2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

* * *

| <- 2012 | February 1 to June 14, 2016 | 2020 ->

|
|

* * *

4,763 delegate votes to the Democratic National Convention
2,382 delegate votes needed to win
|  |  |

|
|

Candidate  | Hillary Clinton | Bernie Sanders
Home state  | New York | Vermont
Delegate count  | 2,842 | 1,865
Contests won  | 34 | 23
Popular vote  | 16,917,853[a][1] | 13,210,550[a][1]
Percentage  | 55.2%[a] | 43.1%[a]

* * *

First place by initial pledged delegate allocation

First place by convention roll call

First place by initial pledged delegate allocation

Hillary Clinton

Bernie Sanders

First place by convention roll call

Hillary Clinton

Bernie Sanders

Tie

* * *

| Previous Democratic nominee

Barack Obama

| Democratic nominee

Hillary Clinton

|

Presidential primaries and caucuses were organized by the Democratic Party to select the 4,051 delegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention held July 25–28 and determine the nominee for President in the 2016 United States presidential election. The elections took place within all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and Democrats Abroad and occurred between February 1 and June 14, 2016. Between 2008 and 2020, this was the only Democratic Party primary in which the nominee had never been nor had ever become President of the United States. This was the first Democratic primary to nominate a woman for President.

2016 U.S. presidential election

* Timeline
* General election debates
* Parties
* Polling
* national
* statewide
* by demographics
* international
* Newspaper endorsements
* primary
* general
* Russian interference
* Russia investigation origins counter-narrative
* Media coverage
* Social media
* International reactions
* Electors
* Recounts
* Faithless electors
* Vote count

Republican Party

* Primaries
* Candidates
* Debates and forums
* Polling
* national
* statewide
* straw polls
* Endorsements
* Results
* Nominee
* VP candidate selection
* Convention

Democratic Party

* Primaries
* Candidates
* Debates and forums
* Polling
* national
* statewide
* straw polls
* Endorsements
* Results
* Nominee
* VP candidate selection
* Convention
* superdelegates

Third parties

* Third-party and independent candidates
* Libertarian Party
* primaries
* debates
* nominee
* convention
* Green Party
* primaries
* debates
* nominee
* convention
* Constitution Party
* primaries
* nominee
* Reform Party
* primaries
* nominee
* American Solidarity Party
* Maturen
* Independents
* McMullin

Related races

* House
* Senate
* Governors

| <- 2012 | 2016 | 2020 ->

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Six major candidates entered the race starting April 12, 2015, when former Secretary of State and New York Senator Hillary Clinton formally announced her second bid for the presidency. She was followed by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley, former Governor of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee, former Virginia Senator Jim Webb and Harvard Law Professor Lawrence Lessig. A draft movement was started to encourage Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren to seek the presidency. Warren declined to run, as did incumbent Vice President Joe Biden. Webb, Chafee, and Lessig withdrew prior to the February 1, 2016, Iowa caucuses.[2][3]

Clinton won Iowa by the closest margin in the history of the state's Democratic caucus to date. O'Malley suspended[b] his campaign after a distant third-place finish, leaving Clinton and Sanders as the only two candidates. The race turned out to be more competitive than expected, with Sanders decisively winning New Hampshire, while Clinton subsequently won Nevada and won a landslide victory in South Carolina. Clinton then secured numerous important wins in each of the nine most populous states including California, New York, Florida, and Texas, while Sanders scored various victories in between. He then laid off a majority of staff after the New York primary and Clinton's multi-state sweep on April 26.[5] On June 6, the Associated Press and NBC News stated that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including both pledged and unpledged delegates (superdelegates), to secure the nomination. In doing so, she became the first woman to ever be the presumptive nominee of any major political party in the United States.[6] On June 7, Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning in the California and New Jersey primaries.[7] President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Elizabeth Warren endorsed Clinton on June 9.[8][9] Sanders confirmed on June 24 that he would vote for Clinton over Donald Trump in the general election[10] and endorsed Clinton on July 12 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[11]

On July 22, WikiLeaks published the Democratic National Committee email leak, in which DNC operatives seemed to deride Bernie Sanders' campaign[12] and discuss ways to advance Clinton's nomination,[13] leading to the resignation of DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz and other implicated officials. The leak was allegedly part of an operation by the Russian government to undermine Hillary Clinton.[14][15] Although the ensuing controversy initially focused on emails that dated from relatively late in the primary, when Clinton was already close to securing the nomination,[13] the emails cast doubt on the DNC's neutrality and, according to Sanders operatives and multiple media commentators, showed that the DNC had favored Clinton since early on.[16][17][18][19][20] This was evidenced by alleged bias in the scheduling and conduct of the debates,[c] as well as controversial DNC–Clinton agreements regarding financial arrangements and control over policy and hiring decisions.[d] Other media commentators have disputed the significance of the emails, arguing that the DNC's internal preference for Clinton was not historically unusual and did not affect the primary enough to sway the outcome, as Clinton received over 3 million more popular votes and 359 more pledged delegates than Sanders.[28][29][30][31][32] The controversies ultimately led to the formation of a DNC "unity" commission to recommend reforms in the party's primary process.[33][34]

On July 26, 2016, the Democratic National Convention officially nominated Clinton for president[35] and a day later, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine for vice president.[36] Clinton and Kaine would go on to lose to the Republican ticket of Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the general election.

## Candidates

[edit]

|  | This article is part of a series about
Hillary Clinton

|

* Political positions
* Electoral history

* * *

First Lady of the United States

* Tenure
* Health care plan
* Children's Health Insurance Program
* Adoption and Safe Families Act
* Foster Care Independence Act
* Vital Voices
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Save America's Treasures
* White House Millennium Council
* Hillaryland
* Whitewater controversy
* White House travel office controversy
* White House FBI files controversy
* Cattle futures controversy
* Response to Lewinsky scandal

* * *

U.S. Senator from New York

* Tenure

* 2000 election
* 2006 re-election

* * *

U.S. Secretary of State

* Tenure
* Foreign trips
* Benghazi attack
* Obama's foreign policy
* QDDR
* Email controversy
* Hillary Doctrine

* * *

2008 presidential campaign

* Campaign
* Primaries
* Convention
* Endorsements

2016 presidential campaign

* Campaign
* Primaries
* Convention
* Debates
* Election
* Vice Presidential Selection
* Basket of deplorables
* Political endorsements
* Non-political endorsements
* Celebrities
* Screen and stage performers

* * *

Organizations

* Clinton Foundation
* State Department controversy
* Onward Together

* * *

* Honors and awards
* Bibliography
* Legal career
* Career in corporate governance
* Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas
* Activities after 2016
* Public image

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Main article: 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates

### Nominee

[edit]

Candidate  | Born  | Most recent position  | State  | Announced  | Candidacy  | Total pledged delegates  | Contests won[e] | Running mate  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Hillary Clinton |  | October 26, 1947
(age 68)
Chicago, Illinois | U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013)  |
New York | April 12, 2015  |
(Campaign • Positions)
FEC Filing
Secured nomination:
June 6, 2016 | 2205 / 4051 (54%)  | 34
AL, AR, AS, AZ,
CA, CT, DC, DE, FL,
GA, GU, IA, IL, KY,
LA, MA, MD, MO,
MP, MS, NC, NJ,
NM, NV, NY, OH,
PA, PR, SC, SD,[f]
TN, TX, VA, VI | Tim Kaine | [37]

### Withdrew at the convention

[edit]

Candidate  | Born  | Most recent position  | State  | Announced  | Lost Nomination  | Candidacy  | Total pledged delegates  | Contests won[e] | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bernie Sanders |  | September 8, 1941
(age 74)
Brooklyn, New York | U.S. Senator from Vermont
(2007–present)  |
Vermont | April 30, 2015  | July 26, 2016
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[38] |
(Campaign • Positions)
FEC Filing | 1846 / 4051 (46%)  | 23
AK, CO, DA, HI,
ID, IN, KS, ME,
MI, MN, MT, NE,[g]
NH, ND, OK, OR,
RI, UT, VT, WA,[h]
WI, WV, WY[f] | [39]
|  | This article is part of a series about
Bernie Sanders

|

* Political positions
* Electoral history
* Early life
* Early career
* University of Chicago sit-ins

* * *

Mayor of Burlington

* Mayoral career

* * *

U.S. Representative from
Vermont's at-large district

* Representative career
* CPC
* Elections
* 1990
* 1992
* 1994
* 1996
* 1998
* 2000
* 2002
* 2004

* * *

U.S. Senator from Vermont

* Senate career
* Elections
* 2006
* 2012
* 2018
* Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act
* 2010 Tax Relief Act filibuster
* Veterans Choice Act
* Stop BEZOS Act
* Yemen War Powers Resolution
* Workplace Democracy Act

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2016
* endorsements
* "America"
* primaries
* convention
* 2020
* endorsements
* primaries

* * *

Published works

* We Shall Overcome
* Outsider in the White House
* The Speech
* Our Revolution
* Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution
* Where We Go from Here
* It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism

* * *

* v
* t
* e

### Withdrew during the primaries

[edit]

Candidate | Born | Most recent position | State | Announced | Withdrew | Candidacy | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Martin O'Malley |  | January 18, 1963
(age 53)
Washington, D.C. | Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)  |
Maryland | May 31, 2015  | February 1, 2016
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[40] |
(Campaign • Website Archived January 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine)
FEC Filing | [41][42]

### Withdrew before the primaries

[edit]

Candidate | Born | Most recent position | State | Announced | Withdrew | Candidacy | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Lincoln Chafee |  | March 26, 1953 (age 63)
Providence, Rhode Island | Governor of Rhode Island (2011–2015) |
Rhode Island | June 3, 2015  | October 23, 2015
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[43] |
(Campaign • Website) | [44][45]

Jim Webb |  | February 9, 1946 (age 70)
Saint Joseph, Missouri | U.S. Senator from Virginia (2007–2013)  |
Virginia | July 7, 2015  | October 20, 2015
(no endorsement) |
(Campaign • Website) | [46][47]

Lawrence Lessig |  | June 3, 1961 (age 55)
Rapid City, South Dakota | Professor at Harvard Law School (2009–2016) |
Massachusetts | September 9, 2015 | November 2, 2015
(no endorsement) |
(Campaign • Website) | [48][49]

### Other candidates' results

[edit]

Further information: Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by news channels and were invited to forums and candidate debates. For reference, Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primaries.

Candidates in this section are sorted by number of votes received

Martin O'Malley | Lawrence Lessig | Jim Webb | Lincoln Chafee
|  |  |
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015) | Harvard law professor
(2009–2016) | U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013) | Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015)
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign
110,423 votes | 4 write-in votes in New Hampshire | 2 write-in votes in New Hampshire | none

Other candidates participated in one or more state primaries without receiving major coverage or substantial vote counts.

