2013 Italian general election

* * *

| <- 2008 | 24–25 February 2013 | 2018 ->

|
|

<- outgoing members

elected members ->

* * *

All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
316 seats needed for a majority
All 315 elective seats in the Senate
160 seats needed for a majority[a]
Opinion polls
Registered| 46,905,154 (C) * 42,270,824 (S)
Turnout| 35,270,926 (C) * 75.2% (5.3 pp)
31,751,350 (S) * 75.1% (5.3 pp)
|  | First party  | Second party

|
|

Leader  | Pier Luigi Bersani | Silvio Berlusconi
Party  | Democratic | People of Freedom
Alliance  | Italy. Common Good | Centre-right coalition
Leader since  | 2 December 2012  | 18 January 1994
Leader's seat  | Lombardy 1 (C)[1] | Molise (S)[2]
Seats won  | 345 (C) / 123 (S)  | 125 (C) / 117 (S)
Seat change  | 134 (C) / 7 (S)  | 219 (C) / 57 (S)
Coalition vote  | 10,049,393 (C)
9,685,437 (S)  | 9,923,600 (C)
9,405,652 (S)
Percentage  | 29.6% (C)
31.6% (S)  | 29.2% (C)
30.7% (S)
Swing  | 7.9 pp (C)
6.4 pp (S)  | 17.6 pp (C)
16.6 pp (S)

* * *

| Third party  | Fourth party

Leader  | Beppe Grillo | Mario Monti
Party  | Five Star Movement | Civic Choice
Alliance  | — | With Monti for Italy
Leader since  | 4 October 2009  | 28 December 2012
Leader's seat  | Did not run | Did not run[b]
Seats won  | 109 (C) / 54 (S)  | 47 (C) / 19 (S)
Seat change  | New party | New alliance
Coalition vote  | 8,691,406 (C)
7,286,550 (S)  | 3,591,541 (C)
2,797,486 (S)
Percentage  | 25.6% (C)
23.8% (S)  | 10.6% (C)
9.1% (S)
Swing  | New party | New alliance

* * *

Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Red denotes Centre-left coalitions, Blue the Centre-right coalition, Yellow the Five Star Movement, and Light Blue the Aosta Valley regional coalition.

* * *

| Prime Minister before election

Mario Monti
Independent

| Prime Minister after the election

Enrico Letta
Democratic

|

The 2013 Italian general election was held on 24 and 25 February 2013 to determine the 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic for the 17th Italian Parliament.[3][4][5] The centre-left alliance Italy Common Good, led by the Democratic Party (PD), obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies thanks to a majority bonus that effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force and narrowly defeated the centre-right alliance of former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi in the popular vote. Close behind, the new anti-establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, well ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[6][7]

In April 2013 a grand coalition was formed, consisting of Italy Common Good, the Berlusconi coalition and the centrists.[8] Berlusconi and his allies withdrew support of the coalition and formed a new Forza Italia six months later, which meant that the PD dominated the government coalition until the 2018 Italian general election.

## Background

[edit]

Following the European sovereign debt crisis, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned from his position in November 2011. He was replaced as prime minister by technocratic Senator for Life Mario Monti.

In December 2012, Berlusconi announced his intention to run for prime minister for a sixth time. Shortly after, his party, The People of Freedom (PdL), withdrew endorsement for Monti's Cabinet and Monti announced he would resign[9] after sending the annual budget to the Italian Parliament, which was expected by Christmas. The Constitution of Italy then requires an election to be held within 70 days of the dissolution of the parliament by President Giorgio Napolitano. Monti's resignation came after he said that, following the PdL's withdrawal, he "matured [to] the conviction that we could not continue like this any longer,"[10] and that he could not govern with a loss of support for his platform.[11]

During Monti's tenure, Italy had faced tax increases and state spending cuts, as well as reforms intended to improve the competitiveness of the Italian economy.[12] On the other hand, PdL parliamentary party leader Angelino Alfano told parliament on 7 December that Italy's debt, unemployment, and tax rates had risen in contrast to the economy since Monti became prime minister.[10][13] In the approximately one year since Monti took office, unemployment rose by almost two percent.[13] Previously Monti had controversially told the rising tide of youth unemployment to forget about a steady job for life, saying such is "monotonous [anyway and] it's nice to change and take on challenges." He also called for changes to Article 18 of the 1970 Workers Statute that forbids companies with over 15 employees from sacking an employee without "just cause", saying that it "can be pernicious for Italy's growth."[14]

The same reforms and austerity-focused policies which upset many Italians are perceived to have improved international confidence in Italy.[15] Monti was supported by other Eurozone leaders, such as Germany's Angela Merkel and former French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[16] Merkel's spokesman, Georg Streiter, said that she had "always worked well" with Monti and "had a relationship of esteem"; however, when asked about Berlusconi, he said it was not up to him to decide domestic politics of other countries.[17] German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble added that he did not foresee "any destabilization in the euro-zone [but] expect[ed] Italy to keep going forward by respecting its European commitments."[18] In reaction, financial markets fell on speculation of further instability;[19][20] specifically, Italian 10-year bond yields rose by 0.4% to reach 4.87% and the Italian stock exchange's flagship index dropped by over 3.5%.[21]

## Campaign

[edit]

Pier Luigi Bersani with the president of Emilia-Romagna Vasco Errani during the electoral campaign

From the summer of 2012, a number of parties and movements from the so-called "Third Pole" of the political spectrum, including Pier Ferdinando Casini's Union of the Centre (UdC), Gianfranco Fini's Future and Freedom (FLI), Luca Cordero di Montezemolo's Toward the Third Republic (VTR), as well as a number of other politicians from both PD and PdL, pushed for direct involvement of Mario Monti in an election. Monti's statement that he would resign after the budget was passed, was suggested by Reuters to be indicative of him seeking to run for office.

Monti also told a press conference in France that "populism" was dangerous, and he further said that a failure to pass the budget "would render more serious the government crisis, also at a European level" and that his resignation would then be "irrevocable." The two largest parties in the parliament, the PdL and the Democratic Party (PD) said they would be willing to work together to expedite passage of the budget. PD Secretary Pier Luigi Bersani said: "Faced with the irresponsibility of the right that betrayed a commitment it made a year ago before the whole country, ... Monti responded with an act of dignity that we profoundly respect." PD Deputy Secretary Enrico Letta said of the PdL's withdrawal from the government that "the financial markets will judge this latest outburst by Berlusconi and they certainly will not judge it positively." Bersani had won the centre-left primary election shortly before the PdL withdrew from the government.[16] Following a defeat in the primary, Mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi ruled out an approach, in writing, from Berlusconi's PdL to join the party during the election. In the following weeks, both PD and Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) announced their intention to hold primary elections for MP candidates on 29 and 30 December.

