2012 Myanmar by-elections

2012 Myanmar by-election

* * *

| <- 2010 | 1 April 2012 | 2015 ->

|
|

* * *

40 (of the 440) seats to the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives)
6 (of the 224) seats to the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities)
2 seats to Regional Parliaments
|  | First party  | Second party  | Third party

|
|
|

|  |  |
Leader  | Thein Sein | Aung San Suu Kyi | Sai Ai Pao
Party  | USDP | NLD | SNDP
Leader since  | 2 June 2010 (2010-06-02) | 27 September 1988 (1988-09-27) | 8 April 2010 (2010-04-08)
Leader's seat  | Did not contest | Kawhmu (Pyithu)  | Did not contest
Seats before  | 260 R / 128 N | 0 R / 1 N | 18 R / 3 N
Seats after  | 220 R / 123 N | 37 R / 5 N | 18 R / 4 N
Seat change  | 40 R / 5 N | 37 R / 4 N |  R / 1 N

* * *

Results of the election in the Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw in the 2010 General Election and by-elections up to December 2014.

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A woman places her ballot into the Pyithu Hluttaw representative election box in the April by-elections.

The 2012 Myanmar by-elections were held on 1 April 2012.[1] The elections were held to fill 48 vacant parliamentary seats.[2][3] Three of those remained vacant as polling in three Kachin constituencies was postponed.[4] There was no plan to fill the additional five seats cancelled in the 2010 election and one seat vacated after the death of a RNDP member.[5]

The main opposition party National League for Democracy was re-registered for the by-elections on 13 December 2011 as part of the reforms in Burma since 2010. It won in 43 of the 44 seats they contested (out of 45 available).[6] Its leader Aung San Suu Kyi ran for the seat of Kawhmu,[7] and won.

## Changes during the term of office

[edit]

### House of Representatives

[edit]

* 9 September 2011: Tun Aung Khaing (USDP) replaced Aung Kyaw Zan (RNDP) who had been removed from office.[8]
* 1 March 2012: Aung Sein Tha (RNDP, Arakan State's Minbya constituency) died in office and was not replaced.[5]

### House of Nationalities

[edit]

* 28 January 2012: Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) died in office and was not replaced.[9]
* 2012: Phone Myint Aung (Rangoon Division constituency 3) left the NDF to join the NNDP.
* 5 February 2013: Tin Shwe (NDF, Rangoon Division constituency 6) resigned from his seat to become a Hotels and Tourism Deputy Minister and was not replaced.[9]
* 2013: Maung Sa Pru (RNDP, Arakan State constituency 4) died in office and was not replaced.[9]

## Election observers

[edit]

In February 2012, President Thein Sein remarked that the government would "seriously consider" allowing Southeast Asian observers from the Association of South East Asian Nations to observe the election.[10] The Burmese government confirmed that it had requested for ASEAN election observers to arrive on 28 March, five days before the election.[11] Canada, United States, European Union, China, and North Korea, as well as ASEAN dialogue partners (India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia and Australia), were also invited to observe the election, although it remained unclear the degree of access these international observers were to have.[12][13] The United States sent two election observers and three journalists.[14]

On 13 March 2012, the Union Election Commission approved political party monitors to monitor polling stations during the election.[15] In the previous election, only Union Solidarity and Development Party monitors had been allowed to observe the elections and ballot counts.[15] A civilian-led monitoring group, including members of the 88 Generation Students Group, also scrutinised election irregularities.[16]

On 28 March 2012, Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade sent a delegation consisting of Senator Consiglio Di Nino and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Deepak Obhrai.[17]

## Pre-election controversies

[edit]

Aung Din of the US Campaign for Burma said that the Burmese government was exploiting the elections to have international economic sanctions lifted as quickly as possible, since a free and transparent election had been one of the conditions set by the European Union and American governments.[12] Moreover, the National League for Democracy has pointed out irregularities in voter lists and rule violations by local election committees.[18] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[18]

With regard to the invitations of international election observers, a US State Department spokesperson said that the Burmese government fell short of expectations to accommodate observers during the entirety of the campaign season (as typically done), which is nearing the end, as a select number of observers were allowed only to observe the election:[19][20]

> "...it does fall short of international complete transparency on an election, and we hope they’ll continue to keep the system open, and open it further... A full-scale international observation effort would typically include quite a bit of pre-Election Day observation, systematic coverage on Election Day, post-election follow-up, and professional monitors from non-governmental organisations."

Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a Bangkok-based election monitoring organisation, has publicly called the election observations inadequate, failing to meet international standards, being too restrictive (only two observers are allowed per government, or five for ASEAN nations), and coming too late (invitations were sent less than two weeks before the election date), all of which make it logistically impossible to monitor all 48 polling stations.[21] On 20 March 2012, Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of ANFREL, was deported from Yangon, purportedly for entering the country on a tourist visa.[22]

On 23 March 2012, the three by-elections in Kachin State, namely in the constituencies of Mogaung, Hpakant and Bhamo Townships, were postponed due to the security situation there.[4][23]

Two days before the by-elections, at press conference, Suu Kyi remarked that the voter irregularities were "beyond what is acceptable for democratic elections," said she did not consider the campaign "genuinely free and fair" and referred to acts of intimidation (such as stone-throwing incidents and vandalism) toward party members.[24][25] On 1 April, the opposition National League for Democracy alleged irregularities, claiming that ballot sheets had been tampered to allow the election commission to cancel the vote for Suu Kyi's party.[26]

Two Australian MPs (Janelle Saffin and Mathias Cormann), who were selected to observe the by-elections as part of Australia's monitoring team, were denied visas to enter the country.[27]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Much of the international reaction on the by-elections revolved around the sanctions imposed by Western countries (including the United States, Australia, and the European Union). President Thein Sein and the Burmese government were eager to work with Aung San Suu Kyi to remove these measures.[28]

President Thein Sein remarked that the by-elections were conducted "in a very successful manner."[29]

The Union Solidarity and Development Party said it would lodge official complaints to the Union Election Commission on poll irregularities, voter intimidation, and purported campaign incidents that involved National League for Democracy members and supporters.[30][31] The National League for Democracy also sent an official complaint to the commission, regarding ballots that it claimed had been tampered with wax.[32]

In response to the by-elections, a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman said:[33]

> China has noted that some Western countries have said they will lift sanctions on Myanmar. China has had a consistent stance on this issue. We welcome moves by these countries to lift sanctions on Myanmar and call on all parties to fully lift sanctions on Myanmar as soon as possible.

ASEAN leaders, including those from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia, called for the immediate removal of sanctions.[34] Singapore's Prime Minister said the following: "President Thein Sein has been much bolder than many observers have expected. ASEAN is happy that Myanmar has been able to take these steps forward."[35] Australia's foreign minister, Bob Carr, said the Australian government was planning to loosen sanctions, but not abolish them altogether.[36]

US Senator John McCain, who had met with Aung San Suu Kyi in January 2012, said:[37][38]

> We should now work with our many international partners to begin the process of easing sanctions on Burma. This will be a gradual and incremental process, and the U.S. Congress will have a critical role to play.

On 4 April 2012, the Obama administration announced that it would nominate an ambassador to the country and ease some travel and finance restrictions, without specifying a time table.[39] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said of the elections:[40]

> The results of the April 1st parliamentary by-elections represents a dramatic demonstration of popular will that brings a new generation of reformers into government. This is an important step in the country’s transformation, which in recent months has seen the unprecedented release of political prisoners, new legislation broadening the rights of political and civic association, and fledgling process in internal dialogue between the government and ethnic minority groups.

To normalise diplomatic relations between the countries, she also said that following the nomination of an ambassador, the US would establish USAID mission in Burma, ease restrictions on export of finance services and developmental assistance and facilitate travel for some government officials, although targeted sanctions toward "individuals and institutions that remain on the wrong side of these historic reform efforts" would remain in place.[40] A few sanctions (in the financial, agriculture, tourism and telecommunications sectors), are directly controlled by the executive branch, but most of the imposed sanctions were legislated by Congress, and were to take a lengthy process to remove.[41] On 6 April 2012, the Obama administration nominated Derek Mitchell, who was then serving as the American special envoy to Burma, as United States Ambassador to Burma.[42]

The European Union, which had already eased some sanctions and travel restrictions (including on Thein Sein), agreed to review travel bans and asset freezes on individuals tied to the previous ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council on 23 April 2012.[43] UK Foreign Secretary William Hague suggested that easing of restrictions would be contingent on the release of political prisoners and further progress.[44]