## Timeline

[edit]

### Background

[edit]

Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, April 2015

In the weeks following the re-election of President Obama in the 2012 election, media speculation regarding potential candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election began to circulate. The speculation centered on the prospects of Clinton, then-Secretary of State, making a second presidential bid in the 2016 election. Clinton had previously served as a U.S. Senator for New York (2001–09) and was the First Lady of the U.S. (1993–2001).[50][51] A January 2013 Washington Post–ABC News poll indicated that she had high popularity among the American public.[52][53]

This polling information prompted numerous political pundits and observers to anticipate that Clinton would mount a second presidential bid in 2016, entering the race as the early front-runner for the Democratic nomination.[54] From the party's liberal left wing came calls for a more progressive candidate to challenge what was perceived by many within this segment as the party's establishment.[55] Elizabeth Warren quickly became a highly touted figure within this movement as well as the object of a draft movement to run in the primaries,[56] despite her repeated denials of interest in doing so.[55][57]

The MoveOn.org campaign 'Run Warren Run' announced that it would disband on June 8, 2015, opting to focus its efforts toward progressive issues.[58] The draft campaign's New Hampshire staffer, Kurt Ehrenberg, had joined Sanders' team and most of the remaining staffers were expected to follow suit.[59] Given the historical tendency for sitting vice presidents to seek the presidency in election cycles in which the incumbent president is not a candidate, there was also considerable speculation regarding a potential presidential run by incumbent Vice President Joe Biden,[60][61] who had previously campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in the election cycles of 1988 and 2008.[62]

This speculation was further fueled by Biden's own expressions of interest in a possible run in 2016.[62][63] However, on October 21, 2015, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and President Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to enter the race, as he was still dealing with the loss of his son, Beau, who died weeks earlier at the age of 47. Biden became the nominee for the Democratic Party four years later in the 2020 presidential election where he became the 46th President of the United States after defeating incumbent president Donald Trump in the general election.[64][65][66]

Senator Bernie Sanders during a rally, July 2015

On May 26, 2015, Sanders officially announced his run as a presidential candidate for the Democratic nomination, after an informal announcement on April 30 and speculation since early 2014.[67][68][69] Sanders had previously served as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–89), Vermont's sole U.S. Representative (1991–2007) and Vermont's junior Senator (2007–present).[70] He emerged as the biggest rival to Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primaries, backed by a strong grassroots campaign and a social media following.[71]

In November 2014, Jim Webb, a former U.S. Senator who had once served as the U.S. Secretary of the Navy during the Reagan administration, announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible run for the Democratic presidential nomination.[72] This made Webb the first major potential candidate to take a formal action toward seeking the party's 2016 nomination.[72]

In June 2015, Lincoln Chafee, former Governor and Senator of Rhode Island, announced his campaign. Chafee had been a Republican while serving in the senate, and an Independent while serving as Governor. He formed an exploratory committee on April 3.[73] Chafee endorsed Barack Obama in 2008 and served as co-chair of his re-election campaign in 2012.[74]

Martin O'Malley, former Governor of Maryland as well as a former Mayor of Baltimore, made formal steps toward a campaign for the party's nomination in January 2015 with the hiring and retaining of personnel who had served the previous year as political operatives in Iowa – the first presidential nominating state in the primary elections cycle – as staff for his political action committee (PAC). O'Malley had started the "O’ Say Can You See" PAC in 2012 which had, prior to 2015, functioned primarily as fundraising vehicles for various Democratic candidates, as well as for two 2014 ballot measures in Maryland.[75] With the 2015 staffing moves, the PAC ostensibly became a vehicle for O'Malley – who had for several months openly contemplated a presidential bid – to lay the groundwork for a potential campaign for the party's presidential nomination.[76]

In August 2015, Lawrence Lessig unexpectedly announced his intention to enter the race, promising to run if his exploratory committee raised $1 million by Labor Day.[77][78] After accomplishing this, Lessig formally announced his campaign.[79] He described his candidacy as a referendum on electoral reform legislation, prioritizing a single issue: the Citizen Equality Act of 2017, a proposal that couples campaign finance reform with other laws aimed at curbing gerrymandering and ensuring voting access.[80][81]

### Overview

[edit]

| Nominee

|

| Ended campaigns
| Iowa Caucuses
| Super Tuesday
| D.C. Primary
| Convention 2016

### February 2016: early primaries

[edit]

Despite being heavily favored in polls issued weeks earlier, Clinton was only able to defeat Sanders in the first-in-the-nation Iowa Caucus by the closest margin in the history of the contest: 49.8% to 49.6%. Clinton collected 700.47 state delegate equivalents to Sanders' 696.92, a difference of one-quarter of a percentage point.[82] This led to speculation that she won due to six coin-toss tiebreakers all resulting in her favor. However, the only challenge to the caucus' results was in a single precinct, which gave Clinton a fifth delegate.[83]

Date  | State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|
|

February 1  | Iowa | 49.8%  | 49.6%
February 9  | New Hampshire | 38.0%  | 60.4%
February 20  | Nevada | 52.6%  | 47.3%
February 27  | South Carolina | 73.5%  | 26.0%

The victory, which was projected to award her 23 pledged national convention delegates, two more than Sanders, made Clinton the first woman to win the Caucus and marked a clear difference from 2008, where she finished in third place behind Obama and John Edwards.[84][85][86][87] Martin O'Malley suspended[b] his campaign after a disappointing third-place finish with only 0.5% of the state delegate equivalents awarded, leaving Clinton and Sanders the only two major candidates in the race.[88] A week later, Sanders won the New Hampshire primary, receiving 60.4% of the popular vote to Clinton's 38%, putting him ahead of Clinton in the overall pledged delegate count by four, and making him the first Jewish candidate of a major party to win a primary.[89][90][91] Hillary Clinton's loss in New Hampshire was a regression from 2008, when she defeated Obama, Edwards, and a handful of other candidates including Joe Biden, with 39% of the popular vote.[92]

Bernie Sanders speaks in Littleton, New Hampshire

Sanders' narrow loss in Iowa and victory in New Hampshire generated speculation about a possible loss for Clinton in Nevada, the next state to hold its caucuses on February 20.[93][94] For her part, Clinton, who had won the state eight years prior in the 2008 Nevada Democratic caucuses, hoped that a victory would allay concerns about a possible repetition of 2008 when she ultimately lost to Obama despite entering the primary season as the favorite for the nomination.[95] Ultimately, Clinton emerged victorious with 52.6% of the county delegates, a margin of victory similar to her performance in 2008.[96] Sanders, who attained 47.3% of the vote, was projected to receive five fewer pledged delegates than Clinton. The result was not promising for the following weekend's primary in South Carolina, more demographically favorable to Clinton than the prior contests. On February 27, Clinton won the South Carolina primary with 73.5% of the vote, receiving a larger percentage of the African American vote than Barack Obama had eight years earlier – 90% to Obama's 80%.[97]

### March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday

[edit]

Super Tuesday  State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|

Alabama | 77.8%  | 19.2%
American Samoa | 68.4%  | 25.7%
Arkansas | 66.3%  | 29.7%
Colorado | 40.4%  | 59.0%
Georgia | 71.3%  | 28.2%
Massachusetts | 49.7%  | 48.3%
Minnesota | 38.3%  | 61.7%
Oklahoma | 41.5%  | 51.9%
Tennessee | 66.1%  | 32.4%
Texas | 65.2%  | 33.2%
Vermont | 13.6%  | 86.1%
Virginia | 64.3%  | 35.2%
Hillary Clinton during a rally, in March 2016

The 2016 primary schedule was significantly different from that of 2008. During that election cycle, many states moved their primaries or caucuses to earlier in the calendar to have greater influence over the race. In 2008, February 5 was the earliest date allowed by the Democratic National Committee, leading 23 states and territories to move their elections to that date, the biggest Super Tuesday to ever take place. For 2016, the calendar was more disparate than it was in 2008, with several groups of states voting on different dates, the most important being March 1, March 15, April 26 and June 7. The day with the most contests was March 1, 2016, in which primaries or caucuses were held in 11 states, including six in the Southern United States, and American Samoa. A total of 865 pledged delegates were at stake.

Clinton secured victories in all of the southern contests except Oklahoma. Her biggest victory of the day came in Alabama, where she won 77.8% of the vote against Sanders' 19.2%. Her most significant delegate prize came from Texas, where she received 65.2% of the vote with strong support from non-white as well as white voters. Collectively, the southern states gave Clinton a net gain of 165 pledged delegates.[98] Apart from the South, Clinton also narrowly defeated Sanders in Massachusetts, as well as winning in the territory of American Samoa.[99]

Sanders scored comfortable wins in the Minnesota and Colorado caucuses and the Oklahoma primary. He won an 86.1%–13.6% landslide in his home state of Vermont – one of only two times either of the two main candidates missed the 15% threshold in a state or territory, with the U.S. Virgin Islands, where Clinton received over 87% of the vote, being the other one. Although the results overall were unfavorable for Sanders, his four wins and narrow loss allowed him to remain in the race in anticipation of more favorable territory in New England, the Great Plains, Mountain States and the Pacific Northwest.[99] At the end of the day, Clinton collected 518 pledged delegates to Sanders' 347, taking her lead to 609–412, a difference of 197 pledged delegates.[100]

### Mid-March contests

[edit]

Mid-March contests  State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|

Florida | 64.4%  | 33.3%
Illinois | 50.5%  | 48.7%
Kansas | 32.3%  | 67.7%
Louisiana | 71.1%  | 23.2%
Maine | 35.5%  | 64.3%
Michigan | 48.3%  | 49.8%
Mississippi | 82.6%  | 16.5%
Missouri | 49.6%  | 49.4%
Nebraska | 42.9%  | 57.1%
North Carolina | 54.6%  | 40.8%
N. Mariana Islands | 54.0%  | 34.4%
Ohio | 56.5%  | 42.7%
Hillary Clinton speaks in Phoenix, Arizona, in March 2016 Bill Clinton campaigning for his wife in March 2016

Sanders found more hospitable ground on the weekend of March 5, 2016, winning caucuses in Kansas, Maine and Nebraska by significant margins. Clinton answered with an even larger win in Louisiana's primary, limiting Sanders' net gain for the weekend to only four delegates. Clinton would also win the Northern Mariana Islands caucus, held the following weekend on March 12. Two states had held nominating contests on March 8 – Michigan and Mississippi – with Clinton heavily favored to win both.[101][102]

Mississippi went for Clinton, as expected, by a landslide margin. The Mississippi primary was the highest vote share Clinton won in any state. However, Sanders stunned by scoring a narrow win in Michigan.[103] Analysts floated a number of theories to explain the failure of the Michigan polling, with most centering on pollsters' erroneous assumptions about the composition of the electorate stemming from the 2008 primary in Michigan not having been contested due to an impasse between the state party and DNC.[104][105][106]

Although Clinton expanded her delegate lead, some journalists suggested Sanders' upset might presage her defeat in other delegate-rich Midwestern states,[107] such as Missouri, Ohio and Illinois, who voted a week later on March 15, along with North Carolina and Florida, where Clinton was more clearly favored.[108][109] Clinton was able to sweep all five primaries, extending her pledged delegate lead by around 100 delegates, although Sanders was able to hold Clinton to narrow margins in her birth-state of Illinois and especially Missouri, where Clinton won by a mere 0.2 points.[110]

Missouri state law allowed for a possible recount had any of the candidates requested it; however, Sanders forwent the opportunity on the basis that it would not significantly affect the delegate allocation.[111][112] By the end of the evening, Clinton had expanded her pledged delegate lead to more than 320, several times larger than her greatest deficit in the 2008 primary.[citation needed]

### Late March and early April

[edit]

Late March / Early April contests  State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|

Alaska | 18.4%  | 81.6%
Arizona | 56.5%  | 41.1%
Democrats Abroad | 30.9%  | 68.9%
Hawaii | 28.4%  | 71.5%
Idaho | 21.2%  | 78.0%
Utah | 20.3%  | 79.3%
Washington | 27.1%  | 72.7%
Wisconsin | 43.1%  | 56.6%
Wyoming | 44.3%  | 55.7%