The possibility of Monti directly involving himself in the election was seen as increasingly likely after the government crisis in December later that year, as Monti was invited to a European People's Party meeting at which Berlusconi was present too. A few days later, Monti published a political agenda for Italy, dubbed the "Monti agenda", and offered it to all political parties. After the Third Pole promptly agreed to use it as their own platform for the upcoming elections, talks started regarding a direct involvement of Monti as premiership candidate. On 28 December 2012, following a 4-hour meeting and after being publicly backed by the Vatican regarding a potential bid, Monti publicly announced his candidacy as head of the Third Pole, which ran in the Senate as a unique component provisionally named "Monti's Agenda for Italy", and in the Lower House as a coalition of several components.[22]

Beppe Grillo in Trento during the electoral campaign

Berlusconi said the platform his party would run on includes opposition to Monti's economic performance, which he said put Italy into a "recessive spiral without end." He also told the media, on the sidelines of AC Milan's practice session (the football club he owns along with Mediaset, the largest media outlet in the country): "I race to win. To win, everyone said there had to be a tested leader. It's not that we did not look for one. We did, and how! But there isn't one. ... I'm doing it out of a sense of responsibility." Berlusconi and Five Star Movement (M5S) leader Beppe Grillo criticised the euro-zone and Germany's influence on European policy. Grillo wrote that the average Italian "is literally terrified about the prospects of five more years of Monti-like rule."[23]

On 8 December 2012, a new political party formed around a think tank named "Fermare il Declino" (Stop the Decline), on an initiative by the economic journalist Oscar Giannino and supported by various economists. On 19 December 2012, the name "FARE per Fermare il Declino" ("ACT to Stop The Decline") was chosen, and a list was presented with Oscar Giannino as PM candidate. The party's programme[24] was also introduced, roughly inspiring to reduce the role of the State in the economy, reduce the national debt through disposing redundant assets, and to propose market liberalizations and privatizations.

On 29 December 2012, a new coalition, Civil Revolution (RC), was formed with the support of Italy of Values (IdV), Orange Movement (MA), Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) and Federation of the Greens (FdV). It is led by celebrity magistrate Antonio Ingroia and Mayor of Naples Luigi de Magistris. FdS co-leader Paolo Ferrero said it would be a "Fourth Pole" that would bring new hope for the left.[25] Civil Revolution attempted to solicit M5S to join them, saying "the door is open." Grillo, however, turned them down, writing on his blog "is the door for M5S open? Well, thank you, but close the door again, please."[26]

On 7 January 2013, Berlusconi announced he had penned a coalition agreement with the Northern League (LN); as part of it, PdL will support Roberto Maroni's bid for the presidency of Lombardy, and he will run as "leader of the coalition", but suggested he could accept a role as Minister of Economy under a cabinet headed by another PdL member, such as Angelino Alfano.[27] Later that day, LN leader Maroni confirmed his party will not support a new candidacy of Berlusconi as prime minister in the case of an electoral win.[28]

## Electoral system

[edit]

The electoral system had been last reformed by Law no. 270, 21 December 2005.[29]

### Chamber of Deputies

[edit]

For the election of the lower house,[30] all seats in the Chamber of Deputies (excluding one deputy for the region of Aosta Valley and twelve deputies for Italians residing abroad) are allocated based on the national vote in a form of party-list proportional representation with a series of thresholds encouraging parties to form coalitions. Voters cast one vote for a closed list, meaning they cannot express a preference for individual candidates.

Parties can choose to run in coalitions. Seats are first allocated based on coalition votes, then divided among parties belonging to the same coalition by the largest remainder method. To guarantee a working majority, the coalition or party that obtains a plurality of the vote, but fewer than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, which is roughly 54% of all seats.

The autonomous region of Aosta Valley elects one deputy through a first-past-the-post system. Italians abroad are divided into four constituencies, which elect a total of twelve seats based on proportional representation.

### Senate

[edit]

For the election of the upper house,[30] a similar system is used. However, the results are based on regional, rather than national, vote. This means the coalition or party that wins a plurality of votes in each region is guaranteed a majority of the seats assigned to that region. As this mechanism is region-based, opposing parties or coalitions may benefit from the majority bonus in different regions. It therefore does not guarantee any party or coalition a majority in the Senate.

Three regions have exceptions to the system detailed above. In the region of Molise, that is granted two seats in the Senate, seats are allocated proportionally, with no majority bonus. The region of Aosta Valley, which elects one senator, uses a first-past-the-post system. Finally, the region of Trentino-South Tyrol elects seven senators with a limited compensatory system: six senators are elected in six single-member constituencies, while the seventh is allocated to the most underrepresented list based on the regional votes.

Six seats in the Senate are assigned to Italians living abroad and are allocated using the same system used for the Chamber of Deputies.

### Constitutionality

[edit]

At the end of 2013, Italy's Constitutional Court declared that this electoral law failed to meet a number of constitutional requirements.[31][32] The electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies was later reformed by Law no. 52, 6 May 2015 (commonly called Italicum).[33]

## Main coalitions and parties

[edit]

Coalition  | Party  | Main ideology  | Seats  | Party leader  | Coalition leader

|
|
|
|
|

C | S
| Centre-right coalition |  | The People of Freedom (PdL)  | Liberal conservatism |

202

(incl. FdI) |

146

| Silvio Berlusconi | Silvio Berlusconi
| Northern League (LN)  | Regionalism |

| Roberto Maroni
| Brothers of Italy (FdI)  | National conservatism |

(into PdL) |

| Giorgia Meloni
| Great South (GS)  | Regionalism |

| Gianfranco Micciché
| Movement for the Autonomies (MpA)  | Regionalism |

| Raffaele Lombardo
| Popular Agreement (IP)  | Christian democracy |

| —  | Giampiero Catone
| Pensioners' Party (PP)  | Pensioners' interests | —  |

| Carlo Fatuzzo
| The Right (LD)  | Right-wing populism | —  | —  | Francesco Storace
| Moderates in Revolution (MIR)  | Liberal conservatism | —  | —  | Gianpiero Samorì [fr]
| Italy. Common Good |  | Democratic Party (PD)  | Social democracy |

