2016 Kazakh legislative election

* * *

| ← 2012 | 20 March 2016 | 2021 →

|
|

* * *

98 of the 107 seats in the Mäjilis
54 seats needed for a majority
Registered| 9,810,852
Turnout| 77.12% ( 1.68pp)
|   | Majority party  | Minority party  | Third party

|
|
|

|  |  |
Leader  | Nursultan Nazarbayev | Azat Peruashev | Vladislav Kosarev
Party  | Nur Otan | Aq Jol | QKHP
Leader since  | 1 March 1999 | 2 July 2011 | 6 June 2004
Last election  | 83  | 8  | 7
Seats won  | 84 | 7  | 7
Seat change  | 1  | 1  |
Popular vote  | 6,183,757 | 540,406  | 537,123
Percentage  | 82.20% | 7.18%  | 7.14%
Swing  | 1.21pp  | 0.29pp  | 0.05pp

* * *

| Chairman before election

Kabibulla Dzhakupov
Nur Otan

| Elected Chairman

Baktykozha Izmukhambetov
Nur Otan

|

Politics of Kazakhstan

CIS member state

* * *

* Constitution

Human rights
* President (list)

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* Prime Minister

Oljas Bektenov
* Security Council

Chairman Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* Parliament

Senate

Chairman Mäulen Äşimbaev
Mäjilis

Chairman Erlan Qoşanov
* Political parties
* Recent elections

Presidential

* 2015
* 2019
* 2022

Parliamentary

* 2016
* 2021
* 2023

* Administrative divisions

Regions (oblıstar)
Districts (audandar)
* Foreign relations

Visa policy

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 20 March 2016. The date was set by president Nursultan Nazarbayev on 20 January 2016, when he dissolved the Mäjilis after it had requested dissolution on 13 January, with the reason cited being the economic crisis caused by low oil prices. The term of the Mäjilis would have expired in the fall of 2016.[1]

The result was an expected victory for Nur Otan from the exit polls which won an extra seat while the Ak Zhol Democratic Party and Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan maintained their presence in the Mäjilis. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) complained about lack of "genuine political choice" and "pluralism of opinion in the media."[2]

## Background

[edit]

From 2014, Kazakhstan had experienced economic crisis as a result of oil price crash in which it is heavily reliant on for revenue and the devaluation of the Kazakhstani tenge that was caused by the country's neighboring and main trading partner of Russia which faced a financial crisis as a result of international sanctions over the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and War in Donbas.[3]

In the 2015 Kazakh presidential election, President Nursultan Nazarbayev won 97.7% of the vote with lack of any opposition candidates. From there, he announced that the Nurly Zhol economic stimulus would remain as top priority in dealing with the economic troubles and that the sanctions against Russia could not stay forever, believing that the Russo-Ukrainian war would eventually end in peace.[3][4] Despite the promises, the price of oil continued dropping and Kazakhstan's exports shrank by 40%. In August 2015, the tenge lost 5% of its value against dollar. Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan Kairat Kelimbetov dismissed the claims of currency devaluation saying that "this is a transition to a freely floating rate when the market itself determines a balanced exchange rate on the basis of supply and demand."[5][6] The inflation rate though did drop by 3.7% from the beginning of the year because of low oil prices and weak domestic demand.[7] By October 2015, the tenge devalued by 40% and the inflation rate eventually rose again by 13% at the end of the year.[8][9]

On 13 January 2016 members of the Mäjilis voted unanimously to request Nazarbayev dissolve parliament. The reason was Nazarbayev's warning about a potential upcoming "real crisis" that would be caused by low oil prices.[10] One week later, Nazarbayev set 20 March 2016 as the date for the snap elections, which would be held concurrently with elections to mäslihats (local legislative bodies).[11]

## Electoral system

[edit]

The 98 directly elected members of the Mäjilis were elected from a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation with a 7% electoral threshold. Seats were allocated using the largest remainder method. If parties had an equal largest remainder, the party that was registered first was awarded the seat. If only one party crossed the threshold, the party with the second highest number of votes was to be awarded at least two seats.[12] A further nine seats were elected by the Assembly of People, a body selected by the President.[13]

## Parties

[edit]

The table shows the parties that appeared on the ballot:

Ballot #  | Party  | Main ideology  | Leader

|
|
|

1 |  | Nur Otan | Big tent | Nursultan Nazarbayev
2 |  | Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | Communism | Vladislav Kosarev
3  |  | Ak Zhol Democratic Party | Liberal conservatism | Azat Peruashev
4  |  | Birlik | Eco-socialism | Serik Sultangali
5  |  | Nationwide Social Democratic Party | Social democracy | Zharmakhan Tuyakbay
6  |  | Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | Agrarianism | Äli Bektaev

