2016 Spanish general election

* * *

| <- 2015 | 26 June 2016 | 2019 (Apr) ->

|
|

<- outgoing members

* * *

All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered| 36,520,913 0.0%
Turnout| 24,279,259 (66.5%)
3.2 pp
|  | First party  | Second party  | Third party

|
|
|

|  |  |
Leader  | Mariano Rajoy | Pedro Sánchez | Pablo Iglesias
Party  | PP | PSOE | Unidos Podemos[a]
Leader since  | 2 September 2003  | 26 July 2014 | 15 November 2014
Leader's seat  | Madrid | Madrid | Madrid
Last election  | 123 seats, 28.7%  | 90 seats, 22.0%  | 71 seats, 24.5%[b]
Seats won  | 137  | 85  | 71
Seat change  | 14  | 5  | 0
Popular vote  | 7,941,236  | 5,443,846  | 5,087,538
Percentage  | 33.0%  | 22.6%  | 21.2%
Swing  | 4.3 pp | 0.6 pp | 3.3 pp

* * *

| Fourth party  | Fifth party  | Sixth party
|  |  |
Leader  | Albert Rivera | Gabriel Rufián | Francesc Homs
Party  | C's | ERC–CatSí | CDC
Leader since  | 9 July 2006  | 7 November 2015  | 6 November 2015
Leader's seat  | Madrid | Barcelona | Barcelona
Last election  | 40 seats, 13.9%  | 9 seats, 2.4%  | 8 seats, 2.2%[c]
Seats won  | 32  | 9  | 8
Seat change  | 8  | 0  | 0
Popular vote  | 3,141,570  | 639,652  | 483,488
Percentage  | 13.1%  | 2.7%  | 2.0%
Swing  | 0.8 pp | 0.3 pp | 0.2 pp

* * *

Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress)

Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress)

Election results by constituency (Congress)

* * *

| Prime Minister before election

Mariano Rajoy (acting)

| Prime Minister after election

Mariano Rajoy

|

The 2016 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 26 June 2016, to elect the 12th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate.

No party had secured a majority in the 2015 election, resulting in the most fragmented parliament since 1977. Ensuing negotiations failed to produce a stable governing coalition, paving the way for a repeat election on 26 June.[1][2] The political deadlock marked the first time that a Spanish election was triggered due to failure in the government formation process.[3] Podemos and United Left (IU) joined forces ahead the election to form the Unidos Podemos alliance, along with several other minor left-wing parties. Opinion polling going into the election predicted a growing polarisation between this alliance and the People's Party (PP), which would be fighting to maintain first place nationally.[4]

The Unidos Podemos alliance suffered a surprise decline in votes and vote share compared to the previous election, while the PP increased its number of votes and seats as well as its margin of victory. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) clung to second place despite losing votes and seats, scoring a new historical low. Albert Rivera's Citizens (C's) suffered from the electoral system as well as from tactical voting to the PP and fell to 32 seats. Overall, a potential PP–C's bloc secured 6 more seats than before, but remained short of an overall majority. With the political deadlock settling in, commentators suggested that a new, third election could be eventually needed.[5]

Electoral setbacks for the PSOE in the Basque and Galician regional elections held on 25 September 2016 unleashed a party crisis which led to Pedro Sánchez's ouster as leader on 1 October. An interim party leadership was appointed, which chose to abstain to allow government formation and prevent a third general election. As a result, Mariano Rajoy was re-elected as prime minister for a second term in office on 29 October amid public outcry and protest at PSOE's U-turn, which was also met with opposition from within the party—15 MPs eventually not complying with the party's directive and voting against Rajoy nonetheless.[6][7] Rajoy's government would only last for 20 months until 2018, as public outcry at the emergence of new corruption scandals and judicial blows to the ruling party would prompt Sánchez—who would secure re-election as PSOE leader in June 2017—to bring down the PP government in the first successful motion of no confidence since the Spanish transition to democracy.

## Overview

[edit]

### Electoral system

[edit]

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[8][9] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[10][11] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[12][13]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[14][15] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[16]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[17]

Seats  | Constituencies

|

36 | Madrid
31 | Barcelona
16 | Valencia(+1)
12 | Alicante, Seville
11 | Málaga
10 | Murcia
9 | Cádiz
8 | A Coruña, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 | Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 | Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 | Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 | Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León(–1), Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 | Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 | Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[18][19]

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislature's term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when needed, by the designated substitutes, of which the list could include up to ten.[20]

### Election date

[edit]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[21] The previous election was held on 20 December 2015, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 20 December 2019. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 26 November 2019, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 19 January 2020.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one.[22] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[23] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2025 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 3 May 2016 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 26 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 19 July.[17]

## Background

[edit]

### 2015 election aftermath

[edit]

Podemos' election night celebration on 20 December 2015.

The 2015 Spanish general election resulted in the most fragmented Congress of Deputies in recent times. This raised the possibility that, for the first time since the Spanish transition to democracy, parliamentary deadlock over the investiture of a prime minister would require a new election to be held.[24] According to Article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution, "if within a period of two months from the first investiture vote no candidate has obtained the confidence of Congress, the King shall dissolve both chambers and call a new election, with the endorsement of the President of the Congress of Deputies."[25]

As neither of the two possible pacts between the major parties—the conservative People's Party (PP) with liberal Citizens (C's) or the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) with left-wing Podemos—had enough deputies to command a parliamentary majority on their own without the support of peripheral nationalist parties, attention focused on the PSOE as it underwent a leadership crisis.[26] The PP wanted the Socialists to either abstain in Rajoy's investiture vote or join them in a grand coalition;[27] C's put pressure on the PSOE to abstain and avoid a snap election;[28] while Podemos suggested that PSOE leader Pedro Sánchez had lost control of his party.[29] PSOE and C's feared that a new election could see them losing votes to the benefit of both PP and Podemos.[30]

A crisis developed within the PSOE after the December election result, with critics accusing Pedro Sánchez of lack of self-criticism for the election results—a then-historic low of 90 seats—ahead of PSOE's scheduled spring leadership election.[31] While Sánchez favoured trying to reach an agreement with Podemos, regional party leaders refused to accept Podemos' negotiation terms and instead favoured allowing the PP to try to form a government on its own,[32] and the possibility of a PSOE–Podemos pact faded.[33] President of Andalusia Susana Díaz, who was reported to be leading an open rebellion within the party, was said to be seeking to replace Sánchez as party leader and to eventually lead the PSOE into a new general election in 2016.[34][35][36]

### PP scandals

[edit]

A persistent wave of corruption scandals struck the PP throughout the negotiation process. On 22 January, the PP became the first party ever to be charged in a corruption case, after being accused of destroying Bárcenas' hard drives in 2013, which had allegedly contained information related to the party's illegal funding.[37][38] The same day, a key member of Deputy PM Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría's staff was forced to resign from his post after it was discovered that he had been involved in a scandal involving the fraudulent awarding of public contracts.[39]

"Operation Taula", a major police operation in Valencia that took place on 26 January 2016, resulted in the arrest of several former and incumbent high-ranking members of the regional PP branch, as part of the ongoing investigation into PP corruption in the region during its time in government. By early February, a massive illegal financing network had been uncovered connected with PPCV, with dozens of party officials and city councillors indicted or arrested.[40][41][42] The judicial investigation also implicated long-serving former Mayor of Valencia Rita Barberá in the scandal; her arrest or indictment was only prevented due to the fact she had legal immunity as an incumbent senator.[43] A few days later, on 1 February, all PP city councillors in the city of Valencia, including new local party leader Alfonso Novo, were charged with a possible money laundering offence, along with most members of Barberá's previous government.[42] The party found itself at risk of losing its municipal group in the city of Valencia—the third largest in Spain, which had seen 24 years of PP rule under Barberá's command—and rumours circulating of a reformation of the party in the region.[44]

On 11 February, the scandal spread to Madrid when the Civil Guard was sent to search PP's main headquarters as part of the ongoing investigation resulting from the Operation Punica scandal, uncovered in October 2014. Evidence suggested that the public work contract kickbacks from the Punica case could also involve possible illegal financing of the PP branch in the region.[45][46] Esperanza Aguirre, former President of Madrid from 2003 to 2012 and president of the party's regional branch since 2004, resigned as regional leader on 14 February as a consequence of the scandal's political fallout, emphasising her lack of "direct responsibility" for the scandal but "assuming [her] political responsibility" both as party leader and former regional premier.[47][48]

In April, an urban planning corruption scandal was revealed to involve Granada's mayor and his government, all from PP.[49] Meanwhile, the Spanish Treasury fined former prime minister José María Aznar for evading tax payments through a society.[50] On 15 April, caretaker Industry Minister José Manuel Soria stepped down from his post as a result of his involvement in the Panama Papers scandal and his confusing and inconsistent statements on the issue.[51][52]

### Economy

[edit]

