2021 in paleobotany

Overview of the events of 2021 in paleobotany

List of years in paleobotany

* …
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* …

In paleontology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In arthropod paleontology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In paleoentomology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In paleomalacology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In reptile paleontology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In archosaur paleontology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In mammal paleontology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

In paleoichthyology
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

* Art
* Archaeology
* Architecture
* Literature
* Music
* Philosophy
* Science +...

This article records new taxa of fossil plants described during the year 2021, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in 2021.

## Ferns and fern allies

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Arthropitys buritiranensis[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Neregato et al.

Permian

Motuca Formation

Brazil

A member of Calamitales.

Azolla andreisii[2]

Sp. nov

In press

De Benedetti et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

La Colonia Formation

Argentina

A species of Azolla.

Caulopteris ellipticus[3]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.

Caulopteris neimengensis[3]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.

Caulopteris obovatus[3]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.

Cicatricosisporites pseudograndiosus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the genus Ceratopteris.

Cladarastega[5]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Poinar

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A fern belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae. Genus includes new species C. burmanica.

Claytosmunda zhangii[6]

Sp. nov

In press

Tian, Wang & Jiang

Late Jurassic

Tiaojishan Formation

China

A fern, a species of Claytosmunda.

Dennstaedtia christophelii[7]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pigg et al.

Early Eocene

Klondike Mountain Formation

United States
( Washington)

A fern, a species of Dennstaedtia.

|  Dennstaedtia christophelii

Echinosporis densiechinatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Marattiaceae.

Eoangiopteris congestus[8]

Sp. nov

Valid

Sun et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.

Hymenophyllum axsmithii[7]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pigg et al.

Early Eocene

Klondike Mountain Formation

United States
( Washington)

A fern, a species of Hymenophyllum.

Iberisetum[9]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Correia, Šimůnek & Sá

Carboniferous (Gzhelian)

Douro Basin

Portugal

A member of Equisetales. Genus includes new species I. wegeneri.

Laevigatosporites cultellus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.

Marsileaceaephyllum ciliatum[10]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A member of the family Marsileaceae.

Nemejcopteris haiwangii[11]

Sp. nov

In press

Pšenička et al.

Permian (Asselian)

Taiyuan Formation

China

A zygopterid fern.

Neocalamites iranensis[12]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kustatscher, Mazaheri-Johari & Roghi in Mazaheri-Johari et al.

Late Triassic (Carnian)

Miakuhi Formation

Iran

A member of the family Equisetaceae.

Odontosoria marekgaltieri[13]

Sp. nov

In press

Pšenička, Sakala & Dašková

Early Miocene

Most Basin

Czech Republic

A species of Odontosoria.

Oligosporangiopteris[14]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Votočková Frojdová et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A leptosporangiate fern. Genus includes new species O. zhongxiangii.

Osmunda zhangpuensis[15]

Sp. nov

|  |

Wang & Sun in Wang et al.

Miocene

Fotan Group

China

A fern, a species of Osmunda.

Patagoniapteris[16]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gnaedinger & Zavattieri

Late Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian)

Paso Flores Formation

Argentina

A member of the family Dipteridaceae. Genus includes new species P. artabeae.

Pectinangium xuanweiense[17]

Sp. nov

In press

Zhou et al.

Permian (Lopingian)

|  |

China

A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.

Polypodiisporites densus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.

Polypodiisporites fossulatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Lomariopsidaceae.

Psilatriletes marginatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the genus Cyathea.

Qasimia yunnanica[18]

Sp. nov

In press

Guo et al.

Permian (Lopingian)

Xuanwei Formation

China

A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.

Reticulosporis diversus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.

Rothwellopteris sanjiaoshuensis[19]

Sp. nov

In press

He et al.

Late Permian

Xuanwei Formation

China

A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.

Sphenophyllum fanwanense[20]

Sp. nov

In press

Huang et al.

Late Devonian

|  |

China

A sphenophyllalean equisetid

Sphenophyllum parvifolium[21]

Sp. nov

In press

Libertín et al.

Early Permian

Taiyuan Formation

China

A sphenophyllalean equisetid

Tapelrayen[22]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Machado et al.

Eocene

Huitrera Formation

Argentina

Fertile remains of a fern comparable with Thelypteridaceae and Dryopteridaceae. Genus includes new species T. helgae.

Thyrsopteris cyathindusia[23]

Sp. nov

In press

Zhang et al.

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A tree fern, a species of Thyrsopteris.

Woodwardia changchangensis[24]

Sp. nov

In press

Naugolnykh & Song in Song et al.