Other scholars noted that the by-elections, which were a relatively minor event, given the number of seats at stake, were not as defining and important as other steps toward national reconciliation.[45] Some called removal of sanctions premature, while others considered sanctions ineffective in the reform process.[45]

## Results

[edit]

### House of Nationalities

[edit]

Six of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) were up for election. A by-election was not held in one remaining vacant seat, with this seat instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.[citation needed]

Party | Votes | Votes % | Seats Won | Seats % | Change | Seats Before | Seats After[46]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| National League for Democracy |  |  | 4 | 66.6 |  4 | 1[note 1] | 5
| Union Solidarity and Development Party |  |  | 1 | 16.7 |  5 | 128[note 2] | 123
| National Unity Party |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |
| Kokang Democracy and Unity Party |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |
| Lahu National Development Party |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |
| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party |  |  | 1 | 16.7 |  1 | 3 | 4
| Unity and Peace Party |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |
Vacant |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 1[note 2] | 1
Total |  | 100 | 6 | 100 |  | 224 | 224
Source: ALTSEAN Burma

### House of Representatives

[edit]

37 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) were up for election. By-elections were not held in seven remaining vacant seats, with these seats instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.[citation needed]

House of Representatives by-elections, 2012  Party  | Seats  | Gains  | Losses  | Net gain/loss  | Seats %  | Votes %  | Votes  | +/−

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| NLD | 37  |  37  |  |  37  | 92.5  |  |  |
| USDP | 0  |  |  40  |  40  | 0  |  |  |
| NUP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| NDF | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| NNDP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| MNC | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| AMRDP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| DP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| PNO | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| UMFNP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| MPP | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| Independent | 0  |  |  |  | 0  |  |  |
| Vacant due to postponement  | 3  |  3  |  |  3  | 7.5  |  |  |
Total | 40 |  |  |  | 100 | 100 |  |
Source: ALTSEAN Burma

### State and Regional Hluttaws

[edit]

2 of the 860 seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws were up for election.

Regional Parliaments by-elections, 2012  Party  | Seats  | Gains  | Losses  | Net gain/loss  | Seats %  | Votes %  | Votes  | +/−

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| NLD | 2  |  2  |  |  2  | 100  |  |  |
| USDP | 0  |  |  2  |  2  | 0  |  |  |
Total | 2 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |
Source:[48]

## By Constituency

[edit]

### House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw)

[edit]

Sagaing № 3Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myint Naing| National League for Democracy| 169,727| 69.72
| Tin Maung Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 55,771| 22.91
| Bo Myint Aung| National Unity Party| 13,898| 5.71
| U Hla San| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party| 4,053| 1.66
Total| 243,449| 100.00
Valid votes| 243,449| 91.68
Invalid/blank votes| 22,106| 8.32
Total votes| 265,555| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 424,206| 62.60
Source: UEC
Sagaing № 7Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Tin Mya| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 70,481| 51.10
| Chit Han| National Unity Party| 39,285| 28.48
| Mar Kyin| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party| 28,167| 20.42
Total| 137,933| 100.00
Valid votes| 137,933| 90.91
Invalid/blank votes| 13,787| 9.09
Total votes| 151,720| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 146,502| 103.56
Source: UEC
Bago № 7Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Min Oo| National League for Democracy| 81,867| 75.11
| Than Than Nwe| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 27,124| 24.89
Total| 108,991| 100.00
Valid votes| 108,991| 93.17
Invalid/blank votes| 7,986| 6.83
Total votes| 116,977| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 177,378| 65.95
Source: UEC
Magway № 4Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Aung Kyi Nyunt| National League for Democracy| 76,767| 65.57
| Maung Maung Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 33,389| 28.52
| Maung Win (Aung Win)| National Unity Party| 5,404| 4.62
| Aung Than Tin| Unity and Peace Party| 1,508| 1.29
Total| 117,068| 100.00
Valid votes| 117,068| 91.98
Invalid/blank votes| 10,208| 8.02
Total votes| 127,276| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 174,679| 72.86
Source: UEC
Shan № 3Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sai Sam Min| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party| 47,420| 29.08
| Sai Myint Maung| National League for Democracy| 45,722| 28.03
| Nang Keng Phawng Tip| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 45,711| 28.03
| Luo Xingguang (Law Shin Kwan)| Kokang Democracy and Unity Party| 17,889| 10.97
| Yaw Thup| Lahu National Development Party| 6,350| 3.89
Total| 163,092| 100.00
Valid votes| 163,092| 91.30
Invalid/blank votes| 15,532| 8.70
Total votes| 178,624| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 299,755| 59.59
Source: UEC
Ayeyarwady № 10Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Thein Swe| National League for Democracy| 136,413| 68.61
| Aye Kyaing| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 49,650| 24.97
| Mahn Thein Hla| National Unity Party| 8,728| 4.39
| U Kyaw Lin| Modern People's Party| 4,024| 2.02
Total| 198,815| 100.00
Valid votes| 198,815| 92.71
Invalid/blank votes| 15,644| 7.29
Total votes| 214,459| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 339,632| 63.14
Source: UEC

