2018 Zimbabwean general election

* * *

| <- 2013 | 30 July 2018 | 2023 ->

|
|

elected members ->

Presidential election

Registered| 5,695,706 ( 3.04%)
Turnout| 85.10% ( 25.86pp)
|  |  |

|
|

Candidate  | Emmerson Mnangagwa | Nelson Chamisa
Party  | ZANU–PF | MDC Alliance
Popular vote  | 2,456,010 | 2,151,927
Percentage  | 51.44% | 45.07%

* * *

| President before election

Emmerson Mnangagwa
ZANU–PF

| Elected President

Emmerson Mnangagwa
ZANU–PF

|

National Assembly

* * *

All 270 seats in the National Assembly
136 seats needed for a majority
| Party  | Leader  | Vote %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|

| ZANU–PF | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 52.35  | 179  | −17
| MDC Alliance | Nelson Chamisa | 34.72  | 88  | +16
| MDC-T (Khupe) | Thokozani Khuphe | 3.03  | 1  | New
| NPF | Eunice Sandi Moyo  | 1.04  | 1  | New
| Independents | Temba Mliswa | 5.05  | 1  | −1

This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Senate

* * *

60 of the 80 seats in the Senate
41 seats needed for a majority
| Party  | Leader  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|

| ZANU–PF | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 34  | −3
| MDC Alliance | Nelson Chamisa | 25  | +2
| MDC-T (Khupe) | Thokozani Khupe | 1  | New

This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Maps

Mnangagwa:

40-50%

50-60%

60-70%

70-80%

Chamisa

40-50%

60-70%

70-80%

|

Presidential election results by province

House of Assembly election results by constituency

Senate election results by province

Politics of Zimbabwe

Constitution

* Constitutional history
* Human rights

Government

* President

Emmerson Mnangagwa
* Vice-President

Constantino Chiwenga
Kembo Mohadi
* Cabinet

Legislature

* Parliament

Senate

President
National Assembly

Speaker
Constituencies

Judiciary

* Supreme Court

Elections

* General

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2013 2018 2023

* Referendums

2000 2013

* Electoral Commission
* Political parties

Administrative divisions

* Provinces
* Districts
* Wards

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

Minister: Frederick Shava

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Zimbabwe

* * *

* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* v
* t
* e

General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 30 July 2018 to elect the President and members of both houses of Parliament.[1][2] Held eight months after the 2017 coup d'état, the election was the first since independence in which former President Robert Mugabe was not a candidate.

ZANU–PF, the country's ruling party, went into the election with majorities in both the National Assembly and the Senate. The main opposition, the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai, contested the election as part of the MDC Alliance, a coalition that included the MDC–T and six smaller parties. The election gave ZANU–PF control of both houses in the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe, though with reduced majorities in each. The MDC Alliance gained seats in both houses, closely corresponding to ZANU–PF's losses.

In the presidential election Emmerson Mnangagwa, who became president as a result of the 2017 coup ran for election as the ZANU–PF candidate. Morgan Tsvangirai, the MDC–T leader who was expected to run against him, died in February 2018 and Nelson Chamisa, the new party leader, replaced him as the MDC Alliance candidate. The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission announced Mnangagwa as the winner with 50.8% of the vote and gave Chamisa's 44.3%, giving Mnangagwa the majority needed to avoid a runoff. The announced results were disputed by MDC alliance and critiqued internationally.[3] Mnangagwa won six of the country's ten provinces, while Chamisa won four, including the two metropolitan provinces, Harare and Bulawayo. It was the closest since 2008 that an opposition party had come to breaking ZANU–PF's 38-year hold on power.

## Background

[edit]

The likelihood of the elections taking place was called into doubt following the 2017 coup. On 22 November 2017, a ZANU–PF spokesman said that Emmerson Mnangagwa would serve out the remainder of Robert Mugabe's term before the elections due to be held; during or before September 2018.[4] On 20 March 2018, Mnangagwa said he was looking forward to holding elections in July 2018.[1] In May, 30 July was set as the date of the election.[2]

## Electoral system

[edit]

The President of Zimbabwe is elected using the two-round system.