## Campaign

[edit]

### Nur Otan

[edit]

Nur Otan party secretary Farhad Quanganov in an interview to Vlast.kz said that "all the necessary organizational and preparatory work has already begun." He called the parliamentary elections "a historic opportunity to become even stronger, even more united, to ensure the effective implementation of five institutional reforms and the Plan of the Nation '100 Concrete Steps'."[14]

#### 17th Extraordinary Congress

[edit]

The party held its 17th Extraordinary Congress at the Palace of Independence in Astana on 29 January 2016. Nur Otan presented its electoral program named "Kazakhstan 2021: Unity, Stability, Creation" which noted its achievements in economic growth of 7%, GDP growth per-capita by 17 times, the creation of the National Fund which accumulated over $63.5 billion over 17 years, first industrial programs, Kazakhstan's entry into the top 10 world exporters in grain, and an increase in population by 3 million. President and party chairman Nursultan Nazarbayev assured Kazakhstani citizens that nothing produced in the country should rise, mentioning his personal visit to the markets in Astana where he did not notice much rise in price, except for seasonal cucumbers and tomatoes which Nazarbayev claimed to be due to winter season.[15] The Nur Otan presented its party list of 127 candidates which included well-known politicians, public figures, athletes and artists in the country.[16]

### Ak Zhol

[edit]

On 3 February 2016, the Ak Zhol Democratic Party held its 8th Ordinary Congress where the party unveiled its list of 35 people. Ak Zhol Chairman Azat Peruashev at the congress said "we are not opposition to our people, our state, our President, for whom we voted. We are the opposition to injustice, incompetence, dishonesty." The party members approved a manifesto called "Ak Zhol - Time to Work", which consisted of ten points: protection of business and giving mass character to entrepreneurship; market reforms and the creation of a productive economy; an educated and healthy nation - strong and ambitious workforce; development of the employment system and reduction of unemployment; housing construction as a driver of the economy; the agro-industrial complex is a reliable support of the country; transparency and accountability of the authorities to the society; development of the spiritual and cultural sphere of the people of Kazakhstan; fight against corruption and judicial and legal reform; security for every home. The Ak Zhol expressed its desire to win at least seven seats in the Mäjilis.[17]

### Communist People's Party

[edit]

The Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan (QKHP) at its 10th Ordinary Congress on 2 February 2016 announced its party list consisting of 22 people, which included 2015 presidential election candidate Turgyn Syzdyqov.[18] The party announced its intention to preserve the ideas of scientific communism, promote the ideology of Marxism–Leninism in the country and strategic priorities of the implemented social policy of the state to improve the quality of life for citizens. The QKHP urged all the proletarians in Kazakhstan to unite and expressed its support to fight prostitution, drug addiction and embezzlement. The party also proposed a ban on Hollywood blockbusters, believing it to be corrupting Kazakhstani youth.[19]

### Auyl

[edit]

The Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party presented its party list of 19 candidates at its 12th Extraordinary Congress on 1 February 2016, which according to the party's chairman Äli Bektaev, 70% of them worked in production, were heads of districts and cities while some of them were heads of ministries, agencies and first deputies. The Auyl announced its electoral platform in preservation and development of the national culture, development in rural areas through the introduction of modern technologies in the agricultural sector, tight control over the targeted and rational use of agricultural land, reduction in wage gap, establishment of "luxury tax" and the increased quality standards for medical services in the villages, payment towards spouses with 3 or more children, and an increase in scholarships to the level of the social standard of consumption.

### JSDP

[edit]

The opposition Nationwide Social Democratic Party (JSDP) was the first contesting party to hold its election campaign congress on 31 January 2016. From there, the party presented its list of 27 people from which JSDP Chairman Zharmakhan Tuyakbay stated that "there are a lot of organizational problems, in general, I tried to dodge this party list." Although he expressed doubts about running for seat in the Mäjilis, Tuyakbay noted that with him, the party list would count as 28 candidates.[20] The JSDP adopted an anti-crisis platform titled "Get your voice back, get your country back!" which called to an end in the decline in the living standards of citizens, stopping the collapse of the tenge, transformation of an authoritarian regime to a democratic form of government, and an ensuring of the environmental safety by proposing a ban on the import and disposal of foreign nuclear and other hazardous waste on the territory of Kazakhstan. The party criticized the government's response to the crisis and sought for the expansion of production and consumption.[21]

### Birlik

[edit]