203

104

| Pier Luigi Bersani | Pier Luigi Bersani
| Democratic Centre (CD)  | Social liberalism |

| Bruno Tabacci
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)  | Regionalism |

| Luis Durnwalder
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL)  | Democratic socialism | —  | —  | Nichi Vendola
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI)  | Social democracy | —  | —  | Riccardo Nencini
| Moderates (Mod.)  | Liberalism |

(into PD) | —  | Giacomo Portas
| The Megaphone (Meg.)  | Regionalism | —  | —  | Rosario Crocetta
| With Monti for Italy |  | Civic Choice (SC)  | Liberalism | —  | —  | Mario Monti | Mario Monti
| Union of the Centre (UdC)  | Christian democracy |

| Pier Ferdinando Casini
| Future and Freedom (FLI)  | Liberal conservatism |

| Gianfranco Fini
| Civil Revolution (RC)  | Left-wing populism |

| Antonio Ingroia
| Five Star Movement (M5S)  | Populism | —  | —  | Beppe Grillo
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD)  | Economic liberalism | —  | —  | Oscar Giannino

## Opinion polling

[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2013 Italian general election

Six-point average trend line of poll results from 14 April 2008 to 25 February 2013, with each line corresponding to a political party

PdL

UdC

IdV

SEL

M5S

FLI

FdI

## Results

[edit]

This section is in a table format that may be better if supplemented with prose. You can help by adding a prose summary of the table(s). Editing help is available. (January 2022)

|

### Chamber of Deputies

[edit]

#### Overall results

[edit]

← Summary of the 24–25 February 2013 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Coalition  | Party  | Italy (19 regions)  | Aosta Valley  | Overseas  | Total
seats | +/–
Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats
| Italy. Common Good |  | Democratic Party | 8,646,034 | 25.43 | 292 | — | — | 0 | 287,975 | 29.30 | 5 | 297 | +80
| Left Ecology Freedom | 1,089,231 | 3.20 | 37 | — | — | 0 | 17,434 | 1.77 | 0 | 37 | New
| Democratic Centre | 167,328 | 0.49 | 6 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 6 | New
| South Tyrolean People's Party | 146,800 | 0.43 | 5 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 5 | +3
| Centre-right coalition |  | The People of Freedom | 7,332,134 | 21.56 | 97 | — | — | 0 | 145,751 | 14.83 | 1 | 98 | −178
| Northern League | 1,390,534 | 4.09 | 18 | 2,384 | 3.29 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 18 | −42
| Brothers of Italy | 666,765 | 1.96 | 9 | 3,051 | 4.21 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 9 | New
| Five Star Movement | 8,691,406 | 25.56 | 108 | 13,403 | 18.50 | 0 | 95,173 | 9.68 | 1 | 109 | New
| With Monti for Italy |  | Civic Choice | 2,823,842 | 8.30 | 37 | — | — | 0 | 181,041 | 18.42 | 2 | 39 | New
| Union of the Centre | 608,321 | 1.79 | 8 | 1,355 | 1.87 | 0 | 8 | −28
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 140,868 | 14.33 | 2 | 2 | +1
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 43,918 | 4.47 | 1 | 1 | New
| Aosta Valley (UV–SA–FA) | — | — | 0 | 18,376 | 25.36 | 1 | — | — | 0 | 1 | +1
| Others | 2,443,360 | 7.19 | 0 | 33,867 | 46.77 | 0 | 70,721 | 7.20 | 0 | 0 | —
Total | 34,005,755 | 100 | 617 | 72,436 | 100 | 1 | 982,881 | 100 | 12 | 630 | ±0

| Popular vote (Party)

|  |
M5S |

| 25.56%
PD |

| 25.43%
PdL |

| 21.56%
SC |

| 8.30%
LN |

| 4.09%
SEL |

| 3.20%
RC |

| 2.25%
FdI |

| 1.96%
UdC |

| 1.79%
FFD |

| 1.12%
Others |

| 4.74%

| Popular vote (Coalition)

|  |
IBC |

| 29.55%
CDX |

| 29.18%
M5S |

| 25.56%
Monti |

| 10.56%
RC |

| 2.25%
FFD |

| 1.12%
Others |

| 1.78%

| Seat distribution (Coalition)

|  |
IBC |

| 54.8%
CDX |

| 19.8%
M5S |

| 17.3%
Monti |

| 7.5%
Others |

| 0.6%

#### Italy (except Aosta Valley)

[edit]

Coalition  | Party  | Votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|
|

| Italy. Common Good |  | Democratic Party (PD) | 8,646,034 | 25.43 | 292
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) | 1,089,231 | 3.20 | 37
| Democratic Centre (CD) | 167,328 | 0.49 | 6
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 146,800 | 0.43 | 5
Total | 10,049,393 | 29.55 | 340
| Centre-right coalition |  | The People of Freedom (PdL) | 7,332,134 | 21.56 | 97
| Northern League (LN) | 1,390,534 | 4.09 | 18
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 666,765 | 1.96 | 9
| The Right (LD) | 219,585 | 0.65 | 0
| Great South – MPA (GS–MPA) | 148,248 | 0.44 | 0
| Moderates in Revolution (MIR) | 82,557 | 0.24 | 0
| Pensioners' Party (PP) | 54,418 | 0.16 | 0
| Popular Agreement (IP) | 26,120 | 0.08 | 0
| Free for an Equable Italy (LIE) | 3,239 | 0.01 | 0
Total | 9,923,600 | 29.18 | 124
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 8,691,406 | 25.56 | 108
| With Monti for Italy |  | Civic Choice (SC) | 2,823,842 | 8.30 | 37[d]
| Union of the Centre (UdC) | 608,321 | 1.79 | 8
| Future and Freedom (FLI) | 159,378 | 0.47 | 0
Total | 3,591,541 | 10.56 | 45
| Civil Revolution (RC) | 765,189 | 2.25 | 0
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) | 380,044 | 1.12 | 0
| New Force (FN) | 90,047 | 0.26 | 0
| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) | 89,643 | 0.26 | 0
| Amnesty Justice Freedom List (AGL) | 65,022 | 0.19 | 0
| Die Freiheitlichen (DF) | 48,317 | 0.14 | 0
| CasaPound (CPI) | 47,991 | 0.14 | 0
| Tricolour Flame (FT) | 44,408 | 0.13 | 0
| I Love Italy (ALI) | 42,603 | 0.12 | 0
| Venetian Independence (IV) | 33,217 | 0.09 | 0
| Italian Liberal Party (PLI) | 27,964 | 0.08 | 0
| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | 18,592 | 0.05 | 0
| Venetian Republic League (LVR) | 15,838 | 0.05 | 0
| Protest Vote | 12,743 | 0.04 | 0
| Veneto State (VS) | 11,398 | 0.03 | 0
| Italian Reformists (RI) | 8,248 | 0.02 | 0
| Independence for Sardinia (IpS) | 7,471 | 0.02 | 0
| Italian Republican Party (PRI) | 6,910 | 0.02 | 0
| Sardinian Rebirth European Movement (MERIS) | 5,897 | 0.02 | 0
| Communist Alternative Party (PdAC) | 5,196 | 0.02 | 0
| The Pirates | 4,557 | 0.01 | 0
| Project Italy Movement (MPI) | 3,957 | 0.01 | 0
| Italian Missinian Refoundation (RMI) | 3,091 | 0.01 | 0
| United Populars (PU) | 2,992 | 0.01 | 0
| National Project (PN) | 2,870 | 0.01 | 0
| Thought and Action Party (PPA) | 1,526 | 0.00 | 0
| All Together for Italy | 1,485 | 0,00 | 0
| Popular Union (UP) | 1,475 | 0.00 | 0
| Atheist Democracy (DA) | 598 | 0,00 | 0
| Stems of Italy | 586 | 0,00 | 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes | 1,265,171 | – | –
Total | 34,005,755 | 100.00 | 617
Registered voters/turnout | 46,905,154 | 75.20 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Notes