While negotiations to form a government were underway, Spain's public deficit for 2015 was announced as 5.2%, well above the 4.2% target agreed with the European Union and even exceeding the European Commission (EC) forecast of 4.8%.[53] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) demanded that the large 2015 deficit translate into "substantial fiscal tightening", blaming the deficit on the PP government's 2015 decision to cut taxes for the election year.[54] On 16 April, the government lowered its economic growth forecast for 2016 from 3% to 2.7%.[55] As a result, Finance Minister Cristóbal Montoro announced €2 billion of spending cuts in order to curb the public deficit,[56] while also demanding that the 12 autonomous communities agree their own austerity plans within 15 days to freeze public spending.[57][58] Other economic data for the first quarter of 2016 showed the Spanish economy growing by 0.8% on the previous quarter,[59] but with unemployment increasing slightly by 11,900, to 21%.[60]

As a result of Spain not meeting its deficit target, the EC gave the country an additional year to meet its deficit requirements, but proposed a €2 billion fine, while demanding additional spending cuts worth €8 billion.[61] Despite the government's denial that new cuts would be needed, a letter leaked on 23 May revealed that Rajoy would be willing to impose additional spending cuts "once a new government was formed" after 26 June election,[62] sparking criticism from opposition parties, who accused the PP of lying to the public.[63]

On 24 June, the IBEX 35—the benchmark stock market index of Spain's stock exchange—plummeted by 12.3%, the largest fall in its history, as a result of the 'Leave' choice winning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.[64]

### Government formation failure

[edit]

Further information: 2015–2016 Spanish government formation § First attempt (December 2015 – April 2016)

On 22 January, Mariano Rajoy turned down King Felipe VI's invitation to form a government after Podemos offered a coalition proposal to the PSOE, also including IU, with Sánchez as prime minister and Pablo Iglesias as his deputy.[65] This offer shocked the PSOE—which suddenly found itself at the mercy of Iglesias' party—with prominent PSOE figures describing the proposal as an "insult" and "blackmail".[66] The next day, Sánchez also declined to run for the investiture until Rajoy had clarified whether he would make his own attempt at government formation or step back definitely.[67] Corruption scandals concerning the PP caused other parties to reject them and withdraw from negotiations with Rajoy.[68] This situation lasted for a week until, on 2 February, the King invited Pedro Sánchez to form a government.[69][70]

After several weeks of negotiations between parties, the PSOE announced a surprise government deal with C's on 24 February.[71] However, the form and content of the agreement met with criticism from parties both on the left and right of the spectrum, including PP and Podemos.[72] The PP stated its opposition to the PSOE–C's pact, refusing to cede to C's demands to abstain in the investiture on an agreement they described as "a farce".[73] On the other hand, Podemos and other left-wing parties felt betrayed and broke off negotiations with the PSOE, viewing the deal as an unholy alliance between the two formerly opposed parties. Other minor parties, such as Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democracy and Freedom (DL), the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and EH Bildu, also announced their opposition.[74][75] As a result, Pedro Sánchez's investiture was rejected on 4 March by an overwhelming majority of 219 to 131 in the Congress of Deputies, Sánchez thus becoming the first candidate ever to fail an investiture vote.[76]

Negotiations continued throughout March and April, but antipathy between Podemos and C's made any three-party pact between PSOE, Podemos and C's impossible.[77] The PP pressured the PSOE to join a grand coalition,[78] a scenario which the latter rejected.[79] A final round of talks on 25–26 April proved inconclusive, with King Felipe VI failing to nominate a candidate for prime minister. On 3 May 2016, the King exercised the constitutional mandate and triggered an election—with the endorsement of President of the Congress Patxi López—by issuing a royal decree dissolving the Parliament. This marked the first time since the transition to democracy that an election was called under Article 99.5 of the Constitution, wherein initiative for the Cortes' dissolution belonged to the King and not to the prime minister.[80]

## Parliamentary composition

[edit]

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[81][82]

Parliamentary composition in May 2016[83] | Congress of Deputies

Groups  | Parties  | Deputies
Seats  | Total
| People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress  |  | PP | 119  | 119
| Socialist Parliamentary Group  |  | PSOE | 81  | 89
| PSC | 8
| We Can–In Common We Can–In Tide
Parliamentary Group  |  | Podemos | 50  | 65
| BComú | 4
| ICV | 3
| Equo | 3
| EUiA | 2
| Anova | 2
| EU | 1
| Citizens Parliamentary Group  |  | Cs | 40  | 40
| Republican Left's Parliamentary Group  |  | ERC | 9  | 9
| Catalan Parliamentary Group
(Democracy and Freedom)  |  | CDC | 7  | 8
| DC | 1
| Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV)  |  | EAJ/PNV | 6  | 6
| Mixed Parliamentary Group  |  | Compromís | 4  | 14
| IU–UPeC | 2
| UPN | 2
| Sortu | 1
| Alternatiba | 1
| CCa | 1
| FAC | 1
| NCa | 1
| INDEP | 1[d]
Parliamentary composition in May 2016[85] | Senate[e]

Groups  | Parties  | Senators
Seats  | Total
| People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate  |  | PP | 140  | 142
| PAR | 2
| Socialist Parliamentary Group  |  | PSOE | 66  | 67
| PSC | 1
| We Can–In Common–Commitment–In Tide
Parliamentary Group  |  | Podemos | 17  | 23
| ICV | 3
| Compromís | 2
| EU | 1
| Democracy and Freedom
Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate  |  | CDC | 7  | 8
| DC | 1
| Republican Left's Parliamentary Group  |  | ERC | 8  | 8
| Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate
(EAJ/PNV)  |  | EAJ/PNV | 7  | 7
| Mixed Parliamentary Group  |  | Cs | 3  | 10
| UPN | 1
| FAC | 1
| GBai | 1
| Sortu | 1
| CCa | 1
| AHI | 1
| ASG | 1

## Parties and candidates

[edit]

### Eligibility requirements

[edit]

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court's decision nor convicted by a judgement, even if not yet final, which imposed a penalty of forfeiture of eligibility or of specific disqualification or suspension from public office under specific offences: rebellion, terrorism or other crimes against the state. Other general causes of ineligibility were imposed on members of the Spanish royal family; the president and members of the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council; the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking members—undersecretaries, secretaries-general, directors-general and chiefs of staff—of Spanish government departments, the Prime Minister's Office, government delegations, the Social Security and other government agencies; heads of diplomatic missions in foreign states or international organizations; judges and public prosecutors in active service; Armed Forces and police corps personnel in active service; members of electoral commissions; the chair of RTVE; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the chairs of the Official Credit Institute and other official credit institutions; and members of the Nuclear Safety Council; as well as a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned government bodies and institutions being barred from running, during their tenure of office, in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction.[87][88] Disqualification provisions for the Cortes Generales extended to any employee of a foreign state and to members of regional governments, as well as the impossibility of running simultaneously as candidate for both the Congress and Senate.[89]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[90] Additionally, a balanced composition of men and women was required in the lists of candidates, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition.[91]

### Main competing lists

[edit]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy  | Parties and
alliances  | Leading candidate  | Ideology  | Previous result  | Gov.

|
|
|
|
|

Votes (%)  | Con. | Sen.
| PP |

List

* People's Party (PP)
* Navarrese People's Union (UPN)
* Forum of Citizens (FAC)
* Aragonese Party (PAR)

|  | Mariano Rajoy | Conservatism
Christian democracy | 28.71%  | 123 | 124 | Y
| PSOE |

List

* Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
* Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)
* New Canaries (NCa)

|  | Pedro Sánchez | Social democracy | 22.00%  | 90 | 47 | N
| Unidos
Podemos |

List

* We Can (Podemos)
* United Left (IU)
– Communist Party of Spain (PCE)
– The Dawn. Marxist Organization OM (La Aurora (om))
– Ecosocialists of the Region of Murcia (ESRM)
– Initiative for El Hierro (IpH)
– Republican Left (IR)
– Open Left (IzAb)
– Feminist Party of Spain (PFE)
* Equo (Equo)
* More for Mallorca (Més)
* Assembly (Batzarre)
* Popular Unity in Common (UPeC)
* Asturian Left (IAS)
* Building the Left–Socialist Alternative (CLI–AS)
* Segoviemos (SGV)
* Castilian Left (IzCa)
* Participative Democracy (Participa)

* * *

* In Common We Can−Let's Win Change (ECP)
– Barcelona in Common (BComú)
– We Can (Podem)
– Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV)
– United and Alternative Left (EUiA)
* The Valencian Way (Compromís–Podemos–EUPV)
– Commitment Coalition (Compromís)
– We Can (Podemos/Podem)
– United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV)
* In Tide (Podemos–Anova–EU)
– Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood (Anova)

|  | Pablo Iglesias | Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism | 24.49%[b] | 71 | 16 | N
| C's |

List

* Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)

|  | Albert Rivera | Liberalism | 13.94%  | 40 | 0 | N
| ERC–CatSí |

List

* Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
* Catalonia Yes (CatSí)

|  | Gabriel Rufián | Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy | 2.40%  | 9 | 6 | N
| CDC |

