2020 stock market crash

Financial market reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

2020 stock market crash

Movement of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) between January 2017 and December 2020, showing the pre-crash high on 12 February, and the subsequent crash during the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery to new highs to close 2020.

Date| 20 February 2020
Type|

* Bear market
* Stock market crash

Cause|

* COVID-19 pandemic–induced market instability
* Recession fears
* Market liquidity crisis

Outcome|

* Stock market instability
* COVID-19 recession

On 20 February 2020, stock markets across the world suddenly crashed after growing instability due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It ended on 7 April 2020.

Beginning on 13 May 2019, the yield curve on U.S. Treasury securities inverted,[1] and remained so until 11 October 2019, when it reverted to normal.[2] Through 2019, while some economists (including Campbell Harvey and former New York Federal Reserve economist Arturo Estrella), argued that a recession in the following year was likely,[3][4] other economists (including the managing director of Wells Fargo Securities Michael Schumacher and San Francisco Federal Reserve President Mary C. Daly) argued that inverted yield curves may no longer be a reliable recession predictor.[5][2] The yield curve on U.S. Treasuries would not invert again until 30 January 2020 when the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern,[6][7] four weeks after local health commission officials in Wuhan, China announced the first 27 COVID-19 cases as a viral pneumonia strain outbreak on 1 January.[8]

The curve did not return to normal until 3 March when the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points.[9][10] In noting decisions by the FOMC to cut the federal funds rate by 25 basis points three times between 31 July and 30 October 2019,[11][12][13] on 25 February 2020, former U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Nathan Sheets suggested that the attention of the Federal Reserve to the inversion of the yield curve in the U.S. Treasuries market when setting monetary policy may be having the perverse effect of making inverted yield curves less predictive of recessions.[14]

During 2019, the IMF reported that the world economy was going through a 'synchronized slowdown', which entered into its slowest pace since the Great Recession. Weakness was exhibited in the consumer market as global markets began to suffer through a 'sharp deterioration' of manufacturing activity. Global growth was believed to have peaked in 2017, when the world's total industrial sector output began to start a sustained decline in early 2018. The IMF blamed 'heightened trade and geopolitical tensions' as the main reason for the slowdown, citing Brexit and the China – United States trade war as primary reasons for slowdown in 2019, while other economists blamed liquidity issues.[15][16]

The crash caused a short-lived bear market, and in April 2020 global stock markets re-entered a bull market, though U.S. market indices did not return to January 2020 levels until November 2020.[17][18][19][20][21] The crash signaled the beginning of the COVID-19 recession. The 2020 stock market crash followed a decade of economic prosperity and sustained global growth after recovery from the Great Recession. Global unemployment was at its lowest in history, while quality of life was generally improving across the world. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the most impactful pandemic since the Spanish flu, began decimating the economy.[22] Global economic shutdowns occurred due to the pandemic, and panic buying, and supply disruptions exacerbated the market. The International Monetary Fund had pointed to other mitigating factors seen before the pandemic, such as a global synchronized slowdown in 2019, as exacerbants to the crash, especially given that the market was already vulnerable.[23][24][25][15][26][27]

## Crash

[edit]

The Federal Reserve has expanded its balance sheet greatly through three quantitative easing periods since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. In September 2019, a spike in the overnight repo market interest rate caused the Federal Reserve to introduce a fourth round of quantitative easing; the balance sheet would expand parabolically following the stock market crash.

Though the crash began on 20 February, selling was intensified during the first half of March to mid-March. During the crash, there were multiple severe daily drops in the global stock market, the largest drop was on 16 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday II' of 12–13% in most global markets.[28][29][30] There were two other significant dates of crashes in the stock markets, one being 9 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday I',[31][32][33] and on 12 March, nicknamed 'Black Thursday'.[34][35] To deal with the panic, banks and reserves across the world cut their interest rates, bank rates and cash flow rates, as well as offering unprecedented support to investors and markets.[36][37][38]

DJI Average on Black Monday I, Black Thursday and Black Monday II[39] Name  | Date  | Change  | % Change  | Close

|
|
|
|

Black Monday I  | 9 March  | −2,013.76  | −7.79%  | 23,851.02
Black Thursday  | 12 March  | −2,352.60  | −9.99%  | 21,200.62
Black Monday II  | 16 March  | −2,997.10  | −12.93%  | 20,188.52

## 17–21 February

[edit]

On Monday, 17 February 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down but European stock markets closed up,[40][41] while U.S. stock markets were closed in observance of Presidents Day.[42] Oil prices fell,[43] while the yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.59%.[44] On 18 February, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up,[45] while European stock markets, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed down.[46][47] Oil prices rose by more than 2%,[48] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.54% and 1.99%.[49] Singaporean Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat announced a $4.5 billion fiscal stimulus program.[50] On 19 February, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up,[51][52] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished up and the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 finished at record highs.[53] Oil prices rose by another 2%,[54] while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.56% and 2.00% respectively.[55] The People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey cut their repo rates by 10 and 50 basis points respectively,[56][57] while the Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by 400 basis points.[58]

On 20 February, stock markets worldwide closed mostly down,[59][60][61] while oil prices fell by 1% and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.51% and 1.96% respectively.[62][63] Bank Indonesia cut its overnight rate by 25 basis points,[64] while the Central Bank of Brazil announced it would cut its reserve requirement on 16 March from 31% to 25%, which is expected to release R$135 billion (or $29 billion) into the money supply.[65][66] On 21 February, stock markets worldwide closed down on the day (with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closing down on the week),[67][68][69] while oil prices fell and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.45% and 1.89% respectively (with the 30-year finish being an all-time low).[70][71]

## 24–28 February

[edit]

On Monday, 24 February 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and FTSE 100 dropped more than 3% as the coronavirus outbreak spread worsened substantially outside China over the weekend.[72] This follows benchmark indices falling sharply in continental Europe after steep declines across Asia.[73][74] The DAX, CAC 40 and IBEX 35 each fell by about 4% and the FTSE MIB fell over 5%.[75][76] There was a large fall in the price of oil and a large increase in the price of gold, to a 7-year high.[77][78] Yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.36% and 1.81% respectively.[79] On 25 February, stock markets worldwide closed down,[80][81][82] while oil prices fell to their lowest level in more than a year and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows of 1.31% and 1.80% respectively.[83][84] Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced a $742 million fiscal stimulus program.[85]

On 26 February, stock markets worldwide finish with mixed records,[86][87][88] while oil prices fell for the fourth session in a row while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell 1.30% and 1.80% respectively.[89][90] The Bank of Korea declined to cut its overnight rate.[91] On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the COVID-19 pandemic, stock markets in Asia-Pacific and Europe saw 3–5% declines,[92][93] with the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average posting their sharpest falls since 2008 (and the Dow falling 1,191 points, its largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008).[94] Oil prices sank to their lowest level in over a year,[95] while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.28% and 1.77% respectively.[96] European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde indicated that while the European Central Bank was monitoring the outbreak, it was not yet causing a long-term impact on inflation and thus did not yet require a monetary policy response.[97]

On 28 February, stock markets worldwide reported their largest single-week declines since the financial crisis of 2007–2008,[17][98][99] while oil futures saw their largest single week decline since 2009 and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows at 1.12% and 1.30% respectively.[100][101] Outgoing Bank of England Governor Mark Carney stated that the British economy (which saw stagnation and car manufacturing declines in the 4th quarter of 2019) was being impacted by the outbreak because it relies heavily on tourism revenues and international manufacturing supply lines.[102] Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell stated that the outbreak was posing "evolving risks to economic activity" and that the Federal Reserve would use monetary policy to "act as appropriate to support the economy" but that "The fundamentals of the U.S. economy remain strong."[103] Outgoing Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announced a RM20 billion fiscal stimulus package.[104]

Ultimately, from 24 to 28 February, stock markets globally plummeted several percentage points, while on Wall Street the indices were down at least 10%.[105] It was the fastest correction in market history from all-time high, taking merely six days to enter into correction territory.[106] The sudden drop in late February was attributed to fears that China could produce a global economic shock, primarily due to quarantines imposed by the state to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, which at the time was classified as an epidemic.[107] Within weeks, stocks fell sufficiently enough to enter bear market territory.[108] Concerning reports of the viruses spread in South Korea, Italy and Iran also prompted fear in investors, mounting to a mass sell-off in Asia-Pacific stock markets as well as European ones.[109]

## 2–6 March

[edit]

Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell announces a 50 basis point cut in the federal funds rate target on 3 March 2020 in light of "evolving risks to economic activity" from the coronavirus

Over the preceding weekend, Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda stated that the Bank of Japan would "strive to stabilise markets and offer sufficient liquidity via market operations and asset purchases",[110] and the Bank of Japan subsequently announced that it would repurchase up to ¥500 billion ($4.6 billion) worth of government bonds.[111] On Monday 2 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly ended the previous week's consecutive daily losses,[112][113] while in the United States, the S&P 500 gained 3.9%, the NASDAQ Composite gained 3.7%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished 1,126 points up (or 4.4%; its largest one-day gain since 2009).[114] Oil futures saw their largest daily gain of 2020,[115] while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.03% and 1.62% respectively.[116]

On 3 March, the finance ministers and central bank executives of the G7 countries released a joint statement to "reaffirm our commitment to use all appropriate policy tools" to address the socioeconomic impact of the outbreak including "fiscal measures where appropriate" with the central banks continuing to "fulfill their mandates, thus supporting price stability and economic growth."[117] On the same day, the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Central Bank of Malaysia announced overnight rate cuts of 25 basis points (which brought the Australian rate to its lowest level in history),[118] Bank Indonesia announced it would cut its reserve requirement from 8 to 4 percent starting on 16 March,[119] while the People's Bank of China declined to conduct open market operations.[120] South Korean Finance Minister Hong Nam-ki announced a ₩11.7 trillion ($9.8 billion) fiscal stimulus program.[121]

Also on 3 March, due to the Bank of Mexico declining to cut its overnight rate further,[122] Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez announced a fiscal stimulus program to accelerate government spending.[123] The Federal Open Market Committee lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points with Federal Reserve Chair Powell stating that the central bank "saw a risk to the outlook for the economy and chose to act" and that "the magnitude and persistence of the overall effect [of the outbreak] on the U.S. economy remain highly uncertain".[9][124] At the close of trading on 3 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets had mostly risen,[118][125] but the S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell (with the Dow reversing more than two-thirds of the previous day's gain).[126] Oil futures rose and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to record lows of 0.91% and 1.60% respectively (with the fall below 1% on the 10-year securities occurring for the first time in history).[127][128]

On 4 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets continued mostly rising (with the KOSPI alone rising by 2%),[129][130] while the S&P 500 rose by 4.2%, the NASDAQ Composite rose by 3.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average reversed the previous day's loss by rising by 1,173 points (or 4.5%).[131] However, oil futures fell and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities finished at 0.99% and 1.64% respectively.[132][133] The Bank of Canada and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced 50 basis point cuts to their overnight and repo rates respectively,[134][135] International Monetary Fund managing director Kristalina Georgieva announced a $50 billion emergency credit-line program to assist low-income and emerging market countries with policy responses to the epidemic,[136][137] and the Central Bank of Brazil announced that it would auction up to $1 billion in foreign exchange swaps.[138]

On 5 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets continued rising while European stock markets closed down.[139][140] The S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell by more than 3%.[141] Oil futures rose following reports of OPEC agreeing to production cuts with Russia,[142] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.91% and 1.54% respectively.[143] The Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by an additional 200 basis points,[144] and after declining to cut its overnight rate on 27 February,[145] the Bank of Korea renewed a currency swap agreement with Bank Indonesia.[146] On 6 March, stock markets worldwide closed down (although the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closed up on the week).[147][148][149] Oil prices fell by 9% (the largest one-day price drop in 11 years),[150] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows under 0.71% and 1.22% respectively.[151] U.S. President Donald Trump signed into law an emergency appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including $8.3 billion in government spending.[152]

### Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

The reduction in the demand for travel and the lack of factory activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted demand for oil, causing its price to fall.[153] In mid-February, the International Energy Agency forecast that oil demand growth in 2020 would be the smallest since 2011.[154] Chinese demand slump resulted in a meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to discuss a potential cut in production to balance the loss in demand.[155] The cartel initially made a tentative agreement to cut oil production by 1.5 million barrels per day following a meeting in Vienna on 5 March 2020, which would bring production levels to the lowest since the Iraq War.[156]

After OPEC and Russia failed to agree on oil production cuts on 6 March and Saudi Arabia and Russia both announced increases in oil production on 7 March, oil prices fell by 25 percent.[157][158] On 8 March, Saudi Arabia unexpectedly announced that it would increase production of crude oil and sell it at a discount (of $6–8 a barrel) to customers in Asia, the US, and Europe, following the breakdown of negotiations as Russia resisted calls to cut production. The biggest discounts targeted Russian oil customers in northwestern Europe.[159]

Prior to the announcement, the price of oil had gone down by more than 30% since the start of the year, and upon Saudi Arabia's announcement it dropped a further 30 percent, though later recovered somewhat.[160][161] Brent Crude, used to price two-thirds of the world's crude oil supplies, experienced the largest drop since the 1991 Gulf War on the night of 8 March. Also, the price of West Texas Intermediate fell to its lowest level since February 2016.[162] Former George W. Bush administration energy policy advisor Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and '31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock;"[163] in that case it was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression, coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom. Fears of the Russian–Saudi Arabian oil price war caused a plunge in U.S. stocks, and have had a particular impact on American producers of shale oil.[164]

## 9–13 March

[edit]

### Black Monday I (9 March)

[edit]

#### Crash

[edit]

Prior to opening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average futures market experienced a 1,300-point drop based on the coronavirus and fall in the oil price described above, triggering a trading curb, or circuit breaker, that caused the futures market to suspend trading for 15 minutes.[31][32][165][33] Over the previous weekend, on 8 March, the TA-35 and TA-125 Indices of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange fell by 4.5% and 4.7% respectively,[166] entering bear markets from their 19 February peaks.[list 1]

Indices: S&P BSE 500 (January 2015 to November 2020). Blue highlight reflects COVID-19 period (taken to start from March 2020 as per first lockdown). Indices: S&P BSE 500 (Period Jan – 2015 to May – 2020). Open, High, Low, Close visible. Fall depicted in black. Rise depicted in white.

