2012 Nobel Peace Prize

Edition of award

Award

The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize

European Union

"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."

Date|

* 12 October 2012 (announcement by Thorbjørn Jagland)
* 10 December 2012
(ceremony)

Location| Oslo, Norway
Presented by| Norwegian Nobel Committee
Reward(s)| 8 million SEK ($1.2M, €0.9M)
First awarded| 1901
Website| www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/
| <- 2011 · | Nobel Peace Prize | · 2013 ->

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Albania

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bosnia

Bulgaria

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech
Rep.

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta→

Moldova

Mont.

Netherlands

N. Mac.

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switz-
erland

Turkey

Ukraine

United
Kingdom

The member states of the European Union (European Communities pre-1993), animated in order of accession. Only territories in and around Europe are shown.

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The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union (EU) (founded in 1958) "for over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe" by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

The decision highlighted the reconciliation of France and Germany, stating that "over a seventy-year period, Germany and France had fought three wars. Today war between Germany and France is unthinkable. This shows how, through well-aimed efforts and by building up mutual confidence, historical enemies can become close partners." The decision also highlighted the EU's contribution to the "introduction of democracy" in Greece, Spain and Portugal, the advancing of democracy and human rights in Turkey, the strengthening of democracy in Eastern Europe following the Revolutions of 1989 and overcoming of "the division between East and West" and ethnically based national conflicts, and finally the EU's contribution to the "process of reconciliation in the Balkans".[1]

## Nominations

[edit]

The medal and the certificate exposed at the European Commission

For the 2012 award the Nobel Committee received 231 valid nominations, compared to the record 247 candidates in 2011.[2] 43 of the nominations were organisations, while the remaining 188 were individuals, either alone, together with others or together with organisations.[3]

## Norwegian Nobel Committee members

[edit]

Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee were appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to roughly reflect the party makeup of that body. The committee had the following membership in 2012: Thorbjørn Jagland (chair), Kaci Kullmann Five (deputy chair), Inger-Marie Ytterhorn, Berit Reiss-Andersen, and Gunnar Stålsett (member during Ågot Valle's sick leave).

## Announcement

[edit]

The award was announced on 12 October 2012. The Nobel citation referred to the strict demands the European Union placed on all would-be members, gave special mention to Greece, Spain, and Portugal—all of which joined in the 1980s after dictatorships ended—and referred to the countries in Eastern Europe that embraced it after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

## Official reactions

[edit]

### European Union

[edit]

The President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, said that the award recognised the European Union as the "biggest peacemaker in history".[4]

The President of the European Parliament, German social democrat Martin Schulz, said he was "deeply touched. The European Union has reunified the continent through peaceful means and brought arch enemies together. This historic act of reunification has been rightfully recognised."[5] He said that "from the Balkans to the Caucasus, the EU serves as a beacon for democracy and reconciliation."[6]

The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, called the award "a very important message to Europe that the European Union is something very precious, that we should cherish it for the good of Europeans and for the good of the entire world."[7]

The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, said she was "delighted" at the news, adding that "in the countries of the EU, historic enemies have become close partners and friends. I am proud to be part of continuing this work."[8]

### European Union members and candidates

[edit]

Founding members

Belgium – The Prime Minister of Belgium, Elio Di Rupo, said that "this choice shows that the European project continues to inspire the world today. The European Union was originally the dream of people and politicians in search of peace and prosperity for all citizens. It has become a strong symbol of cooperation and progress. Europe, a continent that was torn by terrible wars, thanks to the European Union is an example for the world of peaceful dialogue and conflict prevention."[9]

France – The President of France, François Hollande, said the prize was an "immense honour", adding that "through this award, every European can feel pride, that of being a member of a union which has been able to make peace between peoples who for a long time clashed, and to build a community founded on values of democracy, liberty and solidarity."[10] Former President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing said that "it is right that this extraordinary effort that has been accomplished by the Europeans and their leaders to establish a lasting peace on their continent—historically ravaged by war—is rewarded and honored."[8]

Helmut Kohl, who together with François Mitterrand is regarded as the main architect of the Maastricht Treaty that established the European Union in 1993, said the award was "a wise and far-sighted decision" that "is above all a confirmation for the European peace project."