List

* Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)

|  | Francesc Homs | Catalan independence
Liberalism | 2.25%[c] | 7 | 5 | N
| EAJ/PNV |

List

* Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)

|  | Aitor Esteban | Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy | 1.20%  | 6 | 6 | N
| EH Bildu |

List

* Create (Sortu)
* Basque Solidarity (EA)
* Aralar (Aralar)
* Alternative (Alternatiba)

|  | Marian Beitialarrangoitia | Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism | 0.87%  | 2 | 0 | N
| CCa–PNC |

List

* Canarian Coalition (CCa)
* Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)
* Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)

|  | Ana Oramas | Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism | 0.32%  | 1 | 1 | N
| GBai |

List

* Expanding (Zabaltzen)
* Villava Group (AT)
* Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)

|  | Daniel Innerarity | Basque nationalism
Social democracy | 0.12%  | 0 | 1[f] | N
| ASG |

List

* Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)

|  | Yaiza Castilla | Insularism
Social democracy | Senate  | 1 | N

Aragón: w. PAR
Asturias: w. FAC
Navarre: w. UPN

PSOE
Canary Islands: w. NCa
Catalonia: w. PSC

In Asturias, Asturias Forum announced its intention to continue their electoral coalition with the People's Party, due to the PP–FAC tandem obtaining 3 out of the 8 seats at stake in the December election.[92] Meanwhile, in Navarre, both Navarrese People's Union and PP were likely to maintain their alliance ahead of the upcoming general election, aiming at keeping their status as the first political force in the region. Izquierda-Ezkerra started talks with Podemos ahead of an alliance, whereas Geroa Bai and EH Bildu were open to "exploring" coalition possibilities after failing to make headway in the Congress in the region after the 2015 election.[93][94] After Podemos and I-E rejected their offer of building a common platform, both parties studied the option of running together,[95][96] but ended up discarding such a possibility.[97] Both PSOE and NCa announced their intention of continuing their alliance in the Canary Islands,[98][99] whereas the PP offered to maintain its alliance with PAR in Aragon.[100]

Unidos Podemos
Catalonia: w. En Comú Podem
Galicia: w. En Marea
Valencian Community: w. A la valenciana

CDC—which contested the 2015 election under the Democracy and Freedom (DL) banner—made an offer to ERC to resurrect the unitary coalition in which they both contested the 2015 Catalan regional election.[101] Former Catalonia President Artur Mas offered himself to lead such a coalition into the election if it was eventually formed.[102] ERC, however, rejected the offer and chose to run alone instead.[103] Subsequently, debate arose within CDC on the opportunity to continue the DL alliance or to opt for alternative formulas to contest the election.[104][105] Democrats of Catalonia and Reagrupament, CDC's allies within DL, suggested rebranding the alliance as "Together for Catalonia" (JxCat) and demanded it to be led by an independent.[106][107] CDC leaders rejected this proposal and announced on 9 May that they were contesting the election on their own.[108]

On 10 May, the newly formed Podemos-IU alliance offered a nationwide alliance with PSOE to contest the Senate election, in an effort to prevent a new PP absolute majority in that chamber.[109] Pedro Sánchez rejected such a possibility as negotiations were already underway in Aragon, Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community.[110][111] However, the party's Valencian branch, which advocated for an alliance with Compromís and Podemos for the Senate under the "Valencian Accord" label (In Valencian: Acord Valencià),[112] refused to acknowledge Sánchez's command, threatening a schism in PSOE ranks as the party's national leadership tried to override their regional counterpart.[113][114][115] After several days of conflict, the PSPV acquiesced to Sánchez's demand on 13 May, reluctantly rejecting the alliance with Compromís-Podemos.[116]

Logo for the Unidos Podemos alliance.

Podemos aimed at enlarging its alliance system from December, seeking to conglomerate all forces to the left of PSOE in a single, unitary alliance for the 2016 election.[117] Both En Comú Podem and En Marea had already announced their intention to continue their successful coalitions,[118][119] while Compromís' leaders expressed their will to renew their alliance with Podemos but also seeking to include EUPV, which had been left out of the coalition for the previous election.[120][121] Talks between Podemos and Més had also started in the Balearic Islands ahead of a prospective election alliance, aiming at forming a "grand coalition of the left" in the islands.[122][123] Podemos tried to probe PACMA for a common nationwide list for the 2016 election, but this was rejected by the latter as it perceived that Podemos was "not clear enough on the issue of banning bullfighting".[124]

Already from 20 April, both Podemos and IU-UPeC started exploring the possibility of forming a joint list for a likely fresh election.[125][126][127] By 30 April, as the new election was confirmed, both parties acknowledged that talks had formally started and that an agreement was expected to be reached throughout the next week.[128] On 9 May, Pablo Iglesias (Podemos) and Alberto Garzón (IU) officially announced that a formal alliance had been reached and that their parties would be running together in the upcoming general election.[129] Equo, which had already supported the continuation of its coalition with Podemos, announced it would also participate in the newly formed alliance.[130] The Podemos-IU national accord paved the way for United Left to join the És el moment alliance in the Valencian Community as well.[131][132]

On 13 May, it was announced that the alliance name for the election would be "Unidos Podemos" (Spanish for United We Can).[133]

## Timetable

[edit]

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[134]

* 3 May: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies, ratified by the King.[17] Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and official start of ban period for the organization of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
* 6 May: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
* 13 May: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
* 23 May: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
* 25 May: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
* 28 May: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
* 29 May: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
* 30 May: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
* 31 May: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
* 10 June: Official start of electoral campaigning.[17]
* 16 June: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
* 21 June: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
* 22 June: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes.
* 24 June: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division.[17]
* 25 June: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
* 26 June: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Counting of votes starts immediately.
* 29 June: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
* 2 July: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
* 11 July: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
* 21 July: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the 2016 election was set for 19 July).[17]
* 20 August: Maximum deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

## Campaign

[edit]

### Campaign cost

[edit]

One of the main themes going into the June election was the economic cost that a new campaign would mean for the budget. During the final round of talks, King Felipe VI—anticipating a fresh election—had asked parties to run austere campaigns.[135]

The PP proposed that the party avoid large scale rallies, aiming at running a "simpler" campaign—with smaller events in medium-sized cities and towns[136]—while also suggesting reducing the campaign's length to 10 days and removing external advertising—namely that involving advertising through billboards and flags.[137] The PSOE suggested reducing campaign spending by 30%, cutting mailing spending and removing external advertising.[138] Podemos and C's proposed unifying party mailing, with C's being favourable to cutting party spending by 50%.[139] Podemos went further and suggested limiting parties' spending to 3 million each.

All three PSOE, Podemos and C's were against PP's proposal of making a shorter campaign or for cuts to affect election debates.[136] As some of these proposals required changes in the electoral law—something which could not happen as the Cortes would be dissolved[140]—parties called for reaching a gentlemen's agreement; in Albert Rivera's words, "a political pact through which changing the law wouldn't be necessary".[141] However, negotiations held to discuss the reduction of electoral spending failed to produce an agreement, with parties expected to cut their spending at will.[142][143]

### Pre-campaign period

[edit]

As parties geared up for the upcoming election campaign, the PP faced the fresh election looking back at the corruption scandals under judicial investigation in which the party was involved. Some of such scandals, involving senior party members such as Rita Barberá, stirred up debate as to whether it was best to maintain these people within party ranks or force their withdrawal.[144] C's, on its part, discarded its pact with the PSOE after it was announced that a new election would be held, with party leaders stating that it "won't be in force anymore" once the Cortes were dissolved. However, they wanted to use the accord as a showing of the party's "willingness to negotiate" with forces both to the left and right of the spectrum.[145] The party's main aim was to prevent that a possible campaign polarization could cast "fearful" voters away to the PP to prevent Podemos' rise.[146] Albert Rivera said that the PP was "controlled by its 'old guard'" and that his party would not negotiate with the PP so long as Rajoy remained as leader.[147]

The PSOE suffered from the end of the negotiations period. Carme Chacón—former Defence Minister under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero—and Irene Lozano—an independent, formerly aligned to UPyD, personally enlisted into PSOE by Pedro Sánchez for the December election—both announced their withdrawal from PSOE lists ahead of the June election.[148][149] Concurrently, PSOE leaders had tried to pressure IU into avoiding an electoral alliance with Podemos out of fear of being pushed into third place nationally,[150] with some commenting that the party's actions had been erratic and confusing throughout negotiations. Coupled with growing pessimism within PSOE ranks, this was said to potentially be able to harm them going into the campaign.[151] On 30 April, Sánchez tried to stir up morale among party members and asked for "unity and trust" around him ahead of the new election.[152] Susana Díaz, Sánchez's rival for the party's leadership, warned him that she would only accept "a PSOE win".[153] Once the hegemonic party of the Spanish left, the PSOE had been pushed out of the left and into the centre, with some fearing it could run down the path of the Greek PASOK.[154][155]

The 15-M fifth anniversary coincided with the pre-campaign of the general election.

