2020 Myanmar general election

* * *

| <- 2015 | 8 November 2020 | 2023 ->

|
|

* * *

315 of the 440 seats in the House of Representatives
221 seats needed for a majority
161 of the 224 seats in the House of Nationalities[1]
113 seats needed for a majority
|  | First party  | Second party

|
|

|  |
Leader  | Aung San Suu Kyi | Than Htay
Party  | NLD | USDP
Leader's seat  | Kawhmu | Ran in Zeyathiri
Last election  | 255 R / 135 N | 30 R / 11 N
Seats won  | 258 R / 138 N | 26 R / 7 N
Seat change  |  3 R /  3 N |  4 R /  4 N

* * *

Results of the election in the Pyithu Hluttaw, Amyotha Hluttaw, as well as State and Regional Hluttaws

* * *

| President before election

Win Myint
NLD

| President after election

Election results annulled
Myint Swe (USDP) named
Acting President

|

Politics of Myanmar

Constitution

* 2008 Constitution
* Constitutional Tribunal

Chairman: Myo Nyunt

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* President (list)

Myint Swe (acting)
* National Defence and Security Council
* State Administration Council

Chairman: Min Aung Hlaing
Vice Chairman: Soe Win

* Vice-President

First: Myint Swe
Second: Henry Van Thio

* Prime Minister (list)

Min Aung Hlaing

* Deputy Prime Minister (list)

Soe Win

* Cabinet

Provisional Government

Assembly of the Union

* House of Nationalities

Speaker
* House of Representatives

Speaker
* Opposition
* Political parties

* USDP
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* Chief Justice: Htun Htun Oo

Recent elections

*     * General: 2015
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*     * Presidential: 2016
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* States * Regions * Union Territories
* Self-Administered Zones and Divisions
* Districts
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* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Wunna Maung Lwin
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Minister: Ko Ko Hlaing

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Myanmar

* * *

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* Visa policy

Exiled government

* Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
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President: Duwa Lashi La (acting)
Prime Minister: Mahn Win Khaing Than
Vice President: Duwa Lashi La

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* v
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General elections were held in Myanmar on 8 November 2020. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by or reserved for the military, to elect members to both the upper house - Amyotha Hluttaw (the House of Nationalities) and the lower house - Pyithu Hluttaw (the House of Representatives) of the Assembly of the Union, as well as State and Regional Hluttaws (legislatures). Ethnic Affairs Ministers were also elected by their designated electorates on the same day, although only select ethnic minorities in particular states and regions were entitled to vote for them. A total of 1,171 national, state, and regional seats were contested in the election, with polling having taken place in all townships, including areas considered conflict zones and self-administered regions.[2]

On 1 February 2021, the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) claimed the results of the election were illegitimate and launched a coup d'état that deposed State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint.[3] The military later annulled the results of the 2020 election,[4] and pledged to hold new elections by 2023.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 1.1 Rohingya conflict
* 1.2 Economic issues
* 1.3 COVID-19 pandemic
* 1.4 Constitutional reform
* 2 Electoral system
* 3 Opinion polls
* 4 Conduct
* 5 Results
* 5.1 House of Nationalities
* 5.2 House of Representatives
* 5.3 State and Regional Hluttaws
* 5.3.1 Ethnic Affairs Ministers
* 6 Aftermath
* 6.1 Coup
* 7 Notes
* 8 See also
* 9 References

## Background[edit]

The prior elections in 2015 were only the second to be considered at least semi-democratic in the country since 1960 (the first being in 1990, which the military invalidated), as for a majority of its independent history, it was either controlled by a totalitarian dictatorship or a military junta. The National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi, won a majority of seats and votes, taking 86 percent of the seats in the Assembly of the Union (235 in the House of Representatives and 135 in the House of Nationalities), well more than the 67 percent supermajority needed to ensure that its preferred candidates would be elected president and second vice president in the Presidential Electoral College. The party technically also needed at least 67 percent to outvote the combined pro-military bloc in the Presidential Electoral College (the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the appointed legislators representing the military). Although NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency (as both her late husband and her children are foreign citizens), she was the de facto head of government, after being appointed to a newly created office, the State Counsellor of Myanmar, a position akin to a Prime Minister.[6] Most political parties in the country are ethnically-based, with only two (the NLD and the USDP) having large sway at the national level, although both are dominated by the ethnic Bamar majority. Parties also tend to be based more on personality (based on the attitudes and personality of their leaders) rather than a stable ideological platform.