Germany – The President of Germany, Joachim Gauck, called the award "a great encouragement in difficult times" and said the EU is "a unique project of peace and freedom".[11] The Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, called the award a wonderful decision that "honours the idea of European integration".[12] The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany, Guido Westerwelle, called the award "a fantastic decision which makes me proud and happy. European integration is the most successful project for peace in history."[8] Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl called the award "a wise and far-sighted decision" that "is above all a confirmation for the European peace project. As Europeans we all have reason to be proud today. I am proud, and I wish for God's blessing for us on our further path to a united Europe."[8]

Italy – The Prime Minister of Italy, Mario Monti, hailed the decision and said that the European Union's "formula of (using) integration to stop war and guarantee peace and practised for decades is the subject of study and admiration in other parts of the world."[13]

Luxembourg – The Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Jean-Claude Juncker, called the award a "good decision", stating that the EU from its inception was a peacemaker in Europe. He added that "it is sometimes useful to get such recognition from the outside [...] to remind us why we are considered a model for others."[14]

Netherlands – The Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mark Rutte, said the award was a "great recognition of the major historical role the European Union has played in peace, security and democracy."[15]

New accession states (by order of accession)

Denmark (1973) – The Minister for Europe of Denmark, Nicolai Wammen, said the prize is "fully deserved, because the EU has been a peace project from the beginning. The European cooperation has been successful in creating lasting peace between countries that for centuries have been at war with each other."[16]

Ireland (1973) – The Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Ireland, Eamon Gilmore, "warmly welcomed" the decision, stating that "the European Union has been the most successful peace process in our lifetime, and indeed in our living memory."[17]

United Kingdom (1973) – The British government issued a statement, saying that "this award recognises the EU’s historic role in promoting peace and reconciliation in Europe, particularly through its enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. The EU must always strive to preserve and strengthen those achievements for the future."[18]

Greece (1981) - The Prime Minister of Greece, Antonis Samaras was representing Greece and in his announcement he stressed the need for advanced social cohesion for facing the problem of unemployment, in order to avoid right-extremists raise in the European Union.[19]

Spain (1986) – The Prime Minister of Spain, Mariano Rajoy, said the award was "excellent news", adding that "the EU serves as a stimulus for the further consolidation of Europe's political, economic and monetary union."[20]

Austria (1995) – The President of Austria, Heinz Fischer, said the award was "great and pioneering news for Europe", adding that "we have always considered the united Europe as a peace project, and the grand recognition of this idea by the Nobel Prize committee gives us confidence and courage to continue working on the European peace project."[21][22]

Finland (1995) – The President of Finland, Sauli Niinistö, said the prize was a magnificent recognition that the EU has worked hard for peace and brought virtues of the European tradition to the outside world. The Prime Minister of Finland, Jyrki Katainen, said "there is every reason to be happy that we can take part in integration, building stability and strengthening the project of peace."[23]

Sweden (1995) – The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden, Carl Bildt, warmly congratulated "all of Europe" and said the prize was "highly deserved and highly important".[24]

Czech Republic (2004) – The President of the Czech Republic, Václav Klaus, called the decision a "great mistake", adding that "it would make sense, if the award would have been given to an individual instead of an organisation. To award a bureaucratic institution is an 'empty' prize."[25]

Hungary (2004) – The Prime Minister of Hungary, Viktor Orbán, said the EU deserved the Nobel Peace Prize, and that the EU represented the peaceful coexistence of previously hostile countries.[26]