The 270 members of the National Assembly consist of 210 members elected in single-member constituencies and 60 women elected by proportional representation in ten six-seat constituencies based on the country's provinces. Voters cast a single vote, which is counted for both forms of election.[5] The 80 members of the Senate include 60 members elected from ten six-member constituencies (also based on the provinces) by proportional representation using party lists; the lists must have a woman at the top and alternate between men and women.[6] The other 20 seats include two reserved for people with disabilities and 18 for traditional chiefs.

According to the Constitution of Zimbabwe, the elections are required to be held before the official expiry date of the current parliamentary term, which was due to end on 21 August 2018.[7]

## Presidential candidates

[edit]

In 2015 long-term President Robert Mugabe announced that he would run for another term in 2018, and was adopted as the ZANU–PF candidate despite the fact that he would have been 94 at the time of the elections. Following the events of a military coup d'état in November 2017 and his deposition as leader of ZANU–PF, Mugabe resigned amidst parliamentary impeachment hearings on 21 November 2017.[8] His successor Mnangagwa was chosen as the ZANU–PF candidate shortly after taking office.[9] On 29 July 2018 Mugabe announced he would not support Emmerson Mnangagwa or the ZANU–PF party.[10]

It was unknown whether long-time opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai would have run in the elections following an announcement on 6 February 2018 which stated that Tsvangirai was critically ill and an MDC party source said "we should brace for the worst".[11] Tsvangirai subsequently died on 14 February.[12] Nelson Chamisa replaced Tsvangirai as the MDC candidate.[13][14]

On 20 October 2017, the Coalition of Democrats or CODE, a group formed by nine political parties, nominated the leader of the Renewal Democrats of Zimbabwe, Elton Mangoma, to be their presidential candidate in the election.[15]

Joice Mujuru, previously the Vice President of ZANU–PF before being ousted from the party in 2014, also registered her candidacy. Former Deputy Prime Minister Thokozani Khuphe, who leads a breakaway faction of the MDC after falling out with Nelson Chamisa, was also a candidate.[16]

In total 23 candidates stood for election.[17]

## Conduct

[edit]

On 18 January 2018 Mnangagwa spoke to the Financial Times in an interview, in which he invited the EU, UN and the Commonwealth to send missions to Zimbabwe in order to monitor the elections.[18] On 29 July 2018, former President Mugabe gave a surprise press conference during which he stated he would not vote for Mnangagwa and ZANU–PF, the party he founded and led for decades.[19] Instead, he expressed the wish to vote for his long-time rival party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) led by Nelson Chamisa.[20][21]

The credibility of the elections was questioned by both Zimbabwean citizens[22] and the international community.[23] The opposition party claimed that people aged 141 are registered to vote, and in one instance a single address had over 100 registered voters. Academic Tony Reeler argued people should boycott the poll, otherwise they would legitimise the 2017 coup.[24] Opposition leader Nelson Chamisa indicated that his party would participate in the election, but requested the intervention of the Southern African Development Community and African Union.[25] The Zimbabwe Republic Police were accused of requiring officers to cast postal ballots in front of their supervisors,[26] which is contrary to electoral law, which requires them to be a secret ballot.[27] The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) removed ghost voters and duplicate voters.[28] In 2015, the ZEC said that Diaspora voting would be allowed in the 2018 election,[29] but Mnangagwa ruled this out.[30] Elmar Brok claimed that ZANU–PF transported people to vote in an area in which they did not live.[31]

On 1 August, the opposition accused the government of rigging the vote. Just after the elections, supporters of ZANU–PF attacked houses of some MDC members.[32] In subsequent riots by MDC supporters, the army opened fire and killed three people, while three others died of their injuries the following day.[33]

