* Microsoft[26][45][46] and its subsidiaries Skype[47] and Hotmail[47]
* Facebook[48]
* Apple[48]
* Google[48] and its subsidiary YouTube
* Yahoo[47]
* PalTalk[47]
* AOL[47]

XKeyscore |

* Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) of Germany[3][49]
* Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) of Germany[3][49]
* National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) of Sweden[50][51]

Tempora |

* National Security Agency (NSA)[52][53]

* British Telecommunications (codenamed "Remedy")[54]
* Interoute (codenamed "Streetcar")[54]
* Level 3 (codenamed "Little")[54]
* Global Crossing (codenamed "Pinnage")[54]
* Verizon Business (codenamed "Dacron")[54]
* Viatel (codenamed "Vitreous")[54]
* Vodafone Cable (codenamed "Gerontic")[54]

MUSCULAR |

* NSA[55]

Project 6 |

* Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[56]

Stateroom |

* DSD[57][58]
* Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC)[58][59]
* GCHQ[58][60]
* Special Collection Service (SCS)[58][60][61]

Lustre |

* NSA[62][63]
* Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) of France[62][63]

The NSA was also getting data directly from telecommunications companies code-named Artifice (Verizon), Lithium (AT&T), Serenade, SteelKnight, and X. The real identities of the companies behind these code names were not included in the Snowden document dump because they were protected as Exceptionally Controlled Information which prevents wide circulation even to those (like Snowden) who otherwise have the necessary security clearance.[64][65]

### Disclosures

[edit]

Although the exact size of Snowden's disclosure remains unknown, the following estimates have been put up by various government officials:

* At least 15,000 Australian intelligence files, according to Australian officials[41]
* At least 58,000 British intelligence files, according to British officials[66]
* About 1.7 million U.S. intelligence files, according to U.S. Department of Defense talking points[21][67]

As a contractor of the NSA, Snowden was granted access to U.S. government documents along with top secret documents of several allied governments, via the exclusive Five Eyes network.[68] Snowden claims that he currently does not physically possess any of these documents, having surrendered all copies to journalists he met in Hong Kong.[69]

According to his lawyer, Snowden has pledged not to release any documents while in Russia, leaving the responsibility for further disclosures solely to journalists.[70] As of 2014, the following news outlets have accessed some of the documents provided by Snowden: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Channel 4, Der Spiegel, El País, El Mundo, L'espresso, Le Monde, NBC, NRC Handelsblad, Dagbladet, O Globo, South China Morning Post, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Sveriges Television, The Guardian, The New York Times, and The Washington Post.

### Historical context

[edit]

Main article: Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)

In the 1970s, NSA analyst Perry Fellwock (under the pseudonym "Winslow Peck") revealed the existence of the UKUSA Agreement, which forms the basis of the ECHELON network, whose existence was revealed in 1988 by Lockheed employee Margaret Newsham.[71][72] Months before the September 11 attacks and during its aftermath, further details of the global surveillance apparatus were provided by various individuals such as the former MI5 official David Shayler and the journalist James Bamford,[73][74] who were followed by:

* NSA employees William Binney and Thomas Andrews Drake, who revealed that the NSA is rapidly expanding its surveillance[75][76]
* GCHQ employee Katharine Gun, who revealed a plot to bug UN delegates shortly before the Iraq War[77]
* British Cabinet Minister Clare Short, who revealed in 2004 that the UK had spied on UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan[78]
* Justice Department lawyer Thomas Tamm,[79] who triggered the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy after revealing that the Bush Administration had spied on U.S. citizens without court approval.[80] Russell Tice, who was dismissed from his job a space systems specialist at the NSA, was subpoenaed before a grand jury to testify about the NSA's domestice surveillance program.[81]
* Journalist Leslie Cauley of USA Today, who revealed in 2006 that the NSA is keeping a massive database of Americans' phone calls[82]
* AT&T employee Mark Klein, who revealed in 2006 the existence of Room 641A of the NSA[83]
* Activists Julian Assange and Chelsea Manning, who revealed in 2011 the existence of the mass surveillance industry[84]
* Journalist Michael Hastings, who revealed in 2012 that protestors of the Occupy Wall Street movement were kept under surveillance[85]

In the aftermath of Snowden's revelations, The Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest theft of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States.[21] In Australia, the coalition government described the leaks as the most damaging blow dealt to Australian intelligence in history.[41] Sir David Omand, a former director of GCHQ, described Snowden's disclosure as the "most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever".[22]

## Timeline of disclosures

[edit]

In this section, disclosures of information are listed in the order in which they were published by a public-facing media source. Much of the information disclosed concerned programs whose existences precede their discovery by many number of years, but whose finding had occurred much later. Due to government orders of prior restraint, such as those imposed by the David Cameron administration,[16] journalistically exposed information only represents a small portion of the information within the source documents themselves.

For the main article chronicling a timeline of global surveillance disclosures from 2013 to the present day, see: Timeline of global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)

The Mira hotel in Hong Kong, where Edward Snowden hosted his first meeting with Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, and journalist Ewen MacAskill of The Guardian[86]

In April 2012, NSA contractor Edward Snowden began downloading documents.[87] That year, Snowden had made his first contact with journalist Glenn Greenwald, then employed by The Guardian, and he contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013.[88][89]

### 2013

[edit]

#### May

[edit]

In May 2013, Snowden went on temporary leave from his position at the NSA, citing the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy. He traveled from Hawaii to Hong Kong at the end of May.[90][91] Greenwald, Poitras and The Guardian's defence and intelligence correspondent Ewen MacAskill flew to Hong Kong for meeting Snowden.

#### June

[edit]

After the U.S.-based editor of The Guardian, Janine Gibson, held several meetings in New York City, she decided that Greenwald, Poitras and the Guardian's defence and intelligence correspondent Ewen MacAskill would fly to Hong Kong to meet Snowden. On June 5, in the first media report based on the leaked material,[92] The Guardian exposed a top secret court order showing that the NSA had collected phone records from over 120 million Verizon subscribers.[93] Under the order, the numbers of both parties on a call, as well as the location data, unique identifiers, time of call, and duration of call were handed over to the FBI, which turned over the records to the NSA.[93] According to The Wall Street Journal, the Verizon order is part of a controversial data program, which seeks to stockpile records on all calls made in the U.S., but does not collect information directly from T-Mobile US and Verizon Wireless, in part because of their foreign ownership ties.[94]

PRISM: a clandestine surveillance program under which the NSA collects user data from companies such as Facebook and Microsoft.

On June 6, 2013, the second media disclosure, the revelation of the PRISM surveillance program (which collects the e-mail, voice, text and video chats of foreigners and an unknown number of Americans from Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Yahoo, Apple and other tech giants),[95][96][97][98] was published simultaneously by The Guardian and The Washington Post.[86][99]

Slide from a 2008 NSA presentation about XKeyscore, showing a world map with the locations of XKeyscore servers

Der Spiegel revealed NSA spying on multiple diplomatic missions of the European Union and the United Nations Headquarters in New York.[100][101] During specific episodes within a four-year period, the NSA hacked several Chinese mobile-phone companies,[102] the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Tsinghua University in Beijing,[103] and the Asian fiber-optic network operator Pacnet.[104] Only Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK are explicitly exempted from NSA attacks, whose main target in the European Union is Germany.[105] A method of bugging encrypted fax machines used at an EU embassy is codenamed Dropmire.[106]

During the 2009 G-20 London summit, the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) intercepted the communications of foreign diplomats.[107] In addition, GCHQ has been intercepting and storing mass quantities of fiber-optic traffic via Tempora.[108] Two principal components of Tempora are called "Mastering the Internet" (MTI) and "Global Telecoms Exploitation".[109] The data is preserved for three days while metadata is kept for thirty days.[110] Data collected by the GCHQ under Tempora is shared with the National Security Agency in the United States.[109]

From 2001 to 2011, the NSA collected vast amounts of metadata records detailing the email and internet usage of Americans via Stellar Wind,[111] which was later terminated due to operational and resource constraints. It was subsequently replaced by newer surveillance programs such as ShellTrumpet, which "processed its one trillionth metadata record" by the end of December 2012.[112]

The NSA follows specific procedures to target non-U.S. persons[113] and to minimize data collection from U.S. persons.[114] These court-approved policies allow the NSA to:[115][116]

* keep data that could potentially contain details of U.S. persons for up to five years;
* retain and make use of "inadvertently acquired" domestic communications if they contain usable intelligence, information on criminal activity, threat of harm to people or property, are encrypted, or are believed to contain any information relevant to cybersecurity;
* preserve "foreign intelligence information" contained within attorney–client communications; and
* access the content of communications gathered from "U.S. based machine[s]" or phone numbers in order to establish if targets are located in the U.S., for the purposes of ceasing further surveillance.

According to Boundless Informant, over 97 billion pieces of intelligence were collected over a 30-day period ending in March 2013. Out of all 97 billion sets of information, about 3 billion data sets originated from U.S. computer networks[117] and around 500 million metadata records were collected from German networks.[118]

In August 2013, it was revealed that the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) of Germany transfers massive amounts of metadata records to the NSA.[119]

Der Spiegel disclosed that out of all 27 member states of the European Union, Germany is the most targeted due to the NSA's systematic monitoring and storage of Germany's telephone and Internet connection data. According to the magazine the NSA stores data from around half a billion communications connections in Germany each month. This data includes telephone calls, emails, mobile-phone text messages and chat transcripts.[120]

On June 11, 2013, The Guardian published a snapshot of the NSA's global map of electronic data collection for the month of March 2013. Known as the Boundless Informant, the program is used by the NSA to track the amount of data being analyzed over a specific period of time. The color scheme ranges from green (least subjected to surveillance) through yellow and orange to red (most surveillance). Outside the Middle East, only China, Germany, India, Kenya, Colombia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are colored orange or yellow

#### July

[edit]

The NSA gained massive amounts of information captured from the monitored data traffic in Europe. For example, in December 2012, the NSA gathered on an average day metadata from some 15 million telephone connections and 10 million Internet datasets. The NSA also monitored the European Commission in Brussels and monitored EU diplomatic Facilities in Washington and at the United Nations by placing bugs in offices as well as infiltrating computer networks.[121]

The U.S. government made as part of its UPSTREAM data collection program deals with companies to ensure that it had access to and hence the capability to surveil undersea fiber-optic cables which deliver e-mails, Web pages, other electronic communications and phone calls from one continent to another at the speed of light.[122][123]

According to the Brazilian newspaper O Globo, the NSA spied on millions of emails and calls of Brazilian citizens,[124][125] while Australia and New Zealand have been involved in the joint operation of the NSA's global analytical system XKeyscore.[126][127] Among the numerous allied facilities contributing to XKeyscore are four installations in Australia and one in New Zealand:

* Pine Gap near Alice Springs, Australia, which is partly operated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[127]
* The Shoal Bay Receiving Station near Darwin, Australia, is operated by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD)[127]
* The Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station near Geraldton, Australia, is operated by the ASD[127]
* HMAS Harman outside Canberra, Australia, is operated by the ASD[127]
* Waihopai Station near Blenheim, New Zealand, is operated by New Zealand's Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB)[127]

O Globo released an NSA document titled "Primary FORNSAT Collection Operations", which revealed the specific locations and codenames of the FORNSAT intercept stations in 2002.[128]

According to Edward Snowden, the NSA has established secret intelligence partnerships with many Western governments.[127] The Foreign Affairs Directorate (FAD) of the NSA is responsible for these partnerships, which, according to Snowden, are organized such that foreign governments can "insulate their political leaders" from public outrage in the event that these global surveillance partnerships are leaked.[129]

In an interview published by Der Spiegel, Snowden accused the NSA of being "in bed together with the Germans".[130] The NSA granted the German intelligence agencies BND (foreign intelligence) and BfV (domestic intelligence) access to its controversial XKeyscore system.[131] In return, the BND turned over copies of two systems named Mira4 and Veras, reported to exceed the NSA's SIGINT capabilities in certain areas.[3] Every day, massive amounts of metadata records are collected by the BND and transferred to the NSA via the Bad Aibling Station near Munich, Germany.[3] In December 2012 alone, the BND handed over 500 million metadata records to the NSA.[132][133]

In a document dated January 2013, the NSA acknowledged the efforts of the BND to undermine privacy laws:

> The BND has been working to influence the German government to relax interpretation of the privacy laws to provide greater opportunities of intelligence sharing.[133]

According to an NSA document dated April 2013, Germany has now become the NSA's "most prolific partner".[133] Under a section of a separate document leaked by Snowden titled "Success Stories", the NSA acknowledged the efforts of the German government to expand the BND's international data sharing with partners:

> The German government modifies its interpretation of the G-10 privacy law ... to afford the BND more flexibility in sharing protected information with foreign partners.[49]

In addition, the German government was well aware of the PRISM surveillance program long before Edward Snowden made details public. According to Angela Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert, there are two separate PRISM programs – one is used by the NSA and the other is used by NATO forces in Afghanistan.[134] The two programs are "not identical".[134]

The Guardian revealed further details of the NSA's XKeyscore tool, which allows government analysts to search through vast databases containing emails, online chats and the browsing histories of millions of individuals without prior authorization.[135][136][137] Microsoft "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with the interception of encrypted chats on Outlook.com, within five months after the service went into testing. NSA had access to Outlook.com emails because "Prism collects this data prior to encryption."[45]

In addition, Microsoft worked with the FBI to enable the NSA to gain access to its cloud storage service SkyDrive. An internal NSA document dating from August 3, 2012, described the PRISM surveillance program as a "team sport".[45]

The CIA's National Counterterrorism Center is allowed to examine federal government files for possible criminal behavior, even if there is no reason to suspect U.S. citizens of wrongdoing. Previously the NTC was barred to do so, unless a person was a terror suspect or related to an investigation.[138]

Snowden also confirmed that Stuxnet was cooperatively developed by the United States and Israel.[139] In a report unrelated to Edward Snowden, the French newspaper Le Monde revealed that France's DGSE was also undertaking mass surveillance, which it described as "illegal and outside any serious control".[140][141]

#### August

[edit]

Documents leaked by Edward Snowden that were seen by Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk revealed that several telecom operators have played a key role in helping the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) tap into worldwide fiber-optic communications. The telecom operators are:

* Verizon Business (codenamed "Dacron")[54][142]
* BT (codenamed "Remedy")[54][142]
* Vodafone Cable (codenamed "Gerontic")[54][142]
* Global Crossing (codenamed "Pinnage")[54][142]
* Level 3 (codenamed "Little")[54][142]
* Viatel (codenamed "Vitreous")[54][142]
* Interoute (codenamed "Streetcar")[54][142]

Each of them were assigned a particular area of the international fiber-optic network for which they were individually responsible. The following networks have been infiltrated by GCHQ: TAT-14 (EU-UK-US), Atlantic Crossing 1 (EU-UK-US), Circe South (France-UK), Circe North (Netherlands-UK), Flag Atlantic-1, Flag Europa-Asia, SEA-ME-WE 3 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe), SEA-ME-WE 4 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe), Solas (Ireland-UK), UK-France 3, UK-Netherlands 14, ULYSSES (EU-UK), Yellow (UK-US) and Pan European Crossing (EU-UK).[143]

Telecommunication companies who participated were "forced" to do so and had "no choice in the matter".[143] Some of the companies were subsequently paid by GCHQ for their participation in the infiltration of the cables.[143] According to the SZ, GCHQ has access to the majority of internet and telephone communications flowing throughout Europe, can listen to phone calls, read emails and text messages, see which websites internet users from all around the world are visiting. It can also retain and analyse nearly the entire European internet traffic.[143]

GCHQ is collecting all data transmitted to and from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe via the undersea fibre optic telecommunications cable SEA-ME-WE 3. The Security and Intelligence Division (SID) of Singapore co-operates with Australia in accessing and sharing communications carried by the SEA-ME-WE-3 cable. The Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) is also in a partnership with British, American and Singaporean intelligence agencies to tap undersea fibre optic telecommunications cables that link Asia, the Middle East and Europe and carry much of Australia's international phone and internet traffic.[144]

The U.S. runs a top-secret surveillance program known as the Special Collection Service (SCS), which is based in over 80 U.S. consulates and embassies worldwide.[145][146] The NSA hacked the United Nations' video conferencing system in Summer 2012 in violation of a UN agreement.[145][146]

The NSA is not just intercepting the communications of Americans who are in direct contact with foreigners targeted overseas, but also searching the contents of vast amounts of e-mail and text communications into and out of the country by Americans who mention information about foreigners under surveillance.[147] It also spied on Al Jazeera and gained access to its internal communications systems.[148]

The NSA has built a surveillance network that has the capacity to reach roughly 75% of all U.S. Internet traffic.[149][150][151] U.S. Law-enforcement agencies use tools used by computer hackers to gather information on suspects.[152][153] An internal NSA audit from May 2012 identified 2776 incidents i.e. violations of the rules or court orders for surveillance of Americans and foreign targets in the U.S. in the period from April 2011 through March 2012, while U.S. officials stressed that any mistakes are not intentional.[154][155][156][157]

The FISA Court that is supposed to provide critical oversight of the U.S. government's vast spying programs has limited ability to do so and it must trust the government to report when it improperly spies on Americans.[158] A legal opinion declassified on August 21, 2013, revealed that the NSA intercepted for three years as many as 56,000 electronic communications a year of Americans not suspected of having links to terrorism, before FISA court that oversees surveillance found the operation unconstitutional in 2011.[159][160][161][162] Under the Corporate Partner Access project, major U.S. telecommunications providers receive hundreds of millions of dollars each year from the NSA.[163] Voluntary cooperation between the NSA and the providers of global communications took off during the 1970s under the cover name BLARNEY.[163]

A letter drafted by the Obama administration specifically to inform Congress of the government's mass collection of Americans' telephone communications data was withheld from lawmakers by leaders of the House Intelligence Committee in the months before a key vote affecting the future of the program.[164][165]

The NSA paid GCHQ over £100 Million between 2009 and 2012, in exchange for these funds GCHQ "must pull its weight and be seen to pull its weight." Documents referenced in the article explain that the weaker British laws regarding spying are "a selling point" for the NSA. GCHQ is also developing the technology to "exploit any mobile phone at any time."[166] The NSA has under a legal authority a secret backdoor into its databases gathered from large Internet companies enabling it to search for U.S. citizens' email and phone calls without a warrant.[167][168]

The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board urged the U.S. intelligence chiefs to draft stronger US surveillance guidelines on domestic spying after finding that several of those guidelines have not been updated up to 30 years.[169][170] U.S. intelligence analysts have deliberately broken rules designed to prevent them from spying on Americans by choosing to ignore so-called "minimisation procedures" aimed at protecting privacy[171][172] and used the NSA's agency's enormous eavesdropping power to spy on love interests.[173]

After the U.S. Foreign Secret Intelligence Court ruled in October 2011 that some of the NSA's activities were unconstitutional, the agency paid millions of dollars to major internet companies to cover extra costs incurred in their involvement with the PRISM surveillance program.[174]

"Mastering the Internet" (MTI) is part of the Interception Modernisation Programme (IMP) of the British government that involves the insertion of thousands of DPI (deep packet inspection) "black boxes" at various internet service providers, as revealed by the British media in 2009.[175]

In 2013, it was further revealed that the NSA had made a £17.2 million financial contribution to the project, which is capable of vacuuming signals from up to 200 fibre-optic cables at all physical points of entry into Great Britain.[176]

#### September

[edit]

The Guardian and The New York Times reported on secret documents leaked by Snowden showing that the NSA has been in "collaboration with technology companies" as part of "an aggressive, multipronged effort" to weaken the encryption used in commercial software, and GCHQ has a team dedicated to cracking "Hotmail, Google, Yahoo and Facebook" traffic.[183]

Germany's domestic security agency Bundesverfassungsschutz (BfV) systematically transfers the personal data of German residents to the NSA, CIA and seven other members of the United States Intelligence Community, in exchange for information and espionage software.[184][185][186] Israel, Sweden and Italy are also cooperating with American and British intelligence agencies. Under a secret treaty codenamed "Lustre", French intelligence agencies transferred millions of metadata records to the NSA.[62][63][187][188]

The Obama Administration secretly won permission from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court in 2011 to reverse restrictions on the National Security Agency's use of intercepted phone calls and e-mails, permitting the agency to search deliberately for Americans' communications in its massive databases. The searches take place under a surveillance program Congress authorized in 2008 under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Under that law, the target must be a foreigner "reasonably believed" to be outside the United States, and the court must approve the targeting procedures in an order good for one year. But a warrant for each target would thus no longer be required. That means that communications with Americans could be picked up without a court first determining that there is probable cause that the people they were talking to were terrorists, spies or "foreign powers." The FISC extended the length of time that the NSA is allowed to retain intercepted U.S. communications from five years to six years with an extension possible for foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purposes. Both measures were done without public debate or any specific authority from Congress.[189]

A special branch of the NSA called "Follow the Money" (FTM) monitors international payments, banking and credit card transactions and later stores the collected data in the NSA's own financial databank "Tracfin".[190] The NSA monitored the communications of Brazil's president Dilma Rousseff and her top aides.[191] The agency also spied on Brazil's oil firm Petrobras as well as French diplomats, and gained access to the private network of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France and the SWIFT network.[192]

In the United States, the NSA uses the analysis of phone call and e-mail logs of American citizens to create sophisticated graphs of their social connections that can identify their associates, their locations at certain times, their traveling companions and other personal information.[193] The NSA routinely shares raw intelligence data with Israel without first sifting it to remove information about U.S. citizens.[5][194]

In an effort codenamed GENIE, computer specialists can control foreign computer networks using "covert implants," a form of remotely transmitted malware on tens of thousands of devices annually.[195][196][197][198] As worldwide sales of smartphones began exceeding those of feature phones, the NSA decided to take advantage of the smartphone boom. This is particularly advantageous because the smartphone combines a myriad of data that would interest an intelligence agency, such as social contacts, user behavior, interests, location, photos and credit card numbers and passwords.[199]

An internal NSA report from 2010 stated that the spread of the smartphone has been occurring "extremely rapidly"—developments that "certainly complicate traditional target analysis."[199] According to the document, the NSA has set up task forces assigned to several smartphone manufacturers and operating systems, including Apple Inc.'s iPhone and iOS operating system, as well as Google's Android mobile operating system.[199] Similarly, Britain's GCHQ assigned a team to study and crack the BlackBerry.[199]

An NSA presentation called "Your target is using a BlackBerry? Now what?" shows an intercepted Mexican government e-mail.

