2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency

State of emergency in response to the Tigray War

2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergencyPart of Tigray War

Date| 5 November 2021 – 15 February 2022[1]
Cause|

* TDF allied offensive

Outcome|

* TDF and allies pushed back to the Tigray Region

The 2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency was issued by the Ethiopian Government on 2 November 2021 and put into effect on 5 November by the Ethiopian parliament, which acted the bill from the executive government of the country into law. The six month state of emergency grants federal authorities "sweeping powers to arrest and detain critics, impose curfews and restrict the news media" as well as conscript any citizen over 18 to fight in the Tigray War.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

The emergency was lifted on 15 February 2022 in a vote by the Ethiopian Parliament three weeks after the cabinet of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed approved of lifting the emergency.[8][9]

## Background

[edit]

Main article: TDF–OLA joint offensive

The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) suffered a defeat in June 2021 when forced to withdraw from the Tigray Region in the north of Ethiopia, and several thousand of its soldiers were taken captive. The state of emergency in November was declared after Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) took Dessie and Kombolcha, "strategically located towns" on a north-south highway leading to the capital Addis Ababa.[2]

## Legal creation

[edit]

The House of Peoples Representatives approved the state of emergency proclamation that was referred to it by the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers declared the State of Emergency 5/14 in relation to armed conflict involving the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in relation to the Tigray War and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) in relation to the Oromo conflict.[10]

## Actions

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Main articles: Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia § Detentions, and Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia § Hate speech

Effects of the state of emergency in early November 2021 included mass detentions of "anyone of Tigrayan descent, many of whom had no ties to the rebels or even affinity for them," including "mothers with children and the elderly". Laetitia Bader of Human Rights Watch described the state of emergency as "'legitimizing and legalizing unlawful practices' and creating a 'real climate of fear'.[2]

Online hate speech increased in November. Journalists, politicians, and pro-federal-government activists called ethnic Tigrayans "traitors", called for neighbours to "weed" them, and called for authorities to detain ethnic Tigrayans in "concentration camps".[2]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of the Tigray War (July 2021–present)
* 2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency

## References

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1. ^ "Ethiopia parliament votes to lift state of emergency early". Al Jazzera. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
2. ^ a b c d Dahir, Abdi Latif (17 November 2021). "Mass Detentions of Civilians Fan 'Climate of Fear' in Ethiopia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
3. ^ "Ethiopia declares state of emergency as rivals make way toward capital". NBC News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
4. ^ "Ethiopia declares nationwide state of emergency". Aljazeera News. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
5. ^ Feleke, Bethlehem (2 November 2021). "Ethiopia announces state of emergency as Tigrayan forces gain ground". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
6. ^ "Ethiopia declares state of emergency as Tigrayan forces gain ground". Reuters. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
7. ^ "House Approves The State Of Emergency". Fana Broadcasting Corporate. 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
8. ^ "Ethiopia parliament votes to lift state of emergency early". Al Jazeera. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
9. ^ "Ethiopia's cabinet approves lifting of state of emergency". Reuters. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
10. ^ "TPLF and Shene designated as terrorist organisations". ethioembassy.org.uk. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.

* v
* t
* e

Tigray war

Background|

| History|

* History of Western Tigray
* Welkait question
* 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War
* border conflict
* Elections in Ethiopia
* 2005 election / violence
* 2014–16 Oromo protests
* 2016–18 state of emergency
* Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn

|

Prelude|

* Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
* 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
* Tripartite Agreement
* Formation of the Prosperity Party
* COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia
* Hachalu Hundessa riots
* 2020 Tigray regional election

Timeline|

* Northern Command attacks
* Battle of Humera
* Asmara rocket attacks
* Mekelle offensive
* Operation Alula
* TDF–OLA joint offensive
* 2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency
* ENDF National Unity Offensive
* Battle of Shire

Impact|

* Reactions
* 2021 Ethiopian general election
* Spillover
* Sudan
* 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia

Peace process|

* Overview
* Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement
* Interim Administration

Groups|

| Key actors|

* Ethiopian federal government
* Eritrea
* Involvement
* Tigray / TPLF
* Amhara
* Afar

|

Institutions|

* Ethiopian National Defense Force
* Transitional Government of Tigray
* Tigray Defense Forces
* Eritrean Defence Forces

Militias|

* Fano
* UFEFCF

Human rights
organisations|

* EHRC
* Inquiry Board

| Non-state|

* EHRCO
* ERCS
* HRCE
* Seb Hidri
* Yikono

|

Human rights|

| Casualties|

* Casualties of the Tigray war

|

Discrimination|

* Ethnic profiling
* Internment camps

War crimes|

| Massacres|

| 2020|

* Mai Kadra
* Humera
* Adigrat
* Zalambessa
* Dengelat
* 1st Wukro
* Hitsats
* 1st Mekelle
* Axum
* Goda
* Hagere Selam
* Ziban Gedena
* Gijet

|

2021|

* Bora
* Debano
* Mahbere Dego
* 2nd Wukro
* Kola Tembien
* Zamr
* Gira Aras
* Guh
* Togoga
* Galikoma
* Chenna
* Kobo
* 2nd Mekelle
* Kombolcha

2022|

* Dedebit
* Berhale
* 3rd Mekelle
* Adi Daero

* Sexual violence
* Hawzen
* Destruction of Heritage
* Aksum
* Debre Damo
* Negash mosque
* Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia

Refugees/IDPs|

* Hamdayet (Ethiopians)
* Refoulement of Eritrean refugees
* Shire

Food|

* Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)

Investigations|

* ACHPR Tigray investigation
* EHRC–OHCHR Tigray investigation
* ICHREE

Category / Commons
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