Statistics for share of the popular vote appear not to be available.

The election took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as both the Rohingya conflict and the Rohingya genocide (alongside international condemnation for these events). In addition, the government has also been criticised for restricting press freedom and having failed to deal with the country's economic issues, putting dents in its electoral promise of reform.[7][8][9]

### Rohingya conflict[edit]

Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy's actions since being elected in 2015 have been described by international media and international organisations including the United Nations, International Criminal Court, and Amnesty International as failing to stop the persecution of the Rohingya people, a Muslim minority group mainly in Rakhine State,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] although it is unclear how much say they actually have, regardless of their relative silence on the matter. The actions of the military, who are said to hold the real power in the region,[21][22] have been described as crimes against humanity and a genocide.[23][24][25][26][27][28] Over 25,000 people have been killed in the conflicts, with tens of thousands more being injured or subjected to sexual violence,[29] in addition to over 725,000 people having fled the country, mostly to neighboring Bangladesh. Media activity in the province is heavily restricted by the government. The Rohingya are currently classed as stateless people, as Myanmar refuses to give them citizenship, claiming they are illegal immigrants from Bangladesh, despite evidence suggesting they have been present in the area for centuries. In the rare cases that Rohingya individuals do possess citizenship, the government routinely refuses to acknowledge the validity of documents they provide.[30]

### Economic issues[edit]

According to the IMF:[31]

* Myanmar has seen a sharp decline in exports, remittances, and tourist arrivals due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Domestic economic activity has also been constrained by measures taken to control the spread of the virus. Additionally, nearly four out of five workers in Myanmar are employed in the informal sector, with limited access to social safety nets to help cope with any economic fallout.
* Natural gas comprised 40 percent of exports and 20 percent of government revenues in fiscal year 2018/19, and due to a drop in prices in 2020, the current account and fiscal position of the country became even more strained.
* The Burmese kyat, in contrast to trends elsewhere in the region, has appreciated in value. "The country's trade deficit had narrowed for about a year, leading to exchange rate appreciation pressures. This trend has now started to unwind. This may continue as imports pick up and the economy is projected to recover. At the same time, Myanmar’s foreign exchange intervention rule, adopted late last year, has facilitated accumulation of foreign exchange reserves, which remain inadequate."

In addition, some construction and infrastructure projects have been either delayed or cancelled due to supply and demand shocks as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the US$1 billion Yangon Elevated Expressway and the development of the US$8–10 billion Dawei Special Economic Zone and accompanying US$137.1 million Dawei-Htee Kee Road linking the zone to Ratchaburi in Thailand. The government has also not been able to muster up enough funds to put together a stimulus package, only allocating the equivalent of around US$72 million to assist small- and medium-sized enterprises compared to the tens of billions allocated in nearby countries like Thailand.[32] Prior to the pandemic, some areas of the country's economy had been highlighted as trouble spots, including bank lending and tourism.[33] GDP growth is expected to decline nearly 7% from the prior year, with overall GDP expected to about break even with the prior year due to the pandemic.[34]

### COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar

Despite only reporting around 300 confirmed cases of COVID-19 nationwide as of early July 2020, Myanmar has limited testing capacity, so the true extent of the spread of the virus is still unknown. Regardless, authorities implemented strict containment measures early on, including travel restrictions, closure of land borders, and bans on mass public gatherings.[31] Nevertheless, the number of confirmed cases has ballooned to more than 50,000 by November 2020.

### Constitutional reform[edit]

In January 2019, the National League for Democracy pushed for constitutional reform, but was unsuccessful because any changes required 75% approval in the legislature, and 25% of seats are reserved for the military. Outside of these seats, the pro-military USDP was also unlikely to go along (as well as other minor parties potentially being unwilling), meaning any proposals were dead on arrival.[33]

## Electoral system[edit]

All offices elected by popular vote are contested under a first-past-the-post system, in which a candidate needs only a plurality of votes in a constituency to be elected. All candidates must be citizens of Myanmar. One-quarter of seats in both houses of the Assembly of the Union and one-third of seats in state and regional legislatures are reserved for the military under the 2008 Constitution, and three ministries (Home Affairs, Border Affairs, and Defense) of the national government formed following the election must be headed by a military appointee. After the new legislators take office, the President and the two Vice Presidents of Myanmar are elected by the Presidential Electoral College, made up of MPs from three committees: one of elected members from each house of the Assembly of the Union, and one from the military-appointed members. Each committee recommends one candidate, and the Assembly then holds a vote. The position the candidates are elected to depends on their overall vote total (the highest vote-getter becomes President, while the second-highest becomes First Vice President, and the remaining candidate becomes Second Vice President). People married to a non-Burmese citizen and/or who have children without Burmese citizenship are barred from being elected to any presidential position. Elected officials will take office in March 2021. For a majority, a party or coalition(s) require 221 seats in the House of Representatives and 113 seats in the House of Nationalities.