The United States' Dow Jones Industrial Average lost more than 2000 points,[171] described by The News International as "the biggest ever fall in intraday trading."[172] The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit a number of trading "circuit breakers" to curb panicked selling.[31] Oil firms Chevron and ExxonMobil fell about 15%.[173] The NASDAQ Composite, also in the United States, lost over 620 points.[clarification needed] The S&P 500 fell by 7.6%.[174] Oil prices fell 22%,[175] and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell below 0.40% and 1.02% respectively.[176] Canada's S&P/TSX Composite Index finished the day off by more than 10%.[177] Brazil's IBOVESPA gave up 12%, erasing over 15 months of gains for the index.[178] Australia's ASX 200 lost 7.3% – its biggest daily drop since 2008,[179][180] though it rebounded later in the day. London's FTSE 100 lost 7.7%, suffering its worst drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[181][182] BP and Shell Oil experienced intraday price drops of nearly 20%[183] The FTSE MIB, CAC 40, and DAX tanked as well, with Italy affected the most as the COVID-19 pandemic in the country continues. They fell 11.2%, 8.4%, and 7.9% respectively.[184][185][186] The STOXX Europe 600 fell to more than 20% below its peak earlier in the year.[187] In a number of Asian markets—Japan, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia—shares declined over 20% from their most recent peaks, entering bear market territory.[188] In Japan, the Nikkei 225 plummeted 5.1%.[189] In Singapore, the Straits Times Index fell 6.03%.[190] In China, the CSI 300 Index lost 3%.[191] In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index sank 4.2%.[192] In Pakistan, the PSX saw the largest ever intra-day plunge in the country's history, losing 2,302 points or 6.0%. The market closed with the KSE 100 index down 3.1%.[193] In India, the BSE SENSEX closed 1,942 points lower at 35,635 while the NSE Nifty 50 was down by 538 points to 10,451.[194]

The Washington Post posited that coronavirus-related turmoil could spark a collapse of the corporate debt bubble, sparking and worsening a recession.[195] The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would suspend foreign exchange market purchases in domestic markets for 30 days,[196] while the Central Bank of Brazil auctioned an additional $3.465 billion the foreign exchange market in two separate transactions and the Bank of Mexico increased its foreign exchange auctions program from $20 billion to $30 billion.[197][198] After announcing a $120 billion fiscal stimulus programs on 2 December,[199] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced additional government spending,[200] while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced additional stimulus as well.[201]

#### Etymology

[edit]

As the hashtag #BlackMonday trended on Twitter,[202] news organizations such as the Associated Press,[203] The Economist,[204] and Yahoo Finance UK adopted the term on the day it occurred.[205] While The Guardian initially referred to it as "Crash Monday", they also later referred to it as "The Black Monday of 2020" to distinguish it from the 1987 crash of the same name.[206] The Associated Press also quoted an analyst of the Australian finance company OFX as saying, "A blend of shocks have sent the markets into a frenzy on what may only be described as 'Black Monday' ... A combination of a Russia vs. Saudi Arabia oil price war, a crash in equities, and escalations in coronavirus woes have created a killer cocktail to worsen last week's hangover."[207]

### 10–11 March

[edit]

On 11 March 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average ended an 11-year bull market run and entered a bear market. Symbolic statues from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange pictured.

On the following day of trading, US stocks recouped some of the losses which happened on Monday, rising by more than 4%.[208] This was attributed to a potential fiscal stimulus, such as a potential 0% payroll tax, being proposed by US President Donald Trump.[209] On Wednesday, however, stocks fell once more, and resulted in the DJIA entering a bear market (i.e. 20% drop from the most recent peak) for the first time in 11 years, ending the longest bull market in American stock market history.[210]

On 10 March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed 4.9% up,[211] while Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up and European stock markets closed down.[212][213] Oil prices rose by 10%,[214] while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.70% and 1.16% respectively.[215] The Central Bank of Russia announced a repo auction of ₽500 billion (or $7 billion) and increased its foreign exchange swap operation limit to up to $5 billion.[216] while Bank Indonesia conducted open market purchases of government bonds and Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax-related stimulus.[217] Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced A$2.4 billion in government spending for pandemic countermeasures.[218]

On 11 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down (with the S&P/ASX 200 on the Australian Securities Exchange falling to more than 20% below its 52-week high),[219][220] while the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 6% (with the Dow also falling to more than 20% below its most recent record high set on 19 February).[221][222] Oil prices fell by 4%,[223] while the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.82% and 1.33% respectively.[224] The Índice Bovespa of the Brazil Stock Exchange fell by 8.5% to 27% on the year,[225] while the S&P/TSX Composite Index on the Toronto Stock Exchange also fell to more than 20 percent below its most recent peak on 20 February.[226] The Bank of England announced that it would cut its bank rate by 25 basis points,[227] while Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced £30 billion in government spending with £12 billion specifically directed at pandemic countermeasures.[228] The Federal Reserve announced that it would increase the top level of its overnight repurchase operations to $175 billion.[229] The Bank of Japan announced that it was increasing its annual target of purchases of exchange-traded funds above the current ¥6 trillion (or $57 billion).[230] Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax relief for the Indonesian manufacturing sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.[231] Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced a €25 billion (or $28 billion) fiscal stimulus.[232]

#### United States presidential address

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Oval Office address

President Donald Trump addresses the nation from the Oval Office, 11 March 2020.

On 11 March, US president Donald Trump gave a public address. In the speech, the president announced a temporary 30-day travel ban on all European goods and passengers from Europe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trump's initial statements were later corrected: the ban affected people who were not US citizens and who in the past two weeks had visited the 26-member Schengen Area, but did not include trade goods and cargo and excluded the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. These countries were added to the ban 3 days later. Trump did not consult with the European Union before imposing the travel ban.[233]

Carmen Reinicke of Business Insider wrote that Trump's address to the nation "failed to calm investors' concerns about the economic fallout from the coronavirus outbreak".[234] According to Ben Levisohn, writer for Barron's, "Dow futures were up around 300 points before the president's address began. And then the president started talking—and futures started falling."[235]

### Black Thursday (12 March)

[edit]

Black Thursday[34][35] was a global stock market crash on 12 March 2020, as part of the greater 2020 stock market crash. US stock markets suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash. Following Black Monday three days earlier, Black Thursday was attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of investor confidence in US President Donald Trump after he declared a 30-day travel ban against the Schengen Area.[236] Additionally, the European Central Bank, under the lead of Christine Lagarde, decided to not cut interest rates despite market expectations,[237] leading to a drop in S&P 500 futures of more than 200 points in less than an hour.[238]

Bank Indonesia announced open market purchases of Rp4 trillion (or $276.53 million) in government bonds,[239] while Bank Indonesia Governor Perry Warjiyo stated that Bank Indonesia's open market purchases of government bonds had climbed to Rp130 trillion on the year and Rp110 trillion since the end of January.[240] Despite declining to cut its deposit rate, the European Central Bank increased its asset purchases by €120 billion (or $135 billion),[241] while the Federal Reserve announced $1.5 trillion in open market purchases.[242] Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced a A$17.6 billion fiscal stimulus package.[243] The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct a six-month $2 billion currency swap for U.S. dollars,[244] while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced A$8.8 billion in repurchases of government bonds.[245] The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $1.78 billion foreign exchange spots.[246]

Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down with the Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hang Seng Index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the IDX Composite of the Indonesia Stock Exchange falling more than 20% below their 52-week highs.[247][248][249] European stock markets closed down 11% with the UK FTSE 100, German DAX, French CAC 40, Italian FTSE MIB, Finnish OMX Helsinki 25, Swedish OMX Stockholm 30, OMX Nordic 40, and the Latvian OMX Riga indices all closing more than 20% below their most recent peaks.[list 2] In the US, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down an additional 10%, the NASDAQ Composite closed down 9.4%, and the S&P 500 closed down 9.5%. This caused the NASDAQ and S&P 500 to fall to more than 20% below their all time highs, and so the declines activated a trading curb at the New York Stock Exchange for the second time that week.[254][255] Oil prices dropped by 8%,[256] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities increased to 0.86% and 1.45% (and their yield curve finished normal).[257]

#### Crash

[edit]

The US's Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash, as did the UK's FTSE 100, which fell 10.87%.[258] The Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index dropped 12%, its largest one-day drop since 1940.[259] The FTSE MIB Italian index closed with a −16.92% loss, the worst in its history.[260] Germany's DAX fell 12.24% and France's CAC 12.28%.[261] In Brazil, the Ibovespa plummeted 14.78%, after trading in the B3 was halted twice within the intraday; it also moved below the 70,000 mark before closing above it.[262][263] The NIFTY 50 on the National Stock Exchange of India fell 7.89% to more than 20% below its most recent peak, while the BSE SENSEX on the Bombay Stock Exchange fell 2,919 (or 8.18%) to 32,778.[264] The benchmark stock market index on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange fell by 9.3%.[265] The MERVAL on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange fell 9.5% to 19.5% on the week.[266] 12 March was the second time, following 9 March drop, that the 7%-drop circuit breaker was triggered since being implemented in 2013.[236]

In Colombia, the peso set an all-time low against the U.S. dollar, when it traded above 4000 pesos for the first time on record.[267][268] The Mexican peso also set an all-time record low against the U.S. dollar, trading at 22.99 pesos.[269]

#### United States

[edit]

Soon after trading began, a Level-1 trading curb was triggered on major US stock markets due to increased selling, leading to a 15-minute halt on trading.[234] Level-1 circuit breaker is triggered with a fall of 7% on the S&P 500. The trading halt occurred after the markets reached a drop of 7.2 percent within 15 minutes. The crash temporarily recovered after the Federal Reserve Bank of New York offered at least $1.5 trillion worth of short-term loans to banks for 12–13 March, but the market quickly resumed its decline soon after.[270] The Dow fell 2,353 points,[271] losing all of its gains from its lowest point in 2018.[272] The drop surpassed Black Monday, which occurred just a few days before, to be the greatest single-day point drop ever.[273] Together with the drops of 1,191 and 1,465 points on 27 February and 11 March, the four largest Dow daily losses up to Black Thursday were all linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.[274][275][276][277] President Trump reacted to the crash by defending his travel ban and predicting that the stock market would eventually recover with central bank intervention.[278]

### 13 March

[edit]

On 13 March, European stock markets closed mostly up while Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly closed down (except for the S&P/ASX 200 which rose by 4.4%),[279][280] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all rose by more than 9% (in their largest rally since 2008).[281] The RTS Index on the Moscow Exchange finished 27% down on the week,[282][283] the Tadawul All-Share Index on the Saudi Stock Exchange finished 17% percent down,[284] the benchmark index on the Borsa Istanbul finished 15% down,[285] and the Indice de Precios y Cotizaciones on the Mexican Stock Exchange finished 9% down.[286] Though finishing up on the day, oil prices posted their largest single-week decline since 2008,[287] while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to over 1% and 1.6% respectively (and their yield curve remained normal).[288] The Índice Bovespa of the Brazil Stock Exchange closed 13% up.[289] U.S. President Donald Trump declared the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national public health emergency thus releasing $50 billion in government spending directed to pandemic countermeasures.[290]

Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi stated that the U.S. House of Representatives would pass a subsequent appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including a sick leave expansion,[291] which President Trump reversed his initial opposition to and endorsed.[292] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada was preparing a fiscal stimulus program,[293] with Canadian Finance Minister Bill Morneau stating that it would include a C$10 billion business credit-line.[294] The Bank of Canada announced an additional 50 basis point cut to its overnight rate.[295] The People's Bank of China announced that it would reduce its reserve requirement by 50 to 100 basis points from the current 12.5%, releasing $79 billion into the money supply.[296] The Bank of Japan announced ¥200 billion (or $1.9 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds.[297]

The Bank of Canada announced C$7.5 billion of open market purchases.[298][299] The Brazilian Finance Ministry announced that it was cancelling a series of bond auctions for the upcoming week.[300] The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would purchase at auction ₽500 billion (or $6.8 billion) in repurchase agreements.[301] The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey conducted ₺29 billion (or $4.6 billion) in open market repurchases of government bonds.[302] Bank Indonesia conducted Rp6 trillion (or $405 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds,[303] while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced Rp120 trillion ($8.1 billion) in additional fiscal stimulus.[304]

## 16–20 March

[edit]

### Black Monday II (16 March)

[edit]

Over the preceding weekend, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced a $13 billion credit-line package to small and medium-sized companies,[305] while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced a fiscal stimulus package.[306] The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate target to 0%–0.25%, lower reserve requirements to zero, and begin a $700 billion quantitative easing program.[307][308][309]

Dow futures tumbled more than 1,000 points and Standard & Poor's 500 futures dropped 5%, triggering a circuit breaker.[310] On Monday 16 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down, with the S&P/ASX 200 setting a one-day record fall of 9.7%, collapsing 30% from the peak that was reached on 20 February,[28][29][30] and the OMX Copenhagen 25, the OMX Tallinn, and OMX Vilnius on the Nasdaq Nordic exchanges all fell below 20 percent from their most recent peaks on 19 February in Copenhagen and on 21 February in Tallinn and Vilnius.[311][253] The Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all fell by 12–13%, with the Dow eclipsing the one-day drop record set on 12 March and the trading curb being activated at the beginning of trading for the third time (after 9 and 12 March).[312] Oil prices fell by 10%,[313] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.76% and 1.38% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for the third straight trading session).[314]

The CBOE Volatility Index closed at 82.69 on 16 March, the highest ever closing for the index (though there were higher intraday peaks in 2008).[315][316] Around noon on 16 March, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York announced that it would conduct a $500 billion repurchase through the afternoon of that day.[317] Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced an additional Rp22 trillion in tax-related fiscal stimulus.[318] The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey lowered its reserve requirement from 8% to 6%.[319] The Bank of Japan announced that it would not cut its bank rate lower from −0.1% but that it would conduct more open market purchases of exchange-traded funds.[320] After cutting its bank rate by 25 basis points on 7 February,[321] the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would keep its bank rate at 6%,[322] while the Bank of Korea announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to 0.75%.[323] The Central Bank of Chile cut its benchmark rate.[36][38][37]

### 17–20 March

[edit]

On 17 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed with mixed finishes, while European stock markets finished more than 2% up,[324][325] whereas the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 finished more than 6% up and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished more than 5% up.[326] Oil prices fell by 6%,[327] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.04% and 1.62% respectively.[328] The Federal Reserve announced that it would reestablish its Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) with up to $1 trillion for short-term corporate bonds,[329] while Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced a £330 billion government-backed business loan guarantee program.[330] The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey announced that it would cut its repo rate by 100 basis points from 10.75% to 9.75%,[331] while providing the Turkish lira repo auctions at 150 basis points lower than its benchmark repo rate.[332] The Bank of Israel announced that it would cut its bank rate by 15 basis points to 0.10%.[333]

The Bank of Japan conducted ¥120 billion in open market purchases of exchange-traded funds.[334] Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and French President Emmanuel Macron announced €200 billion and €45 billion ($220 billion and $50 billion) fiscal stimulus programs respectively,[335][336] while Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released the Canadian federal government's C$82 billion ($56.7 billion) fiscal stimulus package he announced the previous week.[337] New Zealand Finance Minister Grant Robertson also announced a NZ$12.1 billion fiscal stimulus program.[338] The National Bank of Poland announced that it would cut its reference rate by 50 basis points to 1%, its lombard rate by 100 basis points to 1.5%, its bank rate by 70 basis points to 1.05%, and cut its reserve requirement from 3.5% to 0.5%.[339]

On 18 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down,[340][341] while the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by more than 6% and below 20,000 points for the first time since February 2017 (with the trading curb activated for the fourth time within the course of a week).[342] Oil prices fell by 24% to an 18-year low,[343] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.23% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).[344] U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that he expected the $100 billion appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives the previous Friday to pass the U.S. Senate that day,[345] which it did by a vote of 90 to 8 and President Donald Trump signed the bill into law.[346]

The European Central Bank announced that it would purchase up to €750 billion ($820 billion) of government and corporate bonds and commercial paper.[347] The Central Bank of Brazil cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to a record-low 3.75% and sold $830 million in foreign exchange spots,[348][349] while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut its official cash rate to 0.25%.[350] The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct $1.35 billion in open market purchases of government bonds,[351] the Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct a ₩1 trillion ($793.5 million) repo auction the following day,[352] and the National Bank of Poland announced that it would conduct open market purchases of government bonds to support fiscal stimulus implemented by the Polish government.[353] The New York Stock Exchange announced that it would temporarily close its trading floor and move to all-electronic trading beginning on 23 March when two traders tested positive for COVID-19 at screenings set up by the NYSE.[354]

On 19 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down while European stock markets closed 3% up,[355][356] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 also all closed up.[357] Oil prices rose by 23%,[358] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.06% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).[359] The Federal Reserve announced $450 billion in foreign exchange swap lines to the central banks of Australia, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and New Zealand,[360] with the swap lines for the Central Bank of Brazil, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Bank of Korea amounting to $60 billion each.[361][362][363] The Federal Reserve also established an additional lending facility similar to the CPFF for money market mutual funds.[364] The Bank of Japan conducted ¥1.3 trillion ($12 billion) in emergency open market purchases of government bonds.[365]