Under the heading "iPhone capability", the document notes that there are smaller NSA programs, known as "scripts", that can perform surveillance on 38 different features of the iOS 3 and iOS 4 operating systems. These include the mapping feature, voicemail and photos, as well as Google Earth, Facebook and Yahoo! Messenger.[199]

On September 9, 2013, an internal NSA presentation on iPhone Location Services was published by Der Spiegel. One slide shows scenes from Apple's 1984-themed television commercial alongside the words "Who knew in 1984..."; another shows Steve Jobs holding an iPhone, with the text "...that this would be big brother..."; and a third shows happy consumers with their iPhones, completing the question with "...and the zombies would be paying customers?"[200]

#### October

[edit]

On October 4, 2013, The Washington Post and The Guardian jointly reported that the NSA and GCHQ had made repeated attempts to spy on anonymous Internet users who have been communicating in secret via the anonymity network Tor. Several of these surveillance operations involved the implantation of malicious code into the computers of Tor users who visit particular websites. The NSA and GCHQ had partly succeeded in blocking access to the anonymous network, diverting Tor users to insecure channels. The government agencies were also able to uncover the identity of some anonymous Internet users.[201][202][203][204]

The Communications Security Establishment (CSE) has been using a program called Olympia to map the communications of Brazil's Mines and Energy Ministry by targeting the metadata of phone calls and emails to and from the ministry.[205][206]

The Australian Federal Government knew about the PRISM surveillance program months before Edward Snowden made details public.[207][208]

The NSA gathered hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal e-mail and instant messaging accounts around the world. The agency did not target individuals. Instead it collected contact lists in large numbers that amount to a sizable fraction of the world's e-mail and instant messaging accounts. Analysis of that data enables the agency to search for hidden connections and to map relationships within a much smaller universe of foreign intelligence targets.[209][210][211][212]

The NSA monitored the public email account of former Ex-Mexican president Felipe Calderón (thus gaining access to the communications of high-ranking cabinet members), the emails of several high-ranking members of Mexico's security forces and text and the mobile phone communication of Ex-Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto.[213][214] The NSA tries to gather cellular and landline phone numbers—often obtained from American diplomats—for as many foreign officials as possible. The contents of the phone calls are stored in computer databases that can regularly be searched using keywords.[215][216]

The NSA has been monitoring telephone conversations of 35 world leaders.[217] The U.S. government's first public acknowledgment that it tapped the phones of world leaders was reported on October 28, 2013, by the Wall Street Journal after an internal U.S. government review turned up NSA monitoring of some 35 world leaders.[218] GCHQ has tried to keep its mass surveillance program a secret because it feared a "damaging public debate" on the scale of its activities which could lead to legal challenges against them.[219]

The Guardian revealed that the NSA had been monitoring telephone conversations of 35 world leaders after being given the numbers by an official in another U.S. government department. A confidential memo revealed that the NSA encouraged senior officials in such Departments as the White House, State and The Pentagon, to share their "Rolodexes" so the agency could add the telephone numbers of leading foreign politicians to their surveillance systems. Reacting to the news, German leader Angela Merkel, arriving in Brussels for an EU summit, accused the U.S. of a breach of trust, saying: "We need to have trust in our allies and partners, and this must now be established once again. I repeat that spying among friends is not at all acceptable against anyone, and that goes for every citizen in Germany."[217] The NSA collected in 2010 data on ordinary Americans' cellphone locations, but later discontinued it because it had no "operational value."[220]

Under Britain's MUSCULAR programme, the NSA and GCHQ have secretly broken into the main communications links that connect Yahoo and Google data centers around the world and thereby gained the ability to collect metadata and content at will from hundreds of millions of user accounts.[221][222][223][224]

The mobile phone of German Chancellor Angela Merkel might have been tapped by U.S. intelligence.[225][226][227][228] According to the Spiegel this monitoring goes back to 2002[229][230] and ended in the summer of 2013,[218] while The New York Times reported that Germany has evidence that the NSA's surveillance of Merkel began during George W. Bush's tenure.[231] After learning from Der Spiegel magazine that the NSA has been listening in to her personal mobile phone, Merkel compared the snooping practices of the NSA with those of the Stasi.[232] It was reported in March 2014, by Der Spiegel that Merkel had also been placed on an NSA surveillance list alongside 122 other world leaders.[233]

On October 31, 2013, Hans-Christian Ströbele, a member of the German Bundestag who visited Snowden in Russia, reported on Snowden's willingness to provide details of the NSA's espionage program.[234]

A highly sensitive signals intelligence collection program known as Stateroom involves the interception of radio, telecommunications and internet traffic. It is operated out of the diplomatic missions of the Five Eyes (Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, United States) in numerous locations around the world. The program conducted at U.S. diplomatic missions is run in concert by the U.S. intelligence agencies NSA and CIA in a joint venture group called "Special Collection Service" (SCS), whose members work undercover in shielded areas of the American Embassies and Consulates, where they are officially accredited as diplomats and as such enjoy special privileges. Under diplomatic protection, they are able to look and listen unhindered. The SCS for example used the American Embassy near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to monitor communications in Germany's government district with its parliament and the seat of the government.[228][235][236][237]

Under the Stateroom surveillance programme, Australia operates clandestine surveillance facilities to intercept phone calls and data across much of Asia.[236][238]

In France, the NSA targeted people belonging to the worlds of business, politics or French state administration. The NSA monitored and recorded the content of telephone communications and the history of the connections of each target i.e. the metadata.[239][240] The actual surveillance operation was performed by French intelligence agencies on behalf of the NSA.[62][241] The cooperation between France and the NSA was confirmed by the Director of the NSA, Keith B. Alexander, who asserted that foreign intelligence services collected phone records in "war zones" and "other areas outside their borders" and provided them to the NSA.[242]

The French newspaper Le Monde also disclosed new PRISM and Upstream slides (See Page 4, 7 and 8) coming from the "PRISM/US-984XN Overview" presentation.[243]

In Spain, the NSA intercepted the telephone conversations, text messages and emails of millions of Spaniards, and spied on members of the Spanish government.[244] Between December 10, 2012, and January 8, 2013, the NSA collected metadata on 60 million telephone calls in Spain.[245]

According to documents leaked by Snowden, the surveillance of Spanish citizens was jointly conducted by the NSA and the intelligence agencies of Spain.[246][247]

On October 4, 2013, The Washington Post published a PowerPoint presentation leaked by Snowden, showing how the NSA had compromised the Tor encrypted network that is being employed by hundreds of thousands of people to circumvent "nation state internet policies". By secretly exploiting a JavaScript plug-in, the NSA found out the identities of various anonymous Internet users such as dissidents, terrorists, and other targets

#### November

[edit]

The New York Times reported that the NSA carries out an eavesdropping effort, dubbed Operation Dreadnought, against the Iranian leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. During his 2009 visit to Iranian Kurdistan, the agency collaborated with GCHQ and the U.S.'s National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, collecting radio transmissions between aircraft and airports, examining Khamenei's convoy with satellite imagery, and enumerating military radar stations. According to the story, an objective of the operation is "communications fingerprinting": the ability to distinguish Khamenei's communications from those of other people in Iran.[248]

The same story revealed an operation code-named Ironavenger, in which the NSA intercepted e-mails sent between a country allied with the United States and the government of "an adversary". The ally was conducting a spear-phishing attack: its e-mails contained malware. The NSA gathered documents and login credentials belonging to the enemy country, along with knowledge of the ally's capabilities for attacking computers.[248]

According to the British newspaper The Independent, the British intelligence agency GCHQ maintains a listening post on the roof of the British Embassy in Berlin that is capable of intercepting mobile phone calls, wi-fi data and long-distance communications all over the German capital, including adjacent government buildings such as the Reichstag (seat of the German parliament) and the Chancellery (seat of Germany's head of government) clustered around the Brandenburg Gate.[249]

Operating under the code-name "Quantum Insert", GCHQ set up a fake website masquerading as LinkedIn, a social website used for professional networking, as part of its efforts to install surveillance software on the computers of the telecommunications operator Belgacom.[250][251][252] In addition, the headquarters of the oil cartel OPEC were infiltrated by GCHQ as well as the NSA, which bugged the computers of nine OPEC employees and monitored the General Secretary of OPEC.[250]

For more than three years GCHQ has been using an automated monitoring system code-named "Royal Concierge" to infiltrate the reservation systems of at least 350 prestigious hotels in many different parts of the world in order to target, search and analyze reservations to detect diplomats and government officials.[253] First tested in 2010, the aim of the "Royal Concierge" is to track down the travel plans of diplomats, and it is often supplemented with surveillance methods related to human intelligence (HUMINT). Other covert operations include the wiretapping of room telephones and fax machines used in targeted hotels as well as the monitoring of computers hooked up to the hotel network.[253]

In November 2013, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and The Guardian revealed that the Australian Signals Directorate (DSD) had attempted to listen to the private phone calls of the president of Indonesia and his wife. The Indonesian foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa, confirmed that he and the president had contacted the ambassador in Canberra. Natalegawa said any tapping of Indonesian politicians' personal phones "violates every single decent and legal instrument I can think of—national in Indonesia, national in Australia, international as well".[254]

Other high-ranking Indonesian politicians targeted by the DSD include:

* Boediono[255] (Vice President)
* Jusuf Kalla[255] (Former Vice President)
* Dino Patti Djalal[255] (Ambassador to the United States)
* Andi Mallarangeng[255] (Government spokesperson)
* Hatta Rajasa[255] (State Secretary)
* Sri Mulyani Indrawati[255] (Former Finance Minister and current managing director of the World Bank)
* Widodo Adi Sutjipto[255] (Former Commander-in-Chief of the military)
* Sofyan Djalil[255] (Senior government advisor)

Carrying the title "3G impact and update", a classified presentation leaked by Snowden revealed the attempts of the ASD/DSD to keep up to pace with the rollout of 3G technology in Indonesia and across Southeast Asia. The ASD/DSD motto placed at the bottom of each page reads: "Reveal their secrets—protect our own."[255]

Under a secret deal approved by British intelligence officials, the NSA has been storing and analyzing the internet and email records of British citizens since 2007. The NSA also proposed in 2005 a procedure for spying on the citizens of the UK and other Five-Eyes nations alliance, even where the partner government has explicitly denied the U.S. permission to do so. Under the proposal, partner countries must neither be informed about this particular type of surveillance, nor the procedure of doing so.[37]

Toward the end of November, The New York Times released an internal NSA report outlining the agency's efforts to expand its surveillance abilities.[256] The five-page document asserts that the law of the United States has not kept up with the needs of the NSA to conduct mass surveillance in the "golden age" of signals intelligence, but there are grounds for optimism because, in the NSA's own words:

> The culture of compliance, which has allowed the American people to entrust NSA with extraordinary authorities, will not be compromised in the face of so many demands, even as we aggressively pursue legal authorities...[257]

The report, titled "SIGINT Strategy 2012–2016", also said that the U.S. will try to influence the "global commercial encryption market" through "commercial relationships", and emphasized the need to "revolutionize" the analysis of its vast data collection to "radically increase operational impact".[256]

On November 23, 2013, the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad reported that the Netherlands was targeted by U.S. intelligence agencies in the immediate aftermath of World War II. This period of surveillance lasted from 1946 to 1968, and also included the interception of the communications of other European countries including Belgium, France, West Germany and Norway.[258] The Dutch Newspaper also reported that NSA infected more than 50,000 computer networks worldwide, often covertly, with malicious spy software, sometimes in cooperation with local authorities, designed to steal sensitive information.[40][259]

On November 23, 2013, the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad released a top secret NSA presentation leaked by Snowden, showing five "Classes of Accesses" that the NSA uses in its worldwide signals intelligence operations.[40][259] These five "Classes of Accesses" are:

3rd PARTY/LIAISON—refers to data provided by the international partners of the NSA. Within the framework of the UKUSA Agreement, these international partners are known as "third parties.

REGIONAL—refers to over 80 regional Special Collection Services (SCS). The SCS is a black budget program operated by the NSA and the CIA, with operations based in many cities such as Athens, Bangkok, Berlin, Brasília, Budapest, Frankfurt, Geneva, Lagos, Milan, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, Vienna, and Zagreb, and others, targeting Central America, the Arabian Peninsula, East Asia, and Continental Europe.

CNE—an abbreviation for "Computer Network Exploitation". It is performed by a special cyber-warfare unit of the NSA known as Tailored Access Operations (TAO), which infected over 50,000 computer networks worldwide with malicious software designed to steal sensitive information, and is mostly aimed at Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and parts of Eastern Europe

LARGE CABLE—20 major points of accesses, many of them located within the United States

FORNSAT—an abbreviation for "Foreign Satellite Collection". It refers to intercepts from satellites that process data used by other countries such as Britain, Norway, Japan, and the Philippines.

#### December

[edit]

According to the classified documents leaked by Snowden, the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD), formerly known as the Defense Signals Directorate, had offered to share intelligence information it had collected with the other intelligence agencies of the UKUSA Agreement. Data shared with foreign countries include "bulk, unselected, unminimized metadata" it had collected. The ASD provided such information on the condition that no Australian citizens were targeted. At the time the ASD assessed that "unintentional collection [of metadata of Australian nationals] is not viewed as a significant issue". If a target was later identified as being an Australian national, the ASD was required to be contacted to ensure that a warrant could be sought. Consideration was given as to whether "medical, legal or religious information" would be automatically treated differently to other types of data, however a decision was made that each agency would make such determinations on a case-by-case basis.[260] Leaked material does not specify where the ASD had collected the intelligence information from, however Section 7(a) of the Intelligence Services Act 2001 (Commonwealth) states that the ASD's role is "...to obtain intelligence about the capabilities, intentions or activities of people or organizations outside Australia...".[261] As such, it is possible ASD's metadata intelligence holdings was focused on foreign intelligence collection and was within the bounds of Australian law.

The Washington Post revealed that the NSA has been tracking the locations of mobile phones from all over the world by tapping into the cables that connect mobile networks globally and that serve U.S. cellphones as well as foreign ones. In the process of doing so, the NSA collects more than five billion records of phone locations on a daily basis. This enables NSA analysts to map cellphone owners' relationships by correlating their patterns of movement over time with thousands or millions of other phone users who cross their paths.[262][263][264][265]

The Washington Post also reported that both GCHQ and the NSA make use of location data and advertising tracking files generated through normal internet browsing (with cookies operated by Google, known as "Pref") to pinpoint targets for government hacking and to bolster surveillance.[266][267][268]

The Norwegian Intelligence Service (NIS), which cooperates with the NSA, has gained access to Russian targets in the Kola Peninsula and other civilian targets. In general, the NIS provides information to the NSA about "Politicians", "Energy" and "Armament".[269] A top secret memo of the NSA lists the following years as milestones of the Norway–United States of America SIGINT agreement, or NORUS Agreement:

* 1952 – Informal starting year of cooperation between the NIS and the NSA[270]
* 1954 – Formalization of the agreement[270]
* 1963 – Extension of the agreement for coverage of foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT)[270]
* 1970 – Extension of the agreement for coverage of electronic intelligence (ELINT)[270]
* 1994 – Extension of the agreement for coverage of communications intelligence (COMINT)[270]

The NSA considers the NIS to be one of its most reliable partners. Both agencies also cooperate to crack the encryption systems of mutual targets. According to the NSA, Norway has made no objections to its requests from the NIS.[270]

On December 5, Sveriges Television reported the National Defense Radio Establishment (FRA) has been conducting a clandestine surveillance operation in Sweden, targeting the internal politics of Russia. The operation was conducted on behalf of the NSA, receiving data handed over to it by the FRA.[271][272] The Swedish-American surveillance operation also targeted Russian energy interests as well as the Baltic states.[273] As part of the UKUSA Agreement, a secret treaty was signed in 1954 by Sweden with the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, regarding collaboration and intelligence sharing.[274]

As a result of Snowden's disclosures, the notion of Swedish neutrality in international politics was called into question.[275] In an internal document dating from the year 2006, the NSA acknowledged that its "relationship" with Sweden is "protected at the TOP SECRET level because of that nation's political neutrality."[276] Specific details of Sweden's cooperation with members of the UKUSA Agreement include:

* The FRA has been granted access to XKeyscore, an analytical database of the NSA.[277]
* Sweden updated the NSA on changes in Swedish legislation that provided the legal framework for information sharing between the FRA and the Swedish Security Service.[51]
* Since January 2013, a counterterrorism analyst of the NSA has been stationed in the Swedish capital of Stockholm[51]
* The NSA, GCHQ and the FRA signed an agreement in 2004 that allows the FRA to directly collaborate with the NSA without having to consult GCHQ.[51] About five years later, the Riksdag passed a controversial legislative change, briefly allowing the FRA to monitor both wireless and cable bound signals passing the Swedish border without a court order,[278] while also introducing several provisions designed to protect the privacy of individuals, according to the original proposal.[279] This legislation was amended 11 months later,[280] in an effort to strengthen protection of privacy by making court orders a requirement, and by imposing several limits on the intelligence-gathering.[281][282][283]

According to documents leaked by Snowden, the Special Source Operations of the NSA has been sharing information containing "logins, cookies, and GooglePREFID" with the Tailored Access Operations division of the NSA, as well as Britain's GCHQ agency.[284]

During the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit, the U.S. embassy in Ottawa was transformed into a security command post during a six-day spying operation that was conducted by the NSA and closely coordinated with the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC). The goal of the spying operation was, among others, to obtain information on international development, banking reform, and to counter trade protectionism to support "U.S. policy goals."[285] On behalf of the NSA, the CSEC has set up covert spying posts in 20 countries around the world.[8]

In Italy the Special Collection Service of the NSA maintains two separate surveillance posts in Rome and Milan.[286] According to a secret NSA memo dated September 2010, the Italian embassy in Washington, D.C. has been targeted by two spy operations of the NSA:

* Under the codename "Bruneau", which refers to mission "Lifesaver", the NSA sucks out all the information stored in the embassy's computers and creates electronic images of hard disk drives.[286]
* Under the codename "Hemlock", which refers to mission "Highlands", the NSA gains access to the embassy's communications through physical "implants".[286]

Due to concerns that terrorist or criminal networks may be secretly communicating via computer games, the NSA, GCHQ, CIA, and FBI have been conducting surveillance and scooping up data from the networks of many online games, including massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) such as World of Warcraft, as well as virtual worlds such as Second Life, and the Xbox gaming console.[287][288][289][290]

The NSA has cracked the most commonly used cellphone encryption technology, A5/1. According to a classified document leaked by Snowden, the agency can "process encrypted A5/1" even when it has not acquired an encryption key.[291] In addition, the NSA uses various types of cellphone infrastructure, such as the links between carrier networks, to determine the location of a cellphone user tracked by Visitor Location Registers.[292]