Poland (2004) – The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland, Radosław Sikorski, issued a statement, saying "congratulations to the EU, and therefore to all of us", adding that "the Nobel Peace Prize signifies that European integration is a guarantee of peace in the region."[27]

Slovenia (2004) – The President of Slovenia, Danilo Türk, said that the prize was deserved because the EU is "the most successful peace project in the history of humanity." The Prime Minister of Slovenia, Janez Janša, stated that peace was one of the founding causes for the foundation of the European Union and that the award was a reminder that peace is a value.[28]

Candidates and other aspiring members

Albania – The Foreign Minister of Albania, Edmond Panariti, said the award meant a "great responsibility that should encourage the will for enlargement."[29]

Bosnia and Herzegovina – The chairman of the joint Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bakir Izetbegović, said the award "should be a strong boost for EU countries to overcome existing problems and stick to the concept of further enlargement."[29]

Croatia – The Foreign Minister of Croatia, Vesna Pusić, praised the EU for its role in keeping "a lasting peace in a region that had wars almost continuously for centuries."[29]

Kosovo – The Foreign Minister of Kosovo, Enver Hoxhaj, said that "awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to the EU makes us proud and motivates us to continue the reforms in order that Kosovo become a member of the union."[29]

Macedonia – The President of the Republic of Macedonia, Gjorge Ivanov, said the award honoured the project of "unifying peoples in their mutual efforts for freedom, solidarity and prosperity."[29]

Montenegro – The Foreign Minister of Montenegro, Nebojša Kaluđerović, said the "idea to unite European countries with all their differences is the best proof the EU is worthy of this award."[29]

Serbia – The Prime Minister of Serbia, Ivica Dačić, congratulated the EU, expressing hope that it would manage to preserve its unity.[29]

Turkey – The Minister of European Union Affairs of Turkey, Egemen Bağış, said that "his country's membership perspective has contributed to this award."[30]

### Other

[edit]

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway said the EU has secured peace and built democracy.

NATO – The Secretary General of NATO, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, offered the European Union his "warmest congratulations", stating that "the European Union has played a vital role in healing the wounds of history and promoting peace, reconciliation and cooperation across Europe. It has contributed to the advancement of freedom, democracy and human rights across the continent and beyond. From the outset, NATO and the European Union have shared common values and helped shape the new Europe."[31][32]

Norway – The Prime Minister of Norway, Jens Stoltenberg, congratulated the European Union, stating that the EU "has helped to secure peace and build democracy in Europe over many years."[33]

Switzerland – The President of Switzerland, Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, congratulated the EU. A government statement said the prize recognised "the essential role" which the EU has played in the peaceful development of the continent.[34]

United Nations – The Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, lauded the decision in a statement on behalf of the entire United Nations family, and emphasised the European Union's role in helping to build peace, promote human rights and support economic and social development across the world. He called the award "a richly-deserved recognition of its accomplishments and its importance in Europe and around the world."[35][36]

United States – The U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, congratulated the European Union, stating that "certainly it's quite remarkable to see how unified and peaceful Europe is in the 21st century and that did not happen by coincidence. It happened because of the very hard work and dedication of leaders and citizens across Europe."[37]

## Public reactions

[edit]

The prize was mostly positively received by European and American media, with the notable exception of sections of the British media. In editorials, Aftenposten,[38] Der Spiegel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Le Soir, De Standaard, de Volkskrant, La Stampa, Le Figaro, Die Welt, Die Presse and the Financial Times all described the prize as deserved.[39][40][41] The Wall Street Journal described the award as "an inspired decision" and "a reminder there is more to the EU than the euro and that its achievements over 60 years have been remarkable."[42]

Steven Pinker applauded the decision as part of a lecture about The Better Angels of Our Nature, remarking that the assignment of the prize recognized the value of an international community as well as the fact that what had started as an economic union had really had a pacifying effect.[43]