### House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw)

[edit]

SagaingCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Khin Maung Thein| National League for Democracy| 95,369| 76.52
| Soe Naing| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 29,266| 23.48
Total| 124,635| 100.00
Valid votes| 124,635| 93.14
Invalid/blank votes| 9,176| 6.86
Total votes| 133,811| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 201,502| 66.41
Source: UEC
PaleCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Khin San Hlaing| National League for Democracy| 43,946| 67.70
| Htay Naing| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 20,133| 31.02
| Hein Htet Aung| People's Democracy Party| 831| 1.28
Total| 64,910| 100.00
Valid votes| 64,910| 92.45
Invalid/blank votes| 5,298| 7.55
Total votes| 70,208| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 93,360| 75.20
Source: UEC
MinginCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Khin Hmway Lwin| National League for Democracy| 27,982| 56.43
| San Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 19,779| 39.89
| Htay Aung| National Unity Party| 1,828| 3.69
Total| 49,589| 100.00
Valid votes| 49,589| 93.94
Invalid/blank votes| 3,199| 6.06
Total votes| 52,788| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 67,106| 78.66
Source: UEC
KyunsuCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Tin Tin Yi| National League for Democracy| 35,965| 69.95
| Chit Than| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 15,448| 30.05
Total| 51,413| 100.00
Valid votes| 51,413| 90.10
Invalid/blank votes| 5,647| 9.90
Total votes| 57,060| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 75,798| 75.28
Source: UEC
LaunglonCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Aung Soe| National League for Democracy| 36,865| 82.24
| Sein Maung| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 7,961| 17.76
Total| 44,826| 100.00
Valid votes| 44,826| 92.96
Invalid/blank votes| 3,393| 7.04
Total votes| 48,219| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 57,034| 84.54
Source: UEC
TaungooCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Aung Soe Myint| National League for Democracy| 78,956| 72.38
| Wai Wai Tha| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 26,908| 24.67
| Win Tun| National Democratic Force| 3,218| 2.95
Total| 109,082| 100.00
Valid votes| 109,082| 93.83
Invalid/blank votes| 7,171| 6.17
Total votes| 116,253| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 164,477| 70.68
Source: UEC
HtantabinCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sein Htun| National League for Democracy| 30,387| 68.12
| Kyaw Kyaw Oo| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 10,964| 24.58
| Tin Win| National Unity Party| 2,516| 5.64
| Thet Oo| Unity and Peace Party| 744| 1.67
Total| 44,611| 100.00
Valid votes| 44,611| 92.60
Invalid/blank votes| 3,563| 7.40
Total votes| 48,174| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 71,827| 67.07
Source: UEC
LetpadanCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Kyaw Min| National League for Democracy| 54,527| 80.23
| Aung Thein| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 9,425| 13.87
| Win Hlaing| National Unity Party| 2,627| 3.87
| Nan Kyu Than Win| National Democratic Force| 1,388| 2.04
Total| 67,967| 100.00
Valid votes| 67,967| 92.10
Invalid/blank votes| 5,833| 7.90
Total votes| 73,800| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 118,812| 62.11
Source: UEC
ThanatpinCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myint Oo| National League for Democracy| 36,416| 76.63
| Sein Htoo| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 9,114| 19.18
| Than Hlaing| National Unity Party| 1,991| 4.19
Total| 47,521| 100.00
Valid votes| 47,521| 91.74
Invalid/blank votes| 4,280| 8.26
Total votes| 51,801| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 94,554| 54.78
Source: UEC
PakokkuCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Paik Ko| National League for Democracy| 108,681| 78.02
| Kyaw Tint| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 30,612| 21.98
Total| 139,293| 100.00
Valid votes| 139,293| 92.33
Invalid/blank votes| 11,564| 7.67
Total votes| 150,857| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 193,375| 78.01
Source: UEC
PwintbyuCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Aung Myo Nyo| National League for Democracy| 55,336| 69.87
| Tint Lwin| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 20,869| 26.35