US district court judge for the District of Columbia, Richard Leon, declared[293][294][295][296] on December 16, 2013, that the mass collection of metadata of Americans' telephone records by the National Security Agency probably violates the fourth amendment prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures.[297] Leon granted the request for a preliminary injunction that blocks the collection of phone data for two private plaintiffs (Larry Klayman, a conservative lawyer, and Charles Strange, father of a cryptologist killed in Afghanistan when his helicopter was shot down in 2011)[298] and ordered the government to destroy any of their records that have been gathered. But the judge stayed action on his ruling pending a government appeal, recognizing in his 68-page opinion the "significant national security interests at stake in this case and the novelty of the constitutional issues."[297]

However federal judge William H. Pauley III in New York City ruled[299] the U.S. government's global telephone data-gathering system is needed to thwart potential terrorist attacks, and that it can only work if everyone's calls are swept in. U.S. District Judge Pauley also ruled that Congress legally set up the program and that it does not violate anyone's constitutional rights. The judge also concluded that the telephone data being swept up by NSA did not belong to telephone users, but to the telephone companies. He further ruled that when NSA obtains such data from the telephone companies, and then probes into it to find links between callers and potential terrorists, this further use of the data was not even a search under the Fourth Amendment. He also concluded that the controlling precedent is Smith v. Maryland: "Smith's bedrock holding is that an individual has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information provided to third parties," Judge Pauley wrote.[300][301][302][303] The American Civil Liberties Union declared on January 2, 2012, that it will appeal Judge Pauley's ruling that NSA bulk the phone record collection is legal. "The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance," deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement.[304]

In recent years, American and British intelligence agencies conducted surveillance on more than 1,100 targets, including the office of an Israeli prime minister, heads of international aid organizations, foreign energy companies and a European Union official involved in antitrust battles with American technology businesses.[305]

A catalog of high-tech gadgets and software developed by the NSA's Tailored Access Operations (TAO) was leaked by the German news magazine Der Spiegel.[306] Dating from 2008, the catalog revealed the existence of special gadgets modified to capture computer screenshots and USB flash drives secretly fitted with radio transmitters to broadcast stolen data over the airwaves, and fake base stations intended to intercept mobile phone signals, as well as many other secret devices and software implants listed here:

Computer implants

* SPARROW II – Mobile device that functions as a WLAN collection system

* FIREWALK – Hardware implant for collection of Gigabit Ethernet network traffic

* GINSU – Software that extends application persistence for the CNE (Computer Network Exploitation) implant KONGUR

* IRATEMONK – Replaces master boot records (MBRs) of various hard disk manufacturers

* SWAP – Exploits motherboard BIOS before the operating system loads

* WISTFULTOLL – Software implant that exploits Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to transfer data

* HOWLERMONKEY – Short to medium range radio frequency (RF) transceiver

* NIGHTSTAND – Mobile device that introduces NSA software to computers up to 8 mi (13 km) away via wireless LAN

* COTTONMOUTH-I – USB flash drive implant

* COTTONMOUTH-II – USB implant

* COTTONMOUTH-III – USB implant

* JUNIORMINT – Digital core packaged into a printed circuit board (PCB) and a flip chip

* MAESTRO-II – Miniaturized digital core packaged into a multi-chip module (MCM)

* TRINITY – Miniaturized digital core packaged into a multi-chip module (MCM)

* SOMBERKNAVE – Software implant for Windows XP that provides covert Internet access for the NSA's targets

* SURLYSPAWN – Device for keystroke logging

* RAGEMASTER – Hardware implant concealed in a computer's VGA cable to capture screenshots and video

Server implants and firewall implants

* IRONCHEF – Software implant that functions as a permanent BIOS system

* DEITYBOUNCE – Software implant for insertion into Dell PowerEdge servers

* JETPLOW – Installs a backdoor targeting Cisco PIX and ASA firewalls

* HALLUXWATER – Installs a backdoor targeting Huawei's Eudemon firewalls

* FEEDTROUGH – Installs a backdoor targeting numerous Juniper Networks firewalls

* GOURMETTROUGH – Installs a backdoor targeting numerous Juniper Networks firewalls

* SOUFFLETROUGH – BIOS implant for Juniper SSG300 and SSG 500 series firewalls

Covert listening devices

* LOUDAUTO – Covert listening device

* NIGHTWATCH – Device for reconstruction of signals belonging to target systems

* CTX4000 – Portable continuous-wave radar (CRW) unit to illuminate a target system for Dropmire collection

* PHOTOANGLO – Successor to the CTX4000, jointly developed by the NSA and GCHQ

* TAWDRYYARD – Device that functions as a radio frequency (RF) retroreflector

Mobile phone implants and related products

* PICASSO – Modified GSM handset

* GENESIS – Modified Motorola SLVR L9 handset

* CROSSBEAM – GSM module for commercial mobile phones

* CANDYGRAM – Mimics the GSM cell tower of targeted networks

* DROPOUTJEEP – Software implant for the iOS operating system of the iPhone

* GOPHERSET – Software implant for GSM subscriber identity module (SIM) cards that pulls out address books, SMS (Short Message Service) text messages, and call log information

* MONKEYCALENDAR – Software implant for GSM subscriber identity module (SIM) cards that pulls out geolocation information

* TOTECHASER – Windows CE implant that targets the Thuraya handset

* TOTEGHOSTLY 2.0 – Software implant for Windows Mobile capable of retrieving SMS (Short Message Service) text messages, Voicemail and contact lists, as well as turning on built-in microphones and cameras

The Tailored Access Operations (TAO) division of the NSA intercepted the shipping deliveries of computers and laptops in order to install spyware and physical implants on electronic gadgets. This was done in close cooperation with the FBI and the CIA.[306][307][308][309] NSA officials responded to the Spiegel reports with a statement, which said: "Tailored Access Operations is a unique national asset that is on the front lines of enabling NSA to defend the nation and its allies. [TAO's] work is centred on computer network exploitation in support of foreign intelligence collection."[310]

In a separate disclosure unrelated to Snowden, the French Trésor public, which runs a certificate authority, was found to have issued fake certificates impersonating Google in order to facilitate spying on French government employees via man-in-the-middle attacks.[311]

On December 4, 2013, The Washington Post released an internal NSA chart illustrating the extent of the agency's mass collection of mobile phone location records, which amounts to about five billion on a daily basis.[312] The records are stored in a huge database known as FASCIA, which received over 27 terabytes of location data within seven months.[313]

### 2014

[edit]

#### January

[edit]

The NSA is working to build a powerful quantum computer capable of breaking all types of encryption.[314][315][316][317][318] The effort is part of a US$79.7 million research program known as "Penetrating Hard Targets". It involves extensive research carried out in large, shielded rooms known as Faraday cages, which are designed to prevent electromagnetic radiation from entering or leaving.[315] Currently, the NSA is close to producing basic building blocks that will allow the agency to gain "complete quantum control on two semiconductor qubits".[315] Once a quantum computer is successfully built, it would enable the NSA to unlock the encryption that protects data held by banks, credit card companies, retailers, brokerages, governments and health care providers.[314]

According to The New York Times, the NSA is monitoring approximately 100,000 computers worldwide with spy software named Quantum. Quantum enables the NSA to conduct surveillance on those computers on the one hand, and can also create a digital highway for launching cyberattacks on the other hand. Among the targets are the Chinese and Russian military, but also trade institutions within the European Union. The NYT also reported that the NSA can access and alter computers which are not connected with the internet by a secret technology in use by the NSA since 2008. The prerequisite is the physical insertion of the radio frequency hardware by a spy, a manufacturer or an unwitting user. The technology relies on a covert channel of radio waves that can be transmitted from tiny circuit boards and USB cards inserted surreptitiously into the computers. In some cases, they are sent to a briefcase-size relay station that intelligence agencies can set up miles away from the target. The technology can also transmit malware back to the infected computer.[40]

Channel 4 and The Guardian revealed the existence of Dishfire, a massive database of the NSA that collects hundreds of millions of text messages on a daily basis.[319] GCHQ has been given full access to the database, which it uses to obtain personal information of Britons by exploiting a legal loophole.[320]

Each day, the database receives and stores the following amounts of data:

* Geolocation data of more than 76,000 text messages and other travel information[321]
* Over 110,000 names, gathered from electronic business cards[321]
* Over 800,000 financial transactions that are either gathered from text-to-text payments or by linking credit cards to phone users[321]
* Details of 1.6 million border crossings based on the interception of network roaming alerts[321]
* Over 5 million missed call alerts[321]
* About 200 million text messages from around the world[319]

The database is supplemented with an analytical tool known as the Prefer program, which processes SMS messages to extract other types of information including contacts from missed call alerts.[321]

The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board report on mass surveillance was released on January 23, 2014. It recommends to end the bulk telephone metadata, i.e., bulk phone records – phone numbers dialed, call times and durations, but not call content collection – collection program, to create a "Special Advocate" to be involved in some cases before the FISA court judge and to release future and past FISC decisions "that involve novel interpretations of FISA or other significant questions of law, technology or compliance."[322][323][324]

According to a joint disclosure by The New York Times, The Guardian, and ProPublica,[325][326][327][328] the NSA and GCHQ have begun working together to collect and store data from dozens of smartphone application software by 2007 at the latest. A 2008 GCHQ report, leaked by Snowden asserts that "anyone using Google Maps on a smartphone is working in support of a GCHQ system". The NSA and GCHQ have traded recipes for various purposes such as grabbing location data and journey plans that are made when a target uses Google Maps, and vacuuming up address books, buddy lists, phone logs and geographic data embedded in photos posted on the mobile versions of numerous social networks such as Facebook, Flickr, LinkedIn, Twitter, and other services. In a separate 20-page report dated 2012, GCHQ cited the popular smartphone game "Angry Birds" as an example of how an application could be used to extract user data. Taken together, such forms of data collection would allow the agencies to collect vital information about a user's life, including his or her home country, current location (through geolocation), age, gender, ZIP code, marital status, income, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education level, number of children, etc.[329][330]

A GCHQ document dated August 2012 provided details of the Squeaky Dolphin surveillance program, which enables GCHQ to conduct broad, real-time monitoring of various social media features and social media traffic such as YouTube video views, the Like button on Facebook, and Blogspot/Blogger visits without the knowledge or consent of the companies providing those social media features. The agency's "Squeaky Dolphin" program can collect, analyze and utilize YouTube, Facebook and Blogger data in specific situations in real time for analysis purposes. The program also collects the addresses from the billions of videos watched daily as well as some user information for analysis purposes.[331][332][333]

During the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the NSA and its Five Eyes partners monitored the communications of delegates of numerous countries. This was done to give their own policymakers a negotiating advantage.[334][335]

The Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC) has been tracking Canadian air passengers via free Wi-Fi services at a major Canadian airport. Passengers who exited the airport terminal continued to be tracked as they showed up at other Wi-Fi locations across Canada. In a CSEC document dated May 2012, the agency described how it had gained access to two communications systems with over 300,000 users in order to pinpoint a specific imaginary target. The operation was executed on behalf of the NSA as a trial run to test a new technology capable of tracking down "any target that makes occasional forays into other cities/regions." This technology was subsequently shared with Canada's Five Eyes partners – Australia, New Zealand, Britain, and the United States.[336][337][338][339]

On January 27, 2014, The New York Times released[327] an internal NSA document from a 2010 meeting that details the extent of the agency's surveillance on smartphones. Data collected include phone settings, network connections, web browsing history, buddy lists, downloaded documents, encryption usage, and user agents. Notice the following line of text at the bottom – "TOP SECRET//COMINT//REL TO USA, FVEY" – which is used to indicated that this top secret document is related to communications intelligence (COMINT), and can be accessed by the US and its Five Eyes (FVEY) partners in Australia, Britain, Canada, and New Zealand

#### February

[edit]

According to research by Süddeutsche Zeitung and TV network NDR the mobile phone of former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder was monitored from 2002 onward, reportedly because of his government's opposition to military intervention in Iraq. The source of the latest information is a document leaked by Edward Snowden. The document, containing information about the National Sigint Requirement List (NSRL), had previously been interpreted as referring only to Angela Merkel's mobile. However, Süddeutsche Zeitung and NDR claim to have confirmation from NSA insiders that the surveillance authorisation pertains not to the individual, but the political post – which in 2002 was still held by Schröder. According to research by the two media outlets, Schröder was placed as number 388 on the list, which contains the names of persons and institutions to be put under surveillance by the NSA.[340][341][342][343]

GCHQ launched a cyber-attack on the activist network "Anonymous", using denial-of-service attack (DoS) to shut down a chatroom frequented by the network's members and to spy on them. The attack, dubbed Rolling Thunder, was conducted by a GCHQ unit known as the Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group (JTRIG). The unit successfully uncovered the true identities of several Anonymous members.[344][345][346][347]

The NSA Section 215 bulk telephony metadata program which seeks to stockpile records on all calls made in the U.S. is collecting less than 30 percent of all Americans' call records because of an inability to keep pace with the explosion in cellphone use, according to The Washington Post. The controversial program permits the NSA after a warrant granted by the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to record numbers, length and location of every call from the participating carriers.[348][349]

The Intercept reported that the U.S. government is using primarily NSA surveillance to target people for drone strikes overseas. In its report The Intercept author detail the flawed methods which are used to locate targets for lethal drone strikes, resulting in the deaths of innocent people.[350] According to the Washington Post NSA analysts and collectors i.e. NSA personnel which controls electronic surveillance equipment use the NSA's sophisticated surveillance capabilities to track individual targets geographically and in real time, while drones and tactical units aimed their weaponry against those targets to take them out.[351]

An unnamed US law firm, reported to be Mayer Brown, was targeted by Australia's ASD. According to Snowden's documents, the ASD had offered to hand over these intercepted communications to the NSA. This allowed government authorities to be "able to continue to cover the talks, providing highly useful intelligence for interested US customers".[352][353]

NSA and GCHQ documents revealed that the anti-secrecy organization WikiLeaks and other activist groups were targeted for government surveillance and criminal prosecution. In particular, the IP addresses of visitors to WikiLeaks were collected in real time, and the US government urged its allies to file criminal charges against the founder of WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, due to his organization's publication of the Afghanistan war logs. The WikiLeaks organization was designated as a "malicious foreign actor".[354]

Quoting an unnamed NSA official in Germany, Bild am Sonntag reported that while President Obama's order to stop spying on Merkel was being obeyed, the focus had shifted to bugging other leading government and business figures including Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere, a close confidant of Merkel. Caitlin Hayden, a security adviser to President Obama, was quoted in the newspaper report as saying, "The US has made clear it gathers intelligence in exactly the same way as any other states."[355][356]

The Intercept reveals that government agencies are infiltrating online communities and engaging in "false flag operations" to discredit targets among them people who have nothing to do with terrorism or national security threats. The two main tactics that are currently used are the injection of all sorts of false material onto the internet in order to destroy the reputation of its targets; and the use of social sciences and other techniques to manipulate online discourse and activism to generate outcomes it considers desirable.[357][358][359][360]

The Guardian reported that Britain's surveillance agency GCHQ, with aid from the National Security Agency, intercepted and stored the webcam images of millions of internet users not suspected of wrongdoing. The surveillance program codenamed Optic Nerve collected still images of Yahoo webcam chats (one image every five minutes) in bulk and saved them to agency databases. The agency discovered "that a surprising number of people use webcam conversations to show intimate parts of their body to the other person", estimating that between 3% and 11% of the Yahoo webcam imagery harvested by GCHQ contains "undesirable nudity".[361]

#### March

[edit]

The NSA has built an infrastructure which enables it to covertly hack into computers on a mass scale by using automated systems that reduce the level of human oversight in the process. The NSA relies on an automated system codenamed TURBINE which in essence enables the automated management and control of a large network of implants (a form of remotely transmitted malware on selected individual computer devices or in bulk on tens of thousands of devices). As quoted by The Intercept, TURBINE is designed to "allow the current implant network to scale to large size (millions of implants) by creating a system that does automated control implants by groups instead of individually."[362] The NSA has shared many of its files on the use of implants with its counterparts in the so-called Five Eyes surveillance alliance – the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.

Among other things due to TURBINE and its control over the implants the NSA is capable of:

* breaking into targeted computers and to siphoning out data from foreign Internet and phone networks
* infecting a target's computer and exfiltrating files from a hard drive
* covertly recording audio from a computer's microphone and taking snapshots with its webcam
* launching cyberattacks by corrupting and disrupting file downloads or denying access to websites
* exfiltrating data from removable flash drives that connect to an infected computer

The TURBINE implants are linked to, and relies upon, a large network of clandestine surveillance "sensors" that the NSA has installed at locations across the world, including the agency's headquarters in Maryland and eavesdropping bases used by the agency in Misawa, Japan and Menwith Hill, England. Codenamed as TURMOIL, the sensors operate as a sort of high-tech surveillance dragnet, monitoring packets of data as they are sent across the Internet. When TURBINE implants exfiltrate data from infected computer systems, the TURMOIL sensors automatically identify the data and return it to the NSA for analysis. And when targets are communicating, the TURMOIL system can be used to send alerts or "tips" to TURBINE, enabling the initiation of a malware attack. To identify surveillance targets, the NSA uses a series of data "selectors" as they flow across Internet cables. These selectors can include email addresses, IP addresses, or the unique "cookies" containing a username or other identifying information that are sent to a user's computer by websites such as Google, Facebook, Hotmail, Yahoo, and Twitter, unique Google advertising cookies that track browsing habits, unique encryption key fingerprints that can be traced to a specific user, and computer IDs that are sent across the Internet when a Windows computer crashes or updates.[363][364][365][366]

The CIA was accused by U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein of spying on a stand-alone computer network established for the committee in its investigation of allegations of CIA abuse in a George W. Bush-era detention and interrogation program.[367]

A voice interception program codenamed MYSTIC began in 2009. Along with RETRO, short for "retrospective retrieval" (RETRO is voice audio recording buffer that allows retrieval of captured content up to 30 days into the past), the MYSTIC program is capable of recording "100 percent" of a foreign country's telephone calls, enabling the NSA to rewind and review conversations up to 30 days and the relating metadata. With the capability to store up to 30 days of recorded conversations MYSTIC enables the NSA to pull an instant history of the person's movements, associates and plans.[368][369][370][371][372][373]

On March 21, Le Monde published slides from an internal presentation of the Communications Security Establishment Canada, which attributed a piece of malicious software to French intelligence. The CSEC presentation concluded that the list of malware victims matched French intelligence priorities and found French cultural reference in the malware's code, including the name Babar, a popular French children's character, and the developer name "Titi".[374]

The French telecommunications corporation Orange S.A. shares its call data with the French intelligence agency DGSE, which hands over the intercepted data to GCHQ.[375]

The NSA has spied on the Chinese technology company Huawei.[376][377][378] Huawei is a leading manufacturer of smartphones, tablets, mobile phone infrastructure, and WLAN routers and installs fiber optic cable. According to Der Spiegel this "kind of technology ... is decisive in the NSA's battle for data supremacy."[379] The NSA, in an operation named "Shotgiant", was able to access Huawei's email archive and the source code for Huawei's communications products.[379] The US government has had longstanding concerns that Huawei may not be independent of the People's Liberation Army and that the Chinese government might use equipment manufactured by Huawei to conduct cyberespionage or cyberwarfare. The goals of the NSA operation were to assess the relationship between Huawei and the PLA, to learn more the Chinese government's plans and to use information from Huawei to spy on Huawei's customers, including Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, and Cuba. Former Chinese President Hu Jintao, the Chinese Trade Ministry, banks, as well as telecommunications companies were also targeted by the NSA.[376][379]

The Intercept published a document of an NSA employee discussing how to build a database of IP addresses, webmail, and Facebook accounts associated with system administrators so that the NSA can gain access to the networks and systems they administer.[380][381]

At the end of March 2014, Der Spiegel and The Intercept published, based on a series of classified files from the archive provided to reporters by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, articles related to espionage efforts by GCHQ and NSA in Germany.[382][383] The British GCHQ targeted three German internet firms for information about Internet traffic passing through internet exchange points, important customers of the German internet providers, their technology suppliers as well as future technical trends in their business sector and company employees.[382][383] The NSA was granted by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court the authority for blanket surveillance of Germany, its people and institutions, regardless whether those affected are suspected of having committed an offense or not, without an individualized court order specifying on March 7, 2013.[383] In addition Germany's chancellor Angela Merkel was listed in a surveillance search machine and database named Nymrod along with 121 others foreign leaders.[382][383] As The Intercept wrote: "The NSA uses the Nymrod system to 'find information relating to targets that would otherwise be tough to track down,' according to internal NSA documents. Nymrod sifts through secret reports based on intercepted communications as well as full transcripts of faxes, phone calls, and communications collected from computer systems. More than 300 'cites' for Merkel are listed as available in intelligence reports and transcripts for NSA operatives to read."[382]