As the newly formed Unidos Podemos alliance was announced on early May, the PSOE found itself under threat of being marginalised as both PP and UP sought to polarise the campaign between the two.[156] Sánchez tried to remain in the spotlight and cast off the phantom of party internal division by releasing a series of key announcements throughout the first weeks of May. Margarita Robles—a judge from the Spanish Supreme Court and former Interior State Secretary under Felipe González—and Josep Borrell—former Public Works Minister—were announced to be signing up for Sánchez's campaign;[157] concurrently, Susana Díaz accepted to officially present Sánchez's proclamation as PSOE candidate, in a move seen as an act of apparent "reconciliation" between the two leaders ahead of the election.[158][159] Sánchez was also expected to announce his "shadow cabinet" on 15 May,[160] and tried to appeal to centrist voters that a vote for him would be a "vote for change".[161]

Pablo Iglesias blamed the PSOE for the failure in negotiations and commented that Podemos' aim in the June election would be to directly face the PP as equals, in what he referred to as a "second round" of the December run.[162] Iglesias offered to explore the possibility of an accord with PSOE after the election, expressing his will to form a "progressive" government, but condemned the way the PSOE had—in his view—treated his party up until that point.[163] During an interview held a few days later, Iglesias took for granted that his party had already surpassed the PSOE nationally and stated he would offer Sánchez be his deputy in a Podemos-led cabinet.[164] Once his electoral coalition with IU had been formalized, Iglesias again reiterated his wish to see the PSOE "as an ally"—despite the Socialists having rejected Podemos' offer for an alliance to the Senate—and put overtaking the PP as his target.[165]

For the first time since 2011, the anniversary of the 15-M Movement came marked by the pre-electoral campaign of a general election. UP, self-declared as the Movement's political heir, intended to use the event as a launching point for its campaign. Various nods to 15-M were made: the announcement of the Podemos–IU alliance was staged on 9 May at Puerta del Sol, long-regarded as a symbol and focal point for 15-M. Concurrently, Podemos launched an "accountability" campaign under the 'Congress in your square' label "to regain the connection with the streets".[166][167][168] On 15 May, thousands gathered at Puerta del Sol to commemorate the 15-M anniversary; the crowd shouting some of the Movement's most featured slogans, such as the "Yes we can!" warcry—which had also served as Podemos' party slogan ever since its inception.[169][170]

As UP struggled to gain momentum, PP, PSOE and C's turned their attacks on the newborn alliance, trying to corner it to the far-left side of the spectrum. Andalusian President Susana Díaz said of it that it was "the reunion of the Communist Youth";[171] the PP described it as "the old-fashioned communists but with another name".[172] C's leader Albert Rivera commented that his party offered itself "without sickles, hammers nor corruption", in reference both to UP and the PP.[173]

### Party slogans

[edit]

Party or alliance  | Original slogan  | English translation  | Ref.

|
|
|

| PP | « A favor »  | "In favour"  | [174][175]
| PSOE | « Un SÍ por el cambio »  | "A YES for change"  | [174][176]
| Unidos Podemos

* ECP
* A la valenciana
* En Marea

| Main: « La sonrisa de un país »
ECP: « Guanyem el canvi »
A la valenciana: « La victòria de la gent »
En Marea: « O cambio non hai quen o pare »  | Main: "The smile of a country"
ECP: "Let's win the change"
A la valenciana: "Victory of the people"
En Marea: "The change does not stop"  | [174]
[177]
[178]
[179]
| C's | « Tiempo de acuerdo, tiempo de cambio »  | "Time of agreement, time of change"  | [174][180]
| ERC–CatSí | « L'únic canvi posible »  | "The only possible change"  | [174][181]
| CDC | « Fets x Catalunya » & « Molt per defensar »  | "Facts for Catalonia" & "Much to defend"  | [174][182]
| EAJ/PNV | « Lehenik Euskadi. Euskadi es lo que importa »  | "The Basque Country first. The Basque Country is what matters"  | [174][183]
| EH Bildu | « Aukerak zabaltzera goaz »
« Vamos a crear oportunidades »  | "Let's create opportunities"  | [184]
| CCa–PNC | « [Ana Oramas] sí nos representa »  | "[Ana Oramas] represents us"  | [185]

### Election debates

[edit]

After the success of election debates in the 2015 election, the organizing of new debates for the incoming campaign started after the Cortes' dissolution. As in the previous election, the first debate was organised by the Demos Association, to be held in the Charles III University of Madrid on 6 June. The leaders of the four main parties were invited, with Pablo Iglesias and Albert Rivera confirming their presence but making it conditional on Rajoy and Sánchez attending as well.[186] Atresmedia also announced the group's intention to have a four-way debate, scheduled for 16 June, similar to the one held on 7 December.[187] This time, Mariano Rajoy was willing to attend a four-way leaders' debate—unlike the previous election campaign, in which his party sent Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría instead. The PP was, however, unconvinced of holding another two-way debate with Pedro Sánchez, with Rajoy displeased with the format of 14 December debate—allegedly after a harsh confrontation with Sánchez following the latter referring to Rajoy as "indecent".[188][189]

The PSOE announced that Sánchez would not attend a debate with Iglesias and Rivera if Rajoy was not present as well. C's made Rivera's presence conditional on either Rajoy attending or having an empty lectern put in his place, but would not accept the PP sending another person instead. Podemos did not take a firm stance on the issue but Íñigo Errejón stated that his party would "go to all debates, always sending spokespeople at the same level as those sent by other political forces", thus opening the door for Iglesias not attending debates if other parties did not send their prime ministerial candidates.[190][191]

As neither Rajoy nor Sánchez confirmed their presence at the Charles III debate, the Demos Association announced its cancellation on 30 May.[192] A four-way debate was announced to be held on 13 June to be organised by the TV Academy. All four main parties confirmed their presence, with the novelty that Rajoy accepted an invitation to attend as well.[193] Unlike the previous campaign, the PP rejected a two-way debate between Rajoy and Sánchez, on grounds that, according to opinion polls, if a two-way debate was held "it was doubtful which party was to face Rajoy"—in reference to Unidos Podemos having overtaken the PSOE in opinion polling ahead of the election.[194]

Pablo Iglesias and Albert Rivera staged a two-on-two debate in the Salvados news show hosted by Jordi Évole. The debate was not broadcast live, but rather recorded on 28 May and intentionally delayed until 5 June.[195] Évole had stated that the debate had been "specially harsh" between both candidates in comparison to previous similar events, and that C's had put a series of conditions in order to accept bringing Rivera to the debate.[196]

2016 Spanish general election debates  Date  | Organisers  | Moderator(s)  |  P Present[g] S Surrogate[h] NI Not invited A Absent invitee

|
|
|

PP | PSOE | UP | C's | ERC | CDC | PNV | Audience  | Ref.
|  |  |  |  |  |
5 June  | laSexta
(Salvados) | Jordi Évole  | A | A | P
Iglesias | P
Rivera | NI | NI | NI | 18.2%
(3,237,000) | [197]
9 June  | Atresmedia[i] | Vicente Vallés  | P
Levy | P
Robles | P
Bescansa | P
Arrimadas | NI | NI | NI | 12.7%
(2,040,000) | [198]
12 June  | laSexta
(El Objetivo)[j] | Ana Pastor | P
De Guindos | P
Sevilla | P
Garzón | P
Garicano | NI | NI | NI | 11.2%
(1,992,000) | [199]
13 June  | TV Academy  | Ana Blanco
Pedro Piqueras
Vicente Vallés  | P
Rajoy | P
Sánchez | P
Iglesias | P
Rivera | NI | NI | NI | 57.0%
(10,496,000) | [200]
20 June  | TVE
(El debate de La 1) | Julio Somoano  | S
Casado | S
Rodríguez | S
Errejón | S
Girauta | P
Rufián | S
Campuzano | P
Esteban | 4.8%
(845,000) | [201]

Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate  Debate  | Polling firm/Commissioner  | PP | PSOE | UP | C's | Tie  | None  | ?

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |
13 June  | Invymark/laSexta[202] | 21.8  | 18.0  | 28.9 | 17.7  | –  | –  | 13.6
Metroscopia/El País[203] | 18.0  | 6.0  | 22.0 | 14.0  | –  | –  | 40.0
NC Report/La Razón[204] | 25.5 | 18.7  | 21.5  | 15.0  | –  | –  | 19.3
DYM/El Confidencial[205] | 15.2  | 9.9  | 17.6 | 15.8  | –  | 19.6  | 21.9
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[206] | 23.3 | 9.5  | 13.3  | 16.7  | –  | 30.1  | 7.1
CIS[207] | 21.1 | 10.3  | 14.3  | 9.9  | 3.4  | 32.8  | 8.1

### Other issues

[edit]

Following the result of the Brexit vote three days before the election in Spain, the PP issued a statement saying the country needed "stability" in the face of "radicalism" and "populism." It was also read as an attack on the Unidos Podemos coalition that vowed to fight for the least well-off. Iglesias said that Europe had to "change course. No-one would want to leave Europe if it were fair and united."[208]

## Opinion polls

[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2016 Spanish general election

Local regression trend line of poll results from 20 December 2015 to 26 June 2016, with each line corresponding to a political party.