Although the election process was peaceful, the main opposition party MDC Alliance claimed that Zanu PF and ZEC rigged the presidential election results to announce Emmerson Mnangagwa the winner. The party claimed that there was manipulation of figures which did not tally with what was recorded on V11 forms issued at each polling station.[34][35]

## Opinion polls

[edit]

Date(s)  | Polling organisation  | Sample
size  | Turnout  | Mnangagwa | Chamisa | Undecided  | Lead

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

30 July 2018  | 2018 election Results | N/A  | 70%  | 50.8% | 44.3%  | N/A  | 6.5%
July 2018  | Afrobarometer | 2,400  | N/A  | 40% | 37%  | 20%  | 3%
June 2018  | Afrobarometer | N/A  | 85%  | 42% | 31%  | 26%  | 11%

## Results

[edit]

On 1 August, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission released preliminary results which show that the ruling party ZANU–PF had won the majority of seats in parliament.[36][37] On 3 August, the Commission declared incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa the winner with just over 50% of the vote.[38] This was the closest that an opposition party had come to ending ZANU–PF's hold on power since 2008, when Tsvangirai led the field in the first round and forced Mugabe into a runoff (from which he subsequently withdrew due to intimidation and violence by pro-Mugabe supporters), while the MDC-T won a plurality of seats in the House of Assembly.

### President

[edit]

Presidential election results map.

Mnangagwa

Chamisa

Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Emmerson Mnangagwa| ZANU–PF| 2,456,010| 51.44
| Nelson Chamisa| Movement for Democratic Change Alliance| 2,151,927| 45.07
| Thokozani Khupe| MDC–Tsvangirai (Khupe)| 45,626| 0.96
| Joseph Makamba Busha| FreeZim Congress| 17,540| 0.37
| Nkosana Moyo| Alliance for People's Agenda| 15,172| 0.32
| Evaristo Chikanga| Rebuild Zimbabwe| 13,132| 0.28
| Joice Mujuru| People's Rainbow Coalition| 12,823| 0.27
| Hlabangana Kwanele| Republican Party of Zimbabwe| 9,460| 0.20
| Blessing Kasiyamhuru| Zimbabwe Partnership for Prosperity| 7,016| 0.15
| William Mugadza| Bethel Christian Party| 5,898| 0.12
| Peter Wilson| Democratic Opposition Party| 4,895| 0.10
| Peter Munyanduri| New Patriotic Front| 4,498| 0.09
| Divine Mhambi| National Alliance of Patriotic and Democratic Republicans| 4,405| 0.09
| Ambrose Mutinhiri| National Patriotic Front| 4,107| 0.09
| Daniel Shumba| United Democratic Alliance| 3,905| 0.08
| Peter Gava| United Democratic Front| 2,858| 0.06
| Brian Mteki| Independent| 2,732| 0.06
| Lovemore Madhuku| National Constitutional Assembly| 2,692| 0.06
| Noah Ngoni Manyika| Build Zimbabwe Alliance| 2,681| 0.06
| Elton Mangoma| Coalition of Democrats| 2,431| 0.05
| Melbah Dzapasi| #1980 Freedom Movement Zimbabwe| 1,890| 0.04
| Violet Mariyacha| United Democracy Movement| 1,673| 0.04
| Timothy Chiguvare| People's Progressive Party Zimbabwe| 1,546| 0.03
Total| 4,774,917| 100.00
Valid votes| 4,774,917| 98.51
Invalid/blank votes| 72,316| 1.49
Total votes| 4,847,233| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 5,695,706| 85.10
Source: The Commonwealth

#### Results by province

[edit]

* Only candidates with more than 10,000 votes are listed.[39]