#### April

[edit]

Toward the end of April, Edward Snowden said that the United States surveillance agencies spy on Americans more than anyone else in the world, contrary to anything that has been said by the government up until this point.[384]

#### May

[edit]

An article published by Ars Technica shows NSA's Tailored Access Operations (TAO) employees intercepting a Cisco router.[385]

The Intercept and WikiLeaks revealed information about which countries were having their communications collected as part of the MYSTIC surveillance program. On May 19, The Intercept reported that the NSA is recording and archiving nearly every cell phone conversation in the Bahamas with a system called SOMALGET, a subprogram of MYSTIC. The mass surveillance has been occurring without the Bahamian government's permission.[386] Aside from the Bahamas, The Intercept reported NSA interception of cell phone metadata in Kenya, the Philippines, Mexico, and a fifth country it did not name due to "credible concerns that doing so could lead to increased violence." WikiLeaks released a statement on May 23 claiming that Afghanistan was the unnamed nation.[387]

In a statement responding to the revelations, the NSA said "the implication that NSA's foreign intelligence collection is arbitrary and unconstrained is false."[386]

Through its global surveillance operations the NSA exploits the flood of images included in emails, text messages, social media, videoconferences and other communications to harvest millions of images. These images are then used by the NSA in sophisticated facial recognition programs to track suspected terrorists and other intelligence targets.[388]

#### June

[edit]

Vodafone revealed that there were secret wires that allowed government agencies direct access to their networks.[389] This access does not require warrants and the direct access wire is often equipment in a locked room.[389] In six countries where Vodafone operates, the law requires telecommunication companies to install such access or allows governments to do so.[389] Vodafone did not name these countries in case some governments retaliated by imprisoning their staff.[389] Shami Chakrabarti of Liberty said "For governments to access phone calls at the flick of a switch is unprecedented and terrifying. Snowden revealed the internet was already treated as fair game. Bluster that all is well is wearing pretty thin – our analogue laws need a digital overhaul."[389] Vodafone published its first Law Enforcement Disclosure Report on June 6, 2014.[389] Vodafone group privacy officer Stephen Deadman said "These pipes exist, the direct access model exists. We are making a call to end direct access as a means of government agencies obtaining people's communication data. Without an official warrant, there is no external visibility. If we receive a demand we can push back against the agency. The fact that a government has to issue a piece of paper is an important constraint on how powers are used."[389] Gus Hosein, director of Privacy International said "I never thought the telcos would be so complicit. It's a brave step by Vodafone and hopefully the other telcos will become more brave with disclosure, but what we need is for them to be braver about fighting back against the illegal requests and the laws themselves."[389]

Above-top-secret documentation of a covert surveillance program named Overseas Processing Centre 1 (OPC-1) (codenamed "CIRCUIT") by GCHQ was published by The Register. Based on documents leaked by Edward Snowden, GCHQ taps into undersea fiber optic cables via secret spy bases near the Strait of Hormuz and Yemen. BT and Vodafone are implicated.[390]

The Danish newspaper Dagbladet Information and The Intercept revealed on June 19, 2014, the NSA mass surveillance program codenamed RAMPART-A. Under RAMPART-A, 'third party' countries tap into fiber optic cables carrying the majority of the world's electronic communications and are secretly allowing the NSA to install surveillance equipment on these fiber-optic cables. The foreign partners of the NSA turn massive amounts of data like the content of phone calls, faxes, e-mails, internet chats, data from virtual private networks, and calls made using Voice over IP software like Skype over to the NSA. In return these partners receive access to the NSA's sophisticated surveillance equipment so that they too can spy on the mass of data that flows in and out of their territory. Among the partners participating in the NSA mass surveillance program are Denmark and Germany.[391][392][393]

#### July

[edit]

During the week of July 4, a 31-year-old male employee of Germany's intelligence service BND was arrested on suspicion of spying for the United States. The employee is suspected of spying on the German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal.[394]

Former NSA official and whistleblower William Binney spoke at a Centre for Investigative Journalism conference in London. According to Binney, "at least 80% of all audio calls, not just metadata, are recorded and stored in the US. The NSA lies about what it stores." He also stated that the majority of fiber optic cables run through the U.S., which "is no accident and allows the US to view all communication coming in."[395]

The Washington Post released a review of a cache provided by Snowden containing roughly 160,000 text messages and e-mails intercepted by the NSA between 2009 and 2012. The newspaper concluded that nine out of ten account holders whose conversations were recorded by the agency "were not the intended surveillance targets but were caught in a net the agency had cast for somebody else." In its analysis, The Post also noted that many of the account holders were Americans.[396]

On July 9, a soldier working within Germany's Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) fell under suspicion of spying for the United States.[397] As a result of the July 4 case and this one, the German government expelled the CIA station chief in Germany on July 17.[398]

On July 18, former State Department official John Tye released an editorial in The Washington Post, highlighting concerns over data collection under Executive Order 12333. Tye's concerns are rooted in classified material he had access to through the State Department, though he has not publicly released any classified materials.[399]

#### August

[edit]

The Intercept reported that the NSA is "secretly providing data to nearly two dozen U.S. government agencies with a 'Google-like' search engine" called ICREACH. The database, The Intercept reported, is accessible to domestic law enforcement agencies including the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration and was built to contain more than 850 billion metadata records about phone calls, emails, cellphone locations, and text messages.[400][401]

### 2015

[edit]

#### February

[edit]

Based on documents obtained from Snowden, The Intercept reported that the NSA and GCHQ had broken into the internal computer network of Gemalto and stolen the encryption keys that are used in SIM cards no later than 2010. As of 2015[update], the company is the world's largest manufacturer of SIM cards, making about two billion cards a year. With the keys, the intelligence agencies could eavesdrop on cell phones without the knowledge of mobile phone operators or foreign governments.[402]

#### March

[edit]

The New Zealand Herald, in partnership with The Intercept, revealed that the New Zealand government used XKeyscore to spy on candidates for the position of World Trade Organization director general[403] and also members of the Solomon Islands government.[404]

#### April

[edit]

In January 2015, the DEA revealed that it had been collecting metadata records for all telephone calls made by Americans to 116 countries linked to drug trafficking. The DEA's program was separate from the telephony metadata programs run by the NSA.[405] In April, USA Today reported that the DEA's data collection program began in 1992 and included all telephone calls between the United States and from Canada and Mexico. Current and former DEA officials described the program as the precursor of the NSA's similar programs.[406] The DEA said its program was suspended in September 2013, after a review of the NSA's programs and that it was "ultimately terminated."[405]

#### September

[edit]

Snowden provided journalists at The Intercept with GCHQ documents regarding another secret program "Karma Police", calling itself "the world's biggest" data mining operation, formed to create profiles on every visible Internet user's browsing habits. By 2009 it had stored over 1.1 trillion web browsing sessions, and by 2012 was recording 50 billion sessions per day.[407]

### 2016

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)

|

#### January

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

|

* NSA documents show the US and UK spied on Israeli military drones and fighter jets.[408][409]

#### August

[edit]

* A group called The Shadow Brokers says it infiltrated NSA's Equation Group and teases files including some named in documents leaked by Edward Snowden.[410] Among the products affected by the leaked material was Cisco PIX and ASA VPN boxes.

### 2017

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)

|

Main article: Vault 7

See also: The Shadow Brokers and Equation Group

In March 2017, WikiLeaks published more than 8,000 documents on the CIA. The confidential documents, codenamed Vault 7, dated from 2013 to 2016, included details on the CIA's hacking capabilities, such as the ability to compromise cars, smart TVs,[411] web browsers (including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, and Opera),[412][413] and the operating systems of most smartphones (including Apple's iOS and Google's Android), as well as other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.[414] WikiLeaks did not name the source, but said that the files had "circulated among former U.S. government hackers and contractors in an unauthorized manner, one of whom has provided WikiLeaks with portions of the archive."[411]

### 2018

[edit]

#### January

[edit]

* January 4, 2018: The Intercept publishes an article revealing the existence of an NSA program called "Reaper" that allows the agency to target individuals' computers around the world for surveillance and hacking.
* January 9, 2018: The New York Times reports that the U.S. government used a secret program called "Quiet Skies" to monitor U.S. citizens who were not suspected of any crimes, including monitoring their behavior and movements on flights.
* January 12, 2018: The Washington Post reports that the FBI failed to notify U.S. officials that Russian hackers were trying to penetrate their personal Gmail accounts.

#### March

[edit]

* March 15, 2018: The Intercept reports that the U.S. government has been using a secret database to monitor journalists and activists at the U.S.-Mexico border.
* March 19, 2018: Cambridge Analytica scandal breaks out, which involves unauthorized access of millions of Facebook users' data by Cambridge Analytica for political purposes.

#### April

[edit]

* April 12, 2018: The Intercept reports that the NSA was targeting cryptocurrency users and tracking their transactions.
* April 24, 2018: The New York Times reports that the Chinese government has been using the surveillance system tool SKYNET to monitor the country's Muslim minority population.

#### June

[edit]

* June 13, 2018: The Intercept reports that the FBI and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have been using facial recognition technology to scan millions of driver's license photos without people's knowledge or consent.

#### July

[edit]

* July 13, 2018: The Justice Department announces that it has indicted 12 Russian military intelligence officers for hacking into the Democratic National Committee's computer network during the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

#### October

[edit]

* October 4, 2018: The Guardian publishes an article revealing that a Chinese spy had been working at the U.S. embassy in Beijing for more than a decade and had access to sensitive information.
* October 15, 2018: The New York Times reports that the Chinese government has been using a surveillance app called "Study the Great Nation" to monitor and control its citizens.

#### December

[edit]

* December 6, 2018: The Washington Post reports that the U.S. government has been secretly tracking journalists, activists, and migrant advocates who were covering the migrant caravan at the U.S.- Mexico border.

### 2019

[edit]

#### January

[edit]

* January 1, 2019: Australia's new encryption law goes into effect, which requires technology companies to provide law enforcement with access to encrypted communications.

#### March

[edit]

* March 7, 2019: WikiLeaks releases a trove of documents revealing the CIA's hacking tools and techniques for breaking into smartphones and other devices.
* March 25, 2019: The Wall Street Journal reports that the National Security Agency (NSA) has allegedly stopped collecting phone call and text message data from US citizens, citing 'technical difficulties'.

#### April

[edit]

* April 10, 2019: The Intercept furthers reports that the US government has been secretly monitoring journalists and activists who are part of a migrant caravan in Mexico.
* April 18, 2019: The Guardian reports that the US government has secretly charged WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange with conspiracy to commit computer intrusion.

#### May

[edit]

* May 8, 2019: WhatsApp discovers a security flaw that allows attackers to install spyware on users' phones, prompting the company to urge its 1.5 billion users to update their apps.
* May 14, 2019: The New York Times reports that the US government is using facial recognition technology to scan millions of Americans' driver's license photos without their knowledge or consent.

#### June

[edit]

* June 6, 2019: The New York Times reports that the Chinese government is using facial recognition technology to monitor and track the Chinese Muslim minority population in Xinjiang.

#### July

[edit]

* July 17, 2019: The Wall Street Journal reports that the US government continues to be secretly collecting data from the cellphones of US citizens, including their location and relationships with other people.

#### August

[edit]

* August 2, 2019: The United Nations' Human Rights Chief calls for a moratorium on the sale and use of facial recognition technology until its implications for privacy and human rights can be properly assessed.
* August 13, 2019: The New York Times reports that the Chinese government is using a new tool called the Integrated Joint Operations Platform to monitor and track the movements of people in Xinjiang.

#### September

[edit]

* September 12, 2019: The Guardian reports that the UK government has secretly been developing a new mass surveillance system called 'Crown Marketplace,' which will allow it to track the online activities of millions of people in real-time.

#### October

[edit]

* October 2, 2019: The European Court of Justice rules that member states cannot collect phone and internet data on a generalized basis and that any surveillance must be targeted and limited to what is strictly necessary.

#### December

[edit]

* December 5, 2019: The New York Times reports that the Chinese government has detained over one million Muslims in "re-education" camps[415] in Xinjiang, where they are subjected to intense surveillance and monitoring.

### 2020

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2021)

|

### 2021

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2021)

|

Further information: Operation Dunhammer

* In May 2021, it was reported that Danish Defence Intelligence Service collaborated with NSA to wiretap on fellow EU members and leaders, leading to wide backlash among EU countries and demands for explanation from Danish and American governments.[416][417][418]

## Reaction

[edit]

Main article: Reactions to global surveillance disclosures

### Public perception

[edit]

The disclosure provided impetus for the creation of social movements against mass surveillance, such as Restore the Fourth, and actions like Stop Watching Us and The Day We Fight Back. On the legal front, the Electronic Frontier Foundation joined a coalition of diverse groups filing suit against the NSA. Several human rights organizations urged the Obama administration not to prosecute, but protect, "whistleblower Snowden": Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Transparency International, and the Index on Censorship, among others.[419][420][421][422] On the economic front, several consumer surveys registered a drop in online shopping and banking activity as a result of the Snowden revelations.[423]

However, it is argued long-term impact among the general population is negligible, as "the general public has still failed to adopt privacy-enhancing tools en masse."[424] A research study that tracked the interest in privacy-related webpages following the incident found that the public's interest reduced quickly, despite continuous discussion by the media about the events.[425]

### Reactions of political leaders

[edit]

#### United States

[edit]

See also: Mass surveillance in the United States

On June 7, 2013, President Obama emphasized the importance of surveillance to prevent terrorist attacks

Domestically, President Barack Obama claimed that there is "no spying on Americans",[426][427] and White House Press Secretary Jay Carney asserted that the surveillance programs revealed by Snowden have been authorized by Congress.[428]

On the international front, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder stated that "we cannot target even foreign persons overseas without a valid foreign intelligence purpose."[429]

#### United Kingdom

[edit]

See also: Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom

Prime Minister David Cameron warned journalists that "if they don't demonstrate some social responsibility it will be very difficult for government to stand back and not to act."[430] Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg emphasized that the media should "absolutely defend the principle of secrecy for the intelligence agencies".[431]

Foreign Secretary William Hague claimed that "we take great care to balance individual privacy with our duty to safeguard the public and UK national security."[432] Hague defended the Five Eyes alliance and reiterated that the British-U.S. intelligence relationship must not be endangered because it "saved many lives".[433]

#### Australia

[edit]

See also: Mass surveillance in Australia

Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott stated that "every Australian governmental agency, every Australian official at home and abroad, operates in accordance with the law".[434] Abbott criticized the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for being unpatriotic due to its reporting on the documents provided by Snowden, whom Abbott described as a "traitor".[435][436] Foreign Minister Julie Bishop also denounced Snowden as a traitor and accused him of "unprecedented" treachery.[437] Bishop defended the Five Eyes alliance and reiterated that the Australian–U.S. intelligence relationship must not be endangered because it "saves lives".[438]

#### China

[edit]

Chinese policymakers became increasingly concerned about the risk of cyberattacks following the disclosures, which demonstrated extensive United States intelligence activities in China.[439]: 129  As part of its response, the Communist Party in 2014 formed the Cybersecurity and Information Leading Group.[439]: 129

#### Germany

[edit]

See also: German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal

Lawyers and judges protest boundless monitoring at PRISM debate in Germany, 18 November 2013

In July 2013, Chancellor Angela Merkel defended the surveillance practices of the NSA, and described the United States as "our truest ally throughout the decades".[440][441] After the NSA's surveillance on Merkel was revealed, however, the Chancellor compared the NSA with the Stasi.[442] According to The Guardian, Berlin is using the controversy over NSA spying as leverage to enter the exclusive Five Eyes alliance.[443]

Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich stated that "the Americans take our data privacy concerns seriously."[444] Testifying before the German Parliament, Friedrich defended the NSA's surveillance, and cited five terrorist plots on German soil that were prevented because of the NSA.[445] However, in April 2014, another German interior minister criticized the United States for failing to provide sufficient assurances to Germany that it had reined in its spying tactics. Thomas de Maiziere, a close ally of Merkel, told Der Spiegel: "U.S. intelligence methods may be justified to a large extent by security needs, but the tactics are excessive and over-the-top."[446]

#### Sweden

[edit]

Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt, defended the FRA and described its surveillance practices as a "national necessity".[447] Minister for Defence Karin Enström said that Sweden's intelligence exchange with other countries is "critical for our security" and that "intelligence operations occur within a framework with clear legislation, strict controls and under parliamentary oversight."[448][449]

#### Netherlands

[edit]

Interior Minister Ronald Plasterk apologized for incorrectly claiming that the NSA had collected 1.8 million records of metadata in the Netherlands. Plasterk acknowledged that it was in fact Dutch intelligence services who collected the records and transferred them to the NSA.[450][451]

#### Denmark

[edit]

The Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt has praised the American intelligence agencies, claiming they have prevented terrorist attacks in Denmark, and expressed her personal belief that the Danish people "should be grateful" for the Americans' surveillance.[452] She has later claimed that the Danish authorities have no basis for assuming that American intelligence agencies have performed illegal spying activities toward Denmark or Danish interests.[453]

### Intelligence agency reviews

[edit]

Germany

In July 2013, the German government announced an extensive review of German intelligence services.[454][455]

United States

In August 2013, the U.S. government announced an extensive review of U.S. intelligence services.[456][457]

United Kingdom

In October 2013, the British government announced an extensive review of British intelligence services.[458]

Canada

In December 2013, the Canadian government announced an extensive review of Canadian intelligence services.[459]

### Criticism and alternative views

[edit]

In January 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama said that "the sensational way in which these disclosures have come out has often shed more heat than light" [19] and critics such as Sean Wilentz claimed that "the NSA has acted far more responsibly than the claims made by the leakers and publicized by the press." In Wilentz' view "The leakers have gone far beyond justifiably blowing the whistle on abusive programs. In addition to their alarmism about [U.S.] domestic surveillance, many of the Snowden documents released thus far have had nothing whatsoever to do with domestic surveillance."[20] Edward Lucas, former Moscow bureau chief for The Economist, agreed, asserting that "Snowden's revelations neatly and suspiciously fits the interests of one country: Russia" and citing Masha Gessen's statement that "The Russian propaganda machine has not gotten this much mileage out of a US citizen since Angela Davis's murder trial in 1971."[460]

Bob Cesca objected to The New York Times failing to redact the name of an NSA employee and the specific location where an al Qaeda group was being targeted in a series of slides the paper made publicly available.[461]

Russian journalist Andrei Soldatov argued that Snowden's revelations had had negative consequences for internet freedom in Russia, as Russian authorities increased their own surveillance and regulation on the pretext of protecting the privacy of Russian users. Snowden's name was invoked by Russian legislators who supported measures forcing platforms such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Gmail, and YouTube to locate their servers on Russian soil or install SORM black boxes on their servers so that Russian authorities could control them.[462] Soldatov also contended that as a result of the disclosures, international support for having national governments take over the powers of the organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global architectures had grown, which could lead to a Balkanization of the Internet that restricted free access to information.[463] The Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation issued in October 2013, by ICANN and other organizations warned against "Internet fragmentation at a national level" and expressed "strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations".[464]

In late 2014, Freedom House said "[s]ome states are using the revelations of widespread surveillance by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) as an excuse to augment their own monitoring capabilities, frequently with little or no oversight, and often aimed at the political opposition and human rights activists."[465]

## Gallery

[edit]

International relations

* NSA's relationship with Norway's NIS

* NSA's relationship with Sweden's FRA

* NSA's agreement to share data with Israel's ISNU

* German BND's usage of the NSA's XKeyscore

* NSA's relationship with Canada's CSEC

* Summary of a secret meeting between the NSA and the Dutch intelligence services AIVD and MIVD

U.S. domestic federal documents

* Court order demanding that Verizon hand over all call detail records to NSA.

* Procedures used to target Foreigners.

* Procedures used to Minimize collection on US persons.

* 2009 OIG Draft Report on Stellar Wind.

* 2007 Memos by Michael Mukasey requesting Broader powers.

* Presidential Policy Directive – PPD 20 Signed By Barack Obama Relating to Cyberwarfare

* NSA report on privacy violations.

* What's a 'privacy violation'

* FISA Court finds NSA surveillance "deficient on statutory and constitutional grounds" but nonetheless recertifies it.