While European leaders greeted the decision, the award tended to be criticized by Eurosceptics[44] including the far-right (such as National Front leader Marine Le Pen)[45] and far-left.[46][47] Nigel Farage, leader of the right-wing UKIP and co-chairman of the anti-EU EFD group within the European Parliament, claimed the decision brought the Nobel Peace Prize "into total disrepute" due to its "insulting" assumption that the EU has prevented conflicts.[48]

In a poll conducted in Norway by ResponsAnalyse for the newspaper Aftenposten, 26% of respondents agreed with the decision to award the European Union the prize, while 37% opposed it and a further 37% had no opinion. The director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad described the results of the poll as "... more positive than he had expected" on the background of the "... negative attitude to the EU" in Norway. Lundestad stated that the award was not about Norwegian membership in the EU, but a "wider perspective".[49]

On 30 November 2012, Nobel Peace Prize winners Desmond Tutu, Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel publicly opposed the awarding of the prize to the European Union. The 1984, 1976 and 1980 laureates stated in an open letter to the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden, that in their view the EU stood for "... security based on military force and waging wars rather than insisting on the need for an alternative approach" and that "... the Norwegian Nobel Committee has redefined and reshaped the prize in a way that is not in accordance with the law". The International Peace Bureau, which won the prize in 1910, and several peace activists, writers and lawyers also signed the letter. The signatories demanded that the Nobel Foundation stop the payment of the SEK 8 million prize money.[50]

## Award ceremony

[edit]

During the announcement, committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland was asked whether Helmut Kohl or any of the current EU officials would be present to accept the prize on the EU's behalf. Jagland said the EU will have to decide who would accept the prize.[51]

The EU decided that the prize would be accepted by President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz. Van Rompuy and Barroso held the acceptance speeches.[52]

Most EU heads of states or governments except six attended the ceremony. French President François Hollande and Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel attended. David Cameron and five other EU heads of state have not attended, Cameron sending his deputy Nick Clegg in his stead.[53]

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize 2012.

* 2004 enlargement of the European Union
* Eurosphere
* History of the European Union
* Pax Europaea
* Stabilisation and Association Process
* League of peace
* World peace