On 29 June 2020, the Union Election Commission (UEC) announced the constituency reapportionment for the 168 non-appointed seats of the House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw), 330 non-appointed seats of the House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw), 644 non-appointed seats of the State and Regional Hluttaws and 29 Ethnic Affair Ministers. The UEC also announced in which constituencies elections would be fully or partially cancelled on 16 October 2020 and 27 October 2020. Elections were fully cancelled in 15 townships and partially in 41.

Elections were fully cancelled in:

* 9 townships in Rakhine State
* 6 townships in Shan State

Elections were partially cancelled in:

* 2 townships and 42 village-tracts in Bago Region
* 1 township and 94 village-tracts in Chin State
* 11 townships and 192 village-tracts in Kachin State
* 6 townships and 53 village-tracts in Kayin State
* 1 township and 1 village-tract in Mon State
* 4 townships, 15 wards and 130 village tracts in Rakhine State
* 16 townships, 8 wards and 130 village tracts in Shan State

Constituencies of the 2020 Myanmar general election  | Pyithu Hluttaw
(House of Representatives)
constituencies allocated  | Amyotha Hluttaw
(House of Nationalities)
constituencies allocated  | State and Regional Hluttaws
(State and Regional Assemblies)
constituencies allocated  | Ethnic Affairs
Ministers constituencies allocated

|
|
|
|

Ayeyarwady Region | 26  | 12  | 52  | 2
Bago Region | 28  | 12  | 56  | 1
Chin State | 9  | 12  | 18  | 0
Kachin State | 18  | 12  | 36  | 4
Kayah State | 7  | 12  | 14  | 1
Kayin State | 7  | 12  | 14  | 3
Magway Region | 25  | 12  | 50  | 1
Mandalay Region[a] | 36  | 12  | 56  | 1
Mon State | 10  | 12  | 20  | 3
Rakhine State | 17  | 12  | 34  | 1
Sagaing Region | 37  | 12  | 74  | 2
Shan State | 55  | 12  | 110  | 7
Tanintharyi Region | 10  | 12  | 20  | 1
Yangon Region | 45  | 12  | 90  | 2
Total | 330 | 168  | 644  | 29

## Opinion polls[edit]

Opinion polling is generally rare in Myanmar, meaning there is not much data on public opinion, although questions have occasionally been asked on political and other matters.

Question: In general, would you say our country is heading in the right or wrong direction?

Date  | Polling firm  | Publisher  | Right direction  | Wrong direction  | Don't know /

No response

|
|
|
|
|

July 2019  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 77 | 19  | 5
April 2017  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 75 | 16  | 9

The main item a majority felt the country was headed in the right direction with was infrastructure, while the main reasons people felt the country was headed in the wrong direction included increasing prices of goods, continuing poor economic conditions, and ethnic violence. Illicit drug use and crime were also cited as major problems in the 2019 poll.

Question: How would you describe the current economic situation in the country?

Date  | Polling firm  | Publisher  | Very good  | Somewhat good  | Somewhat bad  | Very bad  | Don't know /

No response

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

July 2019  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 10  | 51 | 25  | 9  | 5
April 2017  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 10  | 53 | 22  | 9  | 6

Question: As of now, in order to amend the Constitution it would require the support of more than 75% of parliament. Do you support or oppose making it easier to change the Constitution by amending this requirement?

Date  | Polling firm  | Publisher  | Strongly support  | Somewhat support  | Somewhat oppose  | Strongly oppose  | Don't know /

No response

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

July 2019  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 43 | 37  | 4  | 5  | 11
April 2017  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 48 | 32  | 4  | 5  | 11

Most respondents who supported making it easier to change the Constitution also supported changing the requirement that spouses and any children of a candidate be citizens in order to be eligible for the presidency.