The Bank of England announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 15 basis points to 0.1% and would increase its open market purchases of government bonds by £200 billion to a total of £645 billion,[366][367] while the Danmarks Nationalbank raised its deposit rate by 15 basis points to −0.60%.[368] The Central Bank of the Republic of China cut its bank rate by 25 basis points to 1.125%.[369] After cutting its repo rate by 25 basis points on 16 January,[370] the South African Reserve Bank announced that it would cut its repo rate by an additional 100 basis points to 5.25%.[371] Bank Indonesia also cut its repo rate by 25 basis points to 4.50%.[372] Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced an $11.7 billion fiscal stimulus package.[373] U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced legislation for a third fiscal stimulus package of up to $1 trillion that includes cash payments to households under $75,000 in adjusted gross income (with $1,200 per individual, $2,400 for couples, and $500 per child) and $208 billion for industries severely distressed by the pandemic.[374]

On Friday, 20 March 2020, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up,[375][376] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed down 4% (with the Dow eclipsing its one-week decline from 24 to 28 February 2020 to finish at its largest one-week decline since the financial crisis of 2007–2008).[377] Oil prices fell by 11%,[378] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.93% and 1.52% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for at least the sixth trading session of the preceding seven).[379] The Federal Reserve announced that it would expand its asset purchases to include municipal bonds,[380] while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that it would also purchase A$5 billion ($2.9 billion) in municipal bonds.[381] Bank Indonesia and the Central Bank of Brazil announced $10.1 billion and $3 billion of open market purchases of government bonds respectively,[382][383] while the Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct ₹300 billion in open market purchases the following week.[384][385]

The Bank of Mexico announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points,[386] while the National Bank of Romania announced that it would cut its bank rate by 25 basis points to 2.0%.[387] The European Central Bank opened a €24 billion foreign exchange swap line with Danmarks Nationalbank.[388] U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that the Internal Revenue Service would extend the federal tax filing deadline from 15 April to 15 July,[389] while Maryland Governor Larry Hogan and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, as chair and vice-chair of the National Governors Association, wrote an open letter to the Trump Administration and the 116th U.S. Congress to request $150 billion in federal aid to U.S. state governments to address the COVID-19 pandemic.[390] The Swiss federal government and the Saudi Arabian national government both announced $32 billion fiscal stimulus programs,[391][392] while the German federal government has been reported to be planning a €100 billion fiscal stimulus program.[393] Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced that the Indonesian government would reallocate Rp62.3 trillion ($3.9 billion) from the 2020 fiscal year budget for COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures.[394]

## 23–27 March

[edit]

On Monday, 23 March 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up while European and U.S. stock markets closed mostly down.[395][396][397] Oil prices rose,[398] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.82% and 1.34% respectively.[399] The finance ministers and central bank executives of the G20 countries agreed to develop a joint action plan to address the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[400][401] The Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Bank of Japan announced NZ$30 billion and $7.3 billion in open market purchases of government bonds respectively,[402][403] the Reserve Bank of India and Sveriges Riksbank announced ₹1 trillion and kr10 billion ($956.3 million) in repo operations,[404][405] while the Bank of Korea and the Federal Reserve announced that they would conduct additional repo operations and asset purchases respectively of undisclosed amounts.[406][407]

The Bank of Japan lent $34.9 billion to its nation's banks in a one-week dollar funding operation,[408] Sveriges Riksbank announced kr400 billion ($38.8 billion) in loans to its nation's banks,[409] the World Bank announced $300 million in loans to banks in Indonesia,[410] while the Central Bank of Brazil announced that it would expand its money supply by R$1.2 trillion ($234 billion) in loans to banks and by cutting its reserve requirement from 25% to 17%.[411] The Hungarian National Bank announced Ft74.5 billion ($227 million) in foreign exchange swaps of domestic currency with euros.[412] The Australian parliament passed an A$80 billion fiscal stimulus program,[413] while Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced that a fiscal stimulus program his government was considering would amount to at least ¥15 trillion ($137 billion).[414][415] The Central Bank of Iceland announced that it would initiate a quantitative easing program to purchase government bonds in support of a $1.6 billion fiscal stimulus program announced by the Icelandic government over the preceding weekend.[416]

On 24 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed up,[417][418] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed more than 11% up, the NASDAQ Composite closed more than 8% up, and the S&P 500 closed more than 9% up.[419] Oil prices rose by more than 2%,[420] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.82% and 1.40% respectively.[421] After agreeing to a joint investment €37 billion financial assistance program to European businesses the preceding week,[422] the finance ministers of the Eurozone meeting did not agree to more joint fiscal stimulus.[423] The Bank of Japan lent an additional $89 billion in two-dollar funding operations,[424] while the Indonesian Financial Services Authority raised the capital requirement for the nation's banks to Rp3 trillion ($182.1 million) by 2022.[425] South Korean President Moon Jae-in announced that a planned fiscal stimulus package would be doubled in size to ₩100 trillion ($80 billion).[426] The Hungarian National Bank announced that it would leave its bank and overnight rates at 0.9% and −0.05% respectively but waived its reserve requirements and is expected to announce further quantitative easing measures.[427][428] Romanian Finance Minister Florin Cîțu announced that the Romanian government would allow banks to defer loan repayments for approximately six months.[429]

On 25 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed up,[430][431] while the NASDAQ Composite closed down, but the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average also closed up (with the Dow posting its first consecutive gain since the previous month).[432] Oil prices rose,[433] and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.79% and 1.33% respectively.[434] The U.S. Senate unanimously passed the $2.2 trillion fiscal stimulus package introduced by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell the preceding week.[435] The heads of government in nine Eurozone countries called for the issuance of corona bonds.[436] The Reserve Bank of New Zealand announced NZ$250 million ($146 million) of open market purchases of governments bonds as part of its quantitative easing program.[437]

Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez announce that the Mexican federal government would allow Mexican banks to defer loan repayments.[438] The South African Reserve Bank announced a quantitative easing program of open market purchases of an unspecified amount of government bonds.[439] The Bank of Korea announced that it would finance half of the South Korean government's stimulus program.[440] The Central Bank of Iceland announced that it would lower its average reserve maintenance requirement from 1% to 0%.[441] The Swiss federal government announced a $20.4 billion business credit-line program and the Swiss National Bank announced the creation of a refinancing facility with an unlimited supply of credit for the Swiss banking system.[442]

On 26 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings while European stock markets closed higher,[443][444] and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all rose by 6% (and the Dow capping its largest 3-day upswing since 1931).[445] Oil prices fell,[446] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose slightly to 0.80% and 1.37% respectively.[447] At a virtual summit, European Union heads of state and government did not agree to begin issuing corona bonds.[448][449] The Reserve Bank of Australia announce that it would conduct A$3 billion of open market purchases of government bonds.[450] The central banks of Denmark, Norway, Singapore, and Sweden announced foreign exchange swaps of U.S. dollars with their nation's banks,[451][452] while the Sveriges Riksbank also announced that it would purchase kr300 billion ($29.84 billion) of commercial paper.[453]

The Indonesian government announced that it would issue bonds whose proceeds would dedicated for financial assistance programs to business severely distressed by the COVID-19 pandemic.[454] The Central Bank of Russia announced that it continue selling foreign currency in domestic markets the following week.[455] The Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct open-ended open market purchases of government bonds at repo auctions every Tuesday for the following three months.[456] The Mexican federal government's credit rating was downgraded by S&P Global Ratings to BBB.[457] The Czech National Bank cut its bank rate by an additional 75 basis points to 1%.[458] Singaporean Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat announced a second fiscal stimulus package of S$48 billion (US$33.7 billion).[459] Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a $23 billion fiscal stimulus package.[460] The Chinese government announced that it was implementing a $344 billion fiscal stimulus program.[461]

On 27 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings,[462] European stock markets closed down,[463] and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed more than 3% down (while finishing up on the week).[464] Oil prices fell by 5% (and closed down for the fifth consecutive week),[465] and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.77% and 1.36% respectively.[466] The U.S. House of Representatives passed the $2.2 trillion fiscal stimulus package passed by the U.S. Senate on 25 March with U.S. President Donald Trump signing the bill into law the same day.[467] The European Central Bank announced an additional €750 billion ($820 billion) in open market purchases of government bonds.[468] The Bank of Canada cut its overnight rate by an additional 50 basis points to 0.25%.[469]

The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would cut its repo rate by 75 basis points to 4.4%.[470] The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $610 million in foreign exchange spots,[471] while Central Bank of Brazil President Roberto Campos Neto formally requested the legal authority to implement a quantitative easing program from the National Congress of Brazil.[472][473] Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced a RM250 billion ($57 billion) fiscal stimulus package.[474][475] The South African government's credit rating was downgraded by Moody's to Ba1 (its highest non-investment grade).[476] The Central Bank of Russia announced a ₽150 billion ($1.92 billion) credit-line program for small\- and medium-sized business.[477] Sveriges Riksbank announced that it would conduct kr20 billion ($2.01 billion) of open market purchases of covered bonds.[478]

## Overall size of the falls

[edit]

"In the 33 days between 19 February and 23 March, the FTSE All-Share Index fell by 33 per cent [...] The MSCI World Index declined by 34 per cent."[479]

## Subsequent recovery

[edit]

Over the preceding weekend, the Central Bank of Taiwan announced a T$200 billion ($6.6 billion) credit-line program to small and medium-sized businesses,[480] while the Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct a $12 billion U.S. dollar-funding operation at auctions to South Korean banks.[481] The South African Reserve Bank announced that it would ease banking accounting and capital regulations to release R300 billion in credit,[482] while the Bank of Israel announced that it would ease its capital requirements to facilitate greater lending by its banking system as well.[483]

On Monday, 30 March 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed mostly down while European stock markets closed mostly 1% higher,[484][485] and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed more than 3% higher.[486] Oil prices fell by more than 6% to an 18-year low,[487] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.66% and 1.24% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).[488]

On 31 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings while European stock markets closed up,[489][490] and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all fell by more than 1% (with the Dow closing to its worst one-quarter decline in history).[491] Oil prices rose by 2% (but closed at their worst one-month and one-quarter declines in history),[492] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.68% and 1.34% respectively.[493]

On 1 April, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly down,[494][495] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed 5% down.[496] Oil prices fell,[497] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.61% and 1.23% respectively (while their yield curve finished normal).[498]

On 9 April, Saudi Arabia and Russia agreed to oil production cuts.[499][500] Reuters reported that "If Saudi Arabia failed to rein in output, US senators called on the White House to impose sanctions on Riyadh, pull out US troops from the kingdom and impose import tariffs on Saudi oil."[501]

On 11 June, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 1861 points, around 7%,[502] as fears of a second wave of COVID-19 along with a press conference from Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell on the previous day weighed on investor sentiment.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose throughout August 2020, reaching a peak of 29,199 points on 3 September 2020 at 9:48 EST before plunging nearly 1,000 points throughout the remainder of the day. On 16 September, Jerome Powell and the FOMC gave their final economic projections, which led the DJIA falling approximately 4% over the next three days. Throughout September, the DJIA saw a substantial −9% retreat amidst growing fears of a second COVID-19 infection wave, lack of federal stimulus outlook, and U.S. election instability. However, optimism soon recovered, and the DJIA and S&P 500 both closed 2020 at all-time highs of 30,606 and 3,756 respectively.[503] The MSCI ACWI Index also had recovered to its February peak by September 2020, and closed 2020 at an all-time high of 645 points.[504]

## See also

[edit]

* Business portal

* COVID-19 recession
* Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
* Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
* 2020 congressional insider trading scandal
* List of stock market crashes and bear markets
* Stock market crashes in India