* Targeting Rationale Guidelines

* Extracts of FY 2013 Intelligence Budget, volume 1

* FY 2013 Intelligence Budget, additional tables

NSA presentations

* SilverZephyr Slide

* Dropmire Slide

* Cover page of the PRISM presentation

* Map of global internet bandwidth

* Names of the PRISM content providers and which services they typically provide

* Dates each content provider was added to PRISM

* Flowchart of the PRISM tasking process

* PRISM dataflow

* Explanation of PRISM case names

* REPRISMFISA web application

* A week in the life of Prism

* A 2008 Presentation of the XKeyscore program. (PDF, 27.3 MB)

* Geopolititical Trends: Key Challenges

* Geopolitical trends: Global Drivers

* Benefits of contact graph analysis

* Benefits of contact graph analysis

* Contact graph

* Hops in a contact graph

* 2 hop contact graph

* Spying against Enrique Peña Nieto and his associates

* Details of the process in the Nieto operation

* Emails from Nieto detailing potential cabinet picks

* Spying effort against Dilma Rousseff and her advisers

* Details of the process in the Rousseff operation (2 hop contact graph)

* Details of the process in the Rousseff operation (2 hop contact graph)

* Benefits of contact graph analysis

* Exploitation of Common Internet Encryption Technologies

## Comparison with other leaks

[edit]

Year  | Disclosure  | Size  | Main source(s)  | Major publisher(s)

|
|
|
|

2021  | Pandora Papers | 11.9 million leaked documents, 2.9 terabytes of data  | "John Doe" | International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Estimates by the ICIJ of money held offshore (outside the country where the money was made) range from US$5.6 trillion to US$32 trillion.
2017  | Paradise Papers | 13.4 million documents  | "John Doe" | Süddeutsche Zeitung, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, The Guardian, BBC, Le Monde, Tamedia, Falter, La Nación, NDR, WDR, ORF
2016  | Panama Papers | 11.5 million documents  | "John Doe" | Süddeutsche Zeitung, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, The Guardian, BBC, Le Monde, Tamedia, Falter, La Nación, NDR, WDR, ORF
2013  | Global surveillance disclosure  | 1.5–1.77 million documents[466] | Edward Snowden | The Intercept,[467] The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Der Spiegel, El País, Le Monde, L'espresso, O Globo, ProPublica, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, NRC Handelsblad, Sveriges Television
2010  | U.S. Army and U.S. State Department documents | 734,435 files  | Chelsea Manning | The Guardian, The New York Times, Der Spiegel, Le Monde, El País, WikiLeaks

The material consisted of:

* The "Collateral Murder" video, depicting a 2007 US airstrike in Baghdad, Iraq[468]
* 91,000 Afghan War diary[469]
* 391,832 Iraq War logs[470]
* 251,287 confidential US Embassy Cables[471]
* 765 Gitmo Detainee Assessment Briefs[472]

1971  | Pentagon Papers | 4,100 pages  | Daniel Ellsberg | The New York Times

## See also

[edit]

* Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
* Global surveillance whistleblowers
* Harris Corporation
* PositiveID
* Vulkan files leak