Following the March 15 primaries, the race moved to a series of contests more favorable for Sanders. On March 21, the results of the Democrats Abroad primary (held March 1–8) were announced. Sanders was victorious and picked up nine delegates to Clinton's four, closing his delegate deficit by five.[113] Arizona, Idaho and Utah held primaries on March 22, dubbed "Western Tuesday" by media.[114] Despite continued efforts by Sanders to close the gap in Arizona after his surprise win in Michigan, Clinton won the primary with 56.3% of the vote.[115] However, Clinton lost both Idaho and Utah by roughly 60 points, allowing Sanders to close his delegate deficit by 25.[116][117]

Sanders speaks in Seattle, Washington, March 2016

The next states to vote were Alaska, Hawaii and Washington on March 26, 2016.[118] All three states were considered as favorable for Sanders, and most political analysts expected him to win them all, given the demographics and Sanders' strong performance in previous caucuses.[118] Sanders finished the day with a net gain of roughly 66 delegates over Clinton. His largest win was in Alaska, where he defeated Clinton with 82% of the vote, although the majority of his delegate gain came from the considerably more populous state of Washington, which he won by a 46% margin, outperforming then-Senator Obama's 2008 results, when he defeated Clinton 68%–31%.[119][120]

The Clinton and Sanders campaigns reached an agreement on April 4 for a ninth debate to take place on April 14 (five days before the New York primary) in Brooklyn, New York, which would air on CNN and NY1.[121] On April 5, Sanders won the Wisconsin primary by 13 and 1/2 percentage points, closing his delegate deficit by 10 more. The Wyoming caucuses were held on April 9, which Sanders won with 55.7% of the state convention delegates choosing him; however, Clinton had a stronger showing than expected, given her demographic disadvantage and that she did not campaign personally in the state. Each candidate was estimated to have earned 7 of Wyoming's 14 pledged delegates.[122]

### Late April and May

[edit]

Late April and May  State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|

New York | 58.0%  | 42.0%
Connecticut | 51.7%  | 46.5%
Delaware | 59.8%  | 39.2%
Maryland | 63.0%  | 33.3%
Pennsylvania | 55.6%  | 43.6%
Rhode Island | 43.3%  | 55.0%
Indiana | 47.5%  | 52.5%
Guam | 59.5%  | 40.5%
West Virginia | 35.8%  | 51.4%
Kentucky | 46.8%  | 46.3%
Oregon | 42.5%  | 55.9%
Sanders speaks in Brooklyn, New York, April 2016

On April 19, Clinton won New York by 16 points. While Sanders performed well in Upstate New York and with younger voters, Clinton performed well among all other age groups and non-whites, and she won a majority in all boroughs of New York City.[123]

Five Northeastern states held primaries a week later on April 26. The day was dubbed the "Super Tuesday III" or the "Acela Primary" after Amtrak's Acela Express train service that connects these states.[124] Clinton won in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Sanders won the Rhode Island primary.

On May 3, Sanders pulled off a surprise victory in the Indiana primary, winning by a five-point margin despite trailing in all the state's polls.[125] Clinton won the Guam caucus on May 7[126] and, on May 10, she won the non-binding Nebraska primary[127] while Sanders won in West Virginia.

Clinton narrowly won Kentucky on May 17 by half a percentage point and gained one delegate, after heavily campaigning in the state. On the same day, Sanders won his second closed primary in Oregon, gaining nine delegates, a net gain of eight on the day. Clinton won the non-binding Washington primary on May 24.[128]

### June contests

[edit]

June contests  State/territory  | Clinton  | Sanders

|
|

Virgin Islands | 87.1%  | 12.9%
Puerto Rico | 59.4%  | 37.5%
California | 53.1%  | 46.0%
Montana | 44.6%  | 51.0%
New Jersey | 63.3%  | 36.7%
New Mexico | 51.5%  | 48.5%
North Dakota | 25.6%  | 64.2%
South Dakota | 51.0%  | 49.0%
District of Columbia | 78.7%  | 21.1%
Clinton speaks in Washington, D.C., June 2016

June contained the final contests of the Democratic primaries, and both Sanders and Clinton invested heavily into winning the California primary. Clinton led the polls in California but some predicted a narrow race.[129] On June 4 and 5, Clinton won two decisive victories in the Virgin Islands caucus[130] and Puerto Rico primary.[131] On June 6, both the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had sufficient support from pledged and unpledged delegates to become the presumptive Democratic nominee.[132]

Clinton's campaign seemed reluctant to accept the mantle of "presumptive nominee" before all the voting was concluded,[133] while Sanders' campaign stated it would continue to run and accused the media of a "rush to judgement."[134] Six states held their primaries on June 7. Clinton won in California, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota. Sanders won Montana and North Dakota, the latter being the only caucus contest held on that day.[135] Clinton finally declared victory on the evening of June 7, as the results ensured that she had won a majority of the pledged delegates and the popular vote.[135]

Sanders stated he would continue to run for the Democratic Party's nomination in the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14,[136] which Clinton won. Both campaigns met at a downtown Washington D.C. hotel after the primary.[137] The Sanders campaign said that they would release a video statement on June 16 to clarify the future of Sanders' campaign; the video announced that Sanders looked forward to help Clinton defeat Trump.[138] On July 12, 2016, Sanders endorsed Clinton in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[139]

### July 2016: National Convention and email leaks

[edit]

#### Email leaks

[edit]

Main articles: Democratic National Committee cyber attacks and 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak

On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released online tens of thousands of messages leaked from the e-mail accounts of seven key DNC staff.[140] Some e-mails showed two DNC staffers discussing the possibility that Sanders' possible atheism might harm him in a general election with religious voters. Others showed a few staffers had expressed personal preferences that Clinton should become the nominee, suggesting that the party's leadership had worked to undermine Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign.[140] Then-DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz called the accusations lies.[140]

The furor raised over this matter escalated to Wasserman Schultz's resignation ahead of the convention,[141] and that of Marshals, Dacey, and Communications Director Luis Miranda afterwards.[142] Following Wasserman Schultz's resignation, then-DNC Vice Chair Donna Brazile took over as interim DNC chairwoman for the convention and remained so until February 2017.[143] In November 2017, Brazile said in her book and related interviews that the Clinton campaign and the DNC had colluded 'unethically' by giving the Clinton campaign control over the DNC's personnel and press releases before the primary in return for funding to eliminate the DNC's remaining debt from 2012 campaign,[26] in addition to using the DNC and state committees to funnel campaign-limitation-exceeding donations to her campaign.[144] Internal memos later surfaced, claiming that these measures were not meant to affect the nominating process despite their timing.[145] At the end of June 2016, it was claimed that "more money [from the Hillary Victory Fund] will be moved to the state parties in the coming months."[146] Brazile later clarified that she claimed the process was 'unethical', but 'not a criminal act'.[16][147]

DNC officials including chairman Tom Perez pointed out that the same joint-fundraising agreement had been offered to Sanders and applied only to the general election; however, the Clinton campaign also had a second agreement that granted it additional, unusual oversight over hiring and policy, even though the text of the agreement insisted on the DNC's impartiality and focus on the general election.[148] Brazile later denied that the primary was rigged, because "no votes were overturned," but described herself as "very upset" about a DNC–Clinton fundraising agreement.[149] The Washington Post characterized Brazile's eventual argument as: "Clinton exerted too much power but did win the nomination fairly."[150]

#### Russian involvement

[edit]

After the general election, the U.S. intelligence community and the Special Counsel investigation assessed that the leaks were part of a larger interference campaign by the Russian government to cause political instability in the United States and to damage the Hillary Clinton campaign by bolstering the candidacies of Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, and Jill Stein.[151][152][153][154] The Russian government is alleged to have promoted Sanders beginning in 2015 as a way to weaken or defeat Clinton, who Russian President Vladimir Putin opposed. The influence campaign by the Internet Research Agency targeted Sanders voters through social media and encouraged them to vote for a third-party candidate or abstain from voting. Sanders denounced these efforts and urged his supporters to support Clinton in the general election.[155]

When news of the DNC leak first surfaced in June 2016, the Russian government denied allegations of hacking.[156] WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange also stated that the Russian government was not source of the leak.[157] In July 2018, the special counsel indicted 12 Russian intelligence officers for hacking and leaking the emails.[158]

#### National Convention

[edit]

Main article: 2016 Democratic National Convention

The 2016 Democratic National Convention was held from July 25–28 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The delegates selected the Democratic presidential and vice-presidential nominees and wrote the party platform. A simple majority of 2,383 delegates was needed to win the presidential nomination.[159] While most of the delegates were bound on the first ballot according to the results of the primaries, a progressively larger number of pledged delegates would have become unbound if the nomination required more than one ballot.[160]

Clinton was nominated on the first ballot by acclamation, although all states were allowed to announce how they would have voted under a typical roll call vote. On July 12, 2016, the Vermont delegates had supported Clinton in Sanders' request. Asking for party unity, he dropped out on July 26, 2016, and announced he would return to the Senate as an independent.[161]

## Graphical summary of polling

[edit]

Further information: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

## Campaign finance

[edit]

This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released on April 27, 2016. Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees—also called PACs and SuperPACs. Several such groups normally support each candidate, but the numbers in the table are a total of all of them. This means that a group of committees can be shown as technically insolvent, shown in red, even though it is not the case of all of them. The Campaign Committee's debt is shown in red if the campaign is technically insolvent. The source of all the numbers is OpenSecrets.[162] Some spending totals are not available, due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline.

| Campaign committee (as of April 30) | Outside groups (as of May 16) | Total spent  | Campaign
suspended[b]

|
|
|
|

Money raised  | Money spent  | Cash on hand  | Debt  | Money raised  | Money spent  | Cash on hand
Hillary Clinton[163] | $204,258,301  | $174,101,369  | $30,156,932  | $612,248  | $84,815,067  | $38,332,454  | $46,482,614  | $212,433,823 | Convention
Bernie Sanders[164] | $227,678,274  | $219,695,969  | $8,015,274  | $898,879  | $869,412  | $1,069,765  | $-200,353 | $220,765,734 | July 26
Martin O'Malley | $6,073,767  | $5,965,205  | $108,562  | $19,423  | $1,105,138  | $1,298,967  | $-193,829 | $7,264,172 | February 1
Lawrence Lessig | $1,196,753  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | $0  | $0  | $0  | N/A | November 2
Jim Webb | $764,992  | $558,151  | $206,842  | $0  | $27,092  | $31,930  | $-4,838 | $590,081 | October 20
Lincoln Chafee | $418,136  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A | October 23

## Process

[edit]

See also: United States presidential primary § Process

The Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses are indirect elections in which voters elect delegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention. These delegates directly elect the Democratic Party's presidential nominee. In some states, the party may disregard voters' selection of delegates, or selected delegates may vote for any candidate at the state or national convention (non-binding primary or caucus). In other states, state laws and party rules require the party to select delegates according to votes, and delegates must vote for a particular candidate (binding primary or caucus).[165]

There were 4,051 pledged delegates and 714 superdelegates in the 2016 cycle.[165] Under the party's delegate selection rules, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. is determined using a formula based on three main factors:

1. The proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections (2004, 2008, and 2012)
2. The number of electoral votes each state has in the United States Electoral College.
3. The stage of the primary season when they held their contest. States and territories that held their contests later are given bonus seats.