On 5 February 2016, the Birlik announced its participation in the elections for the first time since the party's foundation in 2013. The Birlik positioned itself as a "party of social justice" which seeks to protect an individual from lawlessness by creating equal opportunities for all citizens regardless of social, ethnic and religious backgrounds. The party announced its decision to prioritize the issues of environmental protection with a goal of establishing a clean Kazakhstan by preserving flora and fauna. The Birlik called for reforms in aimed at creating a more competitive economy and agriculture and an increase in state-defined consumer basket. According to the party's chairman Serik Sultangali, the policies made by Birlik supports the strategic guidelines that were implemented by President Nursultan Nazarbayev.[22]

## Conduct

[edit]

2016 Kazakhstani legislative election ballot.

Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR), the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (PA) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) announced in their joint press release that the elections had been "efficiently organised with some progress noted, but they indicated that Kazakhstan still has a considerable way to go in meeting its OSCE commitments for democratic elections". The statement added: "The legal framework restricts fundamental civil and political rights, and comprehensive reform is required."[23]

## Results

[edit]

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| Nur Otan| 6,183,757| 82.20| 84| +1
| Aq Jol| 540,406| 7.18| 7| –1
| Communist People's Party| 537,123| 7.14| 7| 0
| Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party| 151,285| 2.01| 0| 0
| Nationwide Social Democratic Party| 88,813| 1.18| 0| 0
| Birlik| 21,484| 0.29| 0| New
Members elected by the Assembly of People| | 9| 0
Total| 7,522,868| 100.00| 107| 0
Valid votes| 7,522,868| 99.43|
Invalid/blank votes| 43,282| 0.57|
Total votes| 7,566,150| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 9,810,852| 77.12|
Source: CEC, CEC

The nine nominees were Sauytbek Abdrahmov, Vladimir Bozhko, Natalya Zhumadildayeva, Roman Kim, Narine Mikaelyan, Ahmet Muradov, Shaimardan Nurumov, Yury Tymochenko and Shakir Khakhazov.[24]

### By region

[edit]

#### Akmola Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 311,788 | 82.52
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 24,604 | 6.51
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 28,489 | 7.54
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 11,335 | 3.00
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 1,327 | 0.35
Birlik | 303 | 0.08
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Aktobe Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 318,205 | 83.63
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 31,577 | 8.30
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 25,671 | 6.77
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 11,335 | 3.00
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 2,004 | 0.53
Birlik | 855 | 0.23
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Almaty Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 789,394 | 84.78
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 60,112 | 6.46
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 57,784 | 6.21
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 11,335 | 3.00
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 1,025 | 0.11
Birlik | 600 | 0.06
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Atyrau Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 214,792 | 84.74
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 18,372 | 7.25
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 17,840 | 7.04
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 453 | 0.18
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 736 | 0.29
Birlik | 1,265 | 0.06
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### East Kazakhstan Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 585,331 | 82.17
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 51,524 | 7.23
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 60,649 | 8.51
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 8,209 | 1.15
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 4,595 | 0.65
Birlik | 2,075 | 0.29
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Jambyl Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 346,338 | 80.32
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 33,994 | 7.88
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 36,996 | 8.58
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 6,840 | 1.59
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 4,659 | 1.08
Birlik | 2,384 | 0.55
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### West Kazakhstan Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 258,809 | 82.68
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 24,145 | 7.71
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 16,992 | 5.41
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 6,199 | 1.98
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 4,160 | 1.33
Birlik | 2,781 | 0.89
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Karaganda Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 548,864 | 83.20
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 50,599 | 7.67
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 50,071 | 7.59
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 8,642 | 1.31
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 1,188 | 0.18
Birlik | 330 | 0.05
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Kostanay Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 379,250 | 81.59
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 34,802 | 7.49
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 38,831 | 8.35
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 9,522 | 2.05
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 1,858 | 0.40
Birlik | 560 | 0.12
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Kyzylorda Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 273,870 | 81.41
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 24,093 | 7.25
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 20,406 | 6.14
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 8,537 | 2.57
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 4,586 | 1.38
Birlik | 831 | 0.25
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Mangystau Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 197,246 | 82.07
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 15,287 | 6.36
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 14,445 | 6.01
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 9,349 | 3.89
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 2,763 | 1.15
Birlik | 1,249 | 0.52
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### Pavlodar Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 271,961 | 81.72
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 23,925 | 7.20
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 27,362 | 8.23
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 4,633 | 1.39
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 3,363 | 1.01
Birlik | 1,508 | 0.45
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### North Kazakhstan Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 261,903 | 82.72
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 21,685 | 6.85
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 21,622 | 6.83
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 9,568 | 3.02
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 1,521 | 0.48
Birlik | 315 | 0.10
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### South Kazakhstan Region

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 918,245 | 82.07
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 78,879 | 7.05
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 73,287 | 6.55
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 33,529 | 3.00
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 13,693 | 1.22
Birlik | 1.223 | 0.11
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### City of Astana