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
2. ^ "Nominations for the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize". Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
3. ^ Bakken, Laila Ø; Myklebust, Gunnar (27 February 2012). "Manning nominert til fredsprisen" [Manning nominated for the Peace Prize] (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
4. ^ "EurActiv". M.euractiv. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
5. ^ "European Parliament/The President:Schulz on Nobel Peace Prize:This prize is for all EU citizens". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
6. ^ Rfe/Rl (3 October 2012). "EU Awarded Nobel Peace Prize". Rferl. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
7. ^ "President José Manuel Barroso – Nobel Peace Prize 2012 for the European Union". Ec.europa. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
8. ^ a b c d "Reaction as EU wins Peace Prize". Reuters. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
9. ^ ""Fier", Di Rupo rappelle que la Belgique fut fondatrice de l'UE". 7SUR7.be. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
10. ^ "EXTRA: Hollande: Prize commits EU to pursue "more united" Europe". Europe Online Magazine. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
11. ^ Gauck gratuliert EU zu Nobelpreis, Die Welt
12. ^ "Bundeskanzlerin | Videos" (in German). Bundeskanzlerin.de. Retrieved 12 October 2012.[permanent dead link]
13. ^ "Monti hails Nobel Peace Prize for EU". GazzettaDelSud. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
14. ^ "L'essentiel Online – Pour Juncker, "c est une bonne décision"". Lessentie. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
15. ^ "Politicians pleased with Nobel peace prize for Europe, except Wilders". DutchNews. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
16. ^ Det siger de om Nobels fredspris 2012 Archived 18 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, nordjyske.dk
17. ^ "Gilmore welcomes EU's Nobel prize". The Irish Times. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
18. ^ Award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the European Union, fco.gov.uk
19. ^ "To "καμπανάκι" της ανεργίας στους νέους έκρουσε ο Σαμαράς στο Όσλο". 10 December 2012.
20. ^ "European Union wins Nobel Peace Prize". fox news. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
21. ^ ""Großartige und zukunftsweisende Nachricht": Stimmen: Nobelpreis ist Ehre für alle EU-Bürger". Wienerzeitung.at. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
22. ^ "Absage an Schwarzseher". Orf.at. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
23. ^ Van Rompuy expresses appreciation for EU Nobel Peace Prize, hs.fi
24. ^ "Swedish ministers hail EU Nobel Peace prize win". Thelocal. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
25. ^ "VIDEO: Nobelova cena pro EU je tragický omyl, řekl Klaus - iDNES.cz". Zpravy.idnes. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
26. ^ Orbán: Az EU-nak ítélt békedíj egy eszmének kijáró elismerés, inforadio.hu
27. ^ "Poland congratulates EU, and itself, on Nobel Peace Prize". The News. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
28. ^ "Türk: Nobelova nagrada je šla v prave roke, EU je najuspešnejši mirovni projekt v zgodovini". 24ur.com. 24ur. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
29. ^ a b c d e f g Balkan EU hopefuls hail Nobel Prize Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, finchannel.com
30. ^ "Nobel prize catches EU by surprise". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
31. ^ "NATO - News: Prix Nobel de la paix : le secrétaire général de l'OTAN félicite l'Union européenne, 12-Oct.-2012". Nato.int. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
32. ^ "NATO military alliance hails EU Nobel peace award – EUbusiness.com - EU Business News". Eubusiness.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
33. ^ "Stoltenberg: Gratulerer, EU! – Nobels fredspris – NRK Nyheter". Nrk.no. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
34. ^ EU peace prize highlights achievements Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, swissinfo.ch
35. ^ "United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Statements". Un.org. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
36. ^ "United Nations News Centre – Secretary-General lauds awarding of Nobel Peace Prize to European Union". UN. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
37. ^ "Clinton congratulates EU on Nobel peace prize - International - World - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
38. ^ "EU har gjort en stor fredsinnsats," editorial, Aftenposten, 13 October 2012, section 2, page 2
39. ^ "Ros for Nobels fredspris i europeisk presse - Utenriks - E24". E24.no. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
40. ^ "Nobel à l'UE: un rappel historique". 7SUR7.be. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
41. ^ Nobel for EU praised in European, not British, press, AFP
42. ^ Nobel Prize for EU an Inspired Decision, The Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2012
43. ^ "Steven Pinker on Violence and Humanity". The School of Life Library. The School of Life. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
44. ^ Volkery, Carsten (12 October 2012). "Euroskeptics Deride Nobel Honor for European Union - SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. Spiegel.de. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
45. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
46. ^ "The Associated Press: EU detractors slam Nobel Peace Prize decision". Retrieved 13 October 2012.[dead link]
47. ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele (12 October 2012). "European Union Wins Nobel Peace Prize - WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
48. ^ "BBC News - UKIP's Nigel Farage: 'EU's Nobel Peace Prize baffling'". BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
49. ^ "Norway divided over Peace Prize award". The Norway Post. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation/Aftenposten. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
50. ^ "Desmond Tutu, other Nobel Peace Prize laureates contest 2012 winner choice of EU". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
51. ^ NRK broadcast, 12 October 2012
52. ^ Benjamin Fox: Barroso and Van Rompuy win battle for Nobel limelight EU Observer, 10 October 2012
53. ^ "EU receives Nobel peace prize". TheGuardian.com. 10 December 2012.