A candidate must win 2,383 delegates at the national convention, in order to win the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[165] For the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands and for Democrats Abroad, fixed numbers of pledged delegates are allocated. All states and territories then must have used a proportional representation system, where their pledged delegates were awarded proportionally to the election results.[166]

A candidate must receive at least 15% of the popular vote to win pledged delegates in a state. The current 714 unpledged superdelegates, or "soft" delegates, included members of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, state and territorial governors, members of the Democratic National Committee, and other party leaders. Because of possible deaths, resignations, or the results of intervening or special elections, the final number of these superdelegates may be reduced before the convention.[166]

The Democratic National Committee imposed rules for states that wished to hold early contests in 2016. No state was permitted to hold a primary or caucus in January. Only Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Nevada were entitled to February contests. Any state that violated these rules were penalized half its pledged delegates and all its superdelegates to the 2016 convention.[166]

## Schedule and results

[edit]

Main article: Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The following are the results of candidates that won at least one state. These candidates were on the ballots for every state, territory and federal district contest. The results of caucuses did not always have attached preference polls and attendance was extremely limited. The unpledged delegate count did not always reflect the latest declared preferences.

Date  | State/territory  | Calculated delegates  | Type[i] | Popular vote or equivalent[j] | Estimated delegates[k]

|
|
|
|
|

Clinton | Sanders | Clinton | Sanders | Available[l]
P | U | T | P | U | T | P | U | T | P | U | T
Feb 1 | Iowa[167] | 44 | 7 | 51 | Semi-open caucus  | 700 SDE (49.8%)  | 697 SDE (49.6%)  | 23 | 6 | 29  | 21 | 0 | 21  | 0 | 1 | 1
Feb 9 | New Hampshire[168] | 24 | 8 | 32 | Semi-closed primary  | 95,355 (37.7%) | 152,193 (60.1%)  | 9 | 6 | 15  | 15 | 1 | 16  | 0 | 1 | 1
Feb 20 | Nevada[169] | 35 | 8 | 43 | Closed caucus  | 6,316 CD (52.6%)  | 5,678 CD (47.3%)  | 20 | 7 | 27  | 15 | 1 | 16  | 0 | 0 | 0
Feb 27 | South Carolina[170] | 53 | 6 | 59 | Open primary  | 272,379 (73.4%) | 96,498 (26.0%)  | 39 | 5 | 44  | 14 | 0 | 14  | 0 | 1 | 1
Mar 1 | Alabama[171] | 53 | 7 | 60 | Open primary  | 309,926 (77.8%) | 76,401 (19.2%)  | 44 | 6 | 50  | 9 | 0 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 1
American Samoa[172] | 6 | 5 | 11 | Closed caucus  | 162 (68.4%) | 61 (25.7%)  | 4 | 4 | 8  | 2 | 1 | 3  | 0 | 0 | 0
Arkansas[173] | 32 | 5 | 37 | Open primary  | 146,057 (66.1%) | 66,236 (30.0%)  | 22 | 5 | 27  | 10 | 0 | 10  | 0 | 0 | 0
Colorado[174] | 66 | 12 | 78 | Closed caucus  | 49,789 (40.3%) | 72,846 (59.0%)  | 25 | 9 | 34  | 41 | 0 | 41  | 0 | 3 | 3
Georgia[175] | 102 | 15 | 117 | Open primary  | 543,008 (71.3%) | 214,332 (28.2%)  | 73 | 11 | 84  | 29 | 0 | 29  | 0 | 4 | 4
Massachusetts[176][177] | 91 | 24 | 115 | Semi-closed primary  | 606,822 (49.7%) | 589,803 (48.3%)  | 46 | 21 | 67  | 45 | 1 | 46  | 0 | 2 | 2
Minnesota[178] | 77 | 16 | 93 | Open caucus  | 73,510 (38.4%) | 118,135 (61.6%)  | 31 | 12 | 43  | 46 | 2 | 48  | 0 | 2 | 2
Oklahoma[179][180] | 38 | 4 | 42 | Semi-closed primary  | 139,443 (41.5%) | 174,228 (51.9%)  | 17 | 1 | 18  | 21 | 1 | 22  | 0 | 2 | 2
Tennessee[181] | 67 | 8 | 75 | Open primary  | 245,930 (66.1%) | 120,800 (32.5%)  | 44 | 8 | 52  | 23 | 0 | 23  | 0 | 0 | 0
Texas[182] | 222 | 29 | 251 | Open primary  | 936,004 (65.2%) | 476,547 (33.2%)  | 147 | 21 | 168  | 75 | 0 | 75  | 0 | 8 | 8
Vermont[183][184] | 16 | 10 | 26 | Open primary  | 18,338 (13.6%) | 115,900 (85.7%)  | 0 | 5 | 5  | 16 | 5 | 21  | 0 | 0 | 0
Virginia[185] | 95 | 13 | 108 | Open primary  | 504,741 (64.3%) | 276,370 (35.2%)  | 62 | 12 | 74  | 33 | 0 | 33  | 0 | 1 | 1
Mar 5 | Kansas[186] | 33 | 4 | 37 | Closed caucus  | 12,593 (32.3%) | 26,450 (67.7%)  | 10 | 4 | 14  | 23 | 0 | 23  | 0 | 0 | 0
Louisiana[187] | 51 | 8 | 59 | Closed primary  | 221,733 (71.1%) | 72,276 (23.2%)  | 37 | 6 | 43  | 14 | 0 | 14  | 0 | 2 | 2
Nebraska[188] | 25 | 5 | 30 | Closed caucus  | 14,340 (42.9%) | 19,120 (57.1%)  | 10 | 3 | 13  | 15 | 1 | 16  | 0 | 1 | 1
Mar 6 | Maine[189] | 25 | 5 | 30 | Closed caucus  | 1,232 SCD (35.5%) | 2,231 SCD (64.3%)  | 8 | 4 | 12  | 17 | 1 | 18  | 0 | 0 | 0
Mar 1–8 | Democrats Abroad[190] | 13 | 4[m] | 17 | Closed primary  | 10,689 (30.9%) | 23,779 (68.9%)  | 4 | 2½ | 6½  | 9 | ½ | 9½  | 0 | 1 | 1
Mar 8 | Michigan[191][192] | 130 | 17 | 147 | Open primary  | 581,775 (48.3%) | 598,943 (49.7%)  | 63 | 13 | 76  | 67 | 0 | 67  | 0 | 4 | 4
Mississippi[193] | 36 | 5 | 41 | Open primary  | 187,334 (82.5%) | 37,748 (16.6%)  | 31 | 3 | 34  | 5 | 2 | 7  | 0 | 0 | 0
Mar 12 | Northern Marianas[194] | 6 | 5 | 11 | Closed caucus  | 102 (54.0%) | 65 (34.4%)  | 4 | 5 | 9  | 2 | 0 | 2  | 0 | 0 | 0
Mar 15 | Florida[195][196] | 214 | 32 | 246 | Closed primary  | 1,101,414 (64.4%) | 568,839 (33.3%)  | 141 | 24 | 165  | 73 | 2 | 75  | 0 | 6 | 6
Illinois[197] | 156 | 27 | 183 | Open primary  | 1,039,555 (50.6%) | 999,494 (48.6%)  | 79 | 24 | 103  | 77 | 1 | 78  | 0 | 1[l] | 1[l]
Missouri[198] | 71 | 13 | 84 | Open primary  | 312,285 (49.6%) | 310,711 (49.4%)  | 36 | 11 | 47  | 35 | 0 | 35  | 0 | 2 | 2
North Carolina[199] | 107 | 14 | 121 | Semi-closed primary  | 622,915 (54.5%) | 467,018 (40.9%)  | 60 | 9 | 69  | 47 | 2 | 49  | 0 | 3 | 3
Ohio[200][201] | 143 | 17 | 160 | Semi-open primary  | 696,681 (56.1%) | 535,395 (43.1%)  | 81 | 16 | 97  | 62 | 1 | 63  | 0 | 0 | 0
Mar 22 | Arizona[202][203] | 75 | 10 | 85 | Closed primary  | 262,459 (56.3%) | 192,962 (41.4%)  | 42 | 6 | 48  | 33 | 1 | 34  | 0 | 3 | 3
Idaho[204] | 23 | 4 | 27 | Open caucus  | 5,065 (21.2%) | 18,640 (78.0%)  | 5 | 1 | 6  | 18 | 2 | 20  | 0 | 1 | 1
Utah[205] | 33 | 4 | 37 | Semi-open caucus  | 15,666 (20.3%) | 61,333 (79.3%)  | 6 | 2 | 8  | 27 | 2 | 29  | 0 | 0 | 0
Mar 26 | Alaska[206][207] | 16 | 4 | 20 | Closed caucus  | 2,146 (20.2%) | 8,447 (79.6%)  | 3 | 1 | 4  | 13 | 1 | 14  | 0 | 2 | 2
Hawaii[208] | 25 | 9 | 34 | Semi-closed caucus  | 10,125 (30.0%) | 23,530 (69.8%)  | 8 | 5 | 13  | 17 | 2 | 19  | 0 | 2 | 2
Washington[209] | 101 | 17 | 118 | Open caucus  | 7,140 LDD (27.1%) | 19,159 LDD (72.7%)  | 27 | 11 | 38  | 74 | 0 | 74  | 0 | 6 | 6
Apr 5 | Wisconsin[210][211] | 86 | 10 | 96 | Open primary  | 433,739 (43.1%) | 570,192 (56.6%)  | 38 | 9 | 47  | 48 | 1 | 49  | 0 | 0 | 0
Apr 9 | Wyoming[212] | 14 | 4 | 18 | Closed caucus  | 124 SCD (44.3%) | 156 SCD (55.7%)  | 7 | 4 | 11  | 7 | 0 | 7  | 0 | 0 | 0
Apr 19 | New York[213][214][215] | 247 | 44 | 291 | Closed primary  | 1,133,980 (57.5%) | 820,256 (41.6%)  | 139 | 41 | 180  | 108 | 0 | 108  | 0 | 3 | 3
Apr 26 | Connecticut[216][217] | 55 | 16 | 71 | Closed primary  | 170,045 (51.8%) | 152,379 (46.4%)  | 28 | 15 | 43  | 27 | 0 | 27  | 0 | 1 | 1
Delaware[218][219] | 21 | 11 | 32 | Closed primary  | 55,954 (59.8%) | 36,662 (39.2%)  | 12 | 11 | 23  | 9 | 0 | 9  | 0 | 0 | 0
Maryland[220][221] | 95 | 24 | 119 | Closed primary  | 573,242 (62.5%) | 309,990 (33.8%)  | 60 | 17 | 77  | 35 | 1 | 36  | 0 | 6 | 6
Pennsylvania[222] | 189 | 19 | 208 | Closed primary  | 935,107 (55.6%) | 731,881 (43.5%)  | 106 | 19 | 125  | 83 | 0 | 83  | 0 | 1 | 1
Rhode Island[223][224] | 24 | 9 | 33 | Semi-closed primary  | 52,749 (43.1%) | 66,993 (54.7%)  | 11 | 9 | 20  | 13 | 0 | 13  | 0 | 0 | 0
May 3 | Indiana[225] | 83 | 9 | 92 | Open primary  | 303,705 (47.5%) | 335,074 (52.5%)  | 39 | 7 | 46  | 44 | 0 | 44  | 0 | 2 | 2
May 7 | Guam[226] | 7 | 5 | 12 | Closed caucus  | 777 (59.5%) | 528 (40.5%)  | 4 | 5 | 9  | 3 | 0 | 3  | 0 | 0 | 0
May 10 | Nebraska[227] | — | Closed primary  | 42,692 (53.1%) | 37,744 (46.9%)  | Non-binding primary with no delegates allocated.
West Virginia[228] | 29 | 8 | 37 | Semi-closed primary  | 86,914 (35.8%) | 124,700 (51.4%)  | 11 | 6 | 17  | 18 | 2 | 20  | 0 | 0 | 0
May 17 | Kentucky[229][230] | 55 | 5 | 60 | Closed primary  | 212,534 (46.8%) | 210,623 (46.3%)  | 28 | 2 | 30  | 27 | 0 | 27  | 0 | 3 | 3
Oregon[231][232] | 61 | 13 | 74 | Closed primary  | 269,846 (42.1%) | 360,829 (56.2%)  | 25 | 7 | 32  | 36 | 3 | 39  | 0 | 3 | 3
May 24 | Washington[233] | — | Open primary[234][n] | 420,461 (52.4%) | 382,293 (47.6%)  | Non-binding primary with no delegates allocated.
Jun 4 | Virgin Islands[235][236][237] | 7 | 5 | 12 | Closed caucus  | 1,326 (87.12%) | 196 (12.88%)  | 7 | 5 | 12  | 0 | 0 | 0  | 0 | 0 | 0
Jun 5 | Puerto Rico[238] | 60 | 7 | 67 | Open primary  | 52,658 (59.7%) | 33,368 (37.9%)  | 37 | 6 | 43  | 23 | 0 | 23  | 0 | 1 | 1
Jun 7 | California[239][240] | 475 | 76 | 551 | Semi-closed primary  | 2,745,302 (53.1%) | 2,381,722 (46.0%)  | 254 | 66 | 320  | 221 | 0 | 221  | 0 | 10 | 10
Montana[241][242] | 21 | 6 | 27 | Open primary  | 55,805 (44.2%) | 65,156 (51.6%)  | 10 | 5 | 15  | 11 | 1 | 12  | 0 | 0 | 0
New Jersey[243][244][245] | 126 | 16 | 142 | Semi-closed primary  | 566,247 (63.3%) | 328,058 (36.7%)  | 79 | 12 | 91  | 47 | 2 | 49  | 0 | 2 | 2
New Mexico[246][247] | 34 | 9 | 43 | Closed primary  | 111,334 (51.5%) | 104,741 (48.5%)  | 18 | 9 | 27  | 16 | 0 | 16  | 0 | 0 | 0
North Dakota[248] | 18 | 5 | 23 | Open caucus[249][o] | 106 SCD (25.6%) | 258 SCD (64.2%)  | 5 | 1 | 6  | 13 | 1 | 14  | 0 | 3 | 3
South Dakota[250][251] | 20 | 5 | 25 | Semi-closed primary[252] | 27,047 (51.0%) | 25,959 (49.0%)  | 10 | 2 | 12  | 10 | 0 | 10  | 0 | 3 | 3
Jun 14 | District of Columbia[253][254] | 20 | 25 | 45 | Closed primary  | 76,704 (78.0%) | 20,361 (20.7%)  | 16 | 23 | 39  | 4 | 2 | 6  | 0 | 0 | 0
Total  | 4,051  | 712  | 4,763  |  | 16,847,084
(55.20%)[a] | 13,168,222
(43.14%)[a] | 2,205  | 570½  | 2,775½  | 1,846  | 43½  | 1,889½  | 0 | 97[l] | 97[l]
Date  | State/territory  | P | U | T | Type  | Clinton  | Sanders  | P | U | T | P | U | T | P | U | T
Calculated delegates  | Popular vote or equivalent  | Clinton delegates  | Sanders delegates  | Available delegates