## Results

[edit]

### Congress of Deputies

[edit]

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 2016 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances  | Popular vote  | Seats
Votes  | %  | ±pp | Total  | +/−
| People's Party (PP)  | 7,941,236 | 33.01 | +4.30  | 137 | +14
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)  | 5,443,846 | 22.63 | +0.63  | 85 | –5
| United We Can (Unidos Podemos)  | 5,087,538 | 21.15 | –3.34  | 71 | ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 | 3,227,123 | 13.42 | –2.63  | 45 | +1
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP) | 853,102 | 3.55 | –0.14  | 12 | ±0
The Valencian Way (Podemos–Compromís–EUPV)2 | 659,771 | 2.74 | –0.38  | 9 | ±0
In Tide (Podemos–Anova–EU) | 347,542 | 1.44 | –0.19  | 5 | –1
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)  | 3,141,570 | 13.06 | –0.88  | 32 | –8
| Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)  | 639,652 | 2.66 | +0.26  | 9 | ±0
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) | 632,234 | 2.63 | +0.24  | 9 | ±0
Sovereignty for the Isles (SI) | 7,418 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0
| Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)3 | 483,488 | 2.01 | –0.24  | 8 | ±0
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)  | 287,014 | 1.19 | –0.01  | 5 | –1
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)  | 286,702 | 1.19 | +0.32  | 0 | ±0
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)  | 184,713 | 0.77 | –0.10  | 2 | ±0
| Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)  | 78,253 | 0.33 | +0.01  | 1 | ±0
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)  | 51,907 | 0.22 | +0.03  | 0 | ±0
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)  | 50,247 | 0.21 | –0.41  | 0 | ±0
| Vox (Vox)  | 47,182 | 0.20 | –0.03  | 0 | ±0
| Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy (BNG–Nós)4 | 45,252 | 0.19 | –0.09  | 0 | ±0
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)  | 26,627 | 0.11 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Yes to the Future (GBai)  | 14,343 | 0.06 | –0.06  | 0 | ±0
| Blank Seats (EB)  | 11,669 | 0.05 | +0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)  | 9,909 | 0.04 | +0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)  | 8,945 | 0.04 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) | 6,273 | 0.03 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre–Independent Candidacy (CCD–CI) | 2,672 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| We Are Valencian (SOMVAL)  | 6,647 | 0.03 | +0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)  | 3,110 | 0.01 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Humanist Party (PH)  | 3,012 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| The Eco-pacifist Greens (Centro Moderado)  | 3,011 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB)  | 2,996 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Leonese People's Union (UPL)  | 2,295 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)  | 1,822 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| We Are Andalusians Party, For Andalusia and the Peoples (AND)  | 1,727 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Together for Canaries (JxC)  | 1,190 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Family and Life Party (PFyV)  | 846 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| United Free Citizens (CILUS)  | 830 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Platform for Catalonia (PxC)  | 724 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS)  | 723 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Navarrese Freedom (Ln)  | 702 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) | 622 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln) | 80 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR)  | 687 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Unity of the People (UP)5 | 686 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)  | 668 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Political Renovation (RePo)  | 570 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Independents for Aragon (i)  | 550 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Forward (Entabán)  | 377 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC)  | 356 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE)  | 336 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| The Phalanx (FE)  | 254 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Alliance of the Democratic Centre (ALCD)  | 214 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Spain Elders' Force (FME)  | 200 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Union of Everyone (UdT)  | 48 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
Blank ballots  | 179,081 | 0.74 | –0.01  |
Total  | 24,053,755 |  | 350 | ±0
Valid votes  | 24,053,755 | 99.07 | –0.04  |
Invalid votes  | 225,504 | 0.93 | +0.04
Votes cast / turnout  | 24,279,259 | 66.48 | –3.19
Abstentions  | 12,241,654 | 33.52 | +3.19
Registered voters  | 36,520,913 |
Sources[209][210]

Footnotes:

* 1 United We Can results are compared to the combined totals of We Can, United Left–Popular Unity in Common and More for the Balearic Islands in the 2015 election. It does not include results in Catalonia, Galicia and Valencian Community.
* 2 The Valencian Way results are compared to the combined totals of It is Time and United Left of the Valencian Country in the 2015 election.
* 3 Democratic Convergence of Catalonia results are compared to Democracy and Freedom totals in the 2015 election.
* 4 Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy results are compared to We–Galician Candidacy totals in the 2015 election.
* 5 Unity of the People results are compared to Canaries Decides totals in the 2015 election.

| Popular vote

|  |
PP |

| 33.01%
PSOE |

| 22.63%
Unidos Podemos |

| 21.15%
C's |

| 13.06%
ERC–CatSí |

| 2.66%
CDC |

| 2.01%
EAJ/PNV |

| 1.19%
PACMA |

| 1.19%
EH Bildu |

| 0.77%
CCa–PNC |

| 0.33%
Others |

| 1.26%
Blank ballots |

| 0.74%

| Seats

|  |
PP |

| 39.14%
PSOE |

| 24.29%
Unidos Podemos |

| 20.29%
C's |

| 9.14%
ERC–CatSí |

| 2.57%
CDC |

| 2.29%
EAJ/PNV |

| 1.43%
EH Bildu |

| 0.57%
CCa–PNC |

| 0.29%

### Senate

[edit]

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances  | Popular vote  | Seats
Votes  | %  | ±pp | Total  | +/−
| People's Party (PP)  | 22,285,969 | 34.22 | +3.91  | 130 | +6
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)  | 15,354,929 | 23.58 | +1.14  | 43 | –4
| United We Can (Unidos Podemos)  | 12,786,779 | 19.63 | –2.50  | 16 | ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 | 8,033,194 | 12.33 | –2.24  | 8 | –1
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP) | 1,983,121 | 3.05 | ±0.00  | 4 | ±0
The Valencian Way (Podemos–Compromís–EUPV)2 | 1,882,388 | 2.89 | –0.12  | 3 | +2
In Tide (Podemos–Anova–EU) | 888,076 | 1.36 | –0.14  | 1 | –1
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)  | 6,894,853 | 10.59 | –0.59  | 0 | ±0
| Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)  | 1,943,829 | 2.98 | +0.12  | 10 | +4
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) | 1,928,472 | 2.96 | +0.11  | 10 | +4
Sovereignty for the Isles (SI) | 15,357 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0
| Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)3 | 1,421,653 | 2.18 | –0.13  | 2 | –4
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)  | 1,213,871 | 1.86 | +0.30  | 0 | ±0
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)  | 885,860 | 1.36 | –0.01  | 5 | –1
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)  | 587,650 | 0.90 | +0.05  | 0 | ±0
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)  | 186,127 | 0.29 | –0.65  | 0 | ±0
| Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy (BNG–Nós)4 | 184,812 | 0.28 | –0.14  | 0 | ±0
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)  | 180,500 | 0.28 | +0.02  | 0 | ±0
| Vox (Vox)  | 165,740 | 0.25 | –0.05  | 0 | ±0
| Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)  | 148,970 | 0.23 | –0.01  | 1 | ±0
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)  | 71,540 | 0.11 | –0.05  | 0 | ±0
| Blank Seats (EB)  | 66,445 | 0.10 | –0.03  | 0 | ±0
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)  | 35,187 | 0.05 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Yes to the Future (GBai)5 | 32,082 | 0.05 | n/a | 0 | –1
| We Are Valencian (SOMVAL)  | 23,629 | 0.04 | +0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)  | 15,355 | 0.02 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) | 11,459 | 0.02 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre–Independent Candidacy (CCD–CI) | 3,896 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)  | 12,670 | 0.02 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| The Eco-pacifist Greens (Centro Moderado)  | 8,401 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Humanist Party (PH)  | 8,088 | 0.01 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Leonese People's Union (UPL)  | 6,949 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB)  | 6,042 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)  | 5,668 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0
| Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)  | 4,340 | 0.01 | New | 1 | ±0
| Forward Badajoz (BA)  | 3,012 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Independents for Aragon (i)  | 2,506 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Navarrese Freedom (Ln)  | 2,503 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) | 2,250 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln) | 253 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Together for Canaries (JxC)  | 2,239 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC)  | 1,948 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS)  | 1,868 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| United Free Citizens (CILUS)  | 1,633 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Family and Life Party (PFyV)  | 1,597 | 0.00 | ±0.00  | 0 | ±0
| Platform for Catalonia (PxC)  | 991 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Unity of the People (UP)6 | 971 | 0.00 | –0.01  | 0 | ±0
| Political Renovation (RePo)  | 938 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Forward (Entabán)  | 765 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| The Phalanx (FE)  | 391 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Alliance of the Democratic Centre (ALCD)  | 300 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
| Union of Everyone (UdT)  | 73 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0
Blank ballots[k] | 565,563 | 2.42 | –1.64  |
Total  | 65,125,236 |  | 208 | ±0
Valid votes  | 23,393,161 | 97.47 | +0.69  |
Invalid votes  | 606,435 | 2.53 | –0.69
Votes cast / turnout  | 23,999,596 | 65.71 | –2.55
Abstentions  | 12,521,317 | 34.29 | +2.55
Registered voters  | 36,520,913 |
Sources[82][209][210][211]