* v
* t
* e

Nobel Peace Prize

General topics|

* Laureates
* Committee (members)
* Institute
* Center
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* Oslo Spektrum
* Oslo City Hall
* World Summit
* Nominees
* Individuals
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By year|

* 1901
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* 1971
* 2005
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* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize

1901–1925|

* 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
* 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
* 1903: Randal Cremer
* 1904: Institut de Droit International
* 1905: Bertha von Suttner
* 1906: Theodore Roosevelt
* 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
* 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
* 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
* 1910: International Peace Bureau
* 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
* 1912: Elihu Root
* 1913: Henri La Fontaine
* 1914
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1918
* 1919: Woodrow Wilson
* 1920: Léon Bourgeois
* 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
* 1922: Fridtjof Nansen
* 1923
* 1924
* 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes

1926–1950|

* 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
* 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
* 1928
* 1929: Frank B. Kellogg
* 1930: Nathan Söderblom
* 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
* 1932
* 1933: Norman Angell
* 1934: Arthur Henderson
* 1935: Carl von Ossietzky
* 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
* 1937: Robert Cecil
* 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
* 1939
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1945: Cordell Hull
* 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
* 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
* 1948
* 1949: John Boyd Orr
* 1950: Ralph Bunche

1951–1975|

* 1951: Léon Jouhaux
* 1952: Albert Schweitzer
* 1953: George C. Marshall
* 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957: Lester B. Pearson
* 1958: Georges Pire
* 1959: Philip Noel-Baker
* 1960: Albert Luthuli
* 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
* 1962: Linus Pauling
* 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
* 1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
* 1965: UNICEF
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968: René Cassin
* 1969: International Labour Organization
* 1970: Norman Borlaug
* 1971: Willy Brandt
* 1972
* 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
* 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
* 1975: Andrei Sakharov

1976–2000|

* 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
* 1977: Amnesty International
* 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
* 1979: Mother Teresa
* 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
* 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
* 1983: Lech Wałęsa
* 1984: Desmond Tutu
* 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
* 1986: Elie Wiesel
* 1987: Óscar Arias
* 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
* 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
* 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
* 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
* 1992: Rigoberta Menchú
* 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
* 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
* 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
* 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
* 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
* 1998: John Hume / David Trimble
* 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
* 2000: Kim Dae-jung

2001–present|

* 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
* 2002: Jimmy Carter
* 2003: Shirin Ebadi
* 2004: Wangari Maathai
* 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
* 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
* 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
* 2008: Martti Ahtisaari
* 2009: Barack Obama
* 2010: Liu Xiaobo
* 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
* 2012: European Union
* 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
* 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
* 2016: Juan Manuel Santos
* 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
* 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
* 2019: Abiy Ahmed
* 2020: World Food Programme
* 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
* 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
* 2023: Narges Mohammadi
* 2024: Nihon Hidankyo

* v
* t
* e

2012 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Robert Lefkowitz (United States)
* Brian Kobilka (United States)

Literature (2012)|

* Mo Yan (China)

Peace (2012)|

* European Union

Physics|

* Serge Haroche (France)
* David J. Wineland (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* John Gurdon (United Kingdom)
* Shinya Yamanaka (Japan)

Economic Sciences|

* Alvin E. Roth (United States)
* Lloyd Shapley (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

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European Union articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Ideas of European unity before 1948
* Founders
* 1948-1957
* 1958-1972
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* 1993-2004
* Since 2004

|

Predecessors|

| Defence policy|

* Western Union (1948-1954)
* Western European Union (1954-2011)

|

European Communities (1967-2009)|

* International Authority for the Ruhr (1949-1951)
* European Coal and Steel Community (1951-2002)

* European Economic Community (1958-1993)
* European Community (1993-2009)

* European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)

Central bank|

* European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973-1994)
* European Monetary Institute (1994-1998)

Financial stability|

* European Financial Stability Facility (2010-2012)
* European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010-2012)

Enlargements|

* 1954
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* 1990
* 1995
* 2004
* 2007
* 2013

Withdrawals|

* 1962
* 1984
* 1985
* 2012
* 2020

Geography|

* Geography
* Demographics
* External border
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* Geographic centre
* Larger urban zones
* Member states
* Protected areas
* Regions (first-level NUTS)
* Special territories
* Statistics