Question: Do you support giving the states and regions more autonomy and power so that they can make decisions for themselves, or do you think that all power and decisions should be centralized and made by the union government?

Date  | Polling firm  | Publisher  | More regional autonomy  | Centralized power  | Don't know /

No response

|
|
|
|
|

July 2019  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 22  | 70 | 8
April 2017  | Center for Insights in Survey Research | International Republican Institute | 23  | 67 | 10

Despite most respondents preferring more centralized power at the national level, slightly over half felt that states/regions should have more control over natural resources located within their boundaries.

## Conduct[edit]

The 2020 election was observed by domestic and international election observers. In total, the Union Election Commission accredited 7,232 observers from 13 domestic groups at the union-level, an additional 985 observers from 23 groups at the state and region levels.[35] International observers included the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), the Carter Center, the European Union, and the government of Japan, totaling 61 international observers, 182 diplomatic observers, and 53 staff from IFES and International IDEA.[35]

A coalition of 12 domestic election observer groups found the election results credible, reflecting the will of the majority of voters.[36] The coalition also noted weaknesses in Myanmar's electoral legal framework, including the 2008 Constitution, and found some inconsistencies in electoral administration and election administration amid the ongoing pandemic.[36]

The Carter Center assessment did not find any major irregularities with conduct at polling stations.[37] A team of 43 observers had visited 234 polling stations across 10 of Myanmar's 14 states and regions.[38] The Carter Center praised the Union Election Commission's efforts to update the voter roll, train election officials, and adapt procedures for older voters during the COVID-19 pandemic.[37] It also noted that the UEC's failure to provide timely access to election data, and election postponements and cancellations that stopped voting for 1.4 million citizens.[37]

A month before the November elections, Human Rights Watch issued a report noting multiple issues in the upcoming election, characterizing it as "fundamentally flawed."[39] Its report noted the NLD government's extensive use of state media to promote its political platform, while opposition parties were not given as many chances to do so.[39] Opposition parties also faced censorship imposed on them by the NLD government.[39] Residents without citizenship documents were barred from voting in the election, which disproportionately affected the Rohingya, Burmese Indians and Sino-Burmese communities.[39] Townships in conflict areas faced denial of internet access for months before the election.[39] The report additionally took issue with 25% of the seats in parliament being reserved for the military.[39]

## Results[edit]

### House of Nationalities[edit]

A ballot paper of 2020

Party| Seats| +/–

|
|

| National League for Democracy| 138| +3
| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 7| –4
| Arakan National Party| 4| –6
| Mon Unity Party| 3| +3
| Kayah State Democratic Party| 3| +3
| Shan National League for Democracy| 2| –1
| Ta'ang National Party| 2| 0
| Pa-O National Organization| 1| 0
| New Democracy Party| 1| +1
| National Unity Party| 0| –1
| Zomi Congress for Democracy| 0| –2
| Independents| 0| –2
Cancelled due to insurgency| 7| –
Military appointees| 56| 0
Total| 224| 0
Source: The Irrawaddy,[40] UEC[41]
State/Region | NLD | USDP | Others | Total

|
|
|
|

State
Chin | 12 |  |  | 12
Kachin | 10 | 1 | 1 | 12
Kayah | 7 | 2 | 3 | 12
Kayin | 11 | 1 |  | 12
Mon | 9 |  | 3 | 12
Rakhine | 1 |  | 4 | 5
Shan | 4 | 3 | 5 | 12
Regional
Ayeyarwady | 12 |  |  | 12
Bago | 12 |  |  | 12
Magway | 12 |  |  | 12
Mandalay | 12 |  |  | 12
Sagaing | 12 |  |  | 12
Taninthayi | 12 |  |  | 12
Yangon | 12 |  |  | 12
Total | 138 | 7 | 16 | 161

The list of military appointees was published as the UEC Announcement 2/2016.[42]