Footnotes:

* 1 United We Can results are compared to the combined totals of We Can and United Left–Popular Unity in Common and More for Mallorca in the 2015 election. It does not include results in Catalonia, Galicia and Valencian Community.
* 2 The Valencian Way results are compared to the combined totals of It is Time and United Left of the Valencian Country in the 2015 election.
* 3 Democratic Convergence of Catalonia results are compared to Democracy and Freedom totals in the 2015 election.
* 4 Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy results are compared to We–Galician Candidacy totals in the 2015 election.
* 5 Within the Change alliance in the 2015 election.
* 6 Unity of the People results are compared to Canaries Decides totals in the 2015 election.

| Popular vote

|  |
PP |

| 34.22%
PSOE |

| 23.58%
Unidos Podemos |

| 19.63%
C's |

| 10.59%
ERC–CatSí |

| 2.98%
CDC |

| 2.18%
PACMA |

| 1.86%
EAJ/PNV |

| 1.36%
CCa–PNC |

| 0.23%
ASG |

| 0.01%
Others |

| 2.99%
Blank ballots |

| 2.42%

| Seats

|  |
PP |

| 62.50%
PSOE |

| 20.67%
Unidos Podemos |

| 7.69%
ERC–CatSí |

| 4.81%
EAJ/PNV |

| 2.40%
CDC |

| 0.96%
CCa–PNC |

| 0.48%
ASG |

| 0.48%

### Maps

[edit]

* Election results by Congress of Deputies constituency.

* Winner strength by constituency.

* Winner strength by autonomous community.

### Elected legislators

[edit]

Main article: 12th Congress of Deputies

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Outcome

[edit]

The People's Party (PP) emerged as the largest party, securing the most seats—137—but just as in the previous election, failed to obtain an overall majority. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) clung on to second place but fell to a new record low of 85, whereas Unidos Podemos, the alliance between Podemos and United Left (IU) remained at third place with 71 seats. The PP increased its seat count by a surprising 14, capitalising on losses by both PSOE and liberal Citizens (C's). Unidos Podemos' second placed projection failed to materialise at the polls, although they maintained the same number of seats as in the previous election.[212][213] Overall, the parliamentary deadlock remained, as neither bloc could gather an absolute majority of seats. However, the PP–C's bloc gained strength, climbing from 163 to 169, whereas the PSOE–Podemos–IU bloc was reduced from 161 to 156. The attempted PSOE–C's pact was reduced to 117 seats, now outnumbered by the PP alone.

Regionally, the PP swept all the autonomous communities except for Catalonia and the Basque Country, where Unidos Podemos retained first place. The PSOE, which had narrowly won in its strongholds of Andalusia and Extremadura in the 2015 election, was pushed to second place in both of them, being unable to retain first place in any region only for the second time in democracy (the first being in 2011). Nonetheless, it recovered slightly on some of the regions where it performed the worst in December 2015, with notable advances in Madrid, Valencian Community, Navarre, Asturias, Galicia and the Canary Islands. However, this contrasted with setbacks in the party's own strongholds of Andalusia, Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha. The Unidos Podemos alliance only managed to improve on the 2015 combined results of Podemos and IU in the Basque Country and Navarre, suffering losses everywhere else.

In Catalonia, the Republican Left–Catalonia Yes coalition (ERC–CatSí) saw gains at the expense of Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), which lost both Girona and Lleida which the Democracy and Freedom coalition had won in 2015. This marked the first time in democracy that ERC managed to come out on top in any province in a general election. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) lost in Biscay only for the second time since the return of democracy, which cost them the loss of the province's 3rd seat to Unidos Podemos.[214]

Failure in opinion polling was largely attributed to the sudden abstention of roughly 1 million Podemos' voters from December 2015, unsure of their party's chances of ruling after the election and partially disenchanted with politics at large after the failed negotiations in forming a government throughout the previous six months. At the same time, the PP result was attributed to a last-hour surge motivated by centre-right tactical voting against Pablo Iglesias, influenced by Unidos Podemos' strong showing in opinion polls.[215] Voter turnout was a record low 66.5%, exceeding the previous lowest ever recorded turnout of 68.0% at the 1979 election. Of the four main parties, all except for the PP attracted fewer total votes than in 2015. The PSOE lost about 100,000 votes, the Unidos Podemos alliance 1,080,000 and C's 370,000. The PP received about 700,000 more votes.

### Government formation

[edit]

Further information: 2015–2016 Spanish government formation § Second formation round (June–October 2016), and 2016 PSOE crisis

Further information: Second government of Mariano Rajoy

On 29 October, Mariano Rajoy succeeded in his investiture attempt with the support of 170 MPs to 111 against and 68 abstentions.[216]

Investiture
Mariano Rajoy (PP)

Ballot →  | 31 August 2016  | 2 September 2016
Required majority →  | 176 out of 350 N | Simple N

Yes

* • PP (134)
* • C's (32)
* • UPN (2)
* • CCa (1)
* • FAC (1)

170 / 350

170 / 350

* • PSOE (84)
* • UP–ECP–EM (67)
* • ERC (9)
* • PDeCAT (8)
* • PNV (5)
* • Compromís (4)
* • EH Bildu (2)
* • NCa (1)

180 / 350

180 / 350

| Abstentions |

0 / 350

0 / 350

| Absentees |

0 / 350

0 / 350

Sources[217]
Investiture
Mariano Rajoy (PP)

Ballot →  | 27 October 2016  | 29 October 2016
Required majority →  | 176 out of 350 N | Simple Y

Yes

* • PP (134)
* • C's (32)
* • UPN (2)
* • CCa (1)
* • FAC (1)

170 / 350

170 / 350

* • PSOE (84) (15 on 29 Oct)
* • UP–ECP–EM (67)
* • ERC (9)
* • PDeCAT (8)
* • PNV (5)
* • Compromís (4)
* • EH Bildu (2)
* • NCa (1)

180 / 350

111 / 350

Abstentions

* • PSOE (68) (on 29 Oct)

0 / 350

68 / 350

Absentees

* • PSOE (1) (on 29 Oct)

0 / 350

1 / 350

Sources[217]

### 2017 motion of no confidence

[edit]

Further information: 2017 vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy

On 14 June 2017, a motion of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy tabled by Unidos Podemos after a string of corruption scandals involving the ruling People's Party was defeated 170 to 82, with the main opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party abstaining.

Motion of no confidence
Pablo Iglesias Turrión (Podemos)

Ballot →  | 14 June 2017
Required majority →  | 176 out of 350 N

Yes

* • UP–ECP–EM (67)
* • ERC (9)
* • Compromís (4)
* • EH Bildu (2)

82 / 350

* • PP (134)
* • Cs (32)
* • UPN (2)
* • CCa (1)
* • FAC (1)

170 / 350

Abstentions

* • PSOE (84)
* • PDeCAT (7)
* • PNV (5)
* • NCa (1)

97 / 350

Absentees

* • PDeCAT (1)

1 / 350

Sources[217]

### 2018 motion of no confidence

[edit]

Further information: 2018 vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy

A motion of no confidence in the Spanish government of Mariano Rajoy was held between 31 May and 1 June 2018. The motion was registered by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) on 25 May after the ruling People's Party (PP) was found to have profited from the illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme of the Gürtel case. The motion was successful and resulted in Mariano Rajoy being replaced by PSOE leader Pedro Sánchez as prime minister.

Motion of no confidence
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)

Ballot →  | 1 June 2018
Required majority →  | 176 out of 350 Y

Yes

* • PSOE (84)
* • UP–ECP–EM (67)
* • ERC (9)
* • PDeCAT (8)
* • PNV (5)
* • Compromís (4)
* • EH Bildu (2)
* • NCa (1)

180 / 350

* • PP (134)
* • Cs (32)
* • UPN (2)
* • FAC (1)

169 / 350

Abstentions

* • CCa (1)

1 / 350

| Absentees |

0 / 350

Sources[218]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Total figures include results for En Comú Podem, A la valenciana and En Marea.
2. ^ a b Results for Podemos–ECP–És el moment–En Marea (20.68%, 69 deputies and 16 senators), IU–UPeC (3.68%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) and Més (0.13%, 0 seats) in the 2015 election.
3. ^ a b Results for DiL in the 2015 election.
4. ^ Pedro Gómez de la Serna, former PP legislator.[84]
5. ^ 1 PP appointed seat remained vacant until 14 December 2016.[86]
6. ^ Results for Cambio-Aldaketa in the 2015 Senate election.
7. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
8. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
9. ^ "Women's debate".
10. ^ Economic debate.
11. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

## References

[edit]