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 263,051 | 85.18
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 16,055 | 5.20
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 21,471 | 7.04
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 495 | 0.16
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 6,423 | 2.08
Birlik | 1,051 | 0.34
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

#### City of Almaty

[edit]

Party  | Votes  | %

|
|

Nur Otan | 244,980 | 70.10
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol | 30,753 | 8.80
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan | 24,917 | 7.13
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl | 9,786 | 2.80
Nationwide Social Democratic Party | 34,912 | 9.99
Birlik | 4,124 | 1.18
Invalid/blank votes |  | –
Total |  |
Registered voters/turnout |  |
Source: CEC, CEC

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Nazarbaev Dissolves Kazakh Parliament, Sets Date For Early Elections". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
2. ^ Sholk, Dena (2016-03-25). "Understanding Kazakhstan's Politics, Again". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-26. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
3. ^ a b Nurshayeva, Raushan; Solovyov, Dmitry (2015-04-27). "Kazakh leader apologizes for 97.7 percent re-election victory". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
4. ^ Lillis, Joanna (2015-04-27). "Kazakhstan: Nazarbayev Apologetic for Lopsided Election Results | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
5. ^ Gordeyeva, Mariya; Solovyov, Dmitry (2015-08-20). "Kazakhstan floats tenge, currency tumbles". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
6. ^ Witte, Michelle (2015-08-20). "Kazakh Government Switches to Inflation Targeting as Tenge Drops 26 Percent Against Dollar". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
7. ^ "Kazakhstan: Adjusting to Low Oil Prices, Challenging Times Ahead". World Bank. 2015-10-15. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
8. ^ "Victim of the domino effect". economic-research.bnpparibas.com (in French). 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2020-11-22.[permanent dead link]
9. ^ "Kazakh inflation rate close to 13%". Business Investor Guide. 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
10. ^ "Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
11. ^ "INTERNATIONAL ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION Republic of Kazakhstan – Early Parliamentary Elections, 20 March 2016". OSCE. 2016-03-21. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
12. ^ Electoral system IPU
13. ^ Republic of Kazakhstan IFES
14. ^ КАУКЕНОВА, САЯЖАН (2016-01-22). "В новой программе "Нур Отана" будут учтены основные направления Плана нации - секретарь партии - Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть". vlast.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-24.
15. ^ СЕВОСТЬЯНОВА, ИРИНА (2016-01-29). "Экономика, реформы и будущее: "Нур Отан" первым провел предвыборный съезд - Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть". vlast.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-24.
16. ^ Косенов, Алдияр (2016-01-29). "Головкин и Дугалова стали кандидатами в депутаты Мажилиса от "Нур Отана"". tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
17. ^ Мосунов, Игорь (2016-02-03). ""Ак жол" надеется получить семь депутатских мандатов по итогам выборов в Мажилис | informburo.kz". old.informburo.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-24.
18. ^ Агимбетов, Батырбек (2016-02-02). "Владислав Косарев и Айкын Конуров идут на выборы в Мажилис от КНПК". informburo.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-24.
19. ^ Газета "РАБАТ" (2016-02-20). "Что обещают партии казахстанцам после выборов". OTYRAR (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-24.
20. ^ "Туякбай, Батталова и Своик вошли в список кандидатов в депутаты от ОСДП".
21. ^ "Nationwide Social Democratic Party Seeks Participation in Parliamentary Election". 2 February 2016.
22. ^ "Партия "Бирлик" выдвигает восемь кандидатов в мажилис".
23. ^ "Kazakhstan elections efficiently organized, some progress, still considerable way to go to meet OSCE election commitments, international observers say". osce.org.
24. ^ Об установлении и опубликовании итогов внеочередных выборов депутатов Мажилиса Парламента Республики Казахстан шестого созыва, распределении депутатских мандатов по итогам голосования по партийным спискам Archived 2016-04-09 at the Wayback Machine CEC

## External links

[edit]

* Central Election Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Kazakhstan

Presidential elections|

* 1991
* 1999
* 2005
* 2011
* 2015
* 2019
* 2022

Parliamentary elections|

* 1937
* 1947
* 1951
* 1955
* 1959
* 1963
* 1967
* 1971
* 1975
* 1980
* 1985
* 1990
* 1994
* 1995
* 1999
* 2004
* 2007
* 2012
* 2016
* 2021
* 2023

Local elections|

* 1994
* 1999
* 2003
* 2007
* 2012
* 2016
* 2021
* 2023

Municipal elections|

* 2021

Referendums|

* 1991
* 1995 (Apr)
* 1995 (Aug)
* 2022
* 2024

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template