Province | Mnangagwa  | Chamisa  | Khupe  | Busha  | Moyo  | Chikanga  | Mujuru  | Valid votes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Manicaland | 292,938  | 296,429  | 4,793  | 2,759  | 2,508  | 1,834  | 1,281  | 611,414
Mashonaland Central | 359,576  | 96,063  | 1,541  | 1,452  | 879  | 858  | 2,547  | 467,740
Mashonaland West | 314,541  | 220,111  | 3,060  | 2,248  | 1,506  | 1,456  | 1,158  | 551,453
Mashonaland East | 334,617  | 189,021  | 2,298  | 1,681  | 1,166  | 950  | 972  | 535,458
Masvingo | 318,964  | 171,438  | 3,012  | 2,510  | 1,707  | 2,367  | 979  | 509,523
Matabeleland South | 107,008  | 90,292  | 4,700  | 1,216  | 1,060  | 1,335  | 808  | 212,517
Matabeleland North | 111,452  | 137,611  | 12,776  | 1,401  | 1,419  | 1,342  | 1,170  | 274,163
Midlands | 352,027  | 257,960  | 4,672  | 2,768  | 2,000  | 1,795  | 1,169  | 631,261
Bulawayo | 60,168  | 144,107  | 5,753  | 497  | 1,350  | 364  | 1,050  | 215,405
Harare | 204,719  | 548,895  | 3,021  | 1,008  | 1,577  | 831  | 1,689  | 765,983
Total  | 2,456,010  | 2,151,927  | 45,626  | 17,540  | 15,172  | 13,132  | 12,823  | 4,774,917

### National Assembly

[edit]

House of Assembly election results map.

ZANU–PF

MDC A

National Patriotic Front

Independent

Party| Votes| %| Seats
Common| Women| Total| +/–
| ZANU–PF| 2,477,708| 52.35| 144| 35| 179| –17
| Movement for Democratic Change Alliance| 1,643,366| 34.72| 64| 24| 88| +16
| MDC–Tsvangirai (Khupe)| 143,396| 3.03| 0| 1| 1| New
| People's Rainbow Coalition| 61,644| 1.30| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Patriotic Front| 49,103| 1.04| 1| 0| 1| New
| Zimbabwe Partnership for Prosperity| 26,515| 0.56| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zimbabwe African People's Union| 16,088| 0.34| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Democratic Union of Zimbabwe| 11,199| 0.24| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Constitutional Assembly| 9,736| 0.21| 0| 0| 0| New
| Mthwakazi Republic Party| 9,554| 0.20| 0| 0| 0| New
| Build Zimbabwe Alliance| 8,486| 0.18| 0| 0| 0| New
| Coalition of Democrats| 6,522| 0.14| 0| 0| 0| New
| FreeZim Congress| 4,240| 0.09| 0| 0| 0| 0
| United Democratic Alliance| 3,599| 0.08| 0| 0| 0| New
| Republican Party of Zimbabwe| 3,264| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| New
| Freedom Movement #1980| 2,146| 0.05| 0| 0| 0| New
| Alliance for the Peoples Agenda| 2,111| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| United African National Council| 1,889| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| The African Democrats| 1,387| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Movement for Democracy| 1,357| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Alliance for National Salvation| 1,204| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zimbabwe Rainbow Democratic Party| 1,172| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| People's Progressive Party Zimbabwe| 1,064| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Freedom Justice Coalition Zimbabwe| 773| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Democratic Front| 611| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| PRZ| 494| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zimbabwe Labour Party| 464| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zimbabwe Patriotic Movement| 402| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| ZimFirst| 373| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Action Party| 362| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Rebuilding Zimbabwe Party| 346| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Maat – Zimbabwe| 342| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zimbabwe People's Party: Good People's Movement| 328| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Democratic Official Party| 323| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Democracy Movement| 318| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Forces of Liberation Organization of African National Party| 303| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Chief's Party| 282| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Crusade for Achieving Democracy Green Party of Zimbabwe| 224| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Unity Party Zimbabwe| 214| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| New Zimbabwe Republican Party| 198| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Federal Democrats of Zimbabwe| 194| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| ERA| 177| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Democratic Alliance–United People's Party| 147| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Progressive Democrats of Zimbabwe| 144| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Christian Alliance| 123| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| African People's Congress| 70| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Suffering Voices of Zimbabwe| 66| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Freedom Front| 44| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Independents| 238,779| 5.05| 1| 0| 1| –1
Total| 4,732,851| 100.00| 210| 60| 270| 0
Source: ZEC