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3. ^ "España, abocada a repetir elecciones por primera vez". El País (in Spanish). 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
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8. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
9. ^ "Sinopsis artículo 66". Constitución española (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 12 September 2020, summarizing Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
10. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. I, art. 2.
11. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
12. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 75.
13. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
14. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 68.
15. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162–164.
16. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
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18. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
19. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.
20. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 46 & 48.
21. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. V, art. 42.
22. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 115–116.
23. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.
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37. ^ "La jueza imputa al PP por la destrucción de los discos duros de Bárcenas". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 22 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
38. ^ "El PP, primer partido imputado con la reforma del Código Penal de Gallardón" (in Spanish). laSexta. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
39. ^ "Dimite Federico Ramos de Armas, el 'número 3' de Santamaría, tras el escándalo de Acuamed". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
40. ^ "24 detenidos en una operación anticorrupción centrada en Valencia". El País (in Spanish). 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
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42. ^ a b "El juez imputa a todos los concejales del PP por lavar la caja B de Barberá". El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
43. ^ "La investigación por la corrupción en Valencia apunta a Rita Barberá". El País (in Spanish). 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
44. ^ "El PP valenciano ya planea su refundación". El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
45. ^ "El juez busca financiación ilegal del PP de Madrid en 'Púnica'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 11 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
46. ^ "La Guardia Civil busca pruebas de financiación ilegal en la sede del PP de Madrid". El País (in Spanish). 11 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
47. ^ "Esperanza Aguirre dimite por las sospechas de corrupción del PP de Madrid". El Mundo (in Spanish). 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
48. ^ "La corrupción obliga a Esperanza Aguirre a dimitir como presidenta del PP de Madrid". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
49. ^ "El juez investiga una "trama corrupta" en el Ayuntamiento de Granada". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
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51. ^ "El ministro Soria aparece en los papeles de Panamá". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 11 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
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55. ^ "España rebaja las previsiones económicas al 2,7%". El Mundo (in Spanish). 16 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
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60. ^ "El paro sube 11.900 desempleados en el primer trimestre del año". El País (in Spanish). 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
61. ^ "La Comisión Europea da otro año a España para cumplir el déficit y aplaza la posible multa a julio". El Economista (in Spanish). 18 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
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63. ^ "La carta a Bruselas desmonta las promesas económicas de Rajoy". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
64. ^ "El Ibex 35 pierde un 12,3%, la mayor caída de su historia, tras el Brexit". Expansión (in Spanish). 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
65. ^ "War of watches" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 22 January 2016.
66. ^ "Socialist leaders think that Iglesias' offer is an insult". El País (in Spanish). 22 January 2016.
67. ^ "Sánchez will tell the King that it is the PP the ones who must try to form government". El País (in Spanish). 23 January 2016.
68. ^ "Corruption within the PP increases difficulty in negotiations between Rajoy and Rivera". El País (in Spanish). 26 January 2016.
69. ^ "Pedro Sánchez tells the King that he is "willing to try to form a government"" (in Spanish). El Diario. 2 February 2016.
70. ^ "Pedro Sánchez will try to form a government with "the forces of change" and asks for regeneration "with the PP in opposition"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2 February 2016.
71. ^ "Pedro Sánchez and Albert Rivera invite all other parties "from left and right" to their pact" (in Spanish). El Diario. 24 February 2016.
72. ^ "Sánchez awaits for the PNV while pressure on his agreement with Citizens increases" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 25 February 2016.
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74. ^ "Podemos paralyzes negotiations with the PSOE until after the first investiture session" (in Spanish). El Diario. 24 February 2016.
75. ^ "IU and Compromís suspend the four-round table and their bilateral negotiations with the PSOE" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 24 February 2016.
76. ^ "Pedro Sánchez fails in the second round of his investiture". El País (in Spanish). 3 April 2016.
77. ^ "Fails the three-way meeting because of the differences between C's and Podemos". Expansión (in Spanish). 7 April 2016.
78. ^ "Rajoy insists on the grand coalition, but delays his call to Sánchez". El País (in Spanish). 9 April 2016.
79. ^ "The PSOE takes for granted the repetition of elections". El País (in Spanish). 11 April 2016.
80. ^ "The King dissolves the Cortes for the first time in democracy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 May 2016.
81. ^ "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
82. ^ a b "Composición del Senado 1977-2025". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
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88. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. II, art. 6.
89. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. I, art. 154.
90. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 44 & tit. II, ch. V, art. 169.
91. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 44 bis.
92. ^ "Asturias Forum wants to continue the coalition with PP because "things that work well, better keep them"" (in Spanish). lainformacion.com. 26 April 2016.
93. ^ "Parties already studying how they will contest the election" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 27 April 2016.
94. ^ "Time for electoral coalitions" (in Spanish). Noticias de Navarra. 28 April 2016.
95. ^ "Podemos' membership in Navarre says 'no' to the pact with Geroa and EH Bildu" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. 6 May 2016.
96. ^ "Geroa Bai and EH Bildu explore the possibility of concurring together" (in Spanish). Noticias de Navarra. 7 May 2016.
97. ^ "Geroa Bai and EH Bildu will not form a coalition in the general election" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. 10 May 2016.
98. ^ "PSOE makes it official that it will contest the election with New Canaries". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 6 May 2016.
99. ^ "New Canaries will contest the 26 June election alongside the PSOE again". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 7 May 2016.
100. ^ "The PP offers PAR to continue their alliance" (in Spanish). Heraldo. 7 May 2016.
101. ^ "Homs on the CDC-ERC unitary list for the general election: "They give me pumpkins for now"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 April 2016.
102. ^ "Mas will only run for election 'should there be a unitary list and they asked me'". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 April 2016.
103. ^ "ERC chooses to run on its own in the general election". El Economista (in Spanish). 1 May 2016.
104. ^ "CDC, to resist is to overcome" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 30 April 2016.
105. ^ "PSC and CDC make up for 26-J". El País (in Spanish). 1 May 2016.
106. ^ "Former Unió members demand CDC an independent candidate to concur together for the general election". El Mundo (in Spanish). 6 May 2016.
107. ^ "RCat will stand a candidate for Secretary-General if CDC chooses to create a new party" (in Spanish). lainformacion.com. 7 May 2016.
108. ^ "CDC rejects the list with Demòcrates and will concur alone with their acronym". El Mundo (in Spanish). 9 May 2016.
109. ^ "Podemos offers the PSOE to run common lists for the Senate". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
110. ^ "PSOE rejects Podemos' offer to concur together in Senate lists". El Mundo (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
111. ^ "Sánchez rejects a joint list with Podemos for the Senate: "No, thanks"" (in Spanish). Levante EMV. 10 May 2016.
112. ^ "PSPV's Executive agrees to negotiate a "Valencian Accord" with Compromís and Podemos for the Senate". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
113. ^ "Sánchez and Ximo Puig battle over agreement with Podemos for the Senate" (in Spanish). infoLibre. 10 May 2016.
114. ^ "Pedro Sánchez opposes the Valencian PSOE running with Podemos and Compromís for the Senate". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
115. ^ "More than 220 PSPV mayors and spokespeople support negotiating a pact with Compromís and Podemos for the Senate" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 11 May 2016.
116. ^ "Ferraz doesn't accept running in coalition with Podemos for the Senate" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 13 May 2016.
117. ^ "Podemos aims at joining all forces to the left of PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 1 May 2016.
118. ^ "En Comú Podem will contest the 26-J as "confluence" but will seek "legal forms" to pave the way for having a parliamentary group". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 22 April 2016.
119. ^ "Podemos, Anova and EU concur in re-editing the 20-D lists if there is a new general election". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 21 April 2016.
120. ^ "Compromís bids to join with Podemos and IU ahead of elections" (in Spanish). Las Provincias. 18 April 2016.
121. ^ "Compromís wants to repeat the coalition with Podemos and have IU join in if election is held". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 26 April 2016.
122. ^ "Més "welcomes" Podemos to form a grand coalition of the left" (in Spanish). Diario de Mallorca. 27 April 2016.
123. ^ "Podemos and Més agree. List's number 3 will be for Més" (in Spanish). ciutat.es. 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
124. ^ "PACMA rejects joining Podemos for the general election". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 28 April 2016.
125. ^ "Podemos and IU finalize a pact to concur together if there is a new election" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 20 April 2016.
126. ^ "Podemos and IU advance towards a pact to overtake the PSOE on 26-J". La Razón (in Spanish). 24 April 2016.
127. ^ "Podemos opens itself to negotiate a statewide agreement with IU". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 20 April 2016.