1. ^ taking into account the Senators for life, who accounted for 5 seats at the time the election took place
2. ^ Appointed senator for life in December 2011
3. ^ The party instead opted to be part of the Monti-coalition in the "Chamber of Deputies election")[35][36]
4. ^ Incl. the Union for Trentino (UPT) party leader Lorenzo Dellai, who decided not to submit his own party list for the Monti-coalition, but opted to be a direct part of the Civic Choice list.[34] – only for Senate in: Trentino-Alto Adige[c]

#### Results by region (except Aosta Valley)

[edit]

Region  | Italy. Common Good | Centre-right coalition | Five Star Movement | With Monti for Italy | Civil Revolution | Others

|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |
Abruzzo | 26.2  | 29.5  | 29.9 | 8.9  | 3.3  | 2.2
Apulia | 26.5  | 33.0 | 25.5  | 10.5  | 2.4  | 2.1
Basilicata | 34.2 | 24.6  | 24.3  | 11.3  | 2.4  | 3.2
Calabria | 28.3  | 30.2 | 24.9  | 10.5  | 2.9  | 3.2
Campania | 26.0  | 35.6 | 22.2  | 11.3  | 2.6  | 2.3
Emilia-Romagna | 40.2 | 20.9  | 24.7  | 9.3  | 1.9  | 3.0
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 27.5  | 28.0 | 27.2  | 12.9  | 2.1  | 2.3
Lazio | 29.9 | 27.9  | 28.1  | 8.8  | 2.6  | 2.7
Liguria | 31.1  | 23.0  | 32.1 | 9.9  | 2.1  | 1.8
Lombardy | 28.2  | 35.7 | 19.6  | 12.1  | 1.6  | 2.8
Marche | 31.1  | 21.2  | 32.1 | 10.7  | 2.2  | 2.7
Molise | 28.8 | 28.4  | 27.7  | 10.7  | 3.4  | 1.0
Piedmont | 28.3 | 28.1  | 27.5  | 12.1  | 2.1  | 1.9
Sardinia | 29.5  | 23.7  | 29.7 | 9.4  | 2.8  | 4.9
Sicily | 21.4  | 31.3  | 33.6 | 8.6  | 3.4  | 1.7
Trentino-Alto Adige | 35.6 | 15.9  | 14.6  | 13.9  | 1.4  | 18.6
Tuscany | 41.6 | 20.7  | 24.0  | 8.4  | 2.7  | 2.6
Umbria | 35.6 | 24.3  | 27.2  | 9.6  | 2.5  | 0.8
Veneto | 23.3  | 31.8 | 26.3  | 11.9  | 1.3  | 5.4

#### Aosta Valley

[edit]

Main article: 2013 Italian general election in Aosta Valley

The autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Candidate[37] | Party (or a unified coalition list) | Total votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|
|

Rudi Marguerettaz (SA) |  | Aosta Valley (UV–SA–FA)  | 18,376  | 25.36  | 1
Laurent Viérin  |  | Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP)  | 18,191  | 25.11  | 0
Jean Pierre Guichardaz  |  | Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)  | 14,340  | 19.79  | 0
Roberto Ugo Massimo Cognetta  |  | Five Star Movement (M5S)  | 13,403  | 18.50  | 0
Giorgia Meloni |  | Brothers of Italy (FdI)  | 3,051  | 4.21  | 0
Nicoletta Spelgatti  |  | Northern League (LN)  | 2,384  | 3.29  | 0
Lucia Bringhen  |  | Union of the Centre (UdC)  | 1,355  | 1.87  | 0
Fabrizio Buillet  |  | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD)  | 748  | 1.03  | 0
Andrea Ladu  |  | CasaPound (CPI)  | 443  | 0.61  | 0
Eros Campion  |  | Nation Val d'Outa  | 145  | 0.20  | 0
Total valid votes  |  | 72,436 | –  | –
Blank/void/unassigned votes  |  | 4,733 | –  | –
Total votes  |  | 77,169 | 100.00 | 1
Registered voters/turnout  |  | 100,277 | 76.95 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

#### Overseas constituencies

[edit]

Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in South America

Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), four members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), five members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy. In the 2013 election, this freedom was used by Left Ecology Freedom to provide a list as an independent party, instead of making themselves available as part of the mainlands coalition with Democratic Party.