| Kyaw Ma Soe| League of National Political Alliances| 1,538| 1.94
| Tint Lwin| National Unity Party| 1,458| 1.84
Total| 79,201| 100.00
Valid votes| 79,201| 93.04
Invalid/blank votes| 5,926| 6.96
Total votes| 85,127| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 113,053| 75.30
Source: UEC
MagwayCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myint Thein| National League for Democracy| 95,885| 72.59
| Aung Thein Kyaw| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 29,815| 22.57
| Hla Myint| National Unity Party| 3,827| 2.90
| Kyaw Sein Han| National Democratic Force| 2,570| 1.95
Total| 132,097| 100.00
Valid votes| 132,097| 94.44
Invalid/blank votes| 7,775| 5.56
Total votes| 139,872| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 179,358| 77.98
Source: UEC
MyaingCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myint Aung| National League for Democracy| 75,065| 74.70
| Kyaw Myint Than| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 25,428| 25.30
Total| 100,493| 100.00
Valid votes| 100,493| 92.45
Invalid/blank votes| 8,212| 7.55
Total votes| 108,705| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 158,080| 68.77
Source: UEC
YezagyoCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Tin Htay Aung| National League for Democracy| 71,352| 68.38
| Bo Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 29,833| 28.59
| Han Shin Win| Independent| 3,162| 3.03
Total| 104,347| 100.00
Valid votes| 104,347| 92.00
Invalid/blank votes| 9,070| 8.00
Total votes| 113,417| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 143,551| 79.01
Source: UEC
ZabuthiriCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sanda Min| National League for Democracy| 23,285| 56.68
| Win Htay| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 17,796| 43.32
Total| 41,081| 100.00
Valid votes| 41,081| 96.16
Invalid/blank votes| 1,641| 3.84
Total votes| 42,722| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 53,261| 80.21
Source: UEC
DekkhinathiriCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Naing Ngan Lin| National League for Democracy| 7,491| 63.83
| Maung Shein| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 4,245| 36.17
Total| 11,736| 100.00
Valid votes| 11,736| 92.37
Invalid/blank votes| 969| 7.63
Total votes| 12,705| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 16,931| 75.04
Source: UEC
PobbathiriCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Phyo Zeya Thaw| National League for Democracy| 23,651| 54.52
| Tha Htay| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 19,170| 44.19
| Lwin Myint Than| Independent| 557| 1.28
Total| 43,378| 100.00
Valid votes| 43,378| 92.94
Invalid/blank votes| 3,293| 7.06
Total votes| 46,671| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 56,941| 81.96
Source: UEC
OttarathiriCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Min Thu| National League for Democracy| 15,178| 59.49
| Hla Thein Swe| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 9,092| 35.64
| Kyi Myint| National Unity Party| 1,242| 4.87
Total| 25,512| 100.00
Valid votes| 25,512| 92.16
Invalid/blank votes| 2,171| 7.84
Total votes| 27,683| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 37,935| 72.97
Source: UEC
Tada-UCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Khin Thanda| National League for Democracy| 37,337| 62.75
| Aung Mon| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 20,487| 34.43
| Nan Htaik Zaw| National Democratic Force| 1,105| 1.86
| San Htun| Unity and Peace Party| 569| 0.96
Total| 59,498| 100.00
Valid votes| 59,498| 89.97
Invalid/blank votes| 6,633| 10.03
Total votes| 66,131| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 93,634| 70.63
Source: UEC
KyaukpadaungCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Zaw Myint Maung| National League for Democracy| 85,910| 71.61
| Aung Win Kyi| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 34,053| 28.39
Total| 119,963| 100.00
Valid votes| 119,963| 91.86
Invalid/blank votes| 10,631| 8.14
Total votes| 130,594| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 206,007| 63.39
Source: UEC
NatogyiCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Paw Khin| National League for Democracy| 44,703| 64.00
| Soe Naing Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 23,452| 33.57
| Aung Than| National Unity Party| 1,695| 2.43
Total| 69,850| 100.00
Valid votes| 69,850| 89.78
Invalid/blank votes| 7,954| 10.22
Total votes| 77,804| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 141,010| 55.18