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Leong, Richard (13 May 2019). "TREASURIES-U.S. bond yields fall as China plans tariff retaliation". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
2. ^ a b Marte, Jonnelle (22 October 2019). "Treasury yield curve may be back to normal but U.S. economy is not". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
3. ^ Li, Yun; Insana, Ron (22 August 2019). "The economist who first linked the yield curve to recessions sees 'pretty high' chance of downturn". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
4. ^ Cox, Jeff (8 October 2019). "The father of the yield curve indicator says now is the time to prepare for a recession". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
5. ^ Gurdus, Lizzy (2 June 2019). "The yield curve is no longer a reliable recession predictor, according to Wells Fargo Securities". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
6. ^ Nedelman, Michael (30 January 2020). "World Health Organization declares coronavirus a public health emergency of international concern". CNN. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
7. ^ Li, Yun (30 January 2020). "Part of yield curve inverts as 3-month rate tops 10-year". CNBC. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
8. ^ "China investigating outbreak of respiratory illness". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
9. ^ a b Cox, Jeff (3 March 2020). "Fed cuts rates by half a percentage point to combat coronavirus slowdown". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
10. ^ Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (3 March 2020). "Treasuries – U.S. yields mixed after Fed cuts rates by 50 basis points in coronavirus move". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
11. ^ Cox, Jeff (31 July 2019). "Fed cuts rate by a quarter point, cites 'global developments,' 'muted inflation'". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
12. ^ Borak, Donna (18 September 2019). "The Fed cut rates for the second time this year". CNN. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
13. ^ Cox, Jeff (30 October 2019). "Fed cuts interest rates, but indicates a pause is ahead". CNBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
14. ^ Oh, Sunny (25 February 2020). "The yield curve may be losing its predictive power because it's too closely watched, says former Fed official". MarketWatch. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
15. ^ a b IMFBlog (15 October 2019). "The World Economy: Synchronized Slowdown, Precarious Outlook". IMF Blog. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
16. ^ Barone, Robert. "A Strange New World: Economic Slowdown, Liquidity Issues". Forbes. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
17. ^ a b Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "Global stocks head for worst week since the financial crisis amid fears of a possible pandemic". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020.
18. ^ Huang, Eustance (28 February 2020). "Seven major Asia-Pacific markets have tumbled into correction territory". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
19. ^ Reinicke, Carmen. "Goldman Sachs now says US GDP will shrink 24% next quarter amid the coronavirus pandemic – which would be 2.5 times bigger than any decline in history". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
20. ^ Rabouin, Dion (4 January 2021). "Which asset classes performed best in the market frenzy of 2020". Axios. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
21. ^ Smith, Elliot (December 2020). "World stocks outperform the U.S. In bumper November". CNBC.
22. ^ Martin, Wes; Chakrabarti, Meghna. "What The 1918 Flu Pandemic Teaches Us About The COVID-19 pandemic". WBUR. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
23. ^ Karabell, Zachary. "A Market Crash Was Coming, Coronavirus Was Just the Spark". Time. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
24. ^ Pankratyeva, Alexandra. "Top three reasons behind the stock market crash 2020: is it coronavirus, oil price war or vanished liquidity?". capital.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
25. ^ Partington, Richard; Wearden, Graeme (9 March 2020). "Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
26. ^ Gurdus, Lizzy (10 October 2019). "'Yellow flag on recession risk': Top forecaster warns of cracks in consumer spending". CNBC. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
27. ^ Lakshman Achuthan; Anirvan Banerji. "Opinion: Here's what is really causing the global economic slowdown". CNN. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
28. ^ a b Huang, Eustance (16 March 2020). "Australia stocks drop nearly 10% as Asia markets tumble; Fed cuts rates to zero". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
29. ^ a b Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (16 March 2020). "European stocks close down 5%, travel stocks tank 10% as EU proposes flight restrictions". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
30. ^ a b Hutchens, Gareth; Chalmers, Stephanie (16 March 2020). "ASX 200 posts biggest fall on record, Reserve Bank flags further measures amid coronavirus fears". ABC News. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
31. ^ a b c "Global shares plunge in worst day since financial crisis". BBC. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
32. ^ a b Yun Li (8 March 2019). "Dow futures tumble as Saudi-Russia oil price war adds to coronavirus stress". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
33. ^ a b Stephanie Ruhle (9 March 2019). "Stocks plunge at market open, trading halts after Dow drops 1800 points". MSNBC.
34. ^ a b For an explanation regarding the title "Black Thursday", see:
* "Black Thursday: Dow Suffers Biggest Point Drop Ever, as Disney and Apple Fall Hard". Yahoo. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
* Dumlao-Abadilla, Doris (12 March 2020). "Black Thursday: PSEi sees worst freefall in 12 years". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
* Ananda, Jonathan (12 March 2020). "Pandemic pandemonium: World markets crash into bear country on Black Thursday". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
* Lopez, Jonathan (12 March 2020). "Europe crude, petchems prices extend losses as stocks suffer 'Black Thursday'". Independent Commodity Intelligence Services. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
* Culp, Stephen (12 March 2020). "Black Thursday: Wall Street stocks plunge 10% in worst one-day loss in 32 years". AM New York Metro. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
35. ^ a b Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas (12 March 2020). "Dow drops more than 8%, heads for biggest one-day plunge since 1987 market crash". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
36. ^ a b Sanyal, Shreyashi (16 March 2020). "EMERGING MARKETS-Latam FX caught in virus-driven rout; Chile central bank cuts rates". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
37. ^ a b Komuves, Anita; Hovet, Jason (16 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-CEE MARKETS-Assets fall even as central banks act to fight virus impact". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
38. ^ a b Menon, Praveen (15 March 2020). "New Zealand central bank slashes rates at emergency meeting as coronavirus worsens". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
39. ^ "INDU Quote – Dow Jones Industrial Average Index". Bloomberg Markets. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
40. ^ Tan, Weizhen (17 February 2020). "Asia stocks mostly tumble as Apple issues revenue warning; HSBC earnings miss expectations". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
41. ^ Smith, Elliot (17 February 2020). "European stocks close higher as traders monitor coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
42. ^ Oh, Sunny (17 February 2020). "Here's which markets are open, and closed, this Presidents Day". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
43. ^ Jaganathan, Jessica (18 February 2020). "Oil prices slip as coronavirus concerns linger". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
44. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (17 February 2020). "How low can bond rates go?". CNN Business. CNN. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
45. ^ Tan, Weizhen (18 February 2020). "Asia markets bounce back as investors monitor China's return to production". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
46. ^ Smith, Elliot (18 February 2020). "Europe stocks close lower as Apple warns of coronavirus revenue hit". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
47. ^ Imbert, Fred (18 February 2020). "Dow falls for a third day, dropping 165 points after Apple's coronavirus warning". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
48. ^ Kearney, Laila (18 February 2020). "Oil up more than 2% on slowing coronavirus cases, U.S. move on Venezuela". Reuters.
49. ^ Li, Yun; Meredith, Sam (18 February 2020). "Treasury yields fall as coronavirus fears persist". CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
50. ^ Geddie, John; Aravindan, Aradhana (18 February 2020). "Singapore plans biggest budget deficit in years to meet virus threat". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
51. ^ Huang, Eustance (19 February 2020). "Chinese stocks surge as the country cuts its loan prime rate". CNBC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
52. ^ Smith, Elliot (19 February 2020). "European stocks close higher as investors monitor coronavirus, economic data". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
53. ^ Imbert, Fred (19 February 2020). "S&P 500 and Nasdaq jump to record highs, Dow climbs more than 100 points". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
54. ^ "Oil rises more than 2% as coronavirus fears ease". CNBC. 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
55. ^ Li, Yun (19 February 2020). "Treasury yields dip after Fed minutes highlight coronavirus risk". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
56. ^ Erkoyun, Ezgi; Kucukgocmen, Ali (19 February 2020). "Turkish central bank cuts key rate by 50 basis points". Nasdaq.com. Nasdaq, Inc. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
57. ^ Lee, Yen Nee (19 February 2020). "China cuts benchmark lending rates amid coronavirus outbreak". CNBC. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020.
58. ^ "Argentina slashes benchmark interest rate to 40%; seventh cut since December". Reuters. 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020.
59. ^ Huang, Eustance (20 February 2020). "China stocks rise as Beijing says work resumption is speeding up". CNBC. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
60. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyat, Holly (20 February 2020). "European stocks close lower as investors monitor coronavirus and earnings; Air France KLM down 3%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
61. ^ Imbert, Fred (20 February 2020). "Dow falls more than 100 points after suffering a sudden midday sell-off that confused traders". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
62. ^ Verma, Swati (20 February 2020). "Oil slides 1% on renewed fears over toll from coronavirus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
63. ^ Li, Yun; Meredith, Sam (20 February 2020). "Treasury yields fall as coronavirus fears linger". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
64. ^ Jamrisko, Michelle (26 February 2020). "Growth Downgrades in Southeast Asia Fuel Calls for Stimulus". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020.
65. ^ Versiani, Isabel; Moreira, Camila (20 February 2020). "UPDATE 2-Brazil central bank lowers reserve requirements to free up funds, mulls further cuts". Reuters. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
66. ^ Ayres, Marcela (13 March 2020). "Brazil set to fight coronavirus, financial system is stable". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
67. ^ Hyerczyk, James (21 February 2020). "Some Asian Countries on Brink of Recession as Virus Spreads Outside China". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
68. ^ Smith, Elliot (21 February 2020). "European stocks close lower as coronavirus spread curbs sentiment; Pearson down 4.5%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
69. ^ Imbert, Fred (21 February 2020). "Dow drops more than 200 points, posts losing week as coronavirus fears resurface". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
70. ^ Hyerczyk, James (21 February 2020). "Oil Price Fundamental Daily Forecast – Weaker as Bullish Traders Lose Patience Over Production Cut Delay". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
71. ^ Li, Yun (21 February 2020). "30-year Treasury yield drops to all-time low of 1.89% amid coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
72. ^ "Global stock markets plunge on coronavirus fears". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020.
73. ^ "The Dow Is Down 700 Points as the Coronavirus Strikes in Italy". Barrons. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020.
74. ^ McCabe, Caitlin (24 February 2020). "Dow Industrials Drop 1,000 Points as Coronavirus Cases Mount Outside Asia". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020.
75. ^ Heaphy, Edmund (24 February 2020). "European stocks have worst day in four years on coronavirus fears". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
76. ^ Kollmeyer, Barbara; Goldstein, Steve (24 February 2020). "Italian stocks slump nearly 6% as European equities crumble on spreading coronavirus". MarketWatch. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
77. ^ Stevens, Pippa (24 February 2020). "Oil slides into bear market territory, posting worst day in more than a month on coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
78. ^ Aranya, Harshith (24 February 2020). "Gold surges to seven-year peak as pandemic fears spark safe-haven rush". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
79. ^ Li, Yun (24 February 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls to three-year low on coronavirus fears, 30-year rate hits record low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
80. ^ Huang, Eustance (25 February 2020). "Chinese stocks tumble as investors withdraw amid coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
81. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (25 February 2020). "European stocks fall amid fears over the coronavirus outbreak; Stoxx 600 down 1.8%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
82. ^ Fitzgerald, Maggie (25 February 2020). "Coronavirus wipes out $1.7 trillion in US stock market value in two days". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
83. ^ Laila, Kearney (25 February 2020). "Oil prices drop to lowest in more than a year as coronavirus spreads". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
84. ^ Li, Yun (25 February 2020). "10-year Treasury yield drops to record low of 1.31% as coronavirus hits the global economy". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
85. ^ Jefriando, Maikel; Suroyo, Gayatri (25 February 2020). "UPDATE 1-Indonesia announces nearly $750 mln stimulus in response to coronavirus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020.
86. ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy; Huang, Eustance (26 February 2020). "Japan shares drop beyond 2% as South Korea central bank keeps rate unchanged". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
87. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyat, Holly (26 February 2020). "European stocks close mixed as coronavirus spreads further". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
88. ^ Imbert, Fred (26 February 2020). "Here's what happened to the stock market on Wednesday". CNBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
89. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; Watts, William (26 February 2020). "Oil price falls a 4th session in a row, and U.S. crude hits lowest finish in over a year". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
90. ^ Li, Yun (26 February 2020). "10-year Treasury yield drops to record low of 1.30% on coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
91. ^ Cynthia, Kim; Roh, Joori (26 February 2020). "South Korea central bank keeps rates on hold despite coronavirus risks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
92. ^ Huang, Eustance (27 February 2020). "China's Shenzhen stocks drop almost 5% as major markets enter correction territory". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
93. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (27 February 2020). "European stocks close 3.6% lower and enter correction territory amid coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
94. ^ Tappe, Anneken (27 February 2020). "Dow falls 1,191 points – the most in history". CNN Business. CNN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020.
95. ^ DiSavino, Scott (27 February 2020). "Oil prices sink to lowest in over a year, biggest weekly drop since 2016". Reuters. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
96. ^ Franck, Thomas (27 February 2020). "10-year Treasury yield hovers near all-time low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
97. ^ Arnold, Martin; Chazan, Guy (27 February 2020). "Christine Lagarde says coronavirus yet to cause 'long-lasting shock'". Financial Times. Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
98. ^ Imbert, Fred; Huang, Eustance (27 February 2020). "Dow falls 350 points Friday to cap the worst week for Wall Street since the financial crisis". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020.
99. ^ Smith, Elliot (28 February 2020). "European stocks fall 12% on the week as coronavirus grips markets". CNBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020.
100. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; Watts, William (28 February 2020). "U.S. oil futures suffer largest weekly percentage loss in over a decade". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
101. ^ Li, Yun; Imbert, Fred (28 February 2020). "10-year Treasury yield collapses to another record low below 1.12%, 2-year rate tumbles to 0.9%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
102. ^ Amaro, Silvio (28 February 2020). "Coronavirus is already impacting the UK economy, Bank of England's Carney says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
103. ^ Cox, Jeff (28 February 2020). "Fed's Powell says coronavirus poses 'evolving risks,' pledges to 'act as appropriate' for economy". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
104. ^ "Mahathir unveils $6.6b economic stimulus package". The Straits Times. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
105. ^ Bayly, Lucy (28 February 2020). "Dow plunges nearly 1,200 points as coronavirus fears send markets diving". NBC News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
106. ^ Watts, William (28 February 2020). "S&P 500 tumbles from record finish to correction in just six trading days as stock-market rout accelerates". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
107. ^ "Stocks enter correction, Dow plunges by 780 points, as coronavirus fears multiply". AOL.com. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
108. ^ Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas (11 March 2020). "Dow plunges 10% amid coronavirus fears for its worst day since the 1987 market crash". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
109. ^ Magramo, Kathleen; Price, Deb; Ouyang, Iris (28 February 2020). "Spreading virus sets off biggest global stock market rout since 2008". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
110. ^ Kihara, Leika (1 March 2020). "BOJ reassurance on coronavirus bolsters speculation of global policy action". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
111. ^ "Bank of Japan vows to do all it can to calm markets amid coronavirus". The Japan Times. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
112. ^ "Asian markets come charging back as Bank of Japan pledges support". MarketWatch. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
113. ^ Wells, Peter; McCormick, Myles; Martin, Katie; Lockett, Hudson (2 March 2020). "Stocks climb on signs of global coronavirus response". Financial Times. Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
114. ^ Imbert, Fred; Huang, Eustance (1 March 2020). "Dow roars back from coronavirus sell-off with biggest gain since 2009, surges 5.1%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
115. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; Kollmeyer, Barbara (2 March 2020). "Oil sees biggest daily gain of 2020 as traders hope for OPEC cuts this week". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
116. ^ Li, Yun (2 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield drops to another record low of 1.03% as historic fall in US rates continues". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
117. ^ Cox, Jeff (3 March 2020). "G-7 countries promise to use policy tools but offer no specific actions to combat coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
118. ^ a b Huang, Eustance (2 March 2020). "Asia stocks edge higher as RBA cuts cash rate to new record low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
119. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (2 March 2020). "BI cuts reserve ratio, frees up $3.2b liquidity in local banks amid market sell-off". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
120. ^ "China's central bank keeps short-term rates steady despite Fed easing". Reuters. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
121. ^ Kim, Cynthia (3 March 2020). "South Korea unveils $9.8 billion stimulus to fight coronavirus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
122. ^ Graham, Dave (27 February 2020). "Hawks have upper hand as Mexico central bank paces rate cuts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
123. ^ "Mexico to speed up spending, spur private investment to counter coronavirus shock". Reuters. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
124. ^ Cox, Jeff (3 March 2020). "Powell says the Fed saw 'a risk to the outlook for the economy and chose to act'". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
125. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (3 March 2020). "European stocks close higher after emergency Fed rate cut". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.
126. ^ Imbert, Fred; Pound, Jesse; Huang, Eustance (2 March 2020). "Dow plunges more than 700 points despite the Fed cutting rates". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
127. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; DeCambre, Mark (3 March 2020). "U.S. oil climbs, but ends off the day's high as Fed rate cut raises worries about COVID-19's economic fallout". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
128. ^ Li, Yun (3 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls below 1% for the first time after Fed slashes rates due to coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
129. ^ Huang, Eustance (3 March 2020). "South Korea stocks up more than 2% as Fed cuts rate; China's services sector slumps in February". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
130. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (4 March 2020). "European markets close higher as investors monitor virus spread and hope for stimulus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020.
131. ^ Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas; Li, Yun (3 March 2020). "Dow soars more than 1,100 points as market rallies off Biden win, UnitedHealth pops 10%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
132. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; DeCambre, Mark (4 March 2020). "Oil prices settle lower as OPEC+ appears to struggle to reach an agreement on output cuts". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
133. ^ Li, Yun (4 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield dips below 1% again as investors still look for safety amid coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
134. ^ "Bank of Canada slashes interest rates amid coronavirus fears, says ready to cut again if needed". Reuters. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
135. ^ Khan, Sarmad (4 March 2020). "Gulf central banks cut rates after unexpected Fed move to offset coronavirus impact". The National. International Media Investments. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
136. ^ Pound, Jesse (4 March 2020). "IMF announces $50 billion program for coronavirus relief". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020.
137. ^ Lawder, David; Shalal, Andrea (4 March 2020). "IMF chief says coronavirus wipes out hopes for faster growth in 2020". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
138. ^ "Brazil central bank to intervene in FX swaps market on Thursday". Reuters. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020.
139. ^ Huang, Eustance (4 March 2020). "Chinese stocks lead gains as IMF announces $50 billion package to fight coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020.
140. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (5 March 2020). "European stocks close 1.4% lower amid virus volatility; Capita plunges 38%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
141. ^ Li, Yun; Huang, Eustance (5 March 2020). "Dow tanks more than 950 points as Wall Street's roller-coaster week continues". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020.
142. ^ Kollmeyer, Barbara (5 March 2020). "Oil prices rise on report OPEC agrees 1.5 million barrel-per-day production cut". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
143. ^ Franck, Thomas; Sheetz, Michael (5 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield hits all-time low below 0.9% as virus fears fuel demand for US debt". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
144. ^ Gillespie, Patrick; Olivera Doll, Ignacio (4 March 2020). "Central Bank will continue lowering rates to curb inflation". Buenos Aires Times. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
145. ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy; Huang, Eustance (26 February 2020). "Japan shares drop beyond 2% as South Korea central bank keeps rate unchanged". CNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.
146. ^ "BI, Bank of Korea renew currency swap agreement to boost trade, financial stability". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
147. ^ Huang, Eustance (6 March 2020). "Major Asian markets fall more than 2% to cap week of market gyrations". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
148. ^ Smith, Elliot; Amaro, Silvia (6 March 2020). "European stocks close 3.6% lower amid coronavirus volatility; oil sector down 5.5%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
149. ^ Li, Yun (6 March 2020). "Dow falls 250 points, ekes out a small weekly gain after a wild run". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
150. ^ Thompson, Mark; Defterios, John (6 March 2020). "Oil just had its worst day in 11 years as OPEC and Russia fall out over the coronavirus crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
151. ^ Franck, Thomas (6 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls to new all-time low under 0.7% as flight to bonds continues". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.
152. ^ Borter, Gabriella; Gorman, Steve (6 March 2020). "Coronavirus found on cruise ship as more U.S. states report cases". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
153. ^ "Oil prices fall as coronavirus spreads outside China". Associated Press. 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020.
154. ^ "Coronavirus set to knock oil demand growth to slowest since 2011". Financial Times. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020.
155. ^ Kollewe, Julia (4 February 2020). "Opec discusses coronavirus as Chinese oil demand slumps – as it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020.
156. ^ Johnson, Keith (5 March 2020). "OPEC Tries to Forestall a Coronavirus Oil Collapse". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020.
157. ^ Stevens, Pippa; Meredith, Sam (6 March 2020). "Oil plunges 10% for worst day in more than 5 years after OPEC+ fails to agree on a massive production cut". CNBC. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020.
158. ^ Kelly, Stephanie (8 March 2020). "Oil plunges 25%, hit by erupting Saudi-Russia oil price war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
159. ^ "Saudi-Russian price war sends oil and stockmarkets crashing". The Economist. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
160. ^ Stevens, Pippa (8 March 2020). "Oil prices plunge as much as 30% after OPEC deal failure sparks price war". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
161. ^ "Oil Prices, Stocks Plunge After Saudi Arabia Stuns World With Massive Discounts". NPR. 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
162. ^ Telford, Taylor; Englund, Will; Heath, Thomas. "U.S. markets crater with stocks down more than 5 percent as coronavirus spreads". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020.
163. ^ Mufson, Steven; Englund, Will. "Oil price war threatens widespread collateral damage". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
164. ^ Egan, Matt (9 March 2020). "Oil crashes by most since 1991 as Saudi Arabia launches price war". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