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Barton Gellman (December 24, 2013). "Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission's accomplished". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2013. "Taken together, the revelations have brought to light a global surveillance system..."
2. ^ a b c "Who holds security clearances?". The Washington Post. June 10, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
3. ^ a b c d e f Hubert Gude; Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach (August 5, 2013). "German intelligence Sends Massive Amounts of Data to the NSA". Der Spiegel. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
4. ^ Gunnar Rensfeldt (December 8, 2013). "NSA 'asking for' specific exchanges from FRA – Secret treaty since 1954". SVT Nyheter. Sveriges Television. Retrieved April 15, 2024. "This document, dated 18 April of this year, clearly shows that the relation is very close indeed, seemingly growing even closer. 'NSA's relationship with the FRA, an extremely competent, technically innovative, and trusted Third Party partner, continues to grow. The FRA provided NSA with access to its cable collection in 2011'"
5. ^ a b c Glenn Greenwald; Laura Poitras; Ewen MacAskill (September 11, 2013). "NSA shares raw intelligence including Americans' data with Israel". The Guardian. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
6. ^ Tim Leslie; Mark Corcoran (November 8, 2013). "Explained: Australia's involvement with the NSA, the U.S. spy agency at heart of global scandal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
7. ^ Julian Borger (November 2013). "GCHQ and European spy agencies worked together on mass surveillance". The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
8. ^ a b Greg Weston; Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher. "Snowden document shows Canada set up spy posts for NSA". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
9. ^ "Denmark is one of the NSA's '9-Eyes'". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
10. ^ a b Jacques Follorou (November 29, 2013). "La France, précieux partenaire de l'espionnage de la NSA". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved December 18, 2013.
11. ^ Christian Fuchs, John Goetz und Frederik Obermaier (September 13, 2013). "Verfassungsschutz beliefert NSA". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved December 18, 2013.
12. ^ Kjetil Malkenes Hovland. "Norway Monitored Phone Traffic and Shared Data With NSA". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
13. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (July 16, 2013). "Leaker Files for Asylum to Remain in Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
14. ^ "Snowden Asylum Hits U.S.-Russia Relations". The Wall Street Journal. August 1, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
15. ^ ".S. 'Extremely Disappointed' At Russia's Asylum For Snowden". NPR. August 1, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
16. ^ a b Francis Elliott (October 28, 2013). "Cameron hints at action to stop security leaks". The Times. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
17. ^ Satter, Raphael (November 13, 2013). "UK Pursuing Criminal Investigation Into Guardian Leaks". Associated Press. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
18. ^ "Only 1% of Snowden files published – Guardian editor". BBC News. December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
19. ^ a b Transcript Of President Obama's Speech On NSA Reforms NPR January 17, 2014
20. ^ a b Sean Wilentz (January 19, 2014), Would You Feel Differently About Snowden, Greenwald, and Assange If You Knew What They Really Thought? The New Republic
21. ^ a b c "Pentagon Says Snowden Took Most U.S. Secrets Ever". Bloomberg News. January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
22. ^ a b "Snowden leaks 'worst ever loss to British intelligence'". BBC News. October 11, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
23. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (June 6, 2013). "NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 16, 2013. "Exclusive: Top secret court order requiring Verizon to hand over all call data shows scale of domestic surveillance under Obama"
24. ^ "NSA Primary Sources". Electronic Frontier Foundation. November 19, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
25. ^ Barton Gellman (December 24, 2013). "Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission's accomplished". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
26. ^ a b Chan, Edwin (July 11, 2013). "Microsoft helped NSA, FBI access user info: Guardian". Reuters. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
27. ^ Andy Greenberg (June 5, 2013). "NSA's Verizon Spying Order Specifically Targeted Americans, Not Foreigners". Forbes. Retrieved December 25, 2013. "In a top secret order obtained by the Guardian newspaper and published Wednesday evening, the FBI on the NSA's behalf demanded that Verizon turn over all call detail records originating in the United States for the three months beginning in late April and ending on 19 July."
28. ^ "Report: NSA and CIA collaborate on drone strikes". Associated Press News. October 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
29. ^ Doug Gross (December 10, 2013). "Leak: Government spies snooped in 'Warcraft,' other games". CNN. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
30. ^ Craig Timberg; Barton Gellman (September 3, 2013). "NSA paying U.S. companies for access to communications networks". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
31. ^ Michael Winter (August 23, 2013). "NSA reimbursed tech firms millions for data". USA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
32. ^ Brian Fung. "The NSA paid Silicon Valley millions to spy on taxpayers". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
33. ^ Rob Williams (August 2, 2013). "Americans pay GCHQ £100m to spy for them, leaked NSA papers from Edward Snowden claim". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
34. ^ Kiran Stacey (August 1, 2013). "US paid GCHQ £100m for UK intelligence, say leaked documents". Financial Times. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
35. ^ "Espionnage: les services secrets français précieux partenaires de la NSA américaine" (in French). Radio France Internationale. November 30, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
36. ^ "SPIEGEL Reveals Cooperation Between NSA and German BND". Der Spiegel. July 8, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
37. ^ a b Ball, James (November 20, 2013). "US and UK struck secret deal to allow NSA to 'unmask' Britons' personal data". The Guardian. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
38. ^ Philip Dorling (September 12, 2013). "US shares raw intelligence on Australians with Israel". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
39. ^ Ewen MacAskill; James Ball; Katharine Murphy (December 2, 2013). "Revealed: Australian spy agency offered to share data about ordinary citizens". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
40. ^ a b c d David E. Sanger; Thom Shanker (January 14, 2014). "N.S.A. Devises Radio Pathway into Computers". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
41. ^ a b c Cameron Stewart; Paul Maley (December 5, 2013). "Edward Snowden stole up to 20,000 Aussie files". The Australian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
42. ^ Philip Dorling (June 13, 2013). "Australia gets 'deluge' of US secret data, prompting a new data facility". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
43. ^ Nick Hopkins (June 7, 2013). "UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
44. ^ Olmer, Bart (June 11, 2013). "Ook AIVD bespiedt internetter". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Retrieved September 10, 2013. "Niet alleen Amerikaanse inlichtingendiensten monitoren internetters wereldwijd. Ook Nederlandse geheime diensten krijgen informatie uit het omstreden surveillanceprogramma 'Prism'."
45. ^ a b c Glenn Greenwald; Ewen MacAskill; Laura Poitras; Spencer Ackerman; Dominic Rushe (July 11, 2013). "Revealed: how Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
46. ^ Brandon Griggs (July 13, 2013). "Report: Microsoft collaborated closely with NSA". CNN. Retrieved December 25, 2013. "And Microsoft also worked with the FBI this year to give the NSA easier access to its cloud storage service SkyDrive"
47. ^ a b c d e "NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program". The Washington Post. July 10, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
48. ^ a b c Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 7, 2013). "NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
49. ^ a b c René Pfister; Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Jörg Schindler; Holger Stark (July 22, 2013). "German Intelligence Worked Closely with NSA on Data Surveillance". Der Spiegel. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
50. ^ Gunnar Rensfeldt. "FRA has access to controversial surveillance system". Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
51. ^ a b c d Gunnar Rensfeldt. "Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA". Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
52. ^ Nick Hopkins; Julian Borger (August 1, 2013). "Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
53. ^ Rob Williams (August 2, 2013). "Americans pay GCHQ £100m to spy for them, leaked NSA papers from Edward Snowden claim". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n James Ball; Luke Harding; Juliette Garside (August 2, 2013). "BT and Vodafone among telecoms companies passing details to GCHQ". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
55. ^ Gellman, Barton; Soltani, Ashkan; Peterson, Andrea (November 4, 2013). "How we know the NSA had access to internal Google and Yahoo cloud data". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
56. ^ Matthias Gebauer; Hubert Gude; Veit Medick; Jörg Schindler; Fidelius Schmid (September 9, 2013). "CIA Worked With BND and BfV in Neuss on Secret Project". Der Spiegel. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
57. ^ Philip Dorling (October 31, 2013). "Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
58. ^ a b c d "Photo Gallery: Spies in the Embassy". Der Spiegel. October 27, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
59. ^ Colin Freeze (October 29, 2013). "Canadian embassies eavesdrop, leak says". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
60. ^ a b Duncan Campbell; Cahal Milmo; Kim Sengupta; Nigel Morris; Tony Patterson (November 5, 2013). "Revealed: Britain's 'secret listening post in the heart of Berlin'". The Independent. London. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
61. ^ Duncan Campbell; Cahal Milmo (November 5, 2013). "Exclusive: RAF Croughton base 'sent secrets from Merkel's phone straight to the CIA'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
62. ^ a b c d Jacques Follorou (October 30, 2013). "Surveillance : la DGSE a transmis des données à la NSA américaine". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved December 30, 2013.
63. ^ a b c "Espionnage : la France aurait collaboré avec la NSA". Le Parisien. October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
64. ^ "NSA files decoded: Edward Snowden's surveillance revelations explained". TheGuardian.com. November 2013.
65. ^ Ewen MacAskill; Dominic Rushe (November 2013). "Snowden document reveals key role of companies in NSA data collection". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
66. ^ "David Miranda row: Seized files 'endanger agents'". BBC News. August 30, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
67. ^ Leopold, Jason (June 4, 2015). "Exclusive: Inside Washington's Quest to Bring Down Edward Snowden". Vice News. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
68. ^ Corera, Gordon (October 29, 2013). "Spying scandal: Will the 'five eyes' club open up?". BBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
69. ^ Risen, James (October 17, 2013). "Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
70. ^ Timothy Heritage; Steve Holland (August 1, 2013). "Russia gives Snowden asylum, Obama-Putin summit in doubt". Reuters. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
71. ^ "U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir". Ramparts. August 1972. pp. 35–50\. "The SIGINT community was defined by a TOP SECRET treaty signed in 1947. It was called the UKUSA treaty. The National Security Agency signed for the U.S. and became what's called First Party to the Treaty."
72. ^ Campbell, Duncan (August 12, 1988). "Somebody's Listening". New Statesman. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. "The Congressional officials were first told of the Thurmond interception by a former employee of the Lockheed Space and Missiles Corporation, Margaret Newsham, who now lives in Sunnyvale, California."
73. ^ "Shayler: Whistleblower or traitor?". BBC News. March 3, 2000. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
74. ^ JOSEPH FINDER (April 29, 2001). "Bugging the World". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
75. ^ "NSA Whistleblowers William (Bill) Binney and J. Kirk Wiebe". Government Accountability Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013.
76. ^ Ellen Nakashima (July 14, 2010). "Former NSA executive Thomas A. Drake may pay high price for media leak". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
77. ^ Davies, Ben (November 27, 2003). "Interview: Whistleblower Katharine Gun". BBC News. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
78. ^ "UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'". BBC News. February 26, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
79. ^ Boghani, Priyanka (January 28, 2016). "Whistleblower Facing Ethics Charges Over NSA Leak". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
80. ^ James Risen; Eric Lichtblau (December 16, 2005). "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
81. ^ Brian Ross (January 10, 2006). "NSA Whistleblower Alleges Illegal Spying". ABC News. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
82. ^ Leslie Cauley (May 11, 2006). "NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls". USA Today. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
83. ^ "Wiretap Whistle-Blower's Account". Wired. April 6, 2006. Archived from the original on January 17, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
84. ^ "Wikileaks disclosure shines light on Big Brother". CBS News. December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
85. ^ Michael Hastings (February 28, 2012). "Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
86. ^ a b Greenslade, Roy (August 19, 2013). "How Edward Snowden led journalist and film-maker to reveal NSA secrets". The Guardian. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
87. ^ Mark Hosenball (August 15, 2013), Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say Reuters
88. ^ Carmon, Irin (June 10, 2013). "How we broke the NSA story". Salon. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
89. ^ Peter Maass (August 18, 2013), "How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets". The New York Times
90. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen; Poitras, Laura (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
91. ^ Smith, Matt; Pearson, Michael (June 10, 2013). "NSA leaker holed up in Hong Kong hotel, running low on cash". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
92. ^ "Everything We Learned from Edward Snowden in 2013". National Journal.
93. ^ a b Greenwald, Glenn (June 6, 2013). "NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
94. ^ Danny Yadron; Evan Perez (June 14, 2013). "T-Mobile, Verizon Wireless Shielded from NSA Sweep". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
95. ^ Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 6, 2013). "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
96. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 6, 2013). "NSA Taps in to Internet Giants' Systems to Mine User Data, Secret Files Reveal – Top-Secret Prism Program Claims Direct Access to Servers of Firms Including Google, Apple and Facebook – Companies Deny Any Knowledge of Program in Operation Since 2007 – Obama Orders US to Draw Up Overseas Target List for Cyber-Attacks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
97. ^ "NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
98. ^ Barton Gellman; Todd Lindeman (June 29, 2013). "Inner workings of a top-secret spy program". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
99. ^ Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 7, 2013). "U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
100. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Fidelius Schmid; Holger Stark (June 29, 2013). "NSA Spied on European Union Offices". Der Spiegel. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
101. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark. "How America Spies on Europe and the UN". Der Spiegel.
102. ^ EXCLUSIVE: US hacks Chinese mobile phone companies, South China Morning Post
103. ^ NSA targeted China's Tsinghua University in hacking attacks, South China Morning Post
104. ^ Lam, Lana (June 23, 2013). "US hacked Pacnet, Asia Pacific fibre-optic network operator, in 2009". South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). Retrieved June 25, 2013.
105. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (June 30, 2013). "Geheimdokumente: NSA überwacht 500 Millionen Verbindungen in Deutschland". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved June 30, 2013.
106. ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Borger, Julian (June 30, 2013). "New NSA leaks show how US is bugging its European allies". The Guardian. London.
107. ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Davies, Nick; Hopkins, Nick; Borger, Julian; Ball, James (June 17, 2013). "GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summits". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
108. ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Borger, Julian; Hopkins, Nick; Davies, Nick; Ball, James (June 21, 2013). "GCHQ taps fiber-optic cables for secret access to world's communications". The Guardian. London.
109. ^ a b Ewen MacAskill; Julian Borger; Nick Hopkins; Nick Davies; James Ball (June 21, 2013). "GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
110. ^ Philip Bump (June 21, 2013). "The UK Tempora Program Captures Vast Amounts of Data – and Shares with NSA". The Atlantic Wire. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
111. ^ Glenn Greenwald and Spencer Ackerman (June 27, 2013). "NSA collected US email records in bulk for more than two years under Obama". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
112. ^ Glenn Greenwald and Spencer Ackerman (June 27, 2013). "How the NSA is still harvesting your online data". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
113. ^ "Procedures Used by NSA to Target Non-US Persons: Exhibit A – Full Document – Top-Secret Documents Show Fisa Judges Have Signed Off on Broad Orders Allowing the NSA to Make Use of Information 'Inadvertently' Collected from Domestic US Communications Without a Warrant – Revealed: The Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant". The Guardian. London. June 20, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
114. ^ "Procedures Used by NSA to Minimize Data Collection from US Persons: Exhibit B – Full Document – The Documents Detail the Procedures the NSA Is Required to Follow to Target 'Non-US Persons' under Its Foreign Intelligence Powers – And What the Agency Does to Minimize Data Collected on US Citizens and Residents – Revealed: The Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant". The Guardian. London. June 20, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
115. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; Ball, James (June 20, 2013). "The Top Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant – Fisa Court Submissions Show Broad Scope of Procedures Governing NSA's Surveillance of Americans' Communication – Document One: Procedures Used by NSA to Target Non-US Persons – Document Two: Procedures Used by NSA to Minimise Data Collected from US Persons". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
116. ^ Ellen Nakashima; Barton Gellman; Greg Miller (June 21, 2013). "New documents reveal parameters of NSA's secret surveillance programs". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
117. ^ Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill (June 11, 2013). "Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data". The Guardian. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
118. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (June 30, 2013). "Partner and Target: NSA Snoops on 500 Million German Data Connections". Der Spiegel. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
119. ^ Hubert Gude; Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach (August 5, 2013). "German Intelligence Sends Massive Amounts of Data to the NSA". Der Spiegel. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
120. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (June 30, 2013). "Partner and Target: NSA Snoops on 500 Million German Data Connections". Der Spiegel. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
121. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Fidelius Schmid; Holger Stark; Jonathan Stock (July 1, 2013). "Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe". Der Spiegel. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
122. ^ Craig Timberg; Ellen Nakashima (July 7, 2013). "Agreements with private companies protect U.S. access to cables' data for surveillance". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
123. ^ Lindemann, Todd (July 6, 2013). "A connected world". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
124. ^ EUA espionaram milhões de e-mails e ligações de brasileiros, O Globo, July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
125. ^ The NSA's mass and indiscriminate spying on Brazilians, Glenn Greenwald, The Guardian, July 7, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
126. ^ EUA expandem o aparato de vigilância continuamente, O Globo, July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
127. ^ a b c d e f g Philip Dorling (July 8, 2013). "Snowden reveals Australia's links to US spy web". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
128. ^ Kaz, Roberto (July 8, 2013). "NSA e CIA mantiveram em Brasília equipe para coleta de dados filtrados de satélite". O Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved February 1, 2014.
129. ^ "Interview with Whistleblower Edward Snowden on Global Spying". Der Spiegel. July 8, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
130. ^ "Edward Snowden Accuses Germany of Aiding NSA in Spying Efforts". Der Spiegel. July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
131. ^ 'Prolific Partner': German Intelligence Used NSA Spy Program, Der Spiegel. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
132. ^ Geiger, Friedrich (August 3, 2013). "German Intelligence Agency Providing NSA With Metadata – Report". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
133. ^ a b c "'Key Partners': Secret Links Between Germany and the NSA". Der Spiegel. July 22, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
134. ^ a b Matthias Gebauer. "Prism in Afghanistan: Conflicting Accounts By German Government". Der Spiegel. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
135. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (July 31, 2013)."XKeyscore: NSA tool collects 'nearly everything a user does on the internet'". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
136. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (July 31, 2013). "Newly declassified documents on phone records program released". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
137. ^ Charlie Savage; David E. Sanger (July 31, 2013). "Senate Panel Presses N.S.A. on Phone Logs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
138. ^ Angwin, Julia (December 13, 2012). "U.S. Terrorism Agency to Tap a Vast Database of Citizens". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
139. ^ Iain Thomson (July 8, 2013). "Snowden: US and Israel did create Stuxnet attack code". The Register. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
140. ^ Révélations sur le Big Brother français (2), Le Monde, July 4, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
141. ^ France 'runs vast electronic spying operation using NSA-style methods', The Guardian, July 4, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
142. ^ a b c d e f g John Goetz; Frederik Obermaier (August 2, 2013). "Snowden enthüllt Namen der spähenden Telekomfirmen". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved August 2, 2013. "In den internen Papieren des GCHQ aus dem Jahr 2009 stehen sie nun aufgelistet: Verizon Business, Codename: Dacron, British Telecommunications (codenamed "Remedy"), Vodafone Cable ("Gerontic"), Global Crossing ("Pinnage"), Level 3 (codenamed "Little"), Viatel ("Vitreous") und Interoute ("Streetcar")."
143. ^ a b c d John Goetz; Hans Leyendecker; Frederik Obermaier (August 28, 2013). "British Officials Have Far-Reaching Access To Internet And Telephone Communications". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
144. ^ Dorling, Philip. "Australian spies in global deal to tap undersea cables". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
145. ^ a b Chambers, Madeline (August 25, 2013). "U.S. spy agency bugged U.N. headquarters: Germany's Spiegel". Reuters. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
146. ^ a b "US-Geheimdienst hörte Zentrale der Vereinten Nationen ab". Der Spiegel (in German). August 25, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
147. ^ Savage, Charlie (August 8, 2013). "N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
148. ^ "Snowden Document: NSA Spied On Al Jazeera Communications". Der Spiegel. August 31, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
149. ^ Siobhan Gorman; Jennifer Valentiono-Devries (August 20, 2013). "New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach – Programs Cover 75% of Nation's Traffic, Can Snare Emails". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
150. ^ "Graphic: How the NSA Scours Internet Traffic in the U.S.". The Wall Street Journal. August 20, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
151. ^ Jennifer Valentiono-Devries; Siobhan Gorman (August 20, 2013). "What You Need to Know on New Details of NSA Spying". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
152. ^ Jennifer Valentino-Devries; Danny Yadron (August 1, 2013). "FBI Taps Hacker Tactics to Spy on Suspects". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
153. ^ Jennifer Valentino-DeVries; Danny Yadron (August 1, 2013). "How the FBI Hacks Criminal Suspects". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
154. ^ "NSA report on privacy violations in the first quarter of 2012". The Washington Post. August 16, 2013. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
155. ^ Barton Gellman; Matt DeLong (August 15, 2013). "First direct evidence of illegal surveillance found by the FISA court". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
156. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (August 16, 2013). "Lawmakers, privacy advocates call for reforms at NSA". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
157. ^ Barton Gellman; Matt DeLong (August 15, 2013). "What's a 'violation'?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
158. ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (August 16, 2013). "Court: Ability to police U.S. spying program limited". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
159. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (August 21, 2013). "NSA gathered thousands of Americans' e-mails before court ordered it to revise its tactics". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
160. ^ "FISA court ruling on illegal NSA e-mail collection program". The Washington Post. August 21, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
161. ^ Charlie Savage; Scott Shane (August 21, 2013). "Secret Court Rebuked N.S.A. on Surveillance". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
162. ^ Mark Hosenball; Tabassum Zakaria (August 22, 2013). "NSA collected 56,000 emails by Americans a year: documents". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
163. ^ a b Craig Timberg; Barton Gellman (August 30, 2013). "NSA paying U.S. companies for access to communications networks". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
164. ^ Wallsten, Peter (August 17, 2013). "House panel withheld document on NSA surveillance program from members". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
165. ^ Weich, Ronald. "Report of the National Security Agency's Bulk Collection Programs for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization" (PDF). Office of the Assistant Attorney General. Director of National Intelligence. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
166. ^ James Ball; Luke Harding; Juliette Garside (August 1, 2013). "Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ". Retrieved August 2, 2013.
167. ^ James Ball and Spencer Ackerman (August 9, 2013). "NSA loophole allows warrantless search for US citizens' emails and phone calls – Exclusive: Spy agency has secret backdoor permission to search databases for individual Americans' communications". The Guardian. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
168. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (August 10, 2013). "New leak: NSA can search US e-mail data but theoretically won't". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
169. ^ Roberts, Dan (August 23, 2013). "US surveillance guidelines not updated for 30 years, privacy board finds – Privacy watchdog points out in letter to intelligence chiefs that rules designed to protect Americans are severely outdated". The Guardian. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
170. ^ Medine, David (August 22, 2013). "2013-08-22 Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board letter to US Attorney General Eric Holder and Director of National Intelligence James Clapper" (PDF). Privacy & Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
171. ^ Strohm, Chris (August 24, 2013). "Lawmakers Probe Willful Abuses of Power by NSA Analysts". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
172. ^ Roberts, Dan (August 23, 2013). "NSA analysts deliberately broke rules to spy on Americans, agency reveals – Inspector general's admission undermines fresh insistences from president that breaches of privacy rules were inadvertent". The Guardian. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
173. ^ Gorman, Siobhan (August 23, 2013). "NSA Officers Spy on Love Interests". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
174. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (August 23, 2013). "NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies • Top-secret files show first evidence of financial relationship • Prism companies include Google and Yahoo, says NSA • Costs were incurred after 2011 Fisa court ruling". The Guardian. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
175. ^ David Leppard; Chris Williams (May 3, 2009). "Jacqui Smith's secret plan to carry on snooping". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
176. ^ Henry Porter (June 21, 2013). "GCHQ revelations: mastery of the internet will mean mastery of everyone". The Guardian. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
177. ^ James Ball; Julian Borger; Glenn Greenwald (September 5, 2013). "US and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet". The Guardian. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
178. ^ Nicole Perlroth; Jeff Larson; Scott Shane (September 5, 2013). "N.S.A. Foils Much Internet Encryption". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
179. ^ "Secret Documents Reveal N.S.A. Campaign Against Encryption". The New York Times. September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
180. ^ "Unlocking Private Communications". The New York Times. September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
181. ^ Perlroth, Nicole; Larson, Jeff; Shane, Scott (September 5, 2013). "The NSA's Secret Campaign to Crack, Undermine Internet Security". ProPublica.
182. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (September 6, 2013). "NSA has made strides in thwarting encryption used to protect Internet communication". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
183. ^ [177][178][179][180][181][182]
184. ^ "Verfassungsschutz spionierte für Geheimdienste – Bundesamt-Chef Maaßen stimmte zu" (in German). Norddeutscher Rundfunk. September 13, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
185. ^ "Verfassungsschutz beliefert NSA". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
186. ^ "Auch Verfassungsschutz liefert Daten an NSA "Süddeutsche Zeitung" und NDR berichten über intensiven Datenaustausch" (in German). Deutschland Radio. September 13, 2013. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
187. ^ Guillaume Champeau (October 28, 2013). "Lustre : la France aurait coopéré avec la NSA" (in French). Numerama. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
188. ^ "Espionnage : la France perd son Lustre". ZDNet (in French). October 28, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
189. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (September 8, 2013). "Obama administration had restrictions on NSA reversed in 2011". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
190. ^ "'Follow the Money': NSA Spies on International Payments". Der Spiegel. September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
191. ^ Romero, Simon; Archibold, Randal C. (September 2, 2013). "Brazil Angered Over Report N.S.A. Spied on President". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
192. ^ "NSA Documents Show United States Spied Brazilian Oil Giant". Jornal da Globo Fantástico. September 8, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
193. ^ James Risen; Laura Poitras (September 28, 2013). "N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
194. ^ "NSA and Israeli intelligence: memorandum of understanding – full document". The Guardian. September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
195. ^ Barton Gellman. "Secret documents detail U.S. war in cyberspace". The Washington Post (via The Japan Times). Retrieved September 2, 2013.
196. ^ Barton Gellman; Ellen Nakashima (August 31, 2013). "U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
197. ^ Konrad Lischka und Julia Stanek (August 31, 2013). "Cyber-Angriffe: USA infizieren Zehntausende Computer mit NSA-Trojanern". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved August 31, 2013.
198. ^ Zetter, Kim (September 4, 2013). "NSA Laughs at PCs, Prefers Hacking Routers and Switches". Wired.com. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
199. ^ a b c d e Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (September 9, 2013). "iSpy: How the NSA Accesses Smartphone Data". Der Spiegel. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
200. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (September 9, 2013). "Photo Gallery: Spying on Smartphones". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
201. ^ Barton Gellman; Craig Timberg; Steven Rich (October 4, 2013). "Secret NSA documents show campaign against Tor encrypted network". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
202. ^ "GCHQ report on 'MULLENIZE' program to 'stain' anonymous electronic traffic". The Washington Post. October 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
203. ^ Schneier, Bruce (October 4, 2013). "Attacking Tor: how the NSA targets users' online anonymity". The Guardian. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
204. ^ "Tor: 'The king of high-secure, low-latency anonymity'". The Guardian. October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
205. ^ "Ministério de Minas e Energia está na mira de espiões americanos e canadenses". O Globo. October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
206. ^ "Report: Canada spies targeted Brazil mine ministry". Associated Press. October 6, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
207. ^ Ockenden, Will (October 8, 2013). "Australia prepared briefing on US global internet spying program PRISM before Snowden revelations". ABC News. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
208. ^ "AG Department Prism FOI PDF". ABC News. June 27, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
209. ^ Barton Gellman; Ashkan Soltani (October 15, 2013). "NSA collects millions of e-mail address books globally". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
210. ^ Barton Gellman; Matt DeLong (October 15, 2013). "The NSA's problem? Too much data". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
211. ^ Barton Gellman; Matt DeLong (October 15, 2013). "SCISSORS: How the NSA collects less data". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
212. ^ Barton Gellman; Matt DeLong (October 15, 2013). "An excerpt from the NSA's Wikipedia". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
213. ^ Jens Glüsing; Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (October 20, 2013). "Fresh Leak on US Spying: NSA Accessed Mexican President's Email". Der Spiegel. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
214. ^ "NSA-Spionage: Mexiko fordert Aufklärung über US-Bespitzelungen". Der Spiegel (in German). October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
215. ^ Mark Mazzetti; David E. Sanger (October 30, 2013). "Tap on Merkel Provides Peek at Vast Spy Net". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
216. ^ Mark Landler; Michael S. Schmidt (October 30, 2013). "Spying Known at Top Levels, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
217. ^ a b Ball, James (October 24, 2013). "NSA monitored calls of 35 world leaders after US official handed over contacts". The Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
218. ^ a b Siobhan Gorhan; Adam Entous (October 28, 2013). "Obama Unaware as U.S. Spied on World Leaders: Officials". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
219. ^ Ball, James (October 25, 2013). "Leaked memos reveal GCHQ efforts to keep mass surveillance secret". The Guardian. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
220. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (October 2, 2013). "NSA had test project to collect data on Americans' cellphone locations, director says". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
221. ^ Barton Gellman; Ashkan Soltani (October 30, 2013). "NSA infiltrates links to Yahoo, Google data centers worldwide, Snowden documents say". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
222. ^ Barton Gellman; Todd Lindeman; Ashkan Soltani (October 30, 2013). "How the NSA is infiltrating private networks". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
223. ^ Peterson, Andrea (October 30, 2013). "PRISM already gave the NSA access to tech giants. Here's why it wanted more". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
224. ^ "NSA statement on Washington Post report on infiltration of Google, Yahoo data center links". The Washington Post. October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
225. ^ Jacob Appelbaum; Holger Stark; Marcel Rosenbach; Jörg Schindler (October 23, 2013). "Berlin Complains: Did US Tap Chancellor Merkel's Mobile Phone?". Der Spiegel. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
226. ^ Charly Wilder; Rupert Neat (October 24, 2013). "'Out of Hand': Europe Furious Over US Spying Allegations". Der Spiegel. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
227. ^ Ball, James (October 25, 2013). "NSA monitored calls of 35 world leaders after US official handed over contacts". The Guardian. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
228. ^ a b Jacob Appelbaum; Nikolaus Blome; Hubert Gude; Ralf Neukirch; René Pfister; Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Jörg Schindler; Gregor Peter Schmitz; Holger Stark (Translated from the German by Kristen Allen and Charly Wilder.) (October 27, 2013). "Der Spiegel Cover Story: How NSA Spied on Merkel Cell Phone from Berlin Embassy – Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin". Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
229. ^ "NSA-Überwachung: Merkels Handy steht seit 2002 auf US-Abhörliste". Der Spiegel (in German). October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
230. ^ Ofer Aderet (October 26, 2015). "Obama: Had I known NSA tapped Merkel's cell, I would have stopped it, German media reports". Haaretz. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
231. ^ David E. Sanger; Mark Mazzetti (October 24, 2013). "Allegation of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
232. ^ Ian Traynor; Paul Lewis (December 17, 2013). "Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama". The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
233. ^ Poitras, Laura (March 29, 2014). "GCHQ and NSA Targeted Private German Companies and Merkel". Der Spiegel. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
234. ^ "Germany hopes for details from Snowden on US spying". BBC News. November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
235. ^ "Photo Gallery: Spies in the Embassy 10/27/2013". Der Spiegel. October 27, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
236. ^ a b Dorling, Philipp (October 31, 2013). "Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
237. ^ Konrad Lischka; Matthias Kremp (October 28, 2013). "NSA-Spähskandal: So funktionieren die Abhöranlagen in US-Botschaften". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved November 1, 2013.
238. ^ Perlez, Jane (October 31, 2013). "Australia Said to Play Part in N.S.A. Effort". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
239. ^ Jacques Follorou; Glenn Greenwald (October 21, 2013). "France in the NSA's crosshair : phone networks under surveillance". Le Monde. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
240. ^ Gearan, Anna (October 22, 2013). "Report that NSA collected French phone records causing diplomatic headache for U.S." The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
241. ^ Adam Entous; Siobhan Gorman (October 29, 2013). "U.S. Says France, Spain Aided NSA Spying". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
242. ^ Ellen Nakashima; Karen DeYoung (October 29, 2013). "NSA chief says NATO allies shared phone records with the U.S. spy agency". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
243. ^ "Espionnage de la NSA : tous les documents publiés par "Le Monde"". Le Monde. October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
244. ^ Miguel González. "NSA revelations: Spain also a victim of US espionage". El País. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
245. ^ Miguel González. "España eleva el tono de las quejas a EE UU por el espionaje masivo". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved December 13, 2013.
246. ^ Paul Hamilos (October 30, 2013). "Spain colluded in NSA spying on its citizens, Spanish newspaper reports". The Guardian. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
247. ^ Glenn Greenwald; Germán Aranda (October 30, 2013). "El CNI facilitó el espionaje masivo de EEUU a España". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved December 22, 2013.
248. ^ a b Shane, Scott (November 2, 2013). "No Morsel Too Minuscule for All-Consuming N.S.A." The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2013. "This "communications fingerprinting," as a document called it, is the key to what the N.S.A. does. It allows the agency's computers to scan the stream of international communications and pluck out messages tied to the supreme leader."
249. ^ Campbell, Duncan (November 5, 2013). "Revealed: Britain's 'secret listening post in the heart of Berlin'". The Independent. London. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
250. ^ a b Tony Paterson (November 10, 2013). "GCHQ used 'Quantum Insert' technique to set up fake LinkedIn pages and spy on mobile phone giants". The Independent. London. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
251. ^ "Belgacom Attack: Britain's GCHQ Hacked Belgian Telecoms Firm". Der Spiegel. September 20, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
252. ^ Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Christoph Scheuermann; Holger Stark; Christian Stöcker (November 23, 2011). "Quantum Spying: GCHQ Used Fake LinkedIn Pages to Target Engineers". Der Spiegel. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
253. ^ a b Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (November 17, 2013). "'Royal Concierge': GCHQ Monitors Hotel Reservations to Track Diplomats". Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
254. ^ Indonesia recalls Canberra ambassador over Yudhoyono phone tapping attempt, Foreign minister demands explanation after documents reveal Australian agencies targeted phones of president and his wife The Guardian November 18, 2013
255. ^ a b c d e f g h i Michael Brissenden (November 18, 2013). "Australia spied on Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, leaked Edward Snowden documents reveal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
256. ^ a b James Risen; Laura Poitras (November 22, 2013). "N.S.A. Report Outlined Goals for More Power". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
257. ^ "A Strategy for Surveillance Powers". The New York Times. November 23, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
258. ^ Floor Boon; Steven Derix; Huib Modderkolk (November 23, 2013). "Document Snowden: Nederland al sinds 1946 doelwit van NSA". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved November 23, 2013.
259. ^ a b Floor Boon; Steven Derix; Huib Modderkolk (November 23, 2013). "NSA infected 50,000 computer networks with malicious software". NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
260. ^ Ewen MacAskill; James Ball; Katharine Murphy (December 2, 2013). "Revealed: Australian spy agency offered to share data about ordinary citizens". The Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
261. ^ "Intelligence Services Act 2001". Retrieved March 30, 2016.
262. ^ "How the NSA is tracking people right now". The Washington Post. December 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
263. ^ "How the NSA uses cellphone tracking to find and 'develop' targets". The Washington Post. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
264. ^ "Reporter explains NSA collection of cellphone data". The Washington Post. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
265. ^ Ashkan Soltani; Barton Gellmann (December 10, 2013). "New documents show how the NSA infers relationships based on mobile location data". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
266. ^ Ashkan Soltani; Andrea Peterson; Barton Gellman (December 10, 2013). "NSA uses Google cookies to pinpoint targets for hacking". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
267. ^ Ashkan Soltani; Matt DeLong (December 10, 2013). "NSA signal-surveillance success stories". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
268. ^ "Reporter: For NSA, Google cookies allow 'laser-guided' targeting". The Washington Post. December 11, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
269. ^ Arne Halvorsen; Anne Marte Blindheim; Harald S. Klungtveit; Kjetil Magne Sørenes; Tore Bergsaker; Gunnar Hultgreen (December 17, 2013). "Norway's secret surveillance of Russian politics for the NSA". Dagbladet. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
270. ^ a b c d e f "Snowden-dokumentene: Norge er NSAs drømmepartner". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
271. ^ Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher; Filip Struwe; Anna H Svensson. "SVT avslöjar: FRA spionerar på Ryssland åt USA" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
272. ^ Filip Struwe; Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher; Sven Bergman; Joachim Dyfvermark; Fredrik Laurin. "Snowden files reveal Swedish-American surveillance of Russia" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
273. ^ Sven Bergman; Joachim Dyfvermark; Ryan Gallagher; Glenn Greenwald; Fredrik Laurin. "FRA spying on "energy" and "Baltics" for USA". Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
274. ^ "Cold War treaty confirms Sweden was not neutral". The Local. December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
275. ^ Jain, Rajesh (2016). Avatar Lord from Heaven. Partridge Pub. ISBN 978-1-4828-7201-9. OCLC 945648209.
276. ^ "NSA 'asking for' specific exchanges from FRA – Secret treaty since 1954". Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
277. ^ "Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA". Sveriges Television. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
278. ^ Stefan Geens (April 22, 2012). "Internet freedom in Sweden — a closer look". Goteborg Daily. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2015. "The FRA law has proven controversial in Sweden; the DLD law not so much."
279. ^ "En anpassad försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet (Prop. 2006/07:63)" (PDF). Regeringen. Retrieved March 10, 2014.[dead link]
280. ^ "Ändrad FRA-lag nu ute på remiss". Dagens Nyheter. Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå/Dagens Nyheter. December 22, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
281. ^ Sjögren, Per-Anders. "Alliansen enig om stora ändringar i FRA-lag" (in Swedish). Riksdag & Departement. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
282. ^ Bynert, Simon (September 26, 2008). "Militärt hot villkor för FRA-spaning". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved March 10, 2014.
283. ^ "Alliansen enig om stärkt integritet, tydligare reglering och förbättrad kontroll i kompletteringar till signalspaningslagen" (in Swedish). Regeringen. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
284. ^ Ashkan Soltani; Andrea Peterson; Barton Gellman. "NSA uses Google cookies to pinpoint targets for hacking". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
285. ^ Greg Weston; Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher. "New Snowden docs show U.S. spied during G20 in Toronto". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
286. ^ a b c Glenn Greenwald; Stefania Maurizi (December 5, 2013). "Revealed: How the NSA Targets Italy". L'espresso. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
287. ^ Mark Mazzetti; Justin Elliott (December 9, 2013). "Spies Infiltrate a Fantasy Realm of Online Games". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
288. ^ Ball, James (December 9, 2013). "Xbox Live among game services targeted by US and UK spy agencies". The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
289. ^ "NSA files: games and virtual environments paper". The Guardian. December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
290. ^ Justin Elliott; Andrew W. Lehren (December 9, 2013). "NSA files: games and virtual environments paper". ProPublica. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
291. ^ Craig Timberg; Ashkan Soltani. "By cracking cellphone code, NSA has capacity for decoding private conversations". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
292. ^ "How the NSA pinpoints a mobile device". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
293. ^ Leon, Richard (December 16, 2013). "Federal judge rules NSA program is likely unconstitutional". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
294. ^ Savage, Charlie (December 16, 2013). "Judge Questions Legality of N.S.A. Phone Records". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
295. ^ Kravets, David (December 16, 2013). "Court Says NSA Bulk Telephone Spying Is Unconstitutional". Wired. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
296. ^ Gerstein, Josh (December 16, 2013). "Judge: NSA phone program likely unconstitutional". Politico. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
297. ^ a b Ellen Nakashima; Ann E. Marimow (December 16, 2013). "Judge: NSA's collecting of phone records is probably unconstitutional". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
298. ^ Spencer Ackerman; Dan Roberts (December 16, 2013). "NSA phone surveillance program likely unconstitutional, federal judge rules". The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
299. ^ Pauley III, William H. (December 27, 2013). "United States District Court Southern District of New York: American Civil Liberties Union v. James R. Clapper (13 Civ. 3994) (WHP))" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
300. ^ Adam Liptak; Michael S. Schmidt (December 27, 2013). "Judge Upholds N.S.A.'s Bulk Collection of Data on Calls". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
301. ^ Denniston, Lyle (December 27, 2013). "Judge upholds NSA's phone data sweeps (UPDATED)". Scotusblog. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
302. ^ Peterson, Andrea (December 27, 2013). "The most Kafkaesque paragraph from today's NSA ruling". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
303. ^ Horwitz, Sari (December 27, 2013). "NSA collection of phone data is lawful, federal judge rules". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
304. ^ Ackermann, Spencer (January 2, 2014). "ACLU will appeal ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal". The Guardian. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
305. ^ James Glanz; Andrew W. Lehren (December 20, 2013). "N.S.A. Spied on Allies, Aid Groups and Businesses". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
306. ^ a b Jacob Appelbaum, Judith Horchert and Christian Stöcker (December 29, 2013). "Catalog Reveals NSA Has Back Doors for Numerous Devices – Shopping for Spy Gear: Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox". Der Spiegel. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
307. ^ "Interactive Graphic: The NSA's Spy Catalog". Der Spiegel. December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
308. ^ Erik Kain (December 29, 2013). "Report: NSA Intercepting Laptops Ordered Online, Installing Spyware". Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
309. ^ "Glenn Greenwald: The NSA Can "Literally Watch Every Keystroke You Make"". Democracy Now!. December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
310. ^ Walters, Joanna (December 29, 2013). "NSA 'hacking unit' infiltrates computers around the world – report". The Guardian. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
311. ^ Leyden, John. "French gov used fake Google certificate to read its workers' traffic". The Register.
312. ^ Barton Gellman; Ashkan Soltani (December 4, 2013). "NSA tracking cellphone locations worldwide, Snowden documents show". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
313. ^ The Washington Post Staff (December 4, 2013). "GHOSTMACHINE: The NSA's cloud analytics platform" (4 slides). The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
314. ^ a b Michael Winter (January 2, 2014). "NSA working to build computer to crack encryption". USA Today. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
315. ^ a b c Steven Rich; Barton Gellman (January 3, 2014). "NSA seeks to build quantum computer that could crack most types of encryption". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
316. ^ "A description of the Penetrating Hard Targets project". The Washington Post. January 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
317. ^ "Classifying NSA quantum computing efforts". The Washington Post. January 2, 2014. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
318. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (January 2, 2014). "Confused about the NSA's quantum computing project? This MIT computer scientist can explain". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
319. ^ a b "Report: NSA 'collected 200 m texts per day'". BBC News. January 17, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
320. ^ Geoff White (January 16, 2014). "Revealed: UK and US spied on text messages of Brits". Channel 4. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
321. ^ a b c d e f James Ball in (January 16, 2014). "NSA collects millions of text messages daily in 'untargeted' global sweep". The Guardian. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
322. ^ Micek, Peter; Ben-Avie, Jochai; Fox, Jon (January 23, 2014). "US privacy oversight board slams legality & usefulness bulk data collection". Accessnow.org. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
323. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (January 23, 2014). "Independent review board says NSA phone data program is illegal and should end". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
324. ^ Savage, Charlie (January 23, 2014). "Watchdog Report Says N.S.A. Program Is Illegal and Should End". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
325. ^ James Glanz; Jeff Larson; Andrew W. Lehren (January 27, 2014). "Spy Agencies Tap Data Streaming From Phone Apps – A version of the NYT appeared in print on January 28, 2014, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Spy Agencies Tap Data Streaming From Phone Apps". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
326. ^ "From Britain's Government Communications Headquarters". The New York Times. January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
327. ^ a b "From the National Security Agency". The New York Times. January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
328. ^ Jeff Larson; James Glanz; Andrew W. Lehren (January 27, 2014). "Spy Agencies Probe Angry Birds and Other Apps for Personal Data". ProPublica. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
329. ^ Ball, James (January 27, 2014). "NSA and GCHQ target 'leaky' phone apps like Angry Birds to scoop user data". The Guardian. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
330. ^ James Glanz; Jeff Larson; Andrew W. Lehren (January 27, 2014). "Spy Agencies Scour Phone Apps for Personal Data". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
331. ^ Dignan, Larry (January 28, 2014). "Snowden's Squeaky Dolphin leak: Brits spy on YouTube, Facebook behavior". ZDNet. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
332. ^ Richard Esposito; Matthew Cole; Mark Schone; Glenn Greenwald (January 27, 2014). "Snowden docs reveal British spies snooped on YouTube and Facebook". NBC News. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
333. ^ "Psychology A New Kind of SIGDEV (Signals Development) – Establishing the Human Science Operation Cell" (PDF). NBC News Investigations. January 27, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
334. ^ Vidal, John (January 30, 2014). "Snowden revelations of NSA spying on Copenhagen climate talks spark anger". The Guardian. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
335. ^ Sheppard, Kate. "Snowden Docs: U.S. Spied On Negotiators At 2009 Climate Summit". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
336. ^ Greg Weston; Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher (January 30, 2014). "CSEC used airport Wi-Fi to track Canadian travellers: Edward Snowden documents". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
337. ^ "CSEC's airport Wi-Fi tracking (redacted PDF)" (PDF). Communications Security Establishment Canada. CBC News. May 10, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
338. ^ "Snowden leaks: Canada 'spied on airport travellers'". BBC News. January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
339. ^ Memmott, Mark (January 31, 2014). "Canada Used Airport Wi-Fi To Track Travelers, Snowden Leak Alleges". NPR. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
340. ^ Stefan Kornelius, Hans Leyendecker und Georg Mascolo (February 4, 2014). "NSA hatte auch Gerhard Schröder im Visier". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved February 5, 2014.
341. ^ Ottermann, Philip (February 4, 2014). "NSA tapped German ex-chancellor Gerhard Schröder's phone – report". The Guardian. Berlin. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
342. ^ "Report: NSA spied on Merkel's predecessor too". Associated Press. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
343. ^ Smale, Alison (February 4, 2014). "German Paper Says U.S. Kept Tabs on Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
344. ^ "Snowden leaks: GCHQ 'attacked Anonymous' hackers". BBC News. February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
345. ^ Sparkes, Matthew (February 6, 2014). "GCHQ turned UK hackers' attacks against them". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
346. ^ Mark Schone; Richard Esposito; Matthew Cole; Glenn Greenwald (February 5, 2014). "War on Anonymous: British Spies Attacked Hackers, Snowden Docs Show". NBC News. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
347. ^ "The Snowden files: British intelligence agency describes attack on Anonymous" (PDF). NBC News Investigations. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
348. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (February 7, 2014). "NSA is collecting less than 30 percent of U.S. call data, officials say". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
349. ^ Savage, Charlie (February 7, 2014). "N.S.A. Program Gathers Data on a Third of Nation's Calls, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
350. ^ Jeremy Scahill; Glenn Greenwald (February 10, 2014). "The NSA's Secret Role in the U.S. Assassination Program". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
351. ^ Priest, Dana (July 22, 2013). "NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
352. ^ James Risen; Laura Poitras (February 15, 2014). "Spying by N.S.A. Ally Entangled U.S. Law Firm". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
353. ^ "Document Describes Eavesdropping on American Law Firm". The New York Times. February 17, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
354. ^ Glenn Greenwald; Ryan Gallagher (February 18, 2014). "Snowden Documents Reveal Covert Surveillance and Pressure Tactics Aimed at WikiLeaks and Its Supporters". The Intercept. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
355. ^ Sabine Siebold (February 23, 2014). "U.S. now bugging German ministers in place of Merkel: report". Reuters. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
356. ^ "Merkel's aides now on NSA radar, claims Dutch news report". Germany News.Net. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
357. ^ Ryan Gallagher; Glenn Greenwald (February 24, 2014). "How Covert Agents Infiltrate the Internet to Manipulate, Deceive, and Destroy Reputations". The Intercept. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
358. ^ "Snowden-Enthüllungen: NSA plant Schadsoftware für die Massen". Der Spiegel (in German). March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
359. ^ "NSA-Dokumente: So knackt der Geheimdienst Internetkonten; This photo gallery explains the function of the QUANTUM programm described in the 2014-02-12 The Intecept Article How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware by Ryan Gallagher and Glenn Greenwald". Der Spiegel (in German). March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
360. ^ "NSA-Geheimdokumente: "Vorwärtsverteidigung" mit QFIRE". Der Spiegel. December 30, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014. "This photo gallery explains the QFIRE pilot program designed to attack internet connections within the framework of so called forward defense measures. The photo gallery is related to the 2014-02-12 The Intecept Article How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware by Ryan Gallagher and Glenn Greenwald."
361. ^ Spencer Ackerman; James Ball (February 27, 2014). "UK spy agency intercepted webcam images of millions of Yahoo users". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
362. ^ Ryan Gallagher and Greenwald (March 12, 2014). "How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware". The Intercept. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
363. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (March 15, 2014). "Compare the NSA's Facebook Malware Denial to its Own Secret Documents". The Intercept. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
364. ^ "Industrial-Scale Exploitation". The Intercept. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
365. ^ "NSA Technology Directorate Analysis of Converged Data". The Intercept. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
366. ^ "NSA Phishing Tactics and Man in the Middle Attacks". The Intercept. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
367. ^ Lengell, Sean (March 11, 2014). "Dianne Feinstein: CIA spied on Senate Intelligence Committee". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
368. ^ Barton Gellman; Ashkan Soltani (March 18, 2014). "NSA surveillance program reaches 'into the past' to retrieve, replay phone calls". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
369. ^ Christopher Ingraham; Andrea Peterson (March 19, 2014). "NSA PowerPoint art: Greatest hits, vol. 1". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
370. ^ "Abhörprogramm Mystic: NSA schneidet alle Telefonate eines Landes mit". Der Spiegel (in German). March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
371. ^ "NSA symbolizes data-collection program with wizard". The Washington Post. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
372. ^ "Description of data collection by NSA under MYSTIC". The Washington Post. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
373. ^ "Adding a country to MYSTIC efforts mentioned". The Washington Post. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
374. ^ "Quand les Canadiens partent en chasse de " Babar "". Le Monde. March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
375. ^ Follorou, Jacques (March 20, 2014). "Espionnage : comment Orange et les services secrets coopèrent". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved March 22, 2014.
376. ^ a b David E. Sanger; Nicole Perlroth (March 22, 2014). "N.S.A. Breached Chinese Servers Seen as Security Threat". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
377. ^ "Slides Describe Mission Involving Huawei". The New York Times. March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
378. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (March 24, 2014). "After Reports on N.S.A., China Urges End to Spying". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
379. ^ a b c "Targeting Huawei: NSA Spied on Chinese Government and Networking Firm". Der Spiegel. March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
380. ^ Ryan Gallagher; Peter Maass (March 22, 2014). "Inside the NSA's Secret Efforts to Hunt and Hack System Administrators". The Intercept. Archived from the original on April 11, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
381. ^ "I Hunt Sys Admins". The Intercept. March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
382. ^ a b c d Gallagher, Ryan. "Der Spiegel: NSA Put Merkel on List of 122 Targeted Leaders". The Intercept. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
383. ^ a b c d Laura Poitras; Marcel Rosenbach; Holger Stark (March 28, 2014). "'A' for Angela Merkel: GCHQ and NSA Targeted Private German Companies". Der Spiegel. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
384. ^ Volz Dustin, Dustin (April 30, 2014). "Edward Snowden: NSA Spies Most on Americans". National Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
385. ^ Gallagher, Sean (May 14, 2014). "Photos of an NSA "upgrade" factory show Cisco router getting implant". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
386. ^ a b Devereaux, Ryan; Greenwald, Glenn; Poitras, Laura (May 19, 2014). "Data Pirates of the Caribbean: The NSA Is Recording Every Cell Phone Call in the Bahamas". The Intercept. First Look Media. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
387. ^ Schonfeld, Zach (May 23, 2014). "The Intercept Wouldn't Reveal a Country the U.S. Is Spying On, So WikiLeaks Did Instead". Newsweek. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
388. ^ Risen, James; Poitras, Laura (May 31, 2014). "N.S.A. Collecting Millions of Faces From Web Images". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
389. ^ a b c d e f g h Garside, Juliette (June 6, 2014). "Vodafone reveals existence of secret wires that allow state surveillance". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
390. ^ Duncan Campbell, "Revealed: Beyond top secret British intelligence Middleeast Internet spy base", The Register, June 3, 2014.
391. ^ "NSA 'third party' partners tap the Internet backbone in global surveillance program". Dagbladet Information. June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
392. ^ Jensen, Kristian (June 19, 2014). "Documentation: The Snowden files". Dagbladet Information. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
393. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (June 19, 2014). "How Secret Partners Expand NSA's Surveillance Dragnet". The Intercept. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
394. ^ "Germany arrests man suspected of spying for US". BBC News. July 4, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
395. ^ Lowenstein, Antony (July 10, 2014). "The ultimate goal of the NSA is total population control". The Guardian. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
396. ^ Gellman, Barton; Tate, Julie; Soltani, Ashkan (July 5, 2014). "In NSA-intercepted data, those not targeted far outnumber the foreigners who are". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
397. ^ "US spying row: Germany investigates new case". BBC News. July 9, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
398. ^ AFP in Berlin (July 17, 2014). "CIA station chief ordered out of Germany has left, US confirms". The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
399. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (August 20, 2014). "Meet John Tye: the kinder, gentler, and by-the-book whistleblower". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
400. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (August 25, 2014). "The Surveillance Engine: How the NSA Built Its Own Secret Google". The Intercept.
401. ^ Pullam-Moore, Charles (August 25, 2014). "Google-like NSA search engine implemented to learn about civilians". PBS.
402. ^ "The Great SIM Heist – How Spies Stole the Keys to the Encryption Castle". The Intercept. February 19, 2015.
403. ^ Gallagher, Ryan; Hager, Nicky (March 22, 2015). "New Zealand Spied on WTO Director Candidates". The Intercept. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
404. ^ Gallagher, Ryan; Hager, Nicky (March 14, 2015). "New Zealand Used NSA System to Target Officials, Anti-Corruption Campaigner". The Intercept. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
405. ^ a b Johnson, Kevin (January 16, 2015). "Feds kept separate phone record database on U.S. calls". USA Today. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
406. ^ Heath, Brad (April 8, 2015). "U.S. secretly tracked billions of calls for decades". USA Today.
407. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (September 25, 2015). "Profiled: From Radio to Porn, British Spies Track Web Users' Online Identities". The Intercept. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
408. ^ Jose Pagliery (January 29, 2016). "NSA documents show US, UK spied on Israeli drones - CNNPolitics.com". CNN.
409. ^ Ashley Carman (January 29, 2016). "GCHQ and the NSA spied on Israeli drone video feeds". The Verge. Vox Media.
410. ^ Solon, Olivia (August 16, 2016). "Hacking group auctions 'cyber weapons' stolen from NSA". The Guardian.
411. ^ a b Shane, Scott; Mazzetti, Mark; Rosenberg, Matthew (March 7, 2017). "WikiLeaks Releases Trove of Alleged C.I.A. Hacking Documents". The New York Times.
412. ^ Greenberg, Andy (March 7, 2017). "How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)". Wired.
413. ^ "WikiLeaks posts trove of CIA documents detailing mass hacking". CBS News. March 7, 2017.
414. ^ Page, Carly (March 7, 2017). "Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs". Computing.
415. ^ Buckley, Chris; Ramzy, Austin (December 9, 2019). "Facing Criticism Over Muslim Camps, China Says: What's the Problem?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
416. ^ "Danish secret service helped US spy on Germany's Angela Merkel: report". Deutsche Welle. May 30, 2021.
417. ^ "NSA spying row: US and Denmark pressed over allegations". BBC News. May 31, 2021.
418. ^ "How Denmark became the NSA's listening post in Europe". France 24. June 1, 2021.
419. ^ "USA must not persecute whistleblower Edward Snowden". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
420. ^ "US: Statement on Protection of Whistleblowers in Security Sector". Human Rights Watch. June 18, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
421. ^ Transparency International Germany. "Transparency International Germany: Whistleblower Prize 2013 for Edward Snowden". Transparency International. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
422. ^ "US needs to protect whistleblowers and journalists". Index on Censorship. June 24, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
423. ^ Wall Street Journal
424. ^ Charlie Smith [pseudonym] (September 1, 2016). "The Snowden effect: Three years after Edward Snowden's mass-surveillance leaks, does the public care how they are watched?". Index on Censorship. 45 (3): 48–50\. doi:10.1177/0306422016670343. S2CID 152000802.
425. ^ Preibusch, Sören (April 23, 2015). "Privacy behaviors after Snowden". Communications of the ACM. 58 (5): 48–55\. doi:10.1145/2663341. ISSN 0001-0782.
426. ^ Mike Dorning; Chris Strohm (August 23, 2013). "Court Finding of Domestic Spying Risks Obama Credibility". Bloomberg Television. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
427. ^ Adam Serwer (August 7, 2013). "Obama says 'there is no spying on Americans,' but what about our data?". MSNBC. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
428. ^ "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney". whitehouse.gov. June 13, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013 – via National Archives.
429. ^ "Holder: Leaks damaged U.S. security". CNN. June 15, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
430. ^ "Cameron says may act against press over spy leaks". Reuters. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
431. ^ Rob Williams (October 10, 2013). "Snowden leaks published by the Guardian were damaging to security, says Nick Clegg". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
432. ^ Janet Stobart (June 10, 2013). "Britain denies using PRISM to get around domestic spying laws". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
433. ^ "Intelligence sharing lawful, Hague says after US talks". BBC News. June 12, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
434. ^ "Abbott offers Australian spy assurance". The Australian. October 31, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
435. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (January 29, 2014). "Tony Abbott says ABC unpatriotic". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
436. ^ "Australia's Tony Abbott calls broadcaster ABC unpatriotic". BBC News. January 29, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
437. ^ O'Malley, Nick (January 23, 2014). "Julie Bishop welcomes US intelligence reforms, lashes Edward Snowden". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
438. ^ Nicholson, Brendan (January 23, 2014). "Allied spying saves lives: Julie Bishop". The Australian. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
439. ^ a b Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197682258.
440. ^ "German Chancellor Merkel Defends Work of Intelligence Agencies". Der Spiegel. July 10, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
441. ^ "Germany's Merkel rejects NSA-Stasi comparison". Associated Press. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
442. ^ Rayman, Noah (December 18, 2013). "Merkel Compared NSA To Stasi in Complaint To Obama". Time. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
443. ^ Ewen MacAskill; James Ball (November 2, 2013). "Portrait of the NSA: no detail too small in quest for total surveillance". The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2014. "Amid the German protestations of outrage over US eavesdropping on Merkel and other Germans, Berlin is using the controversy as leverage for an upgrade to 5-Eyes."
444. ^ "German Interior Minister Friedrich Discusses NSA Spying Affair". Der Spiegel. August 28, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
445. ^ "Itching to ask: What does Merkel know about NSA surveillance?". Deutsche Welle. July 17, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
446. ^ Barkin, Noah (April 6, 2014). "Merkel ally says U.S. assurances on NSA spying 'insufficient'". Reuters. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
447. ^ "Carl Bildt defends FRA surveillance as 'necessary'". Sveriges Radio. December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
448. ^ "FRA spionerar på Ryssland åt USA". TT/Sydsvenskan. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
449. ^ "FRA spionerar på Ryssland åt USA". TT/Ny Teknik. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
450. ^ van Tartwijk, Maarten (February 11, 2014). "Dutch Minister of Interior Fights for His Political Life". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
451. ^ Coevert, Annemarie (February 11, 2014). "Plasterk biedt excuses aan, maar verdedigt achterhouden informatie". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved February 11, 2014.
452. ^ "Valget skal vindes på at vise forskellen". PioPio. September 11, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
453. ^ "Thorning afviser ulovlig amerikansk overvågning". Berlingske Tidende. January 30, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
454. ^ "Germany probes secret service ties with US agencies". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
455. ^ William Boston (July 22, 2013). "Germany to Review Spy Service's Ties With NSA". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
456. ^ Mike Levine. "White House Picks Panel to Review NSA Programs". ABC News. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
457. ^ Johnson, Luke (August 13, 2013). "James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence Who Misled Congress, To Establish Surveillance Review Group". HuffPost. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
458. ^ Nick Hopkins; Patrick Wintour; Rowena Mason; Matthew Taylor (October 17, 2013). "Extent of spy agencies' surveillance to be investigated by parliamentary body". The Guardian. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
459. ^ Stewart Bell (December 9, 2013). "Review underway into allegations that national intelligence agency illegally spied on Canadians". National Post. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
460. ^ Edward Lucas (January 23, 2014), The Snowden Operation: Inside the West's Greatest Intelligence Disaster ASIN:B00I0W61OY
461. ^ Bob Cesca (January 27, 2014), NSA Agent's Identity Exposed in Poorly-Redacted Snowden Document The Daily Banter
462. ^ Soldatov, Andrei; Borogan, Irina (2015). "The Snowden Affair". The Red Web: The Struggle Between Russia's Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 195–222\. ISBN 978-1-61039-573-1.
463. ^ Andrei Soldatov (January 8, 2014), ИТОГИ ГОДА. СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ ежедневный журнал (in Russian)
464. ^ Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation ICANN October 7, 2013
465. ^ Tightening the Net: Governments Expand Online Controls Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Freedom House Freedom on the Net 2014
466. ^ "How Much Did Snowden Take? Not Even the NSA Really Knows". June 9, 2014.
467. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; Poitras, Laura; Scahill, Jeremy (February 10, 2014). "Welcome to The Intercept". The Intercept. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
468. ^ "Collateral Murder, 5 Apr 2010". WikiLeaks. April 5, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
469. ^ "Afghan War diary". WikiLeaks. July 25, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
470. ^ "Iraq War logs". WikiLeaks. October 22, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
471. ^ "Secret US Embassy Cables". WikiLeaks. November 28, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
472. ^ "Gitmo Files". WikiLeaks. April 24, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2014.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Mass Surveillance Disclosures.