Source: UEC
Maha AungmyeCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ohn Kyaing| National League for Democracy| 78,436| 89.54
| Than Htun| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 6,785| 7.75
| Tun Kyi| National Unity Party| 1,171| 1.34
| Than Thing Oo| People's Democracy Party| 428| 0.49
| Hla Ko| National Democratic Force| 405| 0.46
| Sein Hla| Independent| 191| 0.22
| Nyunt Oo| Independent| 106| 0.12
| Kyaw Kyaw| Independent| 76| 0.09
Total| 87,598| 100.00
Valid votes| 87,598| 95.33
Invalid/blank votes| 4,294| 4.67
Total votes| 91,892| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 131,567| 69.84
Source: UEC
MeiktilaCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Win Htein| National League for Democracy| 62,098| 52.10
| Hla Myint| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 48,067| 40.33
| Myint Myint Aye| Independent| 6,378| 5.35
| Win Zan| Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics| 2,650| 2.22
Total| 119,193| 100.00
Valid votes| 119,193| 89.61
Invalid/blank votes| 13,814| 10.39
Total votes| 133,007| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 207,400| 64.13
Source: UEC
PyinoolwinCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Kyaw Thiha| National League for Democracy| 54,327| 61.40
| Khin Maung Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 34,151| 38.60
Total| 88,478| 100.00
Valid votes| 88,478| 93.78
Invalid/blank votes| 5,870| 6.22
Total votes| 94,348| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 133,805| 70.51
Source: UEC
MawlamyineCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Khin Htay Kywe| National League for Democracy| 71,480| 72.91
| Tin Soe Moe Naing| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 19,648| 20.04
| Myint Myint Wai| All Mon Region Democracy Party| 4,824| 4.92
| Aung Than Oo| National Unity Party| 2,082| 2.12
Total| 98,034| 100.00
Valid votes| 98,034| 94.27
Invalid/blank votes| 5,964| 5.73
Total votes| 103,998| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 101,735| 102.22
Source: UEC
KawhmuCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Aung San Suu Kyi| National League for Democracy| 55,902| 85.38
| Soe Min| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 9,172| 14.01
| Tin Yi| Unity and Peace Party| 397| 0.61
Total| 65,471| 100.00
Valid votes| 65,471| 96.18
Invalid/blank votes| 2,599| 3.82
Total votes| 68,070| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 87,716| 77.60
Source: UEC
Dagon SeikkanCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myo Aung| National League for Democracy| 36,126| 75.18
| Aung Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 10,365| 21.57
| Win Myint| National Unity Party| 497| 1.03
| Kyi Myint| National Democratic Force| 490| 1.02
| Win Shwe| New National Democracy Party| 225| 0.47
| Tin Aung| Myanmar National Congress| 185| 0.38
| Myo Nyunt| People's New Democratic Party| 166| 0.35
Total| 48,054| 100.00
Valid votes| 48,054| 94.95
Invalid/blank votes| 2,554| 5.05
Total votes| 50,608| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 81,584| 62.03
Source: UEC
MayangonCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| May Win Myint| National League for Democracy| 60,216| 77.54
| Ye Htut| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 14,475| 18.64
| Khin Hlaing (Zawtika)| Independent| 1,243| 1.60
| Khin Phyu Phyu Nyein| National Democratic Force| 1,162| 1.50
| Ye Min Thein (Yatha)| New National Democracy Party| 414| 0.53
| Hayma Htay| Myanmar National Congress| 149| 0.19
Total| 77,659| 100.00
Valid votes| 77,659| 96.51
Invalid/blank votes| 2,811| 3.49
Total votes| 80,470| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 137,150| 58.67
Source: UEC
Mingala TaungnyuntCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Phyu Phyu Thin| National League for Democracy| 55,819| 87.91
| Lei Lei Aye| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 5,977| 9.41
| Thu Wai| Democratic Party| 798| 1.26
| Phone Myint| New National Democracy Party| 765| 1.20
| Kaung Myint Htut| Myanmar National Congress| 140| 0.22
Total| 63,499| 100.00
Valid votes| 63,499| 95.61
Invalid/blank votes| 2,913| 4.39
Total votes| 66,412| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 102,908| 64.54
Source: UEC
HleguCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Phyo Min Thein| National League for Democracy| 63,600| 65.57
| Aung Myat Thu| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 32,252| 33.25
| Zin Aung| People's New Democracy Party| 1,147| 1.18