128. ^ "Podemos and IU acknowledge that they have differences over 'important points' but commit to keep talking". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 30 April 2016.
129. ^ "Podemos and IU seal alliance to run together in the election". El País (in Spanish). 9 May 2016.
130. ^ "Equo's membership support contesting the 26-J in coalition with Podemos". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 4 May 2016.
131. ^ "Montiel (Podemos) says that in "coming hours" there will be agreement with EUPV to join 'És el moment'". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
132. ^ "Compromís, Podemos and EUPV reach agreement for running in coalition in Congress' lists". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 May 2016.
133. ^ "'Unidos Podemos', the name for the Podemos–IU alliance". El País (in Spanish). 13 May 2016.
134. ^ "Elecciones Generales 26 de junio de 2016. Calendario Electoral" (PDF). Central Electoral Commission (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2017.
135. ^ "The King anticipates a fresh election and asks for an austere campaign". El País (in Spanish). 25 April 2016.
136. ^ a b "What parties say on the electoral campaign". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 April 2016.
137. ^ "PP proposes an electoral campaign of 10 days and without posters". El Mundo (in Spanish). 30 April 2016.
138. ^ "PSOE proposes reducing campaign spending by 30% and cut mailing spending" (in Spanish). ABC. 28 April 2016.
139. ^ "Rivera proposes to reduce party spending by 50% and to unify mailing". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 27 April 2016.
140. ^ "Patxi López sees it difficult to decrease the campaign's length despite "anger and frustration"" (in Spanish). Faro de Vigo. 27 April 2016.
141. ^ "Parties begin contacts to agree on a reduction in campaign spending". El País (in Spanish). 28 April 2016.
142. ^ "Parties end without agreement the first meeting to reduce electoral spending". El País (in Spanish). 5 May 2016.
143. ^ "Failure in parties' negotiation for reducing electoral spending" (in Spanish). ABC. 11 May 2016.
144. ^ "The 'Barberá case' might complicate Rajoy's campaign" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 30 April 2016.
145. ^ "Rivera states he will tend his hand both to 'left and right' if C's is decisive after the 26-J" (in Spanish). Antena 3. 14 May 2016.
146. ^ "Rivera assumes both his agreement with the PSOE and Rajoy as 'timed out'". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 April 2016.
147. ^ "Rivera calls for a deputy secretary's rebellion within the PP to succeed Rajoy". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 29 April 2016.
148. ^ "Carme Chacón: "I go for political motives"" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 28 April 2016.
149. ^ "Irene Lozano also renounces to enlist PSOE files in Madrid". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 April 2016.
150. ^ "PSOE pressures IU into avoiding running with Podemos". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 26 April 2016.
151. ^ "The PSOE campaign starts badly". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 29 April 2016.
152. ^ "Pedro Sánchez: "I ask for unity and trust in me for the 26-J election"". El País (in Spanish). 30 April 2016.
153. ^ "Díaz promises to help Sánchez but warns him: "I look only for a PSOE win"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 30 April 2016.
154. ^ "Podemos and PSOE start struggle over hegemony of the left". El País (in Spanish). 5 May 2016.
155. ^ "The PSOE before 26-J. Some data". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 19 May 2016.
156. ^ "The 'second round' duel between Rajoy and Iglesias marginalizes the PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 2016.
157. ^ "Pedro Sánchez recovers Josep Borrell and Margarita Robles". El Mundo (in Spanish). 12 May 2016.
158. ^ "Susana Díaz accepts Sánchez's request to present him in his proclamation". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 2016.
159. ^ "Pedro Sánchez asks for more support for 26-J and promises "decency, dialogue and dedication"" (in Spanish). RTVE. 14 May 2016.
160. ^ "Pedro Sánchez announces his "government of change" in Barcelona" (in Spanish). EcoDiario.es. 15 May 2016.
161. ^ "Sánchez claims Adolfo Suárez to expand his political offer to the centre". El País (in Spanish). 14 May 2016.
162. ^ "Iglesias asks followers to 'give the sorpasso to the PP' and "win the election"" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 26 April 2016.
163. ^ "Pablo Iglesias: "Our enemy is not the PSOE, we want to win the election to PP". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 27 April 2016.
164. ^ "Pablo Iglesias takes the 'sorpasso' for granted and offers Sánchez to be his deputy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 May 2016.
165. ^ "Pablo Iglesias: "Si Podemos gobierna en España, será gracias al PSOE"". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
166. ^ "Unidos Podemos uses the 15-M to gain momentum". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 May 2016.
167. ^ "Five years later, the 15-M wants to rule". El País (in Spanish). 15 May 2016.
168. ^ "From Sol to the 'sorpasso': this is how the 15-M earthquake has changed the Spanish left". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 13 May 2016.
169. ^ "Thousands celebrate the 15-M fifth anniversary at Puerta del Sol". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 May 2016.
170. ^ "The 15-M returns to Madrid streets five years later". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 15 May 2016.
171. ^ "Susana Díaz, on Unidos Podemos: "It is the reunion of the Communist Youth"" (in Spanish). infoLibre. 13 May 2016.
172. ^ "González Pons: "Unidos Podemos are the old-fashioned communists but with another name"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 14 May 2016.
173. ^ "Albert Rivera: "C's offers itself without sickles, hammers nor corruption"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 14 May 2016.
174. ^ a b c d e f g Ruiz Marull, David (11 June 2016). "Lemas sin alma para el 26J". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
175. ^ Hernández, Marisol (30 May 2016). "El PP lanza una campaña para pedir que no se le vuelva a vetar". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
176. ^ Ruiz Sierra, Juan (14 May 2016). "'Un SÍ por el cambio', eslogan del PSOE para el 26-J". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
177. ^ Luna, Victoria; Calleja, Ángel (2 June 2016). "Unidos Podemos presenta su campaña: un corazón de colores y el lema "La sonrisa de un país"". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
178. ^ "Unidos Podemos cambia 'país' por 'pueblos' para su mitin con Colau en Barcelona". Voz Libre (in Spanish). 8 June 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
179. ^ "ELECCIONES GENERALES 2016. Coaliciones válidamente constituidas ante la Junta Electoral Central" (PDF). congreso.es (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
180. ^ Romero, Víctor (29 May 2016). "Rivera arranca la precampaña con guante blanco con el PSOE y ataques a PP y Podemos". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Valencia. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
181. ^ "ERC ve a En Comú Podem como el "adversario electoral" a batir". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 7 June 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
182. ^ "CDC hará campaña para "plantar cara" a los "extremismos" del PP y de la CUP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
183. ^ "El PNV pide a los vascos que marquen la diferencia votando 'en clave Euskadi'". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Bilbao. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
184. ^ "Vamos a crear oportunidades". ehbildu.eus (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
185. ^ "26J: los partidos regionales". ciudadanosencrisis.wordpress (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2016.
186. ^ "Iglesias and Rivera accept a new debate in Carlos III, but only if Rajoy and Sánchez also attend" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 4 May 2016.
187. ^ "Atresmedia proposes 16 June for a new four-way debate". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 4 May 2016.
188. ^ "Rajoy only wants a single four-way debate in neutral ground". El País (in Spanish). 5 May 2016.
189. ^ "The PP notes the PSOE on Rajoy's demands: only a four-way debate and on neutral ground" (in Spanish). EcoDiario.es. 6 May 2016.
190. ^ "Sánchez, Iglesias and Rivera will only go to debates if Rajoy is in". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 5 May 2016.
191. ^ "Pedro Sánchez closes the door to debating with Iglesias and Rivera if Rajoy doesn't attend". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 6 May 2016.
192. ^ "Parties' demands cause the cancellation of the Demos Association university debate". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 30 May 2016.
193. ^ "The only electoral debate between Rajoy, Sánchez, Iglesias and Rivera will be held on Monday 13 June". El Mundo (in Spanish). 31 May 2016.
194. ^ "Rajoy rejects a 'face to face' with Pedro Sánchez and prefers a four-way debate with Rivera and Iglesias" (in Spanish). formulatv.com. 25 May 2016.
195. ^ "Albert Rivera and Pablo Iglesias 'struggle in a pretty hard way' in 'Salvados'" (in Spanish). 20 Minutos. 3 June 2016.
196. ^ "The veto in the face-to-face in 'Salvados': "Citizens did not want to do it in a bar"" (in Spanish). ecoteuve.es. 3 June 2016.
197. ^ "El segundo debate Iglesias-Rivera pierde audiencia". Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). 6 June 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
198. ^ "'Supervivientes' tumba al debate electoral de mujeres de Antena 3". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 10 June 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
199. ^ "'El objetivo' destaca en un domingo de fútbol". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 13 June 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
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203. ^ "Iglesias ganó el debate a cuatro aunque Rivera jugó mejor sus bazas". El País (in Spanish). 14 June 2017.
204. ^ "El debate confirmó la polarización". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 June 2017.
205. ^ "Iglesias ganó y Rajoy se benefició, pero el debate solo influye al 6% del electorado". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 15 June 2017.
206. ^ "El debate lo ganó el 'Sr. ninguno'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 19 June 2017.
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Constitución Española (Spanish Constitution). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 311\. 29 December 1978 [version as of 27 September 2011]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1978-31229. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
* Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 147\. 19 June 1985 [version as of 31 March 2015]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
* Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097\. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.1072-1097&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Fundación+BBVA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=84-96515-00-1&rft.aulast=Carreras+de+Odriozola&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Tafunell+Sambola,+Xavier&rft_id=http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:2016+Spanish+general+election" class="Z3988">

## External links

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* Media related to Spanish general election, 2016 at Wikimedia Commons

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