* view
* talk
* edit

## Superdelegate endorsements

[edit]

Main article: List of 2016 Democratic Party superdelegates

Superdelegates are elected officials and members of the Democratic National Committee who vote at the Democratic National Convention for their preferred candidate. Also known as unpledged delegates, they comprise 15% of the convention (712 votes out of 4,763) and they may change their preference at any time. The table below reflects current public endorsements of candidates by superdelegates, as detailed and sourced in the full list above. Because commonly referenced estimates of superdelegate support, including those by CNN[255] and the AP,[256] do not identify individual delegates as supporting a given candidate, their published tallies may differ from the totals computed here.

| Distinguished party leaders  | Governors  | Senators  | Representatives  | DNC members  | Totals

|
|
|
|
|
|

Hillary Clinton | 17  | 20  | 45  | 177  | 313½  | 572½
Bernie Sanders | 1  | 0  | 2  | 7  | 32½  | 42½
Martin O'Malley | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 1  | 1
No endorsement | 2  | 1  | 0  | 7  | 86  | 96
Totals  | 20  | 21  | 47  | 191  | 433  | 712

Note: Democrats Abroad Superdelegates are assigned half-votes; each of them accounts for ½ rather than 1 in the table above.

## Close states

[edit]

Source:[257]

States where the margin of victory was under 1%:

1. Missouri, 0.25%
2. Iowa, 0.25%
3. Kentucky, 0.42%

States where the margin of victory was under 5%:

1. Massachusetts, 1.40%
2. Michigan, 1.42%
3. Illinois, 1.95%
4. South Dakota, 2.06%
5. New Mexico, 3.06%
6. Indiana, 4.92%

States where the margin of victory was under 10%:

1. Nevada, 5.28%
2. Connecticut, 5.38%
3. California, 7.03%
4. Montana, 7.40%

States where the margin of victory was under 20%:

1. Oklahoma, 10.36%
2. Rhode Island, 11.63%
3. Pennsylvania, 12.08%
4. Ohio, 12.99%
5. Wisconsin, 13.54%
6. Wyoming, 13.64%
7. North Carolina, 13.64%
8. Oregon, 14.18%
9. Nebraska, 14.28%
10. Arizona, 14.90%
11. West Virginia, 15.57%
12. New York, 16.06%
13. Colorado, 18.68%

## Maps

[edit]

* Breakdown of the results in vote distribution, by state

* Results of popular vote, by county

* Results in popular vote margin, by state

* Results in popular vote margin, by county

* Breakdown of the results in pledged delegates, by state

* Breakdown of the results in total delegate count, by state

* Results in pledged delegates, by state

## See also

[edit]

* 2010s portal
* Liberalism portal
* Politics portal
* United States portal

Related

Democratic Party articles

* Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
* Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
* Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
* 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates
* 2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums
* List of Democratic Party presidential primaries

Presidential primaries

* 2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries
* 2016 Green Party presidential primaries
* 2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
* 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries

National conventions

* 2016 Constitution Party National Convention
* 2016 Democratic National Convention
* 2016 Green National Convention
* 2016 Libertarian National Convention
* 2016 Republican National Convention