Total| 96,999| 100.00
Valid votes| 96,999| 93.41
Invalid/blank votes| 6,842| 6.59
Total votes| 103,841| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 151,401| 68.59
Source: UEC
ThongwaCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Su Su Lwin| National League for Democracy| 44,889| 68.62
| Aung Kyaw Min| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 18,005| 27.52
| Kyi Than| National Democratic Force| 1,612| 2.46
| Aung Gyi| People's New Democracy Party| 914| 1.40
Total| 65,420| 100.00
Valid votes| 65,420| 91.70
Invalid/blank votes| 5,925| 8.30
Total votes| 71,345| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 112,790| 63.25
Source: UEC
KalawCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Daw Than Ngwe| National League for Democracy| 43,940| 59.04
| Mya Win| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 17,905| 24.06
| Khun Than Maung| Pa-O National Organisation| 10,258| 13.78
| Khin Maung Hla| National Unity Party| 1,711| 2.30
| Sao Tha Oo| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party| 607| 0.82
Total| 74,421| 100.00
Valid votes| 74,421| 92.35
Invalid/blank votes| 6,167| 7.65
Total votes| 80,588| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 98,393| 81.90
Source: UEC
PatheinCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Win Myint| National League for Democracy| 109,326| 74.19
| Aung Tin Myint| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 34,645| 23.51
| Tin Win| National Democratic Force| 3,388| 2.30
Total| 147,359| 100.00
Valid votes| 147,359| 93.57
Invalid/blank votes| 10,127| 6.43
Total votes| 157,486| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 217,996| 72.24
Source: UEC
MaubinCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sein Win Han (Sein Win)| National League for Democracy| 69,015| 51.57
| Myo Thant Tin| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 55,558| 41.52
| Maung Maung Thin| National Unity Party| 4,206| 3.14
| Khin Su Su Aung| National Democratic Force| 3,858| 2.88
| Thein Shwe| Modern People's Party| 1,183| 0.88
Total| 133,820| 100.00
Valid votes| 133,820| 91.17
Invalid/blank votes| 12,957| 8.83
Total votes| 146,777| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 202,953| 72.32
Source: UEC
MyaungmyaCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Mahn Johnny| National League for Democracy| 80,573| 65.14
| Phyo Ko Ko Tint San| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 40,973| 33.12
| Aung Myo Hlaing| National Democratic Force| 2,148| 1.74
Total| 123,694| 100.00
Valid votes| 123,694| 93.83
Invalid/blank votes| 8,129| 6.17
Total votes| 131,823| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 184,856| 71.31
Source: UEC
MyanaungCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Kyaw Myint| National League for Democracy| 75,231| 75.01
| Than Htut| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 21,605| 21.54
| Win Hlaing| National Unity Party| 3,461| 3.45
Total| 100,297| 100.00
Valid votes| 100,297| 89.43
Invalid/blank votes| 11,853| 10.57
Total votes| 112,150| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 151,922| 73.82
Source: UEC
WakemaCandidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Myint Myint San| National League for Democracy| 79,733| 64.28
| Htun Aung Kyaw| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 32,374| 26.10
| Than Aung| National Unity Party| 8,707| 7.02
| Ri Ri San| Modern People's Party| 3,221| 2.60
Total| 124,035| 100.00
Valid votes| 124,035| 91.72
Invalid/blank votes| 11,190| 8.28
Total votes| 135,225| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 184,965| 73.11
Source: UEC

### Regional Parliaments

[edit]

Bago Region Hluttaw's Kawa Township № 2 by-election, 2012  Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| NLD | Myo Khaing  |  |
| USDP | Aye Win  |  |
| NUP | Kyi Lwin  |  |
Total votes |  |
Ayeyarwady Region Hluttaw's Yekyi Township № 2 by-election, 2012  Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| NLD | Hla Myat Thway  |  |
| USDP | Tin Soe  |  |
| NUP | Win Kyi  |  |
Total votes |  |

## See also

[edit]

* 2011–2012 Burmese political reforms

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ In December 2011, Myat Nyana Soe (Rangoon Region constituency No. 4) left NDF and joined NLD.[47]
2. ^ a b On 28 January 2012, Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) deceased and was not replaced.[9]

## References

[edit]

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