165. ^ Lucy Bayly (9 March 2020). "Dow closes with decline of 2,000 points, almost ending 11-year bull market". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
166. ^ "Tel Aviv Stock Exchange plummets as coronavirus fears deepen". The Times of Israel. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
167. ^ Scheer, Steven (16 March 2020). "Bank of Israel boosts dollar liquidity as shekel slides". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
168. ^ "Dollar Jumps to NIS 3.862 as Shares Post a Rare Gain". Haaretz. M. DuMont Schauberg. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
169. ^ "TA-35 Historical Data". Yahoo. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
170. ^ "TA-125 Historical Data". Yahoo. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
171. ^ Menton, Jessica. "Dow plummets 2,000 points, oil prices drop as global recession concerns mount". USA Today. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
172. ^ "Trillions vaporise from world economy". The News International. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
173. ^ "Dow Dives 2,000 Points After Oil Shock". Haaretz. Reuters. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
174. ^ "Worst day in a decade: Nasdaq, S&P, Dow down nearly 8% in massive market rout". Fortune. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
175. ^ Defterios, John (9 March 2020). "Why oil prices are crashing and what it means". CNN Business. CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
176. ^ Franck, Thomas; Li, Yun (9 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield hits new all-time low of 0.318% amid historic flight to bonds". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
177. ^ Investing (9 March 2020). "TSX sinks 10.3%, U.S. stocks plunge most since the financial crisis | Financial Post". Financial Post. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
178. ^ "Brazil stocks post biggest fall since 1998, central bank intervenes twice in FX". Reuters. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
179. ^ "Australian shares drop most in over 11 years on virus fears, oil plunge". Reuters. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
180. ^ "'Real fear': ASX plunges 7.3 per cent as $136b wiped from bourse". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
181. ^ Marais, Sharos (9 March 2020). "Coronavirus: FTSE 100 in biggest fall since 2008 financial crisis on outbreak fears". Sky News.
182. ^ Ashworth, Louis (9 March 2020). "Stock markets crash after oil price collapses". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
183. ^ Ashworth, Louis (9 March 2020). "Stock markets crash after oil price collapses". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
184. ^ "FTSE falls 11% in a week as virus spreads". The Times. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
185. ^ "FTSE tumbles 8.2% on opening rout". BBC. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
186. ^ "US stocks halted after falling 7%. Global stocks plunge as oil crashes and coronavirus fear spreads". Q13 FOX. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
187. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (9 March 2020). "European stocks close 7% lower and enter bear market territory as oil prices crash". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
188. ^ Vishnoi, Abhishek; Mookerjee, Ishika (9 March 2020). "Perfect Storm Plunges Asia Stocks Into Bear Markets One by One". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
189. ^ He, Laura (9 March 2020). "US stocks halted after falling 7%. Global stocks plunge as oil crashes and coronavirus fear spreads". 8 KPAX.
190. ^ Tang, See Kit (9 March 2020). "Singapore stocks near 4-year low as oil rout, COVID-19 fears send investors 'dumping everything'". CNA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
191. ^ "China stocks slide 3%, leading sharp losses for Asia as coronavirus spreads". Market Watch. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
192. ^ Price, Deb (9 March 2020). "Hong Kong stocks plunge more than 1,100 points as collapsing oil market adds to the woes of a widening coronavirus outbreak". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
193. ^ "Crash and recover: Stocks register largest intra-day fall in history before rebounding". Dawn. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
194. ^ Raj, Shubham (9 March 2020). "Monday mayhem marks worst day for Sensex: 5 factors causing this crash". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
195. ^ Lynch, David J. (10 March 2020). "Fears of corporate debt bomb grow as coronavirus outbreak worsens". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
196. ^ Soldatkin, Vladimir (9 March 2020). "Russian cenbank says suspends forex purchases for 30 days". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
197. ^ McGeever, Jamie; Laier, Paula (9 March 2020). "Brazil stocks post biggest fall since 1998, central bank intervenes twice in FX". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
198. ^ Esposito, Anthony (9 March 2020). "Mexico central bank props up battered peso, rates outlook uncertain". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
199. ^ Takemoto, Yoshifumi; Kajimoto, Tetsushi (2 December 2019). "Japan preparing $120 billion stimulus package to bolster fragile economy". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.
200. ^ Kajimoto, Tetsushi; Leussink, Daniel (9 March 2020). "Japan announces $4 billion coronavirus package, not yet eyeing extra budget". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
201. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (9 March 2020). "Lower income, rising debt expected as Indonesia unveils extra stimulus". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
202. ^ Grothaus, Michael (9 March 2020). "Black Monday: Stock markets plummet on coronavirus fears and oil price war". Fast Company. Retrieved 9 March 2020. "The volatility in the markets has led to the hashtag #BlackMonday trending on Twitter. 'Black Monday' is, of course, a reference to large stock market crashes, particularly the one that happened in October 1987, which saw the Dow lose over 22% of its value in a single day. Whether today ends up being a new Black Monday in the history books, of course, depends on how trading continues throughout the day."
203. ^ McDonald, Joe (9 March 2020). "Black Monday: Why global stocks and oil prices plunged". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
204. ^ "How market panic can feed back to the world economy". The Economist. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
205. ^ Belger, Tom (9 March 2020). "FTSE nosedives as oil shock wipes billions off stocks on 'Black Monday'". Yahoo Finance UK. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. ""This will be remembered as Black Monday. If you thought it couldn't get any worse than the last fortnight, think again... it's utter carnage out there," said Neil Wilson, chief market analyst at Markets.com."
206. ^ Elliot, Larry (9 March 2020). "'Crash Monday' is the price we're paying for a decade of cheap money". The Guardian (UK). Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. "The working week began in the City of London with oil prices down by 30% and the leading barometer of UK shares registering falls of more than 8%, so it didn't take long for it to be dubbed Crash Monday. To be sure, those with long enough memories would have been able to recall a similar market panic in October 1987, when a wave of selling began in east Asia and rolled inexorably westwards. That, though, is about as far as the comparison goes, because the 2020 Black Monday is a lot more serious than the one 30-odd years ago."
207. ^ Sedensky, Matt. "Stocks, oil prices plunge as virus closes sites around world". Detroit News / Associated Press. Retrieved 9 March 2020. "A blend of shocks have sent the markets into a frenzy on what may only be described as 'Black Monday,'" said Sebastien Clements, analyst at financial payments platform OFX. "A combination of a Russia vs. Saudi Arabia oil price war, a crash in equities, and escalations in coronavirus woes have created a killer cocktail to worsen last week's crisis."
208. ^ "Stock market news live updates: Dow closes 1,167 points higher despite coronavirus worries". Yahoo! Finance. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
209. ^ "Here's what happened to the stock market on Tuesday". CNBC. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
210. ^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average's 11-Year Bull Run Ends". The Wall Street Journal. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
211. ^ Imbert, Fred; Li, Yun; Amaro, Silvia (9 March 2020). "Dow rallies more than 1,100 points in a wild session, halves losses from Monday's sell-off". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
212. ^ Huang, Eustance (9 March 2020). "Japanese shares bounce back in turbulent session as investors await stimulus measures". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
213. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (10 March 2020). "European markets reverse gains to close in the red; Stoxx 600 down 0.88%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
214. ^ Stevens, Pippa (9 March 2020). "Oil jumps more than 10% one day after sharpest decline since 1991, amid hopes for continued OPEC talks". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
215. ^ Li, Yun (10 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield rebounds from record low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
216. ^ Ostroukh, Andrey; Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Vaal, Tamara (10 March 2020). "UPDATE 3-Central banks act as Russian, Kazakh currencies tumble". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
217. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (10 March 2020). "Indonesia prepares additional measures to stabilize markets, halt tax payments amid virus risks". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
218. ^ Martin, Sarah (10 March 2020). "Australia to unveil $2.4bn coronavirus health package including pop-up fever clinics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
219. ^ Huang, Eustance (10 March 2020). "Australia tumbles into bear territory as volatility continues to rock Asia Pacific markets". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
220. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (11 March 2020). "European markets close lower as coronavirus concerns persist; Bank of England cuts rates". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
221. ^ Imbert, Fred (11 March 2020). "Dow drops 1,400 points and tumbles into a bear market, down 20% from last month's record close". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
222. ^ Culp, Stephen (11 March 2020). "Wall Street tumbles, Dow confirms bear market". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
223. ^ "Oil drops 4% after Saudi Aramco asked to raise output capacity". CNBC. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
224. ^ Li, Yun (11 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield rises in volatile trading". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
225. ^ McGeever, Jamie (11 March 2020). "Brazil markets slammed as coronavirus goes 'pandemic', stocks fall 8.5%". Reuters. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
226. ^ Marowits, Ross (11 March 2020). "TSX crosses into bear market as coronavirus declared a pandemic". Global News. Global Television Network. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
227. ^ Amaro, Silvia (11 March 2020). "Bank of England cuts rates in emergency move to combat coronavirus impact". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
228. ^ "Budget 2020: Chancellor pumps billions into economy to combat coronavirus". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
229. ^ Cox, Jeff (11 March 2020). "Fed boosts money it's providing to banks in overnight repo lending to $175 billion". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
230. ^ "Bank of Japan looks to boost stocks with additional stimulus as virus roils markets". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
231. ^ Diela, Tabita; Suroyo, Gayatri (13 March 2020). "UPDATE 1-Indonesia announces tax relief for manufacturing during virus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
232. ^ Sirletti, Sonia; Follain, John; Rotondi, Flavia (11 March 2020). "Italy Announces $28 Billion Plan to Cushion Virus-Hit Economy". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
233. ^ Specia, Megan (12 March 2020). "What You Need to Know About Trump's European Travel Ban". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
234. ^ a b Reinicke, Carmen (12 March 2020). "Dow slips 2,000 points as Trump coronavirus response disappoints, Fed funding boost fades". Market Insider. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
235. ^ Levisohn, Ben. "Why President Donald Trump's Speech Spooked the Stock Market". Barrons.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
236. ^ a b Barnes, Brooks; Ewing, Jack; Goodman, Peter S.; Tankersley, Jim; Koblin, John; Hsu, Tiffany; Smialek, Jeanna; McKenna, Kevin; Reed, Stanley; Bradsher, Keith; Alderman, Liz; Stevenson, Alexandra; Kwai, Isabella; Bradsher, Keith; Perlroth, Nicole; Goldstein, Matthew; Abdul, Geneva; Tejada, Carlos (12 March 2020). "Stocks Plunge as Trump's Travel Ban Adds to Distress: Live Updates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
237. ^ Amaro, Silvia (12 March 2020). "ECB surprises markets by not cutting rates, but announces stimulus to fight coronavirus impact". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
238. ^ Zabelin, Dimitri (12 March 2020). "ECB rate decision, Lagarde outlook: What to expect". DailyFX. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
239. ^ "Indonesia c.bank buys 4 trln rupiah of bonds in auction, may run 2nd auction". Reuters. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
240. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (12 March 2020). "Bank Indonesia spends Rp 110t to stabilize markets as virus stokes sell-off". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
241. ^ Amaro, Silvia (12 March 2020). "ECB surprises markets by not cutting rates, but announces stimulus to fight coronavirus impact". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
242. ^ Cox, Jeff (12 March 2020). "Fed to pump in more than $1 trillion in dramatic ramping up of market intervention amid coronavirus meltdown". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
243. ^ Zhou, Naaman (12 March 2020). "Australian government unveils $17.6bn stimulus package as coronavirus hammers stock market". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
244. ^ Gopakumar, Gopika (12 March 2020). "Reserve Bank steps into forex market to support rupee". Mint. HT Media. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
245. ^ "Asia markets look to central bank action as liquidity tightens". Reuters. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
246. ^ McGeever, Jamie (12 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-Brazil ups FX intervention, pledges to ease bond market strains". Reuters. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
247. ^ Huang, Eustance (11 March 2020). "Japan stocks follow Dow into a bear market as Trump suspends travel from Europe; WHO declares coronavirus outbreak a pandemic". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
248. ^ Sin, Noah; Shen, Samuel (12 March 2020). "Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index plunges into bear market". NASDAQ. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
249. ^ Rahman, Riska; Samboh, Esther (12 March 2020). "Time-out: IDX halts trading as shares plunge 5%". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
250. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (12 March 2020). "European stocks close 11% lower in worst one-day drop ever on coronavirus fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
251. ^ Aslam, Naeem (12 March 2020). "The Bear Market Is Here! Fastest Plunge Of 20% On Record". Forbes. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
252. ^ "OMXN40 Historical Data". NASDAQ. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
253. ^ a b "Baltic market indexes". NasdaqBaltic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
254. ^ Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas (12 March 2020). "Dow plunges 10% amid coronavirus fears for its worst day since the 1987 market crash". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
255. ^ Culp, Stephen (12 March 2020). "Wall Street plunges, bringing record bull run to an end". Reuters. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
256. ^ Stevens, Pippa (12 March 2020). "Oil drops as much as 8%, on pace for worst week in more than a decade". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
257. ^ Smith, Elliot; Li, Yun (12 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield rises even as stocks tumble into bear market". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020.
258. ^ "Coronavirus: FTSE 100, Dow, S&P 500 in worst day since 1987". BBC. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
259. ^ "Canadian stock market bloodbath: Worst one-day fall in 80 years". Toronto Star. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
260. ^ "Borse, Piazza Affari chiude a −16,92%. E' il peggior crollo di sempre". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
261. ^ "European Markets Plummet On Trump's Travel Ban". NASDAQ. RTTNews. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
262. ^ "Ibovespa ameniza queda e recua 14% após anúncio de estímulos do Fed; dólar sobe a R$ 4,84". InfoMoney (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
263. ^ "Ibovespa cai 14,8% e tem seu pior pregão desde 1998; dólar sobe a R$ 4,78". InfoMoney (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
264. ^ "MARKETS: Sensex slumps 2,919 pts, Nifty at 33-mth low in biggest 1-day fall". Business Standard. Business Standard Ltd. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
265. ^ Changole, Adelaide (12 March 2020). "JSE stocks plunge the most since 1997 in 'panic' sell-off". Moneyweb. African Media Entertainment. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
266. ^ "Merval suffers another rout fuelled by Covid-19 pandemic". Buenos Aires Times. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
267. ^ "Colombia's central bank holds extraordinary meeting amid sharp fall in peso". Reuters. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
268. ^ Radio, Caracol (12 March 2020). "Dólar en Colombia alcanzó este jueves una cifra histórica de $4.034". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
269. ^ "Dólar alcanza máximo histórico de 22.98 pesos en la madrugada". El Universal (in Spanish). 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
270. ^ "Stocks Continue Tumble Even After Fed Steps In: Live Updates". The New York Times. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
271. ^ McCabe, Caitlin; Ostroff, Caitlin (12 March 2020). "Stocks Plunge 10% in Dow's Worst Day Since 1987". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
272. ^ Arancibia, Juan (12 March 2020). "Stocks Off Session Lows; Dow Wipes Out All Gains From 2018 Low". investors.com. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
273. ^ Imbert, Pippa Stevens,Maggie Fitzgerald,Fred (12 March 2020). "Stock market live Thursday: Dow tanks 2,300 in worst day since Black Monday, S&P 500 bear market". CNBC. Retrieved 13 March 2020.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
274. ^ Korosec, Kirsten; Shieber, Jonathan; Wilhelm, Alex (12 March 2020). "Stocks dive on Dow's worst day since 1987, tech crashes and Bitcoin is no haven". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020.
275. ^ "Dow sinks 2,000 points in worst day since 2008, S&P 500 drops more than 7%". CNBC. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
276. ^ "Dow drops 1,400 points and tumbles into a bear market, down 20% from last month's record close". CNBC. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
277. ^ "Dow Jones drops nearly 1,200 points, biggest point decline ever". krcrtv.com. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
278. ^ Naylor, Brian; Rampton, Roberta (12 March 2020). "Trump Defends Travel Ban, Says Stock Market Will Bounce Back". NPR. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
279. ^ Huang, Eustance (13 March 2020). "Australia stocks stage dramatic comeback as Asia markets trade wildly". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
280. ^ Smith, Elliot (13 March 2020). "European stocks close higher, but down 19% on the week in worst sell-off since 2008". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
281. ^ Imbert, Fred; Li, Yun; Huang, Eustance (13 March 2020). "Stocks post biggest rally since 2008, clawing back some of their coronavirus collapse". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
282. ^ "RTSI Historical Data". Yahoo. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
283. ^ Aris, Ben (13 March 2020). "Extreme Volatility Marks Turbulent Week on Russian Stock Market". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
284. ^ "TASI Historical Data". Yahoo. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
285. ^ "XU100 Historical Data". Yahoo. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
286. ^ "IPC Historical Data". Yahoo!. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
287. ^ "Oil posts biggest weekly loss since 2008". CNBC. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
288. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (13 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield jumps above 1% after clarity on government response to coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
289. ^ McGeever, Jamie (13 March 2020). "UPDATE 3-Brazil stocks jump 13% in biggest daily gain since 2008, but slump on week". Reuters. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
290. ^ Mangan, Dan; Wilkie, Christina (13 March 2020). "Trump declares national emergency over coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
291. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (13 March 2020). "Trump indicates he opposes House coronavirus plan as Pelosi vows to pass it". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
292. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (13 March 2020). "Trump urges Republicans to back Pelosi and Mnuchin's coronavirus response deal". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
293. ^ Russell, Andrew; Connolly, Amanda (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Trudeau announces economic aid package to help Canadians amid outbreak". Global News. Global Television Network. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
294. ^ Tasker, John Paul (13 March 2020). "Ottawa announces $10 billion business credit line, plans to roll out stimulus package as COVID-19 spreads". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
295. ^ Johnson, Kelsey (13 March 2020). "Bank of Canada makes surprise 50-basis-point cut, says ready to do more". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
296. ^ Chen, Yawen; Yao, Kevin (13 March 2020). "China pumps $79 billion into economy with bank cash reserve cut". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
297. ^ White, Stanley; Solsvik, Terje; Marte, Jonnelle (13 March 2020). "Central banks flash the cash as market panic drives liquidity squeeze". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
298. ^ "UPDATE 2-Bank of Canada says it will provide more liquidity for markets". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
299. ^ Vieira, Paul (13 March 2020). "Bank of Canada expands liquidity programs". MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
300. ^ "Brazil's Treasury cancels bond auctions scheduled for next week". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020.
301. ^ "Russia's c.bank says will hold repo auction on Friday to support liquidity". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
302. ^ "Central Bank injects $4.6 bln into market". Hürriyet Daily News. Doğan Media Group. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
303. ^ "Indonesia c.bank buys $405 mln of govt bonds, may hold another auction -official". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
304. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (13 March 2020). "Government allocates $8b to stimulate economy as businesses, workers suffer from COVID-19 impacts". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
305. ^ "Coronavirus: Saudi Central Bank announces 50 billion riyal package". Gulf News. Al Nisr Publishing. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
306. ^ Maeko, Thando (15 March 2020). "Ramaphosa pledges Covid-19 economic stimulus package". Mail & Guardian. M&G Media Ltd. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
307. ^ Liesman, Steve (15 March 2020). "Federal Reserve cuts rates to zero and launches massive $700 billion quantitative easing program". CNBC. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
308. ^ "Fed cuts interest rates to near zero, coordinates with other central banks to combat coronavirus". Reuters. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
309. ^ "Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement" (PDF). Federal Reserve Board. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
310. ^ Menton, Jessica. "Stocks poised for plunge Monday as Dow futures drop 1,000 points despite Fed rate cut to zero". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
311. ^ "OMX Copenhagen 25 Historical Data". Yahoo. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
312. ^ Imbert, Fred (16 March 2020). "Dow drops nearly 3,000 points, as coronavirus collapse continues; worst day since '87". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
313. ^ Stevens, Pippa (16 March 2020). "Oil drops nearly 10%, breaking below $29 as demand evaporates". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
314. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (16 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls below 0.8% after Fed's emergency move to cut rates to zero". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
315. ^ "Stock Market Volatility Tops Financial Crisis With VIX at Record". Bloomberg News. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
316. ^ Li, Yun (16 March 2020). "Wall Street's fear gauge closes at highest level ever, surpassing even financial crisis peak". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
317. ^ Cox, Jeff (16 March 2020). "Fed says it will offer an additional $500 billion in overnight repo funding markets". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
318. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (16 March 2020). "Indonesia deploys second stimulus amid market, rupiah routs". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
319. ^ "Turkish central bank lowers remuneration rate on required reserves -bankers". Reuters. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
320. ^ "BOJ ramps up risky asset buying as central banks fight coronavirus fallout". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
321. ^ Kollmeyer, Barbara (7 February 2020). "Russian ruble falls as central bank cuts key rate by 25 basis points to 6%". MarketWatch. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
322. ^ Ostroukh, Andrey; Fabrichnaya, Elena (16 March 2020). "Russia seen holding key rate at 6% on Friday amid coronavirus, low oil". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
323. ^ "Bank of Korea slashes rate in emergency move after US Fed cut". The Straits Times. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
324. ^ Huang, Eustance (17 March 2020). "Stocks in Australia surge almost 6% with Asia markets mixed; Philippines suspends trading". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
325. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (17 March 2020). "European stocks close 2.2% higher after a day of choppy trading; travel sector slides 6%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
326. ^ Imbert, Fred (17 March 2020). "Dow rebounds more than 1,000 points as Trump seeks $1 trillion in stimulus for coronavirus fight". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
327. ^ "Oil drops 6% breaking below $27 as recession fears, pump war weigh". CNBC. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
328. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (17 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield rebounds above 1% as White House seeks a possible $1 trillion stimulus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
329. ^ Cox, Jeff (17 March 2020). "Fed will help businesses get up to $1 trillion in funding in the short-term borrowing markets amid coronavirus crisis". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
330. ^ Ellyatt, Holly (17 March 2020). "'Whatever it takes': UK pledges almost $400 billion to help businesses through coronavirus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
331. ^ Kucukgocmen, Ali; Butler, Daren (17 March 2020). "UPDATE 3-Turkish central bank moves early with 100-basis-point rate cut". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