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Does not include popular vote totals from Iowa, Maine, Nevada, North Dakota, Washington, Wyoming, or non-binding primaries
2. ^ a b c In US elections, suspending a campaign allows candidates to cease active campaigning while still legally raising funds to pay off their debts.[4]
3. ^ As far back as 2015, the sharp reduction of the debate schedule, as well as the days and times, had been criticized by multiple rivals as biased in Clinton's favor.[21] The DNC denied bias, claiming to be cracking down on the non-sanctioned debates that proliferated in recent cycles, while leaving the number of officially sanctioned debates the same as in 2004 and 2008.[22][23] Donna Brazile, who succeeded Debbie Wasserman Schultz as DNC chair after the first batch of leaks,[24] was shown in the emails leaking primary debate questions to the Clinton campaign before the debates were held, although a senior aide to Sanders came to Brazile's defense and tried to downplay the issue.[25]
4. ^ Brazile went on to write a book about the primary and what she called "unethical" behavior in which the DNC (after its debt from 2012 was resolved by the Clinton campaign) gave the Clinton campaign control over hirings and press releases, and allegedly helped it circumvent campaign finance regulation.[26] Several Democratic leaders responded that the joint-fundraising agreement was standard, was for the purpose of the general election, and was also offered to the Sanders campaign. However, another agreement that came to light gave the Clinton campaign powers over the DNC well before the primary was decided. Some media commentators noted that the Clinton campaign's level of influence on staffing decisions was indeed unusual and could have ultimately influenced factors such as the debate schedule.[27][28]
5. ^ a b According to popular vote or pledged delegate count (not counting superdelegates); see below for detail.
6. ^ a b Pledged delegates split evenly between Sanders and Clinton.
7. ^ Hillary Clinton won the non-binding Nebraska Democratic Primary.
8. ^ Hillary Clinton won the non-binding Washington Democratic Primary.
9. ^ Differences between types:
* Open: Anyone can participate regardless of their registered party affiliation.
* Semi-open: Anyone can participate except registered Republicans.
* Semi-closed: Only registered Democrats or undeclared can participate.
* Closed: Only registered Democrats can participate.
10. ^ Differences between types:
* CD: 'Popular vote' tallies the county delegates.
* LDD: 'Popular vote' tallies the legislative district delegates.
* SCD: 'Popular vote' tallies the state convention delegates.
* SDE: 'Popular vote' tallies the state delegate equivalents.
11. ^ Pledged delegates are elected with the understanding that they will support a specific candidate.
Unpledged delegates (superdelegates) are not required to voice support for a specific candidate.
12. ^ a b c d e One Illinois superdelegate is still committed to O'Malley. Therefore, the total number of available delegates is one less than expected.
13. ^ There are 8 unpledged delegates from Democrats Abroad that each cast half a vote at the national convention.
14. ^ Open to all voters excluding those who caucused with the Republicans on February 20.
15. ^ Open to all voters, though those who attend must state they will identify as a Democrat for the 2016 election.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Democratic Convention". The Green Papers. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
2. ^ Reston, Laura (October 14, 2015). "Americans Love an Underdog—Just Not Lincoln Chafee, Jim Webb, or Martin O'Malley". New Republic. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
3. ^ Strauss, Daniel (November 2, 2015). "Lessig drops out of presidential race". Politico. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
4. ^ Ballhaus, Rebecca (February 11, 2016). "Why Candidates 'Suspend' Losing Campaigns Rather Than Say 'I Quit'". The Wall Street Journal.
5. ^ "Sanders Lays Off Staff After Tuesday Primary Losses". NBC News. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
6. ^ Dann, Carrie (June 6, 2016). "Clinton hits 'magic number' of delegates to clinch nomination". NBC News. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
7. ^ "Hillary Clinton secures majority of pledged delegate". Politico. June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
8. ^ Eric Bradner (June 9, 2016). "Obama endorses Hillary Clinton in video". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
9. ^ Bixby, Scott (June 9, 2016). "Hillary Clinton gets endorsements from Obama, Biden and Elizabeth Warren – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
10. ^ "US Election: Bernie Sanders says he will vote for Hillary Clinton". ABC News. Reuters. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
11. ^ Keith, Tamara (July 11, 2016). "Sanders And Clinton To Rally Together In New Hampshire". npr.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
12. ^ "Released Emails Suggest the D.N.C. Derided the Sanders Campaign". Retrieved November 6, 2018.
13. ^ a b Blake, Aaron (July 25, 2016). "Here are the latest, most damaging things in the DNC's leaked emails". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
14. ^ Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller (December 9, 2016), "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House", The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
15. ^ Shane Harris, Ellen Nakashima and Craig Timberg (April 18, 2019), "Through email leaks and propaganda, Russians sought to elect Trump, Mueller finds", The Washington Post, retrieved June 2, 2019
16. ^ a b "Elizabeth Warren agrees Democratic race 'rigged' for Clinton". BBC News. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
17. ^ Schleifer, Theodore (July 25, 2016). "What was in the DNC email leak?". CNN. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
18. ^ Chan, Melissa (July 24, 2016). "Bernie Sanders Calls for Debbie Wasserman Schultz to Resign After Email Leak". Time. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
19. ^ Yuhas, Alan (July 24, 2016). "Hillary Clinton campaign blames leaked DNC emails about Sanders on Russia". The Guardian. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
20. ^ Flaherty, Anne (July 24, 2016). "Sanders Calls for DNC Chair's Resignation as Hacked Emails Overshadow Convention". Haaretz. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
21. ^ "Democratic primary debate schedule criticized as Clinton 'coronation'". The Guardian. August 6, 2015.
22. ^ Andrew Prokop (August 6, 2015). "The Democrats just released their debate schedule, and it's great news for Hillary Clinton". Vox. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
23. ^ Harry Enten (May 6, 2016). "Is Six Democratic Debates Too Few?". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
24. ^ Caputo, Marc (July 24, 2016). "Wasserman Schultz steps down as DNC chair". Politico. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
25. ^ "www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-former-senior-aide-to-bernie-sanders-1476297181-htmlstory.html". A Times. October 12, 2016.
26. ^ a b Brazile, Donna (November 2, 2017). "Inside Hillary Clinton's Secret Takeover of the DNC". Politico. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
27. ^ Stein, Jeff (November 2, 2017). "Donna Brazile's bombshell about the DNC and Hillary Clinton, explained". Vox. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
28. ^ a b Heersink, Boris (November 4, 2017). "No, the DNC didn’t 'rig' the Democratic primary for Hillary Clinton". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
29. ^ Houle, Dana (July 25, 2016). "No, the DNC Didn’t Rig the Primary in Favor of Hillary". The New Republic. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
30. ^ Holland, Joshua (July 29, 2016). "What the Leaked E-mails Do and Don’t Tell Us About the DNC and Bernie Sanders" Archived December 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. The Nation. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
31. ^ Gaughan, Anthony J. (August 27, 2019). "Was the Democratic Nomination Rigged? A Reexamination of the Clinton-Sanders Presidential Race". University of Florida Journal of Law & Public Policy (29). SSRN 3443916. Retrieved October 29, 2020. "This article [...] contends that the overwhelming weight of evidence makes clear the 2016 Democratic nomination process was not rigged in favor of Hillary Clinton. Second, this article argues that the Democratic Party rules and state election laws actually hurt Clinton and benefited Sanders."
32. ^ Wolf, Z. Byron (November 4, 2017). "Could Bernie Sanders have won a primary that wasn't 'rigged'? Um. | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
33. ^ Robillard, Kevin (December 9, 2017). "DNC 'unity' panel recommends huge cut in superdelegates". Politico. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
34. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (August 25, 2018). "Democrats strip superdelegates of power and reform caucuses in 'historic' move". NBC News. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
35. ^ "Hillary Clinton breaks the glass ceiling". Politico. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
36. ^ Hook, Janet (July 27, 2016). "Tim Kaine Accepts Vice-Presidential Nomination at Democratic National Convention". Wall Street Journal.
37. ^ Karni, Annie (April 12, 2015). "Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run". Politico.
38. ^ Chozick, Amy (July 12, 2016). "Bernie Sanders Endorses Hillary Clinton, Hoping to Unify Democrats". The New York Times.
39. ^ Mercia, Dan (April 30, 2015). "Bernie Sanders is running for president". CNN.
40. ^ @MartinOMalley (June 9, 2016). "For the future of the country, I am committing my energies to the election of Secretary Clinton as the next President. #ImWithher" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
41. ^ Jackson, David; Cooper, Allen (May 30, 2015). "Martin O'Malley jumps into presidential race". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
42. ^ Debenedetti, Gabriel (February 1, 2016). "Martin O'Malley suspends bid for the Democratic nomination". Politico. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
43. ^ @merica (August 3, 2016). "Lincoln Chafee, who briefly ran against HRC, will "enthusiastically support" Hillary Clinton now that she is the nominee, per Chafee's spox" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
44. ^ Foley, Elise (May 29, 2015). "Lincoln Chafee to announce presidential run on June 3". Politico. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
45. ^ Merica, Dan; LoBianco, Tom (October 23, 2015). "Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race". CNN.
46. ^ Catanese, David (July 2, 2015). "Jim Webb Announces For President". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
47. ^ "Webb drops Democratic presidential bid, weighs possible independent run". Fox News. October 20, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
48. ^ "Campaign Press Release: Larry Lessig Hits $1 Million Fundraising Benchmark, Plans to Announce His Campaign for President at Historic New Hampshire Site". Lessig2016.us. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
49. ^ Strauss, Daniel (November 2, 2015). "Lessig drops out of presidential race". Politico. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
50. ^ Cohen, Jon (December 5, 2012). "Run Hillary Run!: Majority want a Clinton 2016 candidacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
51. ^ Steinhauser, Paul (December 10, 2012). "Clinton rides high poll numbers into private life (for now?)". CNN. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
52. ^ Cohen, Jon; Blake, Aaron (January 23, 2013). "Hillary Clinton reaches new heights of political popularity". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
53. ^ Marlantes, Liz (December 10, 2012). "Are Republicans really 'incapable' of beating Hillary Clinton in 2016?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
54. ^ Marlantes, Liz (December 5, 2012). "New polls fuel speculation about Hillary Clinton in 2016". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
55. ^ a b Bolton, Alexander (November 12, 2013). "Left wants challenger for Hillary Clinton". The Hill. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
56. ^ Martin, Jonathan (September 29, 2013). "Populist Left Makes Warren Its Hot Ticket". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
57. ^ "Elizabeth Warren: I'm Not Running For President". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. December 4, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
58. ^ Stein, Sam (June 6, 2015). "Campaign To Draft Elizabeth Warren For President Comes To A Halt". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
59. ^ Frizell, Sam (June 3, 2015). "Sanders Eyes Run Warren Run's Network in Iowa". Time. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
60. ^ Rudin, Ken (May 7, 2013). "Joe Biden Has History On His Side But Little Else If Hillary Clinton Runs". NPR. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
61. ^ Hobratsch, Jonathan (March 17, 2014). "When Vice Presidents Run for President". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
62. ^ a b Gaudiano, Nicole (January 22, 2013). "Will Joe Biden run for president in 2016?". USA Today. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
63. ^ Rucker, Philip (May 2, 2013). "Biden ponders a 2016 bid, but a promotion to the top job seems to be a long shot". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
64. ^ Mason, Jeff (October 21, 2015). "Biden says he will not seek 2016 Democratic nomination". AOL. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
65. ^ Reilly, Molly (October 22, 2015). "Joe Biden Is Not Running For President In 2016". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
66. ^ Colleen McCain Nelson, Peter Nicholas (October 21, 2015). "Joe Biden Decides Not to Enter Presidential Race". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
67. ^ Jacobs, Ben (May 27, 2015). "Bernie Sanders formally launches run for president with attack on 'grotesque' level of inequality". The Guardian. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
68. ^ Rappeport, Alan (May 1, 2015). "Bernie Sanders, Long-Serving Independent, Enters Presidential Race as a Democrat". The New York Times.
69. ^ Hartmann, Margaret (September 14, 2014). "Senator Bernie Sanders May Run in 2016 – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer.
70. ^ Leibovich, Mark (January 21, 2007). "The Socialist Senator". The New York Times.
71. ^ Trip Gabriel, Patrick Healy (May 31, 2015). "Challenging Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders Gains Momentum in Iowa". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
72. ^ a b Lee, Kurtis (November 20, 2014). "Long shot Jim Webb launches exploratory committee for presidential bid". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
73. ^ "Lincoln Chafee to announce presidential run on June 3". POLITICO. May 29, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
74. ^ Merica, Dan (April 9, 2015). "Lincoln Chafee launches 2016 exploratory committee, goes after Clinton on Iraq". CNN.com. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
75. ^ Wagner, John (July 26, 2012). "O'Malley launches federal PAC as national profile rises". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
76. ^ Wagner, John (January 27, 2015). "O'Malley, with eye on 2016, retains two political operatives with Iowa experience". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
77. ^ "Harvard Professor Hits Million Dollar Benchmark for White House Bid". Associated Press. September 6, 2015.
78. ^ Foran, Clare (August 11, 2015). "Why Exactly Is Lawrence Lessig Considering Running for President?". National Journal. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
79. ^ Walker, Hayley (September 6, 2015). "Harvard Professor Larry Lessig Says He's Running for President". ABC News. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
80. ^ Merica, Dan (August 11, 2015). "Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig is exploring a long shot presidential bid". CNN. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
81. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (October 17, 2015). "Larry Lessig Isn't Giving Up On His Presidential Campaign". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
82. ^ "Election 2016 – Iowa Democratic Presidential Caucus". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
83. ^ Montanaro, Domenico. "Coin-Toss Fact-Check: No, Coin Flips Did Not Win Iowa For Hillary Clinton". npr.org. National Public Radio, Inc. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
84. ^ Hepker, Aaron (February 2, 2016). "All Precincts Reported: Clinton Defeats Sanders By Historically Small Margin". Des Moines, Iowa: WHO-TV.
85. ^ Ennis, Dawn (February 2, 2016). "And the Winner of the Iowa Caucus Is: Hillary Clinton (Barely)". The Advocate. ISSN 0001-8996.
86. ^ "Iowa Caucus Results". The New York Times. February 27, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
87. ^ "Iowa Caucus 2016: Election Results". NBC News. February 2, 2016.
88. ^ Taylor, Jessica (February 1, 2016). "Martin O'Malley Ends Presidential Bid". NPR. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
89. ^ Gregory Krieg (February 10, 2016). "Sanders 1st Jewish candidate to win presidential primary". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
90. ^ Haberman, Maggie (February 10, 2016). "New Hampshire Primary: Results and Analysis". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
91. ^ "New Hampshire Primary Results". The New York Times. February 27, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
92. ^ Barone, Michael (February 12, 2016). "New Hampshire Primary – Republicans Looking Better for General". National Review. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
93. ^ Rubin, Jennifer (February 19, 2016). "What if Hillary Clinton Loses in Nevada?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
94. ^ Cilizza, Chris (February 12, 2016). "Why Hillary Clinton should be worried about Nevada". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
95. ^ Evan Halper, Michael A. Memoli (February 5, 2016). "With New Hampshire primary nigh, Hillary Clinton shifts focus to Nevada caucuses and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
96. ^ "Nevada Caucus Results". The New York Times. February 27, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
97. ^ Gary Langer, Gregory Holyk, Chad Kiewiet De Jonge. "Black Voters Boost Hillary Clinton to South Carolina Primary Win". ABC News. Retrieved March 18, 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