### House of Representatives[edit]

Party| Seats| +/–

|
|

| National League for Democracy| 258| +3
| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 26| –4
| Shan National League for Democracy| 13| +1
| Arakan National Party| 4| –8
| Ta'ang National Party| 3| 0
| Pa-O National Organisation| 3| 0
| Mon Unity Party| 2| +2
| Kayah State Democratic Party| 2| +2
| Kachin State People's Party| 1| 0
| Arakan Front Party| 1| +1
| Wa National Party| 1| 0
| Zomi Congress for Democracy| 1| –1
| Kokang Democracy and Unity Party| 0| –1
| Lisu National Development Party| 0| –2
| Wa Democratic Party| 0| –1
| Independents| 0| –1
Cancelled due to insurgency| 15| –
Military appointees| 110| 0
Total| 440| 0
Source: UEC[43][40][41]
State/Region | NLD | USDP | Others | Total

|
|
|
|

State
Chin | 8 |  | 1 | 9
Kachin | 13 | 4 | 1 | 18
Kayah | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7
Kayin | 6 | 1 |  | 7
Mon | 8 | 2 |  | 10
Rakhine | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8
Shan | 18 | 16 | 15 | 49
Regional
Ayeyarwady | 26 |  |  | 26
Bago | 28 |  |  | 28
Magway | 25 |  |  | 25
Mandalay | 35 | 1 |  | 36
Sagaing | 36 | 1 |  | 37
Taninthayi | 10 |  |  | 10
Yangon | 44 | 1 |  | 45
Total | 258 | 26 | 31 | 315

The list of military appointees was published as the UEC Announcement 1/2016.[44]

### State and Regional Hluttaws[edit]

Party| Seats| +/–

|
|

| National League for Democracy| 501| +25
| Union Solidarity and Development Party| 38| –35
| Shan Nationalities League for Democracy| 27| +2
| Arakan National Party| 7| –15
| Ta'ang National Party| 7| 0
| Pa-O National Organisation| 7| +1
| Mon Unity Party| 6| +6
| Kayah State Democratic Party| 3| +3
| Kachin State People's Party| 3| 0
| Arakan Front Party| 2| +2
| Wa National Unity Party| 2| +1
| Chin National League for Democracy| 1| +1
| Kachin Democratic Party| 1| +1
| Lahu National Development Party| 1| 0
| Lisu National Development Party| 1| –1
| Kayin People's Party| 1| 0
| Shan Nationalities Democratic Party| 1| 0
| Zomi Congress for Democracy| 1| –1
| Democratic Party| 0| –1
| Kokang Democracy and Unity Party| 0| –1
| Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party| 0| –1
| Independents| 2| +1
Cancelled due to insurgency| 48| –
Military appointees| 220| 0
Total| 880| 0
Source: UEC[41]

[45]

State/Region | NLD | USDP | Others | Total

|
|
|
|

State
Chin | 16 |  | 2 | 18
Kachin | 28 | 4 | 8 | 40
Kayah | 9 | 3 | 3 | 15
Kayin | 13 | 2 | 2 | 17
Mon | 17 |  | 6 | 23
Rakhine | 5 | 1 | 9 | 15
Shan | 33 | 24 | 48 | 105
Regional
Ayeyarwady | 54 |  |  | 54
Bago | 57 |  |  | 57
Magway | 51 |  |  | 51
Mandalay | 57 |  |  | 57
Sagaing | 74 | 2 |  | 76
Taninthayi | 21 |  |  | 21
Yangon | 89 | 2 | 1 | 92
Total | 501 | 38 | 73 | 612

[45]

The list of military appointees was published as the UEC Announcement 3/2016.[46]

#### Ethnic Affairs Ministers[edit]

29 Ministers of Ethnic Affairs for the State and Regional Assemblies were up for election.

Party| Seats| +/–

|
|

| National League for Democracy| 23| +2
| Mon Unity Party| 1| +1
| Kayan National Party| 1| +1
| Lahu National Development Party| 1| 0
| Lisu National Development Party| 1| 0
| Independents| 2| +1
Total| 29| 0
Source: UEC[41]
State/Region | NLD | USDP | Others | Total

|
|
|
|

State
Chin |
Kachin |
Kayah |
Kayin |
Mon |
Rakhine |
Shan |
Regional
Ayeyarwady |
Bago |
Magway |
Mandalay |
Sagaing |
Taninthayi |
Yangon |
Total |
Elected Ethnic Affairs Ministers  Division  | Ethnicity  | Political Party  | Current Name