332. ^ "Turkish central bank opens gates to cheap lira liquidity". Reuters. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
333. ^ Levingston, Ivan (17 March 2020). "Bank of Israel Plays Down Rate Cut and Keeps Focus on Market". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
334. ^ "Bank of Japan buys a record high 120 billion yen in ETFs after policy move". Reuters. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
335. ^ Warrick, Ambar; Jaisinghani, Sagarika (17 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-Spanish stimulus helps European stocks end seesaw session higher". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
336. ^ Amaro, Silvia (17 March 2020). "Macron warns 'we are at war' as France unveils $50 billion in coronavirus measures". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
337. ^ Bolongaro, Kait; Argitis, Theophilos (17 March 2020). "Trudeau unveils financial aid worth $82 billion to help Canadians weather coronavirus". Financial Post. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
338. ^ Graham-McLay, Charlotte (17 March 2020). "New Zealand launches massive spending package to combat Covid-19". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
339. ^ "Poland Cuts Key Rate, Reserve Ratio To Cushion Covid-19 Impact". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
340. ^ Huang, Eustance (18 March 2020). "Australia stocks plunge more than 6% as Asia markets fall". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
341. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (18 March 2020). "European shares close 4% lower despite multi-billion dollar stimulus pledges; oil stocks down 10%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
342. ^ Imbert, Fred; Li, Yun (18 March 2020). "Dow drops 1,300 points, S&P 500 loses 5% as coronavirus market sell-off reaches new low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
343. ^ Stevens, Pippa (18 March 2020). "Oil falls 24% in 3rd worst day on record, sinks to more than 18-year low". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
344. ^ Franck, Thomas (18 March 2020). "Rates reverse higher rapidly on growing costs to combat crisis, 10-year Treasury yield hits 1.2%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
345. ^ "U.S. Senate to pass coronavirus bill, stay to work on more aid -McConnell". Reuters. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
346. ^ Dzhanova, Yelena; Pramuk, Jacob (18 March 2020). "President Trump signs coronavirus relief plan to expand paid leave". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
347. ^ "European Central Bank announces massive stimulus plan to calm markets". MarketWatch. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
348. ^ McGeever, Jamie (18 March 2020). "UPDATE 1-Brazil cuts rates, pledges full arsenal in coronavirus fight". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
349. ^ McGeever, Jamie (18 March 2020). "UPDATE 3-Brazil central bank wades into FX, bond markets but real slump accelerates". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
350. ^ Khadem, Nassim (18 March 2020). "RBA slashes interest rates to 0.25pc in emergency cut amid coronavirus pandemic". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
351. ^ "RBI to buy government bonds in open markets to boost liquidity". The Times of India. The Times Group. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
352. ^ "S.Korea c.bank to conduct 1 trln won repo operation on Thursday". Reuters. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
353. ^ "Polish c.bank plans bond buy auction for Thurs". Reuters. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
354. ^ Li, Yun (18 March 2020). "NYSE to temporarily close floor, move to electronic trading after positive coronavirus tests". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
355. ^ Huang, Eustance (19 March 2020). "South Korea stocks drop more than 8% after earlier halt; Softbank shares plunge". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
356. ^ Ellyatt, Holly; Smith, Elliot (19 March 2020). "European shares close 3% higher in rocky session after ECB, BOE stimulus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
357. ^ Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas (19 March 2020). "Dow rises more than 100 points in rebound from 3-year low, tech and energy shares lead". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
358. ^ Stevens, Pippa (19 March 2020). "Oil surges 23% to post best day ever, rebounding from Wednesday's steep losses". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
359. ^ Li, Yun (19 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls to 1.1% after global central banks step up easing measures". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
360. ^ Schneider, Howard; Dunsmuir, Lindsay (19 March 2020). "Fed opens dollar swap lines for nine additional foreign central banks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
361. ^ "Brazil central bank says $60 bln FX swap line with Fed has no policy conditionality". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
362. ^ "Singapore central bank sets up $60 bln swap facility with Fed". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
363. ^ Roh, Joori; Kim, Cynthia (19 March 2020). "UPDATE 1-Bank of Korea to inject dollars to onshore markets via currency swap with Fed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
364. ^ Neuman, Scott (19 March 2020). "Federal Reserve Establishes Lending Facility To Back Up Money Market Mutual Funds". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
365. ^ "Bank of Japan conducts ¥1.3 trillion emergency bond buy". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
366. ^ Meredith, Sam (19 March 2020). "Bank of England cuts rates again and ramps up bond buying to combat coronavirus impact". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
367. ^ Schomberg, William; Milliken, David (19 March 2020). "Bank of England ramps up bond-buying, cuts rates to near zero". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
368. ^ "Denmark's central bank raises key interest rate". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
369. ^ Loh, Liang-sa; Lee, Yimou (19 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-Taiwan c.bank cuts rate to new low, slashes growth forecast on virus impact". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
370. ^ Smith, Elliot (20 January 2020). "South African rate cut catches analysts off guard, but easing cycle may be short-lived". CNBC. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020.
371. ^ Winning, Alexander; Toyana, Mfuneko (19 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-South Africa delivers 100 bps rate cut to fight coronavirus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
372. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (19 March 2020). "BI cuts rate, sees growth plunging to 15-year low as COVID-19 roils economy". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
373. ^ "Chile's Pinera unveils $11.7 billion emergency aid package to counter coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
374. ^ Hirsch, Lauren; Pramuk, Jacob (19 March 2020). "Senate GOP releases coronavirus relief plan with up to $1,200 in cash payments to individuals". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
375. ^ Huang, Eustance (20 March 2020). "South Korea stocks surge more than 7% as China keeps loan prime rate unchanged". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
376. ^ Smith, Elliot (20 March 2020). "European stocks close higher as monetary and fiscal measures mount; travel and leisure up 9%". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
377. ^ Imbert, Fred; Stevens, Pippa (20 March 2020). "Dow tumbles 900 points to end Wall Street's worst week since 2008". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
378. ^ "Oil falls 11%, on track for worst month on record". CNBC. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
379. ^ Li, Yun (20 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls below 1% to cap off a choppy week amid coronavirus crisis". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
380. ^ Cox, Jeff (20 March 2020). "The Federal Reserve is expanding its asset purchases to include municipal bonds". CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
381. ^ Pandey, Swati (20 March 2020). "Australia central bank buys $2.9 billion of bonds in first round of unlimited QE". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
382. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (20 March 2020). "BI injects $10.1b to stabilize bond markets as investors dump Indonesian assets". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
383. ^ "Brazil central bank buys $3 bln of dollar-denominated sovereign debt this week -statement". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
384. ^ "RBI to inject Rs 30k cr into market for financial stability amid Covid-19". Business Standard. Business Standard Ltd. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
385. ^ "Coronavirus: RBI to inject Rs 30,000 crore liquidity into market next week". The Times of India. The Times Group. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
386. ^ "Mexican central bank unveils deep emergency rate cut to counter coronavirus impact". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
387. ^ "UPDATE 1-Romania's central bank delivers surprise rate cut, loosens policy". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
388. ^ "ECB opens 24-billion-euro swap line with Danish central bank". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
389. ^ Mangan, Dan; Mercado, Darla (20 March 2020). "IRS extends tax filing deadline to July 15 as coronavirus spreads, Mnuchin says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
390. ^ Shepardson, David (20 March 2020). "U.S. states seek at least $150 billion in emergency federal coronavirus aid". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
391. ^ Revill, John (20 March 2020). "Swiss announce $32.6 billion aid deal as virus puts nation's 'back against wall'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
392. ^ Turak, Natasha (20 March 2020). "Saudi Arabia announces $32 billion in emergency funds to mitigate oil, coronavirus impact". CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
393. ^ "Germany planning special budget of at least 100 billion euros: Handelsblatt". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
394. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (20 March 2020). "$3.9 billion state spending reallocated for COVID-19 response: Sri Mulyani". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
395. ^ Huang, Eustance (22 March 2020). "India stocks plummet 13% as coronavirus uncertainty continues to roil Asia markets". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
396. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (23 March 2020). "European markets close lower amid coronavirus jitters; Stoxx 600 down 4.4%". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
397. ^ Bayly, Lucy (23 March 2020). "Dow closes down 600 points after government stimulus package fails again". NBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
398. ^ Kumar, Devika Krishna (22 March 2020). "Crude edges higher, U.S. gasoline slumps over 30% on sinking demand". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
399. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (23 March 2020). "10-year yield dives below 0.7% after Fed announces unlimited asset purchases". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
400. ^ "G20 finance chiefs and central bankers to develop COVID-19 action plan". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
401. ^ Cortes, Gustavo S.; Gao, George P.; Silva, Felipe B. G.; Song, Zhaogang (2022). "Unconventional monetary policy and disaster risk: Evidence from the subprime and COVID–19 crises". Journal of International Money and Finance. 122: 102543. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102543. PMC 8677330. PMID 34949899.
402. ^ Menon, Praveen (22 March 2020). "NZ central bank starts quantitative easing to tackle coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
403. ^ Mogi, Chikako (23 March 2020). "Central Banks at Full Throttle Buying Bonds to Tame Markets". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
404. ^ "RBI to inject Rs 1 lakh crore liquidity via repo operations". The Economic Times. The Times Group. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
405. ^ "Swedish c.bank says will buy a maximum of 10 bln SEK in covered bonds on March 25". Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
406. ^ "Bank of Korea to step up repo operations to boost liquidity". Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
407. ^ Cox, Jeff (23 March 2020). "The Federal Reserve just pledged asset purchases with no limit to support markets". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
408. ^ "Banks borrow $34.9 billion from Bank of Japan's 1-week dollar funding operation on Monday". Reuters. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
409. ^ "Swedish central bank to offer SEK 400 bln in loans to banks". Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
410. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (23 March 2020). "World Bank approves $300m loan to improve Indonesia's financial sector". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
411. ^ Ayres, Marcela (23 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-Brazil's central bank to flood lenders with fresh liquidity". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
412. ^ "Hungary cbank's stock of fx swaps unchanged after Monday's tenders". Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
413. ^ Scott, Jason (23 March 2020). "Australia Passes Massive Stimulus Measures as Virus Spreads". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
414. ^ "Japan mulls ¥30 trillion in economic stimulus to counter coronavirus impact". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
415. ^ Kihara, Leika (23 March 2020). "Japan to spend over $137 billion as virus hits economy, BOJ eyes more stimulus". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
416. ^ Skydsgaard, Nikolaj (23 March 2020). "UPDATE 1-Iceland's central bank to buy treasury bonds to aid economy". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
417. ^ Huang, Eustance (23 March 2020). "Japan stocks jump 7% as Fed ramps up stimulus measures; Softbank surges almost 19%". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
418. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (24 March 2020). "European markets close 7.5% higher on Fed stimulus, Italy virus slowdown". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
419. ^ Imbert, Fred; Franck, Thomas (24 March 2020). "Dow rebounds more than 11% in best day since 1933 as Congress nears coronavirus stimulus deal". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
420. ^ "Oil jumps more than 2% as US ramps up economic support measures". CNBC. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
421. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (24 March 2020). "Treasury yields rise on optimism for a massive stimulus deal to curb coronavirus damage". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
422. ^ Strupczewski, Jan; Guarascio, Francesco (15 March 2020). "Euro zone pledges 'whatever it takes' to fight coronavirus effects". Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
423. ^ Amaro, Silvia (24 March 2020). "Europe unable to reach deal on new coronavirus aid as long-held tensions resurface". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
424. ^ Sano, Hideyuki (23 March 2020). "Japan banks borrow record $89.3 billion from Bank of Japan as dollar shortage lingers". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
425. ^ "Indonesia raises core capital requirement for banks". Reuters. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
426. ^ Kim, Cynthia; Shin, Hyonhee (23 March 2020). "South Korea doubles coronavirus rescue package to $80 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
427. ^ Than, Krisztina; Szakacs, Gergely (24 March 2020). "UPDATE 1-Hungarian central bank holds rates, expected to announce QE-type measures". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
428. ^ "Hungary cbank launches new loan facility to boost liquidity". Reuters. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
429. ^ "Romania to help banks accept delay in loan repayments – minister". Reuters. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
430. ^ Huang, Eustance (24 March 2020). "Japan stocks soar 8% as US announces coronavirus stimulus deal". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
431. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (25 March 2020). "European stocks close higher as US reaches stimulus deal; Virgin Money up 26%". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
432. ^ Imbert, Fred; Li, Yun; Huang, Eustance (24 March 2020). "Dow jumps more than 2%, posts first back-to-back gain since February". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
433. ^ Saefong, Myra P.; Watts, William (25 March 2020). "Oil prices end higher as move toward U.S. stimulus package fuels optimism". MarketWatch. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
434. ^ Franck, Thomas; Li, Yun (25 March 2020). "Long-term US yields fall slightly as White House and Senate strike virus deal". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
435. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (25 March 2020). "Senate passes $2 trillion coronavirus relief bill — House aims for Friday vote". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
436. ^ Amaro, Silvia (25 March 2020). "Nine European countries say it is time for 'corona bonds' as virus death toll rises". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
437. ^ "NZ c.bank proposes to buy $146 mln in government bonds as part of QE". Reuters. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
438. ^ "UPDATE 1-Mexican banks to offer deferred interest payments, principal on loans – finance minister". Reuters. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
439. ^ Stoddard, Ed (25 March 2020). "SA Reserve Bank catches the quantitative easing bug as Covid-19 infects economy, bond market". Daily Maverick. Styli Charalambous. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
440. ^ Young-sil, Yoon (26 March 2020). "Bank of Korea to Supply Approximately 50 Tril. Won of Liquidity". Business Korea. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
441. ^ "Iceland central bank lowers banks' reserve requirements". Reuters. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
442. ^ Revill, John; Koltrowitz, Silke (25 March 2020). "Swiss government, central bank toss cash at coronavirus-hit companies". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
443. ^ Huang, Eustance (25 March 2020). "Japan shares drop more than 4% as investors await jobless claims data stateside". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
444. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (26 March 2020). "European stocks close higher; US jobless claims balloon to record high". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
445. ^ Imbert, Fred; Stevens, Pippa; Huang, Eustance (26 March 2020). "Dow rallies more than 1,300 points, capping its biggest 3-day surge since 1931". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
446. ^ Kearney, Laila (25 March 2020). "Oil sheds more than $1 as weakening demand outweighs stimulus hopes". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
447. ^ Franck, Thomas; Li, Yun (26 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield holds steady at 0.8% despite record jobless claims". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
448. ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Barigazzi, Jacopo; Momtaz, Rym (27 March 2020). "Virtual summit, real acrimony: EU leaders clash over 'corona bonds'". Politico Europe. Politico/Axel Springer SE. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
449. ^ Amaro, Silvia (27 March 2020). "Italy's coronavirus death toll tops 8,000 as EU leaders fail to present new stimulus". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
450. ^ "Reserve Bank of Australia proposes to buy A$3b in govt bonds as part of QE". Business Times. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
451. ^ "UPDATE 2-Nordic central banks to auction U.S. dollars on March 26". Reuters. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
452. ^ "Singapore central bank launches US$60b scheme for banks". The Star. Star Media Group Berhad. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
453. ^ "Swedish c.bank to start buying commercial paper as part of virus package". Reuters. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
454. ^ Akhlas, Adrian Wail (26 March 2020). "Indonesia to issue bonds to rescue businesses affected by COVID-19". The Jakarta Post. PT Niskala Media Tenggara. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
455. ^ "Russian c.bank to continue FX selling in non-working week". Reuters. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
456. ^ Min-hyung, Lee (26 March 2020). "Bank of Korea to supply 'unlimited liquidity' via repo program". The Korea Times. Dongwha Enterprise. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
457. ^ Villamil, Justin; Quinn, Dale (26 March 2020). "Mexico Downgraded to BBB by S&P on Virus, Oil Price Shocks". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
458. ^ "Czech central bank slashes key rate to 1%". Budapest Business Journal. Absolute Media. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
459. ^ Sim, Dewey (26 March 2020). "Singapore unveils eye-catching US$33.7 billion stimulus to fight coronavirus and save jobs as recession looms". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
460. ^ Ahmed, Aftab (26 March 2020). "India outlines $23 billion stimulus to help poor hit by lockdown". Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
461. ^ "China implementing $344 billion of mainly fiscal measures in coronavirus fight". Reuters. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
462. ^ Huang, Eustance (26 March 2020). "Australia stocks drop more than 5% in mixed day for Asia Pacific markets". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
463. ^ Smith, Elliot (27 March 2020). "European markets close lower as investors monitor coronavirus and stimulus measures". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
464. ^ Imbert, Fred (27 March 2020). "Dow drops more than 900 points on Friday, but still finishes higher for the week". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
465. ^ Resnick-Ault, Jessica (26 March 2020). "Oil plunges posting fifth straight weekly loss despite stimulus efforts". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
466. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (27 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls below 0.8% as investors remain on edge about the coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
467. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (27 March 2020). "Trump signs $2 trillion coronavirus relief bill as the US tries to prevent economic devastation". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
468. ^ Fairless, Tom (27 March 2020). "European Central Bank begins new bond purchases, throwing weight behind virus-hit nations". Toronto Star. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
469. ^ Hagan, Shelly (27 March 2020). "Bank of Canada cuts rate for third time to 0.25% in bid to shield economy from coronavirus fallout". Financial Post. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
470. ^ Verma, Swati (27 March 2020). "RBI follows global banks, cuts repo rate by 75 bps to fight coronavirus". Business Standard. Business Standard Ltd. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
471. ^ "Brazil's central bank sells $610 million in spot market intervention". Reuters. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
472. ^ McGeever, Jamie; Ayres, Marcela (27 March 2020). "UPDATE 2-Brazil central bank calls for emergency bond-buying powers". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
473. ^ "Brazil central bank asks for authorization to buy debt directly". Reuters. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
474. ^ Leong, Trinna (27 March 2020). "Malaysia announces $83.6b stimulus package to deal with coronavirus fallout". The Straits Times. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
475. ^ Sukumaran, Tashny (27 March 2020). "Malaysia unveils massive US$57 billion economic stimulus package". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
476. ^ "Moody's downgrades SA to junk". CNBC Africa. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
477. ^ "Russian central bank allocates $2 bln for small, medium firms to pay salaries". National Post. Postmedia Network. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
478. ^ "Swedish c.bank to buy covered bonds for SEK 20 bln next week". Reuters. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
479. ^ Davis, Jonathan (2020). The Investment Trusts Handbook 2021. Harriman House. p. 96\. ISBN 9780857198952.
480. ^ "Taiwan central bank to use 'appropriate' monetary tools to deal with virus". Reuters. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
481. ^ "Bank of Korea to offer $12 bln in dollar lending from Fed currency swap". Yahoo! Finance. 28 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
482. ^ Sguazzin, Antony; Vollgraaff, Rene (29 March 2020). "SA eases bank rules to free R300bn for loans". Moneyweb. African Media Entertainment. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
483. ^ "UPDATE 1-Israel eases capital requirements so banks can lend more to economy". Reuters. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
484. ^ Huang, Eustance (30 March 2020). "Australia stocks surge 7% as investors assess economic impact of coronavirus pandemic". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
485. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (30 March 2020). "European markets extend gains after choppy session to close over 1% higher". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
486. ^ Imbert, Fred (30 March 2020). "Stocks continue their rebound from coronavirus plunge, Dow jumps 3%". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
487. ^ Stevens, Pippa (30 March 2020). "Oil drops more than 6% to 18-year low as global demand evaporates". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
488. ^ Li, Yun; Smith, Elliot (30 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls below 0.7% as coronavirus shutdowns set to drag on". CNBC. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
489. ^ Huang, Eustance (31 March 2020). "Stocks in Asia Pacific mixed; China manufacturing activity rebounds in March". CNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
490. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (31 March 2020). "European shares close higher on China data, but log worst first quarter ever". CNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
491. ^ Imbert, Fred; Li, Yun (31 March 2020). "Stocks extend losses in final hour of trading, Dow falls 400 points to end worst-ever first quarter". CNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
492. ^ "Oil gains nearly 2%, but posts worst month and quarter on record". CNBC. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
493. ^ Franck, Thomas; Li, Yun (31 March 2020). "10-year Treasury yield rises slightly as volatile first quarter ends". CNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
494. ^ Huang, Eustance (1 April 2020). "Japan stocks drop more than 4%; private survey of China's manufacturing activity beats expectations". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
495. ^ Smith, Elliot; Ellyatt, Holly (1 April 2020). "European shares close 3% lower after US warns of soaring coronavirus death toll; banks fall 6%". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
496. ^ Imbert, Fred; Fitzgerald, Maggie (1 April 2020). "Stocks hit session lows in final hour, with the Dow down 1,100 points". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
497. ^ "Oil falls on oversupply fears and US inventory growth". CNBC. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
498. ^ Smith, Elliot (1 April 2020). "10-year Treasury yield falls to 0.6% as the coronavirus crisis deepens". CNBC. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
499. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Russia Reach Deal to Cut Oil Production". Foreign Policy. 10 April 2020.
500. ^ "Saudi, Russia agree oil cuts extension, raise pressure for compliance". Reuters. 3 June 2020.
501. ^ "Saudi Arabia, Russia Agree to Record Oil Cut Under US Pressure as Demand Crashes". VOA News. Reuters. 9 April 2020.
502. ^ McCormick, Emily (11 June 2020). "Stock market news: Dow plunges 1,861 points, or 7%, for worst day since mid-March". Yahoo. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
503. ^ DeCambre, Mark (31 December 2020). "Dow, S&P 500 close out historic 2020 at records; Nasdaq Composite clinches best annual return in 11 years". MarketWatch. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
504. ^ "MSCI ACWI Index". msci.com. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