98. ^ "Super Tuesday Results 2016". The New York Times. March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
99. ^ a b Seitz-Wald, Alex (March 2, 2016). "Super Tuesday: Hillary Clinton Hauls in Delegates But Bernie Sanders Fights On". NBC News. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
100. ^ Enten, Harry (March 2, 2016). "Hillary Clinton's Got This". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
101. ^ "2016 Primary Forecasts: Michigan Democratic primary". FiveThirtyEight. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
102. ^ "2016 Primary Forecasts: Mississippi Democratic primary". FiveThirtyEight. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
103. ^ John Wagner, Anne Gearan, Abby Phillip (March 9, 2016). "Sanders wins surprise, narrow victory in Michigan". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2016.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
104. ^ Bump, Phillip (March 9, 2016). "Why were the polls in Michigan so wrong?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
105. ^ Kelly McEvers, Harry Enten (March 9, 2016). "Why Did The Polls Fail To Predict Sanders' Win In Michigan?". NPR. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
106. ^ Bialik, Carl (March 9, 2016). "Why The Polls Missed Bernie Sanders's Michigan Upset". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
107. ^ Decker, Cathleen (March 9, 2016). "Bernie Sanders surprises Hillary Clinton in Michigan. Is Ohio next?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
108. ^ "2016 Primary Forecasts: North Carolina Democratic primary". FiveThirtyEight. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
109. ^ "2016 Primary Forecasts: Florida Democratic primary". FiveThirtyEight. January 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
110. ^ "March 15 Primary Results 2016". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 22, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
111. ^ "Bernie Sanders Says He Won't Seek Recount in Missouri". The New York Times. March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
112. ^ "Missouri Election Results 2016". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
113. ^ Yoon, Robert (March 21, 2016). "Bernie Sanders wins Democrats Abroad primary". CNN. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
114. ^ Bradner, Eric (March 23, 2016). "Primary election results: 5 takeaways from Western Tuesday". CNN. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
115. ^ Gass, Nick (March 22, 2016). "Clinton cruises in Arizona, Sanders takes Utah and Idaho". Politico. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
116. ^ Hannon, Elliot (March 23, 2016). "Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders square off in Arizona, Idaho, and Utah". Slate. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
117. ^ "March 22 Primary Results 2016". The New York Times. March 29, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
118. ^ a b Strauss, Daniel (March 26, 2016). "Can Sanders sweep Clinton in today's contests?". Politico. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
119. ^ Harry Enten, Nate Silver (March 26, 2016). "The System Isn't 'Rigged" Against Sanders". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
120. ^ Hains, Tim (March 27, 2016). "Bernie Sanders "Outperforming Obama" In Washington State". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
121. ^ "NYC debate info". Democrats.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
122. ^ "Wyoming Democrat". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
123. ^ Bloch, Matthew; Andrews, Wilson (April 20, 2016). "How Every New York City Neighborhood Voted in the Democratic Primary". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
124. ^ "Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Win Big on Super Tuesday III". Fox News. April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
125. ^ Roberts, Dan; Jacobs, Ben (May 4, 2016). "Bernie Sanders pulls off shock victory over Hillary Clinton in Indiana". The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
126. ^ Roberts, Yoon (May 7, 2016). "Hillary Clinton wins Guam Democratic caucuses". CNN. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
127. ^ Gale, John A (May 10, 2016). "Election Results". Nebraska Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
128. ^ Wyman, Tim (May 25, 2016). "Democratic primary results". Washington Secretary of State. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
129. ^ Murray, Mark (June 2, 2016). "Dem Race Tightens in California as Clinton Barely Leads Sanders 49% to 47%: Poll". NBC. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
130. ^ Yen, Hope (June 5, 2016). "Clinton moves closer to nomination, sweeps in Virgin Islands". Associated Press. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
131. ^ Coto, Dania; Lerer, Lisa (June 5, 2016). "Clinton wins Puerto Rico's primary". Associated Press. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
132. ^ Oliphant, James (June 6, 2016). "Clinton clinches Democratic presidential nomination: AP and NBC". Reuters. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
133. ^ Memoli, Michael A. "Hillary Clinton's immediate response to AP: Tuesday is the real clinching moment". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
134. ^ Dann, Carrie (June 6, 2016). "Sanders Blames Media's 'Rush to Judgment' as Clinton Hits Delegate Majority". NBC News. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
135. ^ a b Healy, Patrick; Martin, Jonathan (June 7, 2016). "Hillary Clinton Wins California, Bolstering Claim to Nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
136. ^ Westfall, Sandra Sobieraj. "Bernie Sanders Will Fight One Last Primary But Pledges to Work With Hillary Clinton to Avert 'Disaster' of a President Trump". People. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
137. ^ Theodore Schleifer; Jeff Zeleny (June 14, 2016). "Clinton, Sanders meet; Clinton wins D.C. primary". CNN. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
138. ^ Gaudiano, Nicole (June 16, 2016). "Bernie Sanders says Democrats' top task is defeating Donald Trump". USA Today. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
139. ^ Evans, Brad; Ledbetter, Stewart (July 13, 2016). "Sen. Bernie Sanders ends bid, endorses Hillary Clinton for president". WPTZ. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
140. ^ a b c "Here are the latest, most damaging things in the DNC's leaked emails". The Washington Post. July 25, 2016.
141. ^ "Debbie Wasserman Schultz to Resign D.N.C. Post". The New York Times. July 24, 2016.
142. ^ "DNC CEO resigns in wake of email controversy". CNN. July 25, 2016.
143. ^ Debenedetti, Gabriel (February 25, 2017). "Perez elected DNC chairman". Politico. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
144. ^ "Clinton fundraising leaves little for state parties". Politico. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
145. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (November 3, 2017). "Memo Reveals Details of Hillary Clinton-DNC Deal". NBC News. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
146. ^ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Arnsdorf, Isaac (July 26, 2016). "DNC sought to hide details of Clinton funding deal". Politico. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
147. ^ Lima, Cristiano (November 5, 2017). "Brazile: I found 'no evidence' Democratic primary was rigged". Politico. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
148. ^ Detrow, Scott (November 3, 2017). "Clinton Campaign Had Additional Signed Agreement With DNC In 2015". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
149. ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (November 14, 2017). "Brazile: Dem primary was not rigged because no votes were overturned". The Hill. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
150. ^ Borchers, Callum (November 8, 2017). "Donna Brazile is walking back her claim that the Democratic primary was 'rigged'". Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
151. ^ Shane, Scott; Mazzetti, Mark (February 16, 2018). "Inside a 3-Year Russian Campaign to Influence U.S. Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
152. ^ "Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections" (PDF). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. January 6, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
153. ^ Entous, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen; Miller, Greg (December 9, 2016). "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
154. ^ Collins, Michael (February 17, 2018). "Indictment: Russians also tried to help Bernie Sanders, Jill Stein presidential campaigns". USA Today. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
155. ^ Kranish, Michael (April 12, 2019). "Inside the Russian effort to target Sanders supporters — and help elect Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
156. ^ Roth, Andrew. "Russia denies DNC hack and says maybe someone 'forgot the password'". Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
157. ^ "Wikileaks founder Assange on hacked Podesta, DNC emails: 'Our source is not the Russian government'". Fox News. December 16, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
158. ^ Ward, Alex (July 13, 2018). "Read: Mueller indictment against 12 Russian spies for DNC hack". Vox. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
159. ^ "RNC's 2016 Presidential Primary Estimated Delegate Count". Republican Party. April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016. (official source tracking active campaigns + adding delegates won on April 26, pending source update)
160. ^ Epstein, Reid J.; McGill, Brian; Rust, Max (April 27, 2016). "Republican Convention's Delegate Math Explained". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
161. ^ Rivero, Daniel (July 26, 2016). "A day after calling for party unity, Bernie Sanders goes back to being an independent". Fusion TV. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
162. ^ "2016 Presidential Race". OpenSecrets.
163. ^ "Summary data for Hillary Clinton, 2016 Cycle". opensecrets.org. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
164. ^ "Summary data for Bernie Sanders, 2016 Cycle". opensecrets.org. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
165. ^ a b c "Democratic National Committee, 2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
166. ^ a b c "Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
167. ^ "Iowa Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
168. ^ "New Hampshire Democratic Primary Results". William M. Gardner, New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
169. ^ "Nevada Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
170. ^ "South Carolina Democratic Primary Official Results". South Carolina State Election Commission. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
171. ^ "Alabama Democratic Party certified Election Results" (PDF). Secretary of State of Alabama. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
172. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "American Samoa Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
173. ^ "Arkansas Official County results (provisional)". Arkansas Secretary of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
174. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (April 15, 2016). "Colorado Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
175. ^ "Georgia Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
176. ^ "Massachusetts Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
177. ^ "Massachusetts Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
178. ^ "Minnesota Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
179. ^ "Oklahoma State Election Board - 2016 March PPP Election". ok.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
180. ^ "Oklahoma Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
181. ^ "Tennessee Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
182. ^ "Texas Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
183. ^ Vermont Secretary of State
184. ^ "Vermont Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
185. ^ "Virginia Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
186. ^ "Kansas Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
187. ^ "Louisiana Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
188. ^ "Nebraska Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
189. ^ "Maine Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
190. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Democrats Abroad Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
191. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Michigan Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
192. ^ Johnson, Ruth. "2016 Michigan Election results". Michigan Department of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
193. ^ "Mississippi Primary Results". Mississippi Secretary of State. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
194. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Northern Marianas Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
195. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Florida Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
196. ^ "2016 Presidential Preference Primary - Official Election Results". Florida Department of State Division of elections. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
197. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Illinois Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
198. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Missouri Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
199. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "North Carolina Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
200. ^ "Ohio Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
201. ^ "Ohio Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
202. ^ "State of Arizona Official Canvass - 2016 Presidential Preference Election - March 22, 2016" (PDF). Arizona Secretary of State. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
203. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Arizona Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
204. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Idaho Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
205. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Utah Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
206. ^ "Alaska Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
207. ^ "Alaska Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
208. ^ "Hawaii Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
209. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Washington Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
210. ^ Wisconsin Official Results
211. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Wisconsin Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 6, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
212. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Wyoming Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 25, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
213. ^ New York State Board of Elections
214. ^ "New York Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
215. ^ "New York Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
216. ^ Connecticut Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
217. ^ "Connecticut Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
218. ^ "State of Delaware - Office of the State Election Commissioner". delaware.gov. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
219. ^ "Delaware Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
220. ^ "Maryland Official Primary Results". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
221. ^ "Maryland Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
222. ^ "Pennsylvania Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
223. ^ "Rhode Island Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
224. ^ "RI.gov: Election Results". ri.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
225. ^ "Indiana Democratic Delegation 2016 - Official Primary Results". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
226. ^ "Guam Democratic Delegation". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
227. ^ "Election Results". Nebraska Secretary of State. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
228. ^ "West Virginia Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
229. ^ Kentucky Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
230. ^ "Kentucky Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
231. ^ Oregon Secretary of State - Official Election Results
232. ^ "Oregon Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
233. ^ "Presidential Primary Results". wa.gov. May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
234. ^ "2016 Presidential Primary". wa.gov. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
235. ^ "Clinton moves closer to nomination, sweeps in Virgin Islands". Retrieved June 5, 2016.
236. ^ "Delegate Tracker". Associated Press. June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
237. ^ "Virgin Islands Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
238. ^ "Puerto Rico Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
239. ^ "California Democratic Primary - Official Election Results" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
240. ^ "California Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
241. ^ Montana Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
242. ^ "Montana Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
243. ^ New Jersey Democratic Primary Official Results - New Jersey Department of State
244. ^ "New Jersey Democratic Primary Results" (PDF). New Jersey State Elections. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
245. ^ "New Jersey Democrat". The Green Papers. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
246. ^ New Mexico State Board of Elections - Official Primary Results
247. ^ "New Mexico Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
248. ^ "North Dakota Democrat". The Green Papers. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
249. ^ "North Dakota Democratic-NPL Caucus Guide 2016". Retrieved May 29, 2016.[dead link]
250. ^ South Dakota Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
251. ^ "South Dakota Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
252. ^ "Upcoming Elections: South Dakota Secretary of State, Shantel Krebs". sdsos.gov. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
253. ^ District of Columbia Board of Elections - Official Primary Results
254. ^ "District of Columbia Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
255. ^ "2016 Election Center – Presidential Primaries and Caucuses". CNN.
256. ^ "Delegate Tracker". Associated Press.
257. ^ "2016 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results".