|
|
|

Kachin State (4) | Bamar |  | NLD | Khin Maung Myint (a.k.a. U Dake)
Lisu |  | NLD | Arti Yaw Han
Rawang |  | NLD | Yan Nann Phone
Shan |  | NLD | Sai Sein Lin
Kayah State (1) | Bamar |  | USDP | Hla Myo Swe
Kayin State (3) | Bamar |  | NLD | Taza Htut Hlaing Htwe
Pa-O |  | NLD | Khun Myo Tint
Mon |  | NLD | Min Tin Win
Mon State (3) | Bamar |  | NLD | Shwe Myint
Kayin |  | NLD | Aung Myint Khaing
Pa-O |  | NLD | San Wint Khaing
Rakhine State (1) | Chin |  | NLD | Pone Bwe
Shan State (7) | Akha |  | ANDP | Are Bay Hla
Bamar |  | USDP | Aung Than Maung
Intha |  | NLD | Tun Hlaing
Kachin |  | Independent | Zote Daung
Kayan (a.k.a. Padaung) |  | NLD | Khun Aye Maung
Lahu |  | LHNDP | Yaw That
Lisu |  | LNDP | Gu Sar
Ayeyarwady Region (2) | Kayin |  | NLD | Gar Moe Myat Myat Thu
Rakhine |  | NLD | Tin Saw
Bago Region (1) | Kayin |  | NLD | Naw Pwal Say
Magway Region (1) | Chin |  | NLD | Hla Tun
Mandalay Region (1) | Shan |  | NLD | Sai Kyaw Zaw
Sagaing Region (2) | Chin |  | NLD | Lal Htaung Htan
Shan |  | TLNDP | Hmwe Hmwe Khin
Tanintharyi Region (1) | Kayin |  | NLD | Saw Lu Ka
Yangon Region (2) | Kayin |  | NLD | Pan Thinzar Myo
Rakhine |  | ANP | Zaw Aye Maung

## Aftermath[edit]

### Coup[edit]

This section is an excerpt from 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[edit]

Deposed State Counsellor of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi (left) and Senior General Min Aung Hlaing (right)

This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

A coup d'état in Myanmar began on the morning of 1 February 2021, when democratically elected members of the country's ruling party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), were deposed by the Tatmadaw—Myanmar's military—which then vested power in a military junta. Acting president Myint Swe proclaimed a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been transferred to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing. It declared the results of the November 2020 general election invalid and stated its intent to hold a new election at the end of the state of emergency.[47][48] The coup d'état occurred the day before the Parliament of Myanmar was due to swear in the members elected at the 2020 election, thereby preventing this from occurring.[49][50][51] President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers, their deputies, and members of Parliament.[52][53]

On 3 February 2021, Win Myint was charged with breaching campaign guidelines and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions under section 25 of the Natural Disaster Management Law. Aung San Suu Kyi was charged with breaching emergency COVID-19 laws and for illegally importing and using radio and communication devices, specifically six ICOM devices from her security team and a walkie-talkie, which are restricted in Myanmar and need clearance from military-related agencies before acquisition.[54] Both were remanded in custody for two weeks.[55][56][57] Aung San Suu Kyi received an additional criminal charge for violating the National Disaster Act on 16 February,[58] two additional charges for violating communications laws and an intent to incite public unrest on 1 March and another for violating the official secrets act on 1 April.[59][60]

As of 29 March 2022[update], at least 1,719 civilians, including children, have been killed by the junta forces and 9,984 arrested.[61] Three prominent NLD members also died while in police custody in March 2021,[62][63] and four pro-democracy activists were executed by the junta in July 2022.[64]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Including Naypyidaw Union Territory

## See also[edit]

* 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
* 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

## References[edit]

1. ^ Naing, Shoon; Aung, Thu Thu (9 November 2020). "Aung San Suu Kyi's ruling party claims resounding election win in Myanmar". Reuters. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
2. ^ "Myanmar sets November 8 date for general election". Al Jazeera. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
3. ^ "Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control". BBC News. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
4. ^ "Myanmar's Military Leader Declares Himself Prime Minister And Promises Elections". Associated Press. NPR. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
5. ^ "Myanmar junta promises elections by 2023". Deutsche Welle. 1 August 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
6. ^ "Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy Wins Majority in Myanmar". BBC News. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
7. ^ "Is the world getting Myanmar wrong?". The Economist. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.(subscription required)
8. ^ "Press freedom is waning in Myanmar". The Economist. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.(subscription required)
9. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie; Naing, Shoon; Collett-White, Mike. "Myanmar army, government aim to silence independent journalism: U.N." Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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Elections and referendums in Myanmar

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See also: Union Election Commission
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