Bundled references

1. ^ [167][168][169][170]
2. ^ [250][251][252][253]

* v
* t
* e

Stock market crashes

17th century|

* Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic

18th century|

* The Mississippi Bubble
* South Sea Bubble of 1720
* Bengal Bubble of 1769
* Crisis of 1772
* Panic of 1792
* Panic of 1796–1797

19th century|

* Panic of 1819
* Panic of 1825
* Panic of 1837
* Panic of 1847
* Panic of 1857
* Black Friday (1869)
* Panic of 1873
* Paris Bourse crash of 1882
* Panic of 1884
* Encilhamento (1890–1893)
* Panic of 1893
* Panic of 1896

20th century|

* Panic of 1901
* Panic of 1907
* Depression of 1920–1921
* Wall Street Crash of 1929
* Recession of 1937–1938
* Kennedy Slide of 1962
* 1973–1974 stock market crash
* Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
* Black Monday (19 October 1987)
* Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse
* Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989)
* Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)
* Black Wednesday (16 September 1992)
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* October 27, 1997 mini-crash
* 1998 Russian financial crisis

21st century|

* Dot-com bubble (2000–2002)
* 9/11 stock market crash (2001)
* Stock market downturn of 2002
* Chinese stock bubble of 2007
* U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
* 2007–2008 financial crisis
* 2009 Dubai debt standstill
* European debt crisis (2010)
* 2010 Flash Crash
* 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash
* August 2011 stock markets fall
* 2011 Bangladesh share market scam
* 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
* 2015–2016 stock market selloff
* Brexit stock market crash (2016)
* 2018 cryptocurrency crash
* 2020 stock market crash