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016.

* Democratic Convention Watch
* Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
* Full Transcript: Democratic Presidential Debate October 14, 2015
* One-page summary on Daily Kos of candidate differences only (many links to sources)

* v
* t
* e

(← 2012) 2016 United States presidential election (2020 →)

Donald Trump, Mike Pence (R), 304 electoral votes; Hillary Clinton, Tim Kaine (D), 227 electoral votes

* Fundraising
* Positions
* Polls
* national
* by demo.
* statewide
* pre-2016
* early 2016
* international
* Social media
* Timeline
* Debates
* Newspaper endorsements
* primary
* Vote pairing
* Recounts
* Russian interference
* Faithless electors
* Electoral College vote count
* Transition
* inauguration

| Republican Party
▌AIP · ▌CPNY · ▌RTLP|

* Debates and forums
* Endorsements
* Primaries
* Polls (national · statewide · straw)
* Results
* Convention
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

Nominee
Donald Trump

campaign
endorsements
positions
protests
GOP opposition
VP nominee: Mike Pence

Other candidates
Jeb Bush

campaign
positions
Ben Carson

campaign
Chris Christie

campaign
Ted Cruz

campaign
endorsements
positions
Mark Everson
Carly Fiorina

campaign
Jim Gilmore

campaign
Lindsey Graham

campaign
Mike Huckabee

campaign
positions
Bobby Jindal

campaign
John Kasich

campaign
endorsements
Jimmy McMillan
George Pataki

campaign
Rand Paul

campaign
positions
Rick Perry

campaign
positions
Marco Rubio

campaign
positions
Rick Santorum

campaign
Scott Walker

campaign

Democratic Party
▌WEP · ▌WFP|

* Political positions
* Endorsements
* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Polls
* national
* statewide
* straw
* Results
* Convention
* superdelegates
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

Nominee
Hillary Clinton

campaign
endorsements

political
non-political
celebrities
performers
positions
Democratic opposition
VP nominee: Tim Kaine

Other candidates
Lincoln Chafee

campaign
Rocky De La Fuente

campaign
Paul T. Farrell Jr.
Lawrence Lessig

campaign
Martin O'Malley

campaign
Bernie Sanders

campaign
endorsements
positions
Jim Webb

campaign
Willie Wilson

Libertarian Party
▌IPNY|

* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Convention

Candidates|

Nominee
Gary Johnson

campaign
endorsements
positions
VP nominee: Bill Weld
Other candidates
John McAfee
Austin Petersen
Vermin Supreme

Green Party|

* Debates and forums
* Primaries
* Convention

Candidates|

Nominee
Jill Stein

campaign
endorsements
VP nominee: Ajamu Baraka
Other candidates
Darryl Cherney

Independents
▌ IPMN|

* Better for America
* Candidate: Evan McMullin
* campaign
* endorsements
* Running mate: Mindy Finn

Other third-party and independent candidates

| American Delta Party
▌Reform|

* Nominee: Rocky De La Fuente
* campaign
* VP nominee: Michael Steinberg

|

American Party (South Carolina)|

* Nominee: Peter Skewes

American Solidarity Party|

* Nominee: Mike Maturen

America's Party|

* Nominee: Tom Hoefling

Constitution Party|

* Primaries
* Convention

Nominee
Darrell Castle

campaign
VP nominee: Scott Bradley
Other candidates
Tom Hoefling

Nutrition Party|

* Nominee: Rod Silva

Peace and Freedom Party
▌PSL|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Dennis Banks
* PSL VP nominee: Eugene Puryear*

* Other candidates: Monica Moorehead
* Jill Stein

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: James Hedges

Socialist Action|

* Nominee: Jeff Mackler

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Jerry White

Socialist Party USA|

* Nominee: Mimi Soltysik
* campaign
* VP nominee: Angela Nicole Walker

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Alyson Kennedy
* VP nominee: Osborne Hart

Pacifist Party|

* Nominee: Bradford Lyttle

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Monica Moorehead

Other Independent candidates|

* Laurence Kotlikoff

* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.

* Other 2016 elections: Senate
* House

* v
* t
* e

United States presidential primaries and caucuses

Election timelines|

* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

National opinion polling|

Democratic Party
2008
2016
2020
2024
Republican Party
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024

State opinion polling|

Democratic Party
2004
2008
2016
2020
2024

Republican Party
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024

Fundraising|

* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020

Debates and forums|

Democratic Party
2004
2008
2016
2020

debates
forums

Republican Party
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Libertarian Party
2016
Green Party
2016

Straw polls|

* Conservative Political Action Conference
* Iowa State Fair
* (defunct: Ames, Iowa
* Texas)

Major events|

* Iowa caucuses
* New Hampshire primary
* Nevada caucuses
* South Carolina primary
* Super Tuesday

Caucuses
and primaries|

| Democratic Party|

* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

|

Republican Party|

* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Libertarian Party|

* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Green Party|

* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Reform Party|

* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020

Constitution Party|

* 2016
* 2020

Results breakdown|

List of candidates by number of primary votes received
Democratic Party
2008
2016
2020
2024
Republican Party
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024

National
conventions|

| Democratic Party|

* 1832
* 1835
* 1840
* 1844
* 1848
* 1852
* 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* 1868
* 1872
* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888
* 1892
* 1896
* 1900
* 1904
* 1908
* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

|

Republican Party|

* 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* 1868
* 1872
* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888
* 1892
* 1896
* 1900
* 1904
* 1908
* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1932
* 1936
* 1940
* 1944
* 1948
* 1952
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Libertarian Party|

* 1983
* 1987
* 1991
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2010
* 2012
* 2014
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Green Party|

* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* 2024

Defunct|

| Whig Party|

* 1839
* 1844
* 1848
* 1852
* 1856

|

Greenback Party|

* 1876
* 1880
* 1884
* 1888

Populist Party|

* 1892
* 1896
* 1900 • 1904 • 1908

Progressive Party|

* 1912
* 1916
* 1920
* 1924
* 1948
* 1952

Reforms|

* California Democratic Party v. Jones
* Graduated Random Presidential Primary System
* Delaware Plan
* Rotating Regional Primary System
* Interregional Primary Plan
* National Primary

* v
* t
* e

State and district results of the 2016 United States presidential election

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* District of Columbia
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

* v
* t
* e

Hillary Clinton

* 11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (2020–present)
* 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013)
* US Senator from New York (2001–2009)
* First Lady of the United States (1993–2001)
* First Lady of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)

Secretary
of State|

* Tenure as Secretary
* Foreign trips
* Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review
* Foreign policy of the Obama administration
* Hillary Doctrine
* Email controversy
* UN Security Council Resolution 1888
* UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

US senator|

* Senate career
* Family Entertainment Protection Act
* Flag Protection Act of 2005

First Lady|

* Tenure as First Lady
* 1993 health care reform
* Hillaryland
* Travel office controversy
* FBI files controversy
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vital Voices
* Save America's Treasures
* State Children's Health Insurance Program
* Adoption and Safe Families Act
* Foster Care Independence Act
* White House Millennium Council

Arkansas|

* Legal career
* Career in corporate governance
* Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas
* Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families
* Rose Law Firm
* Legal Services Corporation
* Whitewater controversy
* Cattle futures controversy

Philanthropic|

* Clinton Foundation
* State Department controversy
* Onward Together

Speeches
and policies|

* Political positions
* "Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995)
* "Basket of deplorables" (2016)

Writings|

* Bibliography
* Senior thesis (1969)
* It Takes a Village  (1996)
* Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998)
* An Invitation to the White House (2000)
* Living History (2003)
* Hard Choices (2014)
* Stronger Together (2016)
* What Happened (2017)
* The Book of Gutsy Women (2019)
* State of Terror (2021)

Electoral
history|

| Senatorial elections|

* 2000 US Senate election in New York
* 2006 US Senate election in New York

|

2008 Democratic
presidential primaries|

* Campaign
* Endorsements
* Debates
* Convention

2016 US presidential election|

* Campaign
* Endorsements
* political
* non-political
* screen and stage performers
* other celebrities
* Democratic primaries
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* Democratic opposition
* General election debates
* Hillary Victory Fund

Legacy|

* Awards and honors
* Books about
* Public image
* Clinton National Airport

Popular culture|

* Hillary 1984
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)
* Hillary (2020 documentary)

Family|

* Bill Clinton (husband
* presidency)
* Chelsea Clinton (daughter)
* Hugh E. Rodham (father)
* Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother)
* Hugh Rodham (brother)
* Tony Rodham (brother)
* Socks (cat)
* Buddy (dog)
* Whitehaven (residence)

Other|

* Situation Room (2011 photograph)
* Activities after 2016

* v
* t
* e

Bernie Sanders

* U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
* U.S. Representative from Vermont's at-large district (1991–2007)
* Mayor of Burlington (1981–1989)

Politics|

* Mayoralty
* Political positions
* Stop BEZOS Act
* Tax Relief Act filibuster
* University of Chicago sit-ins
* Veterans Choice Act
* Workplace Democracy Act
* Yemen War Powers Resolution
* Unity Task Forces

Elections|

| Gubernatorial|

* 1972
* 1976
* 1986

|

Mayoral|

* 1981
* 1983
* 1985
* 1987

U.S. House|

* 1988
* 1990
* 1992
* 1994
* 1996
* 1998
* 2000
* 2002
* 2004

U.S. Senate|

* 1972 special
* 1974
* 2006
* 2012
* 2018
* 2024

Presidential|

* 2016 campaign
* endorsements
* primaries
* debates
* 2020 campaign
* endorsements
* primaries
* debates
* Sanders-Trump voters

Works|

* We Shall Overcome
* Outsider in the White House
* The Speech
* Our Revolution
* Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution
* Where We Go from Here
* It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism

Public image|

* Media coverage
* "America" advertisement
* Bernie Bro
* Trump vs. Bernie
* Mittens meme

Organizations|

* College Students for Bernie
* Our Revolution
* People for Bernie
* Vets for Bernie

Family|

* Jane O'Meara Sanders (wife)
* Carina Driscoll (stepdaughter)
* Larry Sanders (brother)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* primaries
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* primaries
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* primaries
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* primaries
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* primaries
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* primaries
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* primaries
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* primaries
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* primaries
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* primaries
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* primaries
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* primaries
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
* primaries
* 2024 (Chicago): Harris/Walz
* primaries

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–2023)
* Jeffries (2023–)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* House Caucus
* Factions
* Blue Dog Coalition
* Congressional Progressive Caucus
* Justice Democrats
* New Democrat Coalition
* Problem Solvers Caucus

|

Fundraising|

* Democratic Attorneys General Association
* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors
* National Democratic Redistricting Committee

Sectional|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Superdelegate
* 2005 chairmanship election
* 2017 chairmanship election
* 2006 House Caucus leadership election
* 2018 House Caucus leadership election
* Weekly Democratic Address

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[P]: Pledged delegates
*[U]: Unpledged delegates
*[T]: Total delegates
*[SDE]: state delegate equivalents
*[CD]: county delegates
*[SCD]: state convention delegates
*[LDD]: legislative district delegates