Bodies|

| Institutions|

| Legislature|

* European Parliament
* President
* Vice-Presidents
* Secretariat
* Committees
* Elections
* Constituencies
* Political groups
* European political parties
* European political foundations
* Council of the European Union
* Presidency
* General Secretariat
* Eurogroup

|

Executive|

* European Council
* President
* Euro summit
* European Commission
* President
* Vice-Presidents
* Commissioners
* Directorates-General

Judiciary|

* Court of Justice of the European Union
* Court of Justice
* General Court

Central bank|

* European Central Bank
* President
* System of Central Banks
* Eurosystem

Supreme audit institution|

* European Court of Auditors
* Secretary-General

Other
international-law
EU bodies|

* European Atomic Energy Community
* EIB Group
* European Investment Bank
* European Investment Fund
* EIB Institute
* European University Institute
* European Stability Mechanism
* Unified Patent Court

Independent
offices|

* European Ombudsman
* European Data Protection Supervisor

Agencies|

* Agencies of the European Union

Advisory
bodies|

* European Committee of the Regions
* European Economic and Social Committee

Military
bodies|

* Political and Security Committee
* European Union Military Committee
* European Union Military Staff

Law|

* Acquis
* Charter of Fundamental Rights
* Competition law
* Copyright law
* Directive
* Citizens' Rights
* Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
* Official Journal
* Legislative procedure
* Citizens' Initiative
* Regulation
* LGBT rights
* Enhanced cooperation
* Treaties
* opt-outs
* Withdrawal

Economy|

* Budget
* Currencies
* Community preference
* Government procurement
* Eurozone
* Euro
* International status and usage
* Transport
* TRACECA
* Minimum wage
* Average wage
* Unemployment rate
* Health expense per person

Politics|

| Concepts|

* European integration
* Eurosphere
* Intergovernmentalism
* Multi-speed Europe
* Neofunctionalism
* Optimum currency area
* Supranational union
* Euroscepticism
* Euromyths
* Federalisation
* Pro-Europeanism
* Democratic legitimacy
* Differentiated integration
* Privileged partnership
* Potential superpower status

|

Policies|

* Area of freedom, security and justice
* Migration and asylum policy
* Schengen Area
* European Judicial Network (criminal matters)
* European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
* Citizenship
* passports
* identity card (list)
* Driving licence
* Vehicle registration plates
* Common Foreign and Security Policy
* Common Security and Defence Policy
* Permanent Structured Cooperation
* Enlargement Policy
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Global Strategy
* Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
* Eurozone
* European banking union
* European Banking Supervision
* Single Resolution Mechanism
* Capital Markets Union
* European System of Financial Supervision
* Single market
* Agricultural policy
* Cultural policies
* Customs Union
* Educational policies
* Energy policy
* Environmental policy
* European Green Deal
* Fisheries policy
* Healthcare
* Health Insurance Card
* Labour mobility
* Regional development
* European Structural and Investment Funds
* Space policy
* Sport policies
* VAT Area

Foreign
relations|

* Neighbourhood Policy
* European Economic Area
* EEA Joint Committee
* Energy Community
* European Political Community
* European Common Aviation Area
* European Higher Education Area
* EU/ESA Framework Agreement
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Peace Facility
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* European Union Association Agreement
* Stabilisation and Association Process
* Eastern Partnership
* Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
* EU Gateway Programme
* EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
* Northern Dimension
* Union for the Mediterranean
* Global Strategy
* Free trade agreements
* Enlargement
* Current agenda
* Statistics

Culture|

* Douzelage
* House of European History
* 2012 Nobel Peace Prize
* Laissez-passer
* Languages
* Media freedom
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Telephone numbers
* Symbols

Lists|

* Books on the subject
* Directives
* Largest cities by population within city limits
* National parties by affiliation
* Presidents of the institutions
* Terrorist incidents
* Urban areas

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

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