* v
* t
* e

Financial crises

* Bank run
* Commodity price shocks
* Credit crunch
* Credit cycle
* Currency crisis
* Debt crisis
* Energy crisis
* Financial contagion
* Social contagion
* Flash crash
* Hyperinflation
* Liquidity crisis
* Accounting
* Capital
* Funding
* Market
* Minsky moment
* Social crisis
* Stock market crash

Pre-1000|

* Financial crisis of 33 CE
* Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)

Commercial revolution
(1000–1760)|

* Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)
* The Great Debasement (1544–1551)
* Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)
* Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623)
* Tulip mania crash (1637)
* South Sea bubble crash (1720)
* Mississippi bubble crash (1720)

1st Industrial Revolution
(1760–1840)|

* Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
* Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784)
* British credit crisis of 1772–1773
* Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)
* Copper Panic of 1789
* Panic of 1792
* Panic of 1796–1797
* Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
* Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)
* Panic of 1819
* Panic of 1825
* Panic of 1837

1840–1870|

* European potato failure (1845–1856)
* Great Irish Famine
* Highland Potato Famine
* Panic of 1847
* Panic of 1857
* Panic of 1866
* Black Friday (1869)

2nd Industrial Revolution
(1870–1914)|

* Panic of 1873
* Paris Bourse crash of 1882
* Panic of 1884
* Arendal crash (1886)
* Baring crisis (1890)
* Encilhamento (1890–1893)
* Panic of 1893
* Australian banking crisis of 1893
* Black Monday (1894)
* Panic of 1896
* Panic of 1901
* Panic of 1907
* Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)
* Panic of 1910–11
* Financial crisis of 1914

Interwar period
(1918–1939)|

* Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)
* Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)
* Shōwa financial crisis (1927)
* Wall Street Crash of 1929
* Panic of 1930

Wartime period
(1939–1945)|

* Greek hyperinflation (1941–1946)

Post–WWII expansion
(1945–1973)|

* Hungarian pengő hyperinflation (1945–1946)
* Kennedy Slide of 1962
* 1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation

Great Inflation
(1973–1982)|

* 1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1973–1974 stock market crash
* Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
* Steel crisis (1973–1982)
* Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982)
* 1976 British currency crisis
* 1979 oil crisis
* Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)

Great Moderation/
Great Regression
(1982–2007)|

* Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)
* Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
* Chilean crisis of 1982
* 1983 Israel bank stock crisis
* Black Saturday (1983)
* Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995)
* Cameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)
* Black Monday (1987)
* 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
* Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)
* Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)
* 1991 Indian economic crisis
* 1990s Swedish financial crisis
* 1990s Finnish banking crisis
* 1990s Armenian energy crisis
* Cuban Special Period (1991–2000)
* Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
* Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)
* 1994 bond market crisis
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
* Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996)
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* October 1997 mini-crash
* 1998 Russian financial crisis
* 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
* 1998–2002 Argentine great depression
* Samba effect (1999)
* Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004)
* 9/11 stock market crash (2001)
* 2001 Turkish economic crisis
* South American economic crisis of 2002
* Stock market downturn of 2002
* 2002 Uruguay banking crisis
* 2003 Myanmar banking crisis
* 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)
* 2004 Argentine energy crisis
* 2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
* Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)

Great Recession
(2007–2009)|

* 2007–2008 financial crisis
* September 2008
* October 2008
* November 2008
* December 2008
* 2009
* Subprime mortgage crisis
* 2000s U.S. housing market correction
* U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
* 2008 Latvian financial crisis
* 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
* 2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
* 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
* 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
* 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
* 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
* Blue Monday Crash 2009
* European debt crisis
* Greek government-debt crisis

Information Age
(2009–present)|

* 2009 Dubai debt standstill
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
* 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
* Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)
* Syrian economic crisis (2011–present)
* August 2011 stock markets fall
* 2011 Bangladesh share market scam
* 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
* 2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
* Venezuela economic crisis (2013–present)
* 2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
* Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)
* Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
* 2015 Nepal blockade
* 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
* 2015–2016 stock market selloff
* Brexit stock market crash (2016)
* Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022)
* 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
* Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018)
* Turkish economic crisis (2018–present)
* Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)
* Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Financial market impact
* 2020 stock market crash
* Recession
* Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)
* 2021–2023 inflation surge
* 2022 Russian financial crisis
* Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)
* 2022 stock market decline
* 2022–2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 United States banking crisis
* 2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis

* List of banking crises
* List of economic crises
* List of sovereign debt crises
* List of stock market crashes and bear markets

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

Timeline

| Pre-pandemic|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
* Crimson Contagion
* Disease X
* Event 201
* Exercise Cygnus
* 2019
* responses

|

2020|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2022|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* December

2023|

* Timeline

Locations

| Africa

* (timeline

national
responses)

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Egypt
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Melilla
* Morocco
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

|

Eastern|

* Burundi
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* Puntland
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda

Southern|

* Angola
* Botswana
* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* South Africa
* list of deaths
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Central|

* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gambia
* Ghana
* timeline
* 2020
* March–July
* August–December
* 2021
* government response
* impact
* education
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Liberia
* Mali
* Niger
* Nigeria
* government response
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Togo

Asia|

| Central/North|

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June
* July–December
* impact
* economic
* social
* political
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

East|

* Hong Kong
* Japan
* timeline
* Tokyo
* 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Taiwan
* respirator diplomacy

Mainland China|

* lockdown
* detail
* statistics
* vaccination
* Beijing
* 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Inner Mongolia
* Liaoning
* Shanghai
* 2022 outbreak
* Sichuan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

South|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* timeline
* Bhutan
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Sri Lanka

India|

* economic impact
* evacuations
* lockdown
* migrant workers' crisis
* statistics
* timeline
* 2020
* January–May
* June–December
* 2021
* union government response
* PM CARES Fund
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
* state government responses
* vaccination
* Vaccine Maitri

By location|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* timeline
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Indonesia
* timeline
* 2021
* social restrictions
* Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
* Laos
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* circuit breaker response
* vaccination
* statistics
* Thailand
* timeline
* vaccination
* statistics
* Vietnam
* timeline
* government response

Malaysia|

* impact
* social
* economic
* political
* Aid and relief efforts
* movement control order
* Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* statistics
* Johor
* Kuala Lumpur
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor

Philippines|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* government response
* community quarantines
* Luzon
* evacuations
* testing controversy
* vaccination
* Bangsamoro
* Bicol Region
* Cagayan Valley
* Calabarzon
* Caraga
* Central Luzon
* Central Visayas
* Cordillera
* Davao Region
* Eastern Visayas
* Ilocos Region
* Metro Manila
* Mimaropa
* Northern Mindanao
* Soccsksargen
* Western Visayas
* Zamboanga Peninsula
* Overseas Filipinos

West|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Artsakh
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* vaccination
* Syria
* Turkey
* timeline
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

| United Kingdom|

* history
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* January–June 2022
* July–December 2022
* 2023
* responses
* government response
* response
* Operation Rescript
* contracts
* impact
* social
* economic
* education

By location|

* England
* timeline
* 2020
* January–June
* July–December
* 2021
* 2022
* London
* local lockdown regulations
* first tier regulations
* Northern Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Scotland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Wales
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Crown Dependencies
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Guernsey
* Overseas territories
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Gibraltar

Eastern|

* Belarus
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Gagauzia
* Transnistria
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* government responses
* political impact
* Turkey
* timeline
* Ukraine
* Crimea
* Sevastopol

Western Balkans|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* statistics

European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* timeline
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* Finland
* Åland
* France
* Guadeloupe
* French Guiana
* Réunion
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Normandy
* Saint Martin
* Germany
* North Rhine-Westphalia
* government response
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* economic impact
* social impact
* vaccination
* Italy
* lockdowns
* timeline
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* government response
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* timeline
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* timeline
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Community of Madrid
* Melilla
* Sweden
* government response
* Operation Gloria

EFTA countries|

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Svalbard
* Switzerland

Microstates|

* Andorra
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

North
America|

| Atlantic|

* Bermuda
* Greenland
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon

|

Canada|

* timeline
* economic impact
* federal aid
* vaccination
* by province
* military response
* Atlantic Bubble
* Alberta
* timeline
* British Columbia
* Manitoba
* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Northwest Territories
* Nova Scotia
* Nunavut
* Ontario
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Ottawa
* Peel Region
* Toronto
* York Region
* Provincial government response
* Vaccination
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Montreal
* boroughs
* Saskatchewan
* timeline
* Yukon

Caribbean|

| Countries|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline

|

British Overseas Territories|

* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

French West Indies|

* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* timeline
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

| Arts and
cultural heritage|

* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.
* Pandemic baking

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Abkhazia
* Argentina
* Australia
* Convoy to Canberra
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Brazil
* 2020 protests
* 2021 protests
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* convoy protest
* Chile
* China
* Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
* healthcare reform protests
* Colombia
* 2021 protests
* 2022 protests
* Cuba
* France
* Yellow vests protests
* labor protests
* French West Indies social unrest
* convoy protest
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* Greece
* Israel
* protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
* Italy
* Mongolia
* Netherlands
* curfew riots
* New Zealand
* Wellington protest
* Paraguay
* Serbia
* Tunisia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeff Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

List of deaths due to COVID-19

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia cases chart
* Lithuania cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia cases chart
* Spain cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Antarctica
* Diamond Princess

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

* Timeline
* early cases
* 2020
* 2021
* Data
* by state
* chart
* Testing
* Vaccination
* mandates
* misinformation and hesitancy
* Misinformation

Locations|

| States and D.C.|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

|

Territories and
other areas|

* American Samoa
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Immigration detention
* Guam
* Navajo Nation
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Ships|

* Grand Princess
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Responses|

| Government
response|

* Pre-pandemic exercises
* Crimson Contagion
* Event 201
* Federal government response
* Trump administration communication
* Operation Warp Speed
* Biden administration COVID-19 action plan
* State and local government responses
* state responses
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Regional responses
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact
* Eviction moratoriums
* House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic
* White House Coronavirus Task Force
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups
* Hospital ships
* USNS Mercy
* USNS Comfort
* 2020 Oval Office address
* Paycheck Protection Program
* Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
* Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery
* COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission

Legislation|

* Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020
* Families First Coronavirus Response Act
* CARES Act
* Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act
* HEROES Act
* HEALS Act
* American Rescue Plan

Private
response|

* Center for COVID Control
* Covid Act Now
* COVID Tracking Project
* MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund

Media|

* 30 Rock: A One-Time Special
* Acting for a Cause
* Digital Drag Fest
* Home Movie: The Princess Bride
* iHeart Living Room Concert for America
* Make It Work!
* Saturday Night Seder
* Saturday Night Live at Home
* Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate
* The Disney Family Singalong
* Volume II
* Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration
* Together at Home
* Saving Our Selves
* A Parks and Recreation Special
* Rise Up New York!
* "U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss"
* Dear Class of 2020
* #Graduation2020
* Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020
* We Are One: A Global Film Festival
* Global Goal: Unite for Our Future
* A Killer Party
* The Disney Holiday Singalong
* WrestleMania 36
* Ratatouille the Musical
* Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial
* 93rd Academy Awards
* 74th Tony Awards
* Stars in the House

Impacts|

| Social|

* 2020 presidential election
* postal voting
* 2021 hospital crisis
* Abortion
* Congressional insider trading scandal
* Education
* Face masks
* Foster care
* Microsoft Teams
* Protests
* Open the States
* George Floyd
* Election
* United States Capitol attack
* Racial disparities
* African-American communities
* Native American communities
* Sports
* Television
* programs affected
* The Walt Disney Company
* Zoom Video Communications

* 2022–2023 pediatric care crisis

|

Economic|

* Meat industry
* Recession
* Restaurant industry
* Stock market crash

Strikes|

* Alabama aluminum plant strike
* Allegheny Technologies strike
* Bath shipbuilders' strike
* Columbia University strike
* Frito-Lay strike
* HarperCollins strike
* Heaven Hill strike
* Hunts Point Produce Market strike
* John Deere strike
* Kellogg's strike
* Mercy Hospital strike
* Michigan graduate students' strike
* Nabisco strike
* Oregon Tech strike
* Saint Vincent Hospital strike
* St. Charles Bend strike
* St. Paul Park refinery strike
* University of Illinois Hospital strikes
* Virginia Volvo Trucks strike
* Warrior Met Coal strike

Notable
people|

| Federal|

* Jerome Adams
* Scott Atlas
* Alex Azar
* Joe Biden
* Deborah Birx
* Rick Bright
* Anthony Fauci
* Pete Gaynor
* Brett Giroir
* Stephen Hahn
* Ashish Jha
* Ron Klain
* Nancy Messonnier
* Vivek Murthy
* Peter Navarro
* Mike Pence
* Gustave F. Perna
* Robert R. Redfield
* Todd T. Semonite
* Moncef Slaoui
* Andy Slavitt
* Donald Trump
* Rochelle Walensky
* Jeff Zients

|

State and
local|

* Amy Acton
* Eric Adams
* Greg Abbott
* Kate Brown
* Andrew Cuomo
* Dave A. Chokshi
* Bill de Blasio
* Ron DeSantis
* Mike DeWine
* Eric Garcetti
* Kathy Hochul
* Larry Hogan
* Jay Inslee
* Jim Kenney
* Brian Kemp
* Ned Lamont
* Lori Lightfoot
* Phil Murphy
* Gavin Newsom
* J. B. Pritzker
* Gretchen Whitmer
* Tom Wolf

Scientists|

* Yaneer Bar-Yam
* Carl Bergstrom
* Mandy Cohen
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Natalie Dean
* Eric Feigl-Ding
* Céline Gounder
* Scott Gottlieb
* Peter Hotez
* Akiko Iwasaki
* Ashish Jha
* Marc Lipsitch
* Syra Madad
* Lauren Meyers
* Michael Mina
* Michael Osterholm
* Kimberly Prather
* Caitlin Rivers

COVID-19 portal

* v
* t
* e

2020s articles

History|

* Decade overview
* 2020s in history
* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* Electoral data
* 2020s in military history
* 2020s in economic history
* 2020s in environmental history
* 2020s in science and technology
* 2020s in social history
* Timeline of the 21st century

* List of nations
* United States
* Lists:
* List of current heads of state and government
* List of protests in the 21st century
* List of ongoing armed conflicts

Events|

* COVID-19
* Pandemic
* Portal
* Economic impact
* Recession
* 2020 stock market crash
* 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change
* Treaty descheduling of cannabis
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

Govt|

* UN
* UN Security Council
* NATO
* EU
* African Union
* Arab League
* OAS
* BRICS
* List of all groups
* Major groups, by size

Years|

* Govt:
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* Science:
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* Arts:
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* Sports:
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Categories|

* General:
* Lists
* Timelines
* By year
* Historical:
* 2020s
* By country
* Economics
* Politics
* Women's history
* Trends
* Topical:
* Technology
* Transport
* Computing
* Science
* Health
* Arts and culture
* Art
* Paintings
* Sculptures
* Literature
* Music
* Fashion
* Sports
* Wrestling

Portal:Current events

* v
* t
* e

Overviews of the 2020s

Political|

* World
* Europe
* Sovereign states:
* United States
* Political history
* United Kingdom

Culture|

* Film
* Music
* Fashion
* Video games

Societal|

* Society
* Economy

Science|

* Science and technology
* Computing
* Sustainable energy
* Anti-aging
* Biotechnology
* Quantum IT
* Transportation technology
* Cosmology
* Psychology
* Policy studies
* Environment
* Spaceflight

Related|

* Year in topic
* List of timelines

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template