### Senate

[edit]

Party| Seats| +/–
| ZANU–PF| 34| –3
| Movement for Democratic Change Alliance| 25| +2
| MDC–Tsvangirai (Khupe)| 1| New
Chiefs| 18| –
Disabled representatives| 2| –
Total| 80| 0
Source: ZBC

## Aftermath

[edit]

Within days after the election, there were protests by the Movement for Democratic Change opposition. The army opened fire on demonstrators and bystanders killing six people. In the following days, many opposition supporters were arrested, according to opposition leaders and human rights groups.[40]

On 10 August, it was announced that Mnangagwa's inauguration, which had been scheduled for 12 August, would be delayed after Chamisa petitioned to challenge the election results in court, with a ruling due by the end of the month.[41] On 24 August 2018, the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe dismissed Chamisa's challenge and officially declared Mnangagwa the winner in a unanimous ruling.[42][43][44] The Chief Justice Luke Malaba noted that Chamisa refused both a recount and access to the ballot boxes.[45] Mnangagwa's inauguration and official swearing-in was then held on 26 August.[46][47]

Two Washington-based entities, American International Republican Institute (IRI) and National Democratic Institute (NDI), which were involved in the Zimbabwe International Election Observation Mission (ZIEOM) expressed doubts that the poll had a standard accepting value.[48] Manisha Singh, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs, told a congressional hearing that until the new government of President Emmerson Mnangagwa shows signs of "changing its ways," the U.S. government will not lift sanctions against Zimbabwe.[49]

## See also

[edit]