Party (or a unified coalition list) | Votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|

| Democratic Party (PD) | 287,975 | 29.30 | 5[a]
| With Monti for Italy | 181,041 | 18.42 | 2[b]
| The People of Freedom (PdL) | 145,751 | 14.83 | 1[c]
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 140,868 | 14.33 | 2[d]
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 95,173 | 9.68 | 1[e]
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 43,918 | 4.47 | 1[f]
| Italians for Freedom | 22,348 | 2.27 | 0
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) | 17,434 | 1.77 | 0
| Civil Revolution (RC) | 16,033 | 1.63 | 0
| Union of Italians for South America | 11,330 | 1.15 | 0
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) | 10,195 | 1.04 | 0
| Communist Party (PC) | 6,977 | 0.71 | 0
| Together for the Italians | 3,838 | 0.39 | 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes | 121,108 | – | –
Total | 982,881 | 100.00 | 12
Registered voters/turnout | 3,494,687 | 31.59 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Notes

1. ^ The 5 deputies from Democratic Party were elected by the following regions: Europe (2), North- and Central America (1), South America (1), remaining world (1).[38]
2. ^ The 2 deputies from the Monti-coalition were elected by the following regions: Europe (1), North- and Central America (1).[38]
3. ^ The deputy from the Berlusconi-coalition was elected by the following region: Europe (1).[38]
4. ^ The 2 deputies from MAIE were elected by the following region: South America (2).[38]
5. ^ The deputy from the Five Star Movement was elected by the following region: Europe (1).[38]
6. ^ The deputy from USEI was elected by the following region: South America (1).[38]

#### Distribution of seats

[edit]

Seat totals by constituency. As this is a MB election, seat totals are determined by the national popular vote, benefiting the largest coalition nationwide.

### Senate of the Republic

[edit]

#### Overall results

[edit]

← Summary of 24–25 February 2013 Senate of the Republic election results →

Coalition  | Party  | Italy (18 regions)  | Aosta Valley  | Trentino-Alto Adige  | Overseas  | Total
seats | +/−
Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats
| Italy. Common Good |  | Democratic Party | 8,400,255 | 27.43 | 105 | — | — | 0 | 281,217 | 50.60 | 6 | 274,732 | 30.70 | 4 | 111 | −7
| Left Ecology Freedom | 912,374 | 2.97 | 7 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 7 | New
| The Megaphone | 138,581 | 0.45 | 1 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 1 | New
| SVP – PATT | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 4 | ±0
| Centre-right coalition |  | The People of Freedom | 6,829,373 | 22.30 | 98 | — | — | 0 | 85,298 | 15.65 | 1 | 136,052 | 15.20 | 0 | 98 | −49
| Northern League | 1,328,555 | 4.33 | 17 | 2,608 | 3.92 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 18 | −7
| Great South | 122,100 | 0.39 | 1 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 1 | New
| Five Star Movement | 7,285,850 | 23.79 | 54 | 13,760 | 20.71 | 0 | 82,499 | 15.14 | 0 | 89,562 | 10.10 | 0 | 54 | New
| With Monti for Italy | 2,797,486 | 9.13 | 18 | 1,594 | 2.39 | 0 | 6,646 | 1.39 | 0 | 177,402 | 19.80 | 1 | 19 | New
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 120,290 | 13.43 | 1 | 1 | ±0
| Aosta Valley (UV–SA–FA) | — | — | 0 | 24,609 | 37.03 | 1 | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | 1 | ±0
| Others | 3,936,776 | 9.21 | 0 | 23,868 | 35.95 | 0 | 89,178 | 17.22 | 0 | 150,029 | 10.77 | 0 | 0 | —
Total | 31,751,350 | 100 | 301 | 66,439 | 100 | 1 | 544,838 | 100 | 7 | 948,067 | 100 | 6 | 315 | ±0

| Popular vote (Party)

|  |
PD |

| 27.43%
M5S |

| 23.79%
PdL |

| 22.30%
Monti |

| 9.13%
LN |

| 4.33%
SEL |

| 2.97%
FdI |

| 1.92%
RC |

| 1.79%
Others |

| 6.34%

| Popular vote (Coalition)

|  |
IBC |

| 31.6%
CDX |

| 30.7%
M5S |

| 23.8%
Monti |

| 9.1%
Others |

| 5.4%

| Seat distribution (Coalition)

|  |
IBC |

| 39.1%
CDX |

| 37.1%
M5S |

| 17.1%
Monti |

| 6.0%
Others |

| 0.6%

#### Italy (except Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige)

[edit]

Coalition  | Party  | Votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|
|

| Italy. Common Good |  | Democratic Party (PD) | 8,400,255 | 27.43 | 105
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) | 912,374 | 2.97 | 7
| Democratic Centre (CD) | 163,427 | 0.53 | 0
| The Megaphone (Meg.) | 138,581 | 0.45 | 1
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 57,688 | 0.18 | 0
| Moderates (Mod.) | 14,358 | 0.04 | 0
Total | 9,686,683 | 31.63 | 113
| Centre-right coalition |  | The People of Freedom (PdL) | 6,829,373 | 22.30 | 98
| Northern League (LN) | 1,328,555 | 4.33 | 17
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 590,083 | 1.92 | 0
| The Right (LD) | 221,112 | 0.72 | 0
| Pensioners' Party (PP) | 123,458 | 0.40 | 0
| Great South (GS) | 122,100 | 0.39 | 1
| Moderates in Revolution (MIR) | 69,649 | 0.22 | 0
| Party of Sicilians–MPA (PdS–MPA) | 48,618 | 0.15 | 0
| Popular Agreement (IP) | 24,979 | 0.08 | 0
| Cantiere Popolare (CP) | 21,685 | 0.07 | 0
| Stop Taxes | 19,298 | 0.06 | 0
| Free for an Equable Italy (LIE) | 6,769 | 0.02 | 0
Total | 9,405,679 | 30.71 | 116
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 7,285,850 | 23.79 | 54
| With Monti for Italy | 2,797,486 | 9.13 | 18
| Civil Revolution (RC) | 549,987 | 1.79 | 0
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) | 278,396 | 0.90 | 0
| Workers' Communist Party (PCL) | 113,935 | 0.37 | 0
| New Force (FN) | 81,519 | 0.26 | 0
| Amnesty Justice Freedom List (AGL) | 63,149 | 0.20 | 0
| Tricolour Flame (FT) | 52,106 | 0.17 | 0
| I Love Italy (ALI) | 40,781 | 0.13 | 0
| CasaPound (CPI) | 40,540 | 0.13 | 0
| Venetian Independence (IV) | 29,696 | 0.09 | 0
| Venetian Republic League (LVR) | 20,381 | 0.06 | 0
| Ottavio Pasqualucci's
coalition  |  | Let's halve the salary for politicians | 7,968 | 0.02 | 0
| No to the closure of hospitals | 7,547 | 0.02 | 0
| Long Live Italy | 4,759 | 0.01 | 0
Total | 20,274 | 0.06 | 0
| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | 18,602 | 0.06 | 0
| Rural Civility Development (CRS) | 13,945 | 0.04 | 0
| Stand Up Abruzzo! | 11,817 | 0.03 | 0
| Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party (PCIM-L) | 9,604 | 0.03 | 0
| Veneto State (VS) | 8,950 | 0.02 | 0
| Italian Republican Party (PRI) | 8,476 | 0.02 | 0
| Women for Italy | 7,610 | 0.02 | 0
| Independence for Sardinia (IpS) | 7,494 | 0.02 | 0
| Padanian Union (UP) | 7,324 | 0.02 | 0
| United Populars (PU) | 6,583 | 0.02 | 0
| The Pirates | 6,265 | 0.02 | 0
| Italian Reformists (RI) | 5,952 | 0.01 | 0
| Sardinian Rebirth European Movement (MERIS) | 5,580 | 0.01 | 0
| Communist Alternative Party (PdAC) | 5,176 | 0.01 | 0
| Action Party for Development (PAS) | 4,522 | 0.01 | 0
| National Project (PN) | 3,822 | 0.01 | 0
| The Base Sardinia | 3,386 | 0.01 | 0
| All Together for Italy | 3,155 | 0.01 | 0
| Italian Missinian Refoundation (RMI) | 2,717 | 0.00 | 0
| EuWoman Movement | 2,689 | 0.00 | 0
| Building Democracy | 2,635 | 0.00 | 0
| Project Italy Movement (MPI) | 1,451 | 0.00 | 0
| Party of the South (PdS) | 1,276 | 0.00 | 0
| Italian Naturalist Movement (MNI) | 1,170 | 0.00 | 0
| Lucanian Community | 882 | 0.00 | 0
Invalid/blank votes | 1,133,805 | – | –
Total | 31,751,350 | 100.00 | 301
Registered voters/turnout | 42,271,967 | 75.11 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