* "Global Surveillance Archived January 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. An annotated and categorized "overview of the revelations following the leaks by the whistleblower Edward Snowden. There are also some links to comments and followups". By Oslo University Library.
* "The NSA Files". The Guardian. London. June 8, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
* NSA Spying Scandal – Der Spiegel
* Six months of revelations on NSA by the Washington Post's Kennedy Elliott and Terri Rupar on December 23, 2013
* "The Spy Files". WikiLeaks. December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2015. A collection of documents relating to surveillance.
* "The Spy Files". WikiLeaks. December 8, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2015. Part 2 of the above.
* "Spy Files 3". WikiLeaks. September 4, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2015. Part 3 of the above.
* "Veja os documentos ultrassecretos que comprovam espionagem a Dilma" (in Portuguese). September 2, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013. Documents relating to the surveillance against Dilma Rousseff and Enrique Peña Nieto
* The NSA Archive by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) – All documents released since June 5, 2013—both by the media and the U.S. government—are housed in this database established and operated by the ACLU.
* ACLU article "Introducing the ACLU's NSA Documents Database" by the ACLU's Emily Weinrebe on April 3, 2014 on the above NSA Archive established and operated by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
* NSA Primary Sources – A List of all leaks and links to media articles related to the disclosures based on the material of Edward Snowden sorted by Date, Document and Media outlet established and operated by the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
* Snowden disclosures at the Internet Archive.