* 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe
* List of members of the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Ncube, Xolisani (20 March 2018). "ED winces over 'briefcase' parties". NewsDay. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
2. ^ a b Dzirutwe, MacDonald (30 May 2018). "Zimbabwe sets first post-Mugabe elections for July 30". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
3. ^ "Elections look irregular". Washington Post.
4. ^ "Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa promises jobs in 'new democracy'". BBC. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
5. ^ Electoral system – National Assembly Archived 24 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. IPU
6. ^ Electoral system – Senate Archived 21 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. IPU
7. ^ "Timeframe for the 2018 Elections". The Zimbabwean. 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
8. ^ Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe vows to stay on despite army pressure Archived 26 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 19 November 2017
9. ^ Zanu-PF reveals Mnangagwa as 2018 presidential candidate Archived 12 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Zimbabwean, 19 November 2017
10. ^ "Zimbabwe election: Mugabe refuses to back successor Mnangagwa". British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
11. ^ "Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai 'critically ill'". BBC News. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
12. ^ "Zimbabwean opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai dies". ENCA. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
13. ^ "Election: Mnangagwa versus Chamisa – The Zimbabwe Independent". Zimbabwe Independent. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
14. ^ "Chamisa to fight Zimbabwe polls for opposition party". News24. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
15. ^ Manayiti, Obey (20 October 2017). "Code nominates Mangoma as presidential candidate". NewsDay Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
16. ^ "Mnangagwa, Chamisa register for first post-Mugabe election". Africanews. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
17. ^ "'Magic owls', ghost voters and Zimbabwe's election". BBC News. 23 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
18. ^ "Zimbabwe's president seeks to build bridges with west". Financial Times. 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
19. ^ "Zimbabwe election: Mugabe turns on Mnangagwa in surprise pre-poll speech". BBC. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
20. ^ Hamza Mohamed (29 July 2018). "Zimbabwe's Mugabe says he won't vote for successor Mnangagwa". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
21. ^ "Nelson Chamisa Has Won Election And Must Be Sworn In: Biti ⋆ Pindula News". 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
22. ^ MUTSAKA, FARAI (11 July 2018). "The case of the 141-year-old voter: Zimbabwe ballot at risk". The Sacramento Bee. ISSN 0890-5738. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
23. ^ "Zimbabwe Not Yet Ready for Free, Fair, Credible Elections: US, European Observers". How Africa News. 9 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
24. ^ "Opposition urged to boycott polls". NewsDay Zimbabwe. 12 May 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
25. ^ "Zimbabwe opposition calls for African blocs to protect poll". Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
26. ^ "Police in postal vote storm". NewsDay Zimbabwe. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
27. ^ "Statement regarding the illegal manner in which ZEC is allowing postal voting to take place. - David Coltart (Official Website)". David Coltart (Official Website). 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
28. ^ "'Magic owls', ghost voters and Zimbabwe's election". BBC News. 23 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
29. ^ "ZEC confirms diaspora vote in 2018". Zimbabwe Situation. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
30. ^ "No Diaspora vote: President – NewsDay Zimbabwe". www.newsday.co.zw. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
31. ^ "The Latest: Counting underway in Zimbabwe's historic vote". Newser. 30 July 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
32. ^ "Zimbabwe's experiment to heal bitter political divisions". Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
33. ^ "Violence flares over Zimbabwe poll". BBC News. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
34. ^ Hove, Farai D. (1 August 2018). "ZIM ELECTIONS: EXPOSED-ELECTORAL FRAUD...V11 Forms Vanished At ZEC's 21% Polling Stations". The Zambian Observer. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
35. ^ Murwira, Zvamaida (6 August 2018). "Coltart exposes V11 forms hypocrisy". The Herald. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
36. ^ Jason Burke (1 August 2018). "Zanu-PF wins majority in Zimbabwe parliament elections, officials say". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
37. ^ "Mugabe's ex-party wins most seats". BBC News. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
38. ^ Zimbabwe election: Emmerson Mnangagwa declared winner as defeated opposition leader rejects result - as it happened Archived 3 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 2 August 2018
39. ^ "Zimbabwe Electoral Commission". Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
40. ^ Mahr, Krista (21 August 2018). "Zimbabwe politics is still in turmoil as opposition challenges election results". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
41. ^ "Zimbabwe presidential inauguration delayed amid court challenge". Sky News. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
42. ^ "WATCH LIVE - Zimbabwe's top court delivers election ruling". TimesLIVE. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
43. ^ "Court rejects Zimbabwe election challenge". BBC. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
44. ^ Mutsaka, Farai. "Zimbabwe court unanimously upholds president's election win". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
45. ^ "OVERVIEW: ConCourt declares Mnangagwa as duly elected president of Zimbabwe". News24. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
46. ^ "President Mnangagwa sworn in". ZBC News Online. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
47. ^ "Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa sworn in as president". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
48. ^ "Former Top U.S. Diplomat for Africa Picks Flaws in Zimbabwe Elections, But Accepts President". Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
49. ^ "U.S. Sanctions to Remain Until Zimbabwe Demonstrates Reforms". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Zimbabwe

Presidential elections|

* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Parliamentary elections|

* 1899
* 1902
* 1905
* 1908
* 1911
* 1914
* 1920
* 1924
* 1928
* 1933
* 1934
* 1939
* 1946
* 1948
* 1954
* 1958
* 1962
* 1965
* 1970
* 1974
* 1977
* 1979
* 1980
* 1985
* 1990
* 1995
* 2000
* 2005
* 2008
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Senate elections|

* 2005
* 2008
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Local elections|

* ...
* 1980
* 1981
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1991
* 1993
* 1995
* 1998
* 2002
* 2003
* 2006
* 2008
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Referendums|

* 1922
* 1934
* 1953
* 1961
* 1964
* 1969
* 1979
* 2000
* 2013

See also: Elections in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template