#### Aosta Valley

[edit]

The semi-autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Senate through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Candidate[39] | Party (or a unified coalition list) | Total votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|
|

Albert Lanièce (UV) |  | Aosta Valley (UV–SA–FA) | 24,609  | 37.03  | 1
Patrizia Morelli  |  | Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD) | 20,430  | 30.75  | 0
Stefano Ferrero  |  | Five Star Movement (M5S)  | 13,760  | 20.71  | 0
Sandra Maria Cane  |  | Northern League (LN)  | 2,608  | 3.92  | 0
Paolo Dalbard  |  | The Right (LD)  | 2,014  | 3.03  | 0
Luigi Bracci  |  | Union of the Centre (UdC)  | 1,594  | 2.39  | 0
Enrico Martial  |  | Act to Stop the Decline (FFD)  | 814  | 1.22  | 0
Vilma Margaria  |  | CasaPound (CPI)  | 424  | 0.63  | 0
Giovanni Battista Mascia  |  | Nation Val d'Outa  | 186  | 0.27  | 0
Total valid votes  | 66,439 | –  | –
Blank/void/unassigned votes  | 5,280 | –  | –
Total votes  | 71,719 | 100.00 | 1
Registered voters/turnout  | 93,040 | 77.08 | –

Source: Ministry of the Interior

#### Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol

[edit]

The semi-autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige in north Italy, including South Tyrol, elects seven members to the Senate through its six constituencies. Each constituency elects one senator by first-past-the post, while the seventh seat attributed to the region is filled by the most underrepresented party based on the overall regional result (mixed-member proportional system).[30] Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Party (or a unified coalition list) | Total votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|

| SVP – PATT – PD – UPT (only Trentino) | 127,656  | 23.43  | 3[40]
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) | 97,141  | 17.82  | 2[41]
| The People of Freedom – Northern League (PdL–LN)  | 85,298  | 15.65  | 1[42]
| Five Star Movement (M5S)  | 82,499  | 15.14  | 0
| PD – SVP (only Bolzano constituency) | 47,623  | 8.74  | 1[43]
| Die Freiheitlichen (DF) (only South Tyrol) | 42,094  | 7.72  | 0
| Greens (VGV) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) | 12,808  | 2.34  | 0
| Civil Revolution (RC)  | 11,262  | 2.06  | 0
| Democratic Party (PD) (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) | 8,797  | 1.61  | 0
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) (only Bolzano constituency and Trentino) | 8,796  | 1.61  | 0
| With Monti for Italy (only Brixen and Merano constituencies) | 6,646  | 1.39  | 0
| Alto Adige in the Heart (AAC)  | 4,672  | 0.85  | 0
| Moderates in Revolution (MIR) (only Trentino) | 3,414  | 0.62  | 0
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) (only Bolzano constituency) | 3,414  | 0.62  | 0
| The Right (LD) (only South Tyrol) | 1,181  | 0.21  | 0
| CasaPound (CPI) (only Bolzano constituency) | 1,160  | 0.21  | 0
| Party for All (only Bolzano constituency) | 426  | 0.07  | 0
Total valid votes  | 544,838 | –  | –
Blank/void/unassigned votes  | 30,437 | –  | –
Total votes  | 575,275 | 100.00 | 7
Registered voters/turnout  | 707,666 | 81.29 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

#### Overseas constituencies

[edit]

Six members of the Senate are elected by Italians abroad. One member is elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), two members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), two members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The election law allow for parties to form other electoral coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy. In the 2013 electional list for the Senate all parties were listed independently without any coalitions formed. None of the parties were neither in internal coalitions at the mainland; so in 2013 the electoral situation abroad actually was not different compared to the electoral situation at the mainland.