* v
* t
* e

National Security Agency

Locations|

* Alaska Mission Operations Center
* Colorado Cryptologic Center
* Consolidated Intelligence Center
* CSSG
* European Cryptologic Center
* European Technical Center
* Fort Meade
* Friendship Annex
* Georgia Cryptologic Center
* Hawaii Cryptologic Center
* Interagency Training Center
* Kent Island
* Misawa Security Operations Center
* Multiprogram Research Facility
* Pine Gap
* RAF Menwith Hill
* Roaring Creek
* Room 641A
* Salt Creek
* Sugar Grove
* Texas Cryptologic Center
* Utah Data Center

Leaders|

* Ralph Canine
* John A. Samford
* Laurence Hugh Frost
* Gordon Blake
* Marshall Carter
* Noel Gayler
* Samuel C. Phillips
* Lew Allen
* Bobby Ray Inman
* Lincoln D. Faurer
* William Eldridge Odom
* Bill Studeman
* John Michael McConnell
* Kenneth Minihan
* Michael Hayden
* Keith B. Alexander
* Michael S. Rogers
* Paul Nakasone

Divisions|

* CSS
* Special Collection Service
* SSO
* TAO
* NSOC

Technology|

* ANT catalog
* FROSTBURG
* HARVEST
* Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)
* STU-I
* STU-II
* STU-III
* WARRIOR PRIDE

Controversy|

* 2010s global surveillance disclosures
* Church Committee
* Edward Snowden
* LOVEINT
* James Bamford
* NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)
* Pike Committee
* Russ Tice
* Thomas Andrews Drake
* Thomas Tamm
* Matthew Aid

Programs|

* Boundless Informant
* Dropmire
* ECHELON
* Fairview
* Insider Threat Program
* MUSCULAR
* MYSTIC
* PRISM
* Real Time Regional Gateway
* Stellar Wind
* TRAILBLAZER
* Turbulence
* Upstream
* XKeyscore

Databases|

* DISHFIRE
* Main Core
* MAINWAY
* MARINA
* PINWALE

Other|

* Dundee Society
* Institute for Defense Analyses
* National Cryptologic Museum
* National Cryptologic School
* National Vigilance Park
* NSA Hall of Honor
* VENONA
* Vulnerabilities Equities Process
* Zendian Problem

* v
* t
* e

National intelligence agencies

Foreign
intelligence|

* Afghanistan: GDI
* Albania: SHISH
* Algeria: DRS
* Angola: SIE
* Argentina: SIDE
* Armenia: NSS
* Austria: HNaA
* Australia: ASIS
* Azerbaijan: XKX
* Bahrain: NSA
* Bangladesh: NSI
* Belarus: KGB RB
* Belgium: ADIV/SGRS
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: OSA-OBA
* Botswana: DIS
* Brazil: ABIN
* Brunei: BRD
* Bulgaria: DAR
* Cameroon: BMM
* Canada: CSIS
* Chad: ANS
* Chile: ANI
* China: MSS
* Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR
* Croatia: SOA
* Cuba: DI
* Czech Republic: ÚZSI
* Denmark: FE
* Djibouti: BSRG
* Ecuador: SENAIN
* Egypt: Mukhabarat
* Estonia: EFIS
* Ethiopia: NISS
* Finland: Supo
* France: DGSE
* Gambia: SIS
* Georgia: GIS
* Germany: BND
* Ghana: BNI, BGU, RDU
* Greece: EYP
* Hungary: IH
* India: RAW
* Indonesia: BIN
* Iran: VAJA
* Iraq: INIS
* Ireland: G2
* Israel: Mossad
* Italy: AISE
* Ivory Coast: NSC
* Japan: CIRO
* Jordan: GID
* Kazakhstan: Syrbar
* Kenya: NIS
* Kyrgyzstan: UKMK
* Kuwait: KSS
* Latvia: SAB
* Liberia: NSA
* Lithuania: VSD
* Lebanon: GDGS
* Libya: MJ
* Malaysia: MEIO
* Mexico: CISEN
* Moldova: SIS
* Mongolia: GIA
* Montenegro: ANB
* Morocco: DGED
* Mozambique: SISE
* Netherlands: AIVD
* New Zealand: NZSIS
* Nigeria: NIA
* North Korea: RGB
* North Macedonia: ANB
* Norway: E-tjenesten
* Oman: Palace Office
* Pakistan: ISI
* Palestine: GIS
* Papua New Guinea: NIO
* Philippines: NICA
* Poland: AW
* Portugal: SIED
* Qatar: QSS
* Romania: SIE
* Russia: SVR
* Saudi Arabia: GIP
* Serbia: BIA
* Sierra Leone: CISU
* Singapore: SID
* Slovakia: SIS
* Slovenia: SOVA
* Somalia: NISA
* South Africa: SSA
* South Korea: NIS
* Spain: CNI
* Sri Lanka: SIS
* Sudan: GIS
* Sweden: KSI
* Switzerland: NDB
* Syria: GIS
* Taiwan: NSB
* Tajikistan: GKNB
* Tanzania: TISS
* Thailand: NIA
* Togo: NIA
* Tunisia: TIA
* Turkey: MİT
* Turkmenistan: MNS
* Uganda: ESO
* Ukraine: SZRU
* United Arab Emirates: SIA
* United Kingdom: SIS (MI6)
* United States: CIA
* Uzbekistan: SSS
* Vietnam: TC2

Domestic
intelligence|

* Afghanistan: GDI
* Algeria: CSS
* Angola: SINSE
* Argentina: SIDE
* Armenia: NSS
* Australia: ASIO
* Austria: DSN
* Azerbaijan: DTX
* Bangladesh: SB
* Belarus: KGB RB
* Belgium: VS/SE
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: SIPA
* Botswana: DIS
* Brazil: PF
* Brunei: IRD
* Bulgaria: DANS
* Burundi: SNR
* Canada: CSIS
* Chad: DGSSIE
* Chile: ANI
* China: MSS
* Colombia: DNI
* Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR
* Croatia: SOA
* Czech Republic: BIS
* Denmark: PET
* Egypt: NSA
* Estonia: KAPO
* Finland: SUPO
* France: DGSI
* Georgia: SSSG
* Germany: BfV, LfV
* Ghana: GPS, CID
* Greece: EYP
* Hong Kong: NSD, CPGNSO
* Hungary: AH
* India: IB
* Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri (id), BIN
* Iran: VAJA, IRGC, PAVA
* Ireland: CSB, SDU, NSU
* Israel: Shin Bet
* Italy: AISI
* Japan: NPA, TMPD PSB, PSIA
* Kazakhstan: NSC
* Kenya: NIS
* Kosovo: AKI
* Latvia: VDD
* Lithuania: STT
* Lebanon: ISF IB, LSS
* Luxembourg: SREL
* Macau: DS
* Malaysia: SB
* Moldova: SIS
* Morocco: DGST
* Netherlands: NCTV
* New Zealand: NZSIS
* Nigeria: SSS
* North Korea: SSD
* North Macedonia: IA
* Norway: PST
* Oman: ISS
* Pakistan: IB, FIA
* Palestine: PPS
* Paraguay: SNI
* Peru: DINI
* Philippines: NBI, NICA
* Poland: ABW, SOP, SM
* Portugal: SIS
* Romania: SRI
* Russia: FSB
* Saudi Arabia: Mabahith
* Serbia: BIA
* Singapore: ISD
* Somalia: NISA
* South Africa: SSA
* South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, KNPA
* Spain: CITCO
* Sri Lanka: SIS
* Sweden: SÄPO
* Switzerland: NDB
* Syria: GIS
* Taiwan: MJIB
* Thailand: ISOC, SB
* Togo: ANR
* Turkey: MİT, İB
* Uganda: ISO
* Ukraine: SBU
* United Kingdom: Security Service (MI5), NDEDIU, NCA, NBIS
* United States: I&A (DHS), ID (HSI), IB (FBI), ONSI (DEA), OSII (ATF)
* Uzbekistan: SNB
* Venezuela: SEBIN
* Vietnam: TC5 (vi)
* Zimbabwe: CIO

Military
intelligence|

* Algeria: DCSA
* Angola: SIM
* Australia: DIO
* Austria: HNaA
* Bangladesh: DGFI
* Belarus: GRU MO RB
* Belgium: ADIV/SGRS
* Brazil: DIE
* Canada: CFINTCOM
* Chad: DGSSIE
* China: CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau
* Congo (Democratic Republic of): DEMIAP
* Croatia: VSOA
* Cuba: DCIM
* Czech Republic: VZ
* Denmark: FE
* Egypt: DMISR
* Finland: PE TIEDOS
* France: DRM, DGSE
* Germany: MAD
* Ghana: MIU
* Hungary: KNBSZ
* Iran: General Staff, SAHEFAJA, SAHEFASA, SAHEFAVEDJA
* India: DMI, DIA
* Indonesia: BAIS TNI, Pusintelad
* Ireland: G2
* Israel: Aman
* Italy: CII
* Japan: DIH
* Kazakhstan: NSC
* Lithuania: AOTD
* Malaysia: DIO
* Maldives: MNDF
* Morocco: DB
* Myanmar: Sa Ya Pa
* Netherlands: MIVD
* New Zealand: DDIS
* Nigeria: DIA
* North Korea: RGB
* North Macedonia: MSSI
* Norway: E-tjenesten
* Pakistan: MI, NI, AI
* Palestine: MIS
* Philippines: ISAFP
* Poland: SKW, SWW
* Portugal: CISMIL
* Romania: DGIA
* Russia: GRU
* Saudi Arabia: AFISC
* Serbia: VBA, VOA
* Singapore: MIO
* Slovakia: VS
* Slovenia: OVS
* South Africa: SANDF-ID
* South Korea: DIA, DCC
* Spain: CIFAS
* Sri Lanka: DMI
* Sweden: MUST
* Switzerland: MND, LWND
* Syria: MI, AFID
* Taiwan: MIB
* Thailand: AFSC
* Turkey: GENKUR İ.D.B.
* Ukraine: HUR MO
* United Kingdom: DI
* United States: DIA
* ONI
* MIC
* USAFI
* MCI
* CGI
* NSIC
* Venezuela: DGCIM
* Vietnam: TC2

Signals
intelligence|

* Australia: ASD
* Bangladesh: NTMC
* Brazil: 2ª Sch/EMD
* Canada: CSE
* China: SIGINT
* Croatia: OTC
* Ethiopia: INSA
* Finland: PVTIEDL
* France: DGSE, DRSD
* Germany: BND
* Ghana: RDU
* India: JCB, NTRO
* Indonesia: BSSN (id)
* Ireland: CIS
* Israel: 8200
* Japan: DIH
* Kazakhstan: NSC
* Netherlands: NSO, JSCU
* New Zealand: GCSB
* North Korea: RGB
* Norway: NSM
* Pakistan: JSIB
* Poland: AW, ABW, SKW, SWW, NCBC, gOR 3.FO, CRiWWRE, 2.ORel, 6.ORel, JW NIL
* Romania: STS
* Russia: Spetssvyaz
* Saudi Arabia: PSS
* South Africa: SSA
* Spain: CCN
* Sweden: FRA
* Switzerland: NDB
* Syria: MI
* Turkey: MİT-SİB
* UAE: SIA
* Ukraine: Derzhspetszviazok
* United Kingdom: GCHQ
* United States: NSA

Imagery
intelligence|

* Australia: AGO
* Finland: PVTIEDL
* India: DAI
* Indonesia: BIG
* Israel: Air Intelligence Group
* Malaysia: MaCGDI
* New Zealand: GEOINT NZ
* Poland: AW, SWW, ORO, 12.BBSP, JW NIL
* Pakistan: Air Intelligence
* Philippines: NMARSC
* Portugal: CIGeoE
* Russia: TsVTI GRU
* United Kingdom: DGIFC
* United States: NGA

Financial
intelligence|

* Argentina: UIF
* Australia: AUSTRAC
* Azerbaijan: MMX
* Bangladesh: FIU
* Brazil: COAF
* Canada: FINTRAC
* China: MPSECIB [zh]
* Fiji: FIU
* France: Tracfin, DNRED
* Iceland: SR
* India: CEIB
* Indonesia: PPATK
* Ireland: GNECB
* Italy: UIF
* Lithuania (FNTT)
* Malta: FIAU
* Mexico: UIF
* Netherlands: FIOD
* Poland: GIIF, SCS, CBA
* Qatar: FIU
* Russia: Rosfinmonitoring
* Saudi Arabia: GDOFI
* Spain: SVA, SEPBLAC
* Turkey: MASAK
* United Kingdom: NCA
* United States: IRS-CI, TFI
* FinCEN
* OIA
* Vatican: ASIF

Criminal
intelligence|

* Argentina: DNIC
* Australia: ACIC
* Bangladesh: CID
* Canada: CISC
* Finland: NBI
* India: CBI
* Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri (id)
* Italy: DIA, DIGOS
* Philippines: NBI, PNP-IG
* Poland: BWiIK KGP, CBŚP, ZOŚ KGSG, ZK KGŻW
* Romania:  DGPI
* South Africa: Crime Intelligence Division
* Spain: CGI, SIGC, CGPJ, UCO
* United Kingdom: NCA
* United States: IB (FBI), ONSI (DEA), OSII (ATF), ID (HSI)

Intelligence
community|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Croatia
* France
* India
* Israel
* Italy
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

Intelligence
alliances|

* Club de Berne
* Five Eyes
* Maximator
* Egmont Group

Defunct
agencies|

* Fascist Italy: OVRA
* Gaddafi Libya: Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya
* Imperial Japan: Tokko
* Ming Dynasty: Embroidered Uniform Guard, Eastern Depot, Western Depot [zh], Internal Depot [zh]
* Prussia: Prussian Secret Police
* Republic of China: NBIS
* Nazi Germany: Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst
* Soviet Union: NKVD, KGB
* United Kingdom: DMI
* United States: Office of Strategic Services
* Wang Jingwei regime: Jessfield 76 [zh; de; ja]
* Yugoslavia: KOS

Related
topics|

* Espionage (List of intelligence agencies)
* Leaks
* Diplomatic cable leaks
* NSA leaks
* CIA leaks
* Great Firewall of China
* Mass surveillance in China
* Law enforcement
* Interpol
* Security agency
* Surveillance
* Big Brother
* Call detail record
* Carnivore
* Dishfire
* ECHELON
* PRISM
* Stone Ghost
* Turbulence (NSA programme)
* National security
* Surveillance issues in smart cities

* Border guard
* Coast guard
* Customs
* Law enforcement agency
* Types
* Intelligence agency

* v
* t
* e

United States Intelligence Community

Intelligence
Community|

| Defense|

* Defense Intelligence Agency
* Defense Clandestine Service
* Defense Debriefing Service
* Defense Attaché System
* National Intelligence University
* Missile and Space Intelligence Center
* National Center for Medical Intelligence
* Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
* National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office (Sentient (intelligence analysis system))
* National Security Agency
* Central Security Service
* Special Collection Service

| Armed Forces|

* Army Intelligence and Security Command
* Marine Corps Intelligence
* Office of Naval Intelligence
* Air Force Intelligence
* Space Force Intelligence (Space Delta 7 / Space Delta 18)
* Coast Guard Intelligence (Homeland Security)

|

Civilian|

* Bureau of Intelligence and Research (State)
* Central Intelligence Agency
* Directorate of Operations
* Special Activities Center
* Open Source Center
* Directorate of Science and Technology
* CIA University
* DEA Office of National Security Intelligence (Justice)
* FBI Intelligence Branch (Justice)
* Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Homeland Security)
* Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Treasury)
* Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (Energy)

Director of
National
Intelligence|

* Director of National Intelligence
* National Counterterrorism Center
* National Counterproliferation Center
* National Counterintelligence and Security Center
* Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center
* National Intelligence Council
* Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
* Joint Intelligence Community Council
* Chief Information Officer

Executive Office
of the President|

* National Security Advisor
* National Security Council
* President's Intelligence Advisory Board
* Homeland Security Council
* Homeland Security Advisor
* President's Daily Brief

Other|

* Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
* Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency
* National Security Division (Justice)
* Army Intelligence Support Activity
* Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
* Intellipedia
* Iranian Directorate
* National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations

Oversight|

* Senate Intelligence Committee
* House Intelligence Committee
* Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
* Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
* Office of Management and Budget
* Information Security Oversight Office
* Intelligence Oversight Board

Defunct|

* Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse
* Counterintelligence Field Activity
* Military Information Division
* Military Intelligence Division
* Military Intelligence Service
* Office of Strategic Services
* Office of Special Plans
* Ritchie Boys
* Strategic Support Branch

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template