Party (or a unified coalition list) | Votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|

| Democratic Party (PD) | 274,732 | 30.7 | 4[a]
| With Monti for Italy | 177,402 | 19.8 | 1[b]
| The People of Freedom (PdL) | 136,052 | 15.2 | 0
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 120,290 | 13.4 | 1[c]
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 89,562 | 10.0 | 0
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 38,223 | 4.3 | 0
| Italians for Freedom | 15,260 | 1.7 | 0
| Civil Revolution (RC) | 14,134 | 1.6 | 0
| Union of Italians for South America | 10,881 | 1.2 | 0
| Act to Stop the Decline (FFD) | 7,892 | 0.9 | 0
| Communist Party (PC) | 7,578 | 0.8 | 0
| Together for the Italians | 3,223 | 0.4 | 0
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes | 108,150 | – | –
Total | 948,067 | 100.00 | 6
Registered voters/turnout | 3,149,501 | 30.1 | –
Source: Ministry of the Interior

#### Seats by region

[edit]

Region | Coalitions  | Majority bonus
winner  | Senators

|
|
|

|  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Others

Lombardy | 11 (PD)  | 16 (PdL)
11 (LN)  | 7 (M5S)  | 4 (Monti)  |  | CDX | 49

Campania | 5 (PD)
1 (SEL)  | 16 (PdL)  | 5 (M5S)  | 2 (Monti)  |  | CDX | 29

Lazio | 14 (PD)
2 (SEL)  | 6 (PdL)  | 6 (M5S)  |  |  | IBC | 28

Sicily | 4 (PD)
1 (IM-LC)  | 14 (PdL)  | 6 (M5S)  |  |  | CDX | 25

Veneto | 4 (PD)  | 9 (PdL)
5 (LN)  | 4 (M5S)  | 2 (Monti)  |  | CDX | 24

Piedmont | 13 (PD)  | 3 (PdL)
1 (LN)  | 3 (M5S)  | 2 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 22

Emilia-Romagna | 13 (PD)  | 4 (PdL)  | 4 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 22

Apulia | 3 (PD)
1 (SEL)  | 11 (PdL)  | 4 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | CDX | 20

Tuscany | 9 (PD)
1 (SEL)  | 3 (PdL)  | 4 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 18

Calabria | 2 (PD)  | 5 (PdL)
1 (GS)  | 2 (M5S)  |  |  | CDX | 10

Sardinia | 4 (PD)
1 (SEL)  | 1 (PdL)  | 2 (M5S)  |  |  | IBC | 8

Liguria | 5 (PD)  | 1 (PdL)  | 1 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 8

Marche | 5 (PD)  | 1 (PdL)  | 1 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 8

Abruzzo | 1 (PD)  | 4 (PdL)  | 2 (M5S)  |  |  | CDX | 7

Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 4 (PD)  | 1 (PdL)  | 1 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 7

Trentino-South Tyrol | 3 (SVP–PATT
–PD–UPT)
1 (PD–SVP)  | 1 (PdL)  |  |  | 2 (SVP)  | N/A  | 7

Umbria | 4 (PD)  | 1 (PdL)  | 1 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 7

Basilicata | 3 (PD)
1 (SEL)  | 1 (PdL)  | 1 (M5S)  | 1 (Monti)  |  | IBC | 7

Molise | 1 (PD)  | 1 (PdL)  |  |  |  | N/A  | 2

Aosta Valley |  |  |  |  | 1 (VA)  | N/A  | 1
Italians abroad | 4 (PD)  |  |  | 1 (Monti)  | 1 (MAIE)  | N/A  | 6
Total  | 121  | 117  | 54  | 19  | 4  |  | 315

Seat totals by constituency. As this is a MB election, seat totals are determined by the regional popular vote, benefiting the largest coalition in each region.

## Reactions

[edit]

In most of the rest of Europe, Bersani would have had more than enough support to form a government in his own right, as Italy Common Good won a decisive majority in the Chamber of Deputies. In Italy, unlike in most other parliamentary democracies, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate have equal power. Governments must thus maintain the confidence of both houses, and require a majority in both houses to pass legislation. As Italy Common Good was 35 seats short of a majority in the Senate, it could not form government on its own. Bersani said that Italy was in a "dramatic situation". Italian and global shares fell as the result became clear, with the value of the euro also dropping.[45] Strong results for anti-austerity parties were interpreted as showing popular opposition to the austerity measures of the Monti government,[46] with the populist Five Star Movement considered to have had a strong election.[47] Analysts were uncertain as to how this new party would behave in the legislature.[47]

On 26 February, La Repubblica ran the headline "Boost for Grillo: Italy ungovernable",[48] whilst Il Giornale described Berlusconi's result as a miracle.[49] Il Messaggero declared: "The winner is ungovernability."[49]

## Government formation

[edit]

Main article: Letta Cabinet

Enrico Letta in 2013

Formal talks to form a new government were expected to start on 10 March with the official confirmation of the results and the convening of the Italian Parliament.[47] The formation task immediately turned out to be tough due to the absence of a clear majority in the Senate, with Giorgio Napolitano being unable to dissolve Parliament due to constitutional constraints forbidding a president from doing so during the last six months of his term.

On 22 March, after the election of house speakers Laura Boldrini and Piero Grasso, and after two days of consultations with all the parliamentary groups, Napolitano designated Pier Luigi Bersani with the task of forming a new government. Bersani immediately ruled out the possibility of a grand coalition with Berlusconi's right-wing coalition, and instead tried to form a minority government supported by the Five Star Movement. On 28 March, after formal talks with Napolitano, Bersani admitted there was no chance to form such a government. Given the troubles in forming a majority coalition, Napolitano then decided to directly form two informal bipartisan commissions with the task of agreeing on a number of shared reforms.[50]

At the same time, a new presidential election was called for 18 April. However, the lack of a clear majority turned out to be problematic also in this scenario, as the first five ballots failed to elect a candidate. The Democratic Party split into several factions due to internal conflicts involving the support of party candidates Franco Marini and Romano Prodi, leading to Bersani's resignation as party leader. On the sixth ballot, in an unprecedented move, Napolitano was elected for a second term as Italian president.[citation needed]

Successively, Napolitano started talks again and on 24 April appointed the Democratic Party's deputy secretary Enrico Letta as designated prime minister[51] on 28 April, he announced that he had managed to form a grand coalition of his Democratic Party, the People of Freedom, Civic Choice, the Union of the Centre and the Radicals that would take office and seek a vote of confidence the next day.[8] The same day as the swearing-in a gunman opened fire at the prime minister's office, Palazzo Chigi, injuring two police officers.[52] Letta told parliament in his inaugural speech "Italy is dying from austerity alone. Growth policies cannot wait." He added that there would not be a property tax imposed and that a "fairer" system for the less affluent was being worked.[53] He also won the vote of confidence by 453 votes to 153.[54]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The 4 senators from Democratic Party were elected by the following regions: Europe (1), North- and Central America (1), South America (1), remaining world (1).[44]
2. ^ Aldo Di Biagio, The senator from the Monti-coalition (FLI) was elected by the following region: Europe (1).[44]
3. ^ The senator from MAIE was elected by the following region: South America (1).[44]

## Literature

[edit]

* Diamanti, Ilvo (2013). Un salto nel voto: ritratto politico dell'Italia di oggi. Roma: Laterza. ISBN 9788858109090.
* Segatti, Paolo (2014), "The Italian election of February 2013: A temporary shock or a harbinger of a new party system", in Beretta, Silvio; Berkofsky, Axel; Rugge, Fabio (eds.), Italy and Japan: how similar are they?: A comparative analysis of politics, economics, and international relations, Perspectives in Business Culture, Milan: Springer, pp. 121–136, doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2568-4_8, ISBN 9788847025677. Preview of chapter.
* Galasso, Vincenzo; Nannicini, Tommaso (December 2015). "So closed: political selection in proportional systems". European Journal of Political Economy. 40 (B): 260–273. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.008. S2CID 55902803. (Uses data from the Italian general election of 2013.)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "BERSANI Pier Luigi - MDP-LU". Camera.it. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
2. ^ "Eletti Alfabetico" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2018.
3. ^ "Ministry of the Interior" (in Italian). Elezioni.interno.it. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
4. ^ "Italy election campaign begins as parliament dissolved". BBC News. 22 December 2012.
5. ^ Gavin Jones; James Mackenzie (22 December 2012). "Italy dissolves parliament, Monti mulls future". Reuters.
6. ^ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". The Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
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8. ^ a b "Deal reached on new Italian government". Al Jazeera English. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
9. ^ Frye, Andrew (9 December 2012). "Monti Says Markets Shouldn't Fear Political Turmoil". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
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11. ^ "Monti 'worried', says had to announce resignation". La Gazzetta. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
12. ^ Scherer, Steve (10 December 2012). "Monti to resign once budget is passed". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
13. ^ a b "Why Is the Failed Monti a 'Technocrat' and the Successful Correa a 'Left-Leaning Economist'?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
14. ^ "Monti tells young Italians to forget 'steady job for life'". La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
15. ^ "What Italy's Election Result May Mean for the Markets" (PDF). Thomaswhite.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
16. ^ a b "Italy: Last days of Mario Monti". BBC. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
17. ^ "Berlin praises Monti, no comment on Berlusconi". La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
18. ^ "Berlin expects Italy to respect commitments". La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
19. ^ Nazareth, Rita (10 December 2012). "U.S. Stocks Rise on China Amid American Budget Talks". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
20. ^ "European markets spooked by Monti resignation announcement". La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
21. ^ "Italian spread soars, markets slump on Monti announcement". La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
22. ^ "Mario Monti to lead Italy centrist coalition". BBC News. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
23. ^ Scherer, Steve (9 December 2012). "Italy PM Monti says he will resign when budget passed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
24. ^ "FARE per Fermare il Declino programme (PDF)" (PDF). FARE per Farmare il Declino. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
25. ^ "RIVOLUZIONE CIVILE" RACCOGLIE OGGI L'APPOGGIO DI RIFONDAZIONE COMUNISTA IN UMBRIA". TO. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
26. ^ "Elezioni 2013, Beppe Grillo risponde all'apertura di Antonio Ingroia: "Chiuda pure la porta, suo movimento è una foglia di fico"". Huffington Post. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
27. ^ "Italy: Berlusconi and Northern League in election pact". BBC News. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
28. ^ "Silvio Berlusconi 'won't stand for PM'". BBC News. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
29. ^ "L 270/2005". Parlamento.it. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
30. ^ a b c "senato.it - Il Senato nel sistema bicamerale - La normativa vigente dopo la legge n. 270 del 2005". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
31. ^ "Italy's top court rules electoral law breaches constitution". Reuters. 4 December 2013.
32. ^ "Giudizio di legittimità costituzionale in via incidentale". Corte Costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana.
33. ^ "Gazzetta Ufficiale" (in Italian). Gazzettaufficiale.it. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
34. ^ "Senate in Trentino, with PD-UPT-PATT (coalition candidates common, such as in local government)" (in Italian). l'Adige. 19 January 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
35. ^ "List Monti in Trentino: Lorenzo Dellai and candidates from Societa' Civile" (in Italian). l'Adige. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
36. ^ "Regional elections, the idea of coalition wins" (in Italian). l'Adige. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
37. ^ "Ministry of the Interior: Candidate list in Aosta for election to the Chambre of Deputies". Elezioni.interno.it. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
38. ^ a b c d e f "Elections 2013: Elected candidates abroad for the Chamber of Deputies". Ministry of the Interior. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
39. ^ "Ministry of the Interior: Candidate list in Aosta for election to the Senate". Elezioni.interno.it. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
40. ^ Franco Panizza (PATT), Giorgio Tonini (PD), Vittorio Fravezzi (UPT)
41. ^ Karl Johann Berger (Brixen) and Karl Zeller (Merano)
42. ^ Sergio Divina (LN)
43. ^ Francesco Palermo (PD)
44. ^ a b c "Elections 2013: Elected candidates for the senate (abroad)". Ministry of the Interior. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
45. ^ "Italy election: Nation in dramatic situation – Bersani". BBC. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
46. ^ Cassidy, Nigel (26 February 2013). "Italian voters declare opposition to austerity". BBC. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
47. ^ a b c "Italy faces political deadlock after vote". Al Jazeera. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
48. ^ "Boost for Grillo: Italy ungovernable". La Repubblica. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
49. ^ a b "Italian media see instability following poll deadlock". BBC. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
50. ^ Amend Article 66 of the Constitution so as to give to an independent and impartial tribunal the decision on the electoral procedure, on ineligibility and incompatibility, taking it from Parliament: this is one of the proposals the 'sages' suggested in their report to the Head of State Buonomo, Giampiero (2013). "Elezioni (ed eletti) sub iudice". Golem Informazione. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
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53. ^ "Italy government braces for confidence vote". Al Jazeera English. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
54. ^ "UPDATE 4-Italy's Letta wins confidence vote after pledging growth drive". Reuters. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

## External links

[edit]

* 2013 Italian Parliamentary Election Pre-Election Report, The Monkey Cage, 19 February 2013
* Italy Election Data, European Journal of Political Research-Political Data Yearbook: Interactive

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*[C]: Chamber of Deputies
*[S]: Senate of the Republic
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