Middle Eocene

Changchang Formation

China

A fern, a species of Woodwardia.

## Bennettitales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Nilssoniopteris jogiana[25]

Sp. nov

|  |

Blomenkemper & Abu Hamad in Blomenkemper et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

Umm Irna Formation

Jordan

A member of Bennettitales.

Nilssoniopteris shanxiensis[25]

Sp. nov

|  |

Bäumer, Backer & Wang in Blomenkemper et al.

Permian (Cisuralian)

Upper Shihhotse Formation

China

A member of Bennettitales.

Pterophyllum pottii[25]

Sp. nov

|  |

Bomfleur & Kerp in Blomenkemper et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

Umm Irna Formation

Jordan

A member of Bennettitales.

Weltrichia magna[26]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzmán-Madrid & Velasco de León

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

Zorrillo Formation

Mexico

|  |

Weltrichia xochitetlii[27]

Sp. nov

In press

Lozano-Carmona et al.

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

Tecomazuchil Formation

Mexico

A member of Bennettitales.

Williamsonia sanjuanensis[28]

Sp. nov

In press

Lozano-Carmona & Velasco-de León

Middle Jurassic

|  |

Mexico

|  |

## Cycadales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Becklesia franconica[29]

Sp. nov

In press

Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Exter Formation

Germany

A member of Cycadales of uncertain phylogenetic placement.

Iratinia[30]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Spiekermann et al.

Permian (Kungurian)

Irati Formation

Brazil

A cycad-like plant. Genus includes new species I. australis.

## Ginkgoales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Eretmophyllum hamiensis[31]

Sp. nov

In press

Tang et al.

Middle Jurassic

Xishanyao Formation

China

|  |

Ginkgoites villardeseoanii[32]

Sp. nov

In press

Andruchow-Colombo et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Lefipán Formation

Argentina

|  |

Ginkgoxylon arcticum[33]

Sp. nov

In press

Afonin & Gromyko

Early Cretaceous

|  |

Russia
( Arkhangelsk Oblast)

A member of Ginkgoales described on the basis of fossil wood.

Karkenia irkutensis[34]

Sp. nov

In press

Nosova, Crane & Shi

Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)

Prisayan Formation

Russia

|  |

## Vladimariales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Pseudotorellia doludenkoae[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nosova, Kostina & Bugdaeva

Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (Oxfordian–Berriasian)

Dublikan Formation
Talyndzhan Formation

Russia
( Khabarovsk Krai)

|  |
Pseudotorellia irkutensis[36] |

Sp. nov

In press

Nosova

Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)

Prisayan Formation

Russia

A Vladimariales foliage species

Umaltolepis irkutensis[36]

Sp. nov

In press

Nosova

Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)

Prisayan Formation

Russia

A Vladimariales reproducive structure species

## Conifers

[edit]

### Araucariaceae

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Agathoxylon mendezii[37]

Sp. nov

Valid

Del Fueyo et al.

Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Valanginian)

Springhill Formation

Argentina

An Araucariaceae fossil wood.

Agathoxylon santanensis[38]

Sp. nov

In press

Dos Santos et al.

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

Crato Formation

Brazil

|  |

Araucaria violetae[39]

Sp. nov

In press

Batista et al.

Early Cretaceous

|  |

Brazil

A species of Araucaria.

### Cheirolepidiaceae

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Brachyoxylon lalongense[40]

Sp. nov

In press

Yang & Li

Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Barremian)

Duoni Formation

China

|  |

Brachyoxylon patagonicum[41]

Sp. nov

In press

Rombola et al.

Late Cretaceous

Cerro Fortaleza Formation

Argentina

Fossil wood of a member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.

Watsoniocladus cunhae[42]

Sp. nov

In press

Kvaček & Mendes

Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)

Almargem Formation

Portugal

A member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.

### Cupressaceae

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Cupressinoxylon widdringtonioides[43]

Sp. nov

Valid

De Wit & Bamford

Late Cretaceous

|  |

South Africa

Fossil wood of a member or a relative of the family Cupressaceae.

Fokienia tianpingensis[44]

Sp. nov

Valid

Wu & Jin in Wu et al.

Miocene

Erzitang Formation

China

A species of Fokienia.

Nishidastrobus[45]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Atkinson et al.

Late Cretaceous

|  |

Japan

A member of the family Cupressaceae belonging to the subfamily Cunninghamioideae. Genus includes new species N. japonicum.

Ohanastrobus[45]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Atkinson et al.

Late Cretaceous

|  |

Japan

A member of the family Cupressaceae belonging to the subfamily Cunninghamioideae. Genus includes new species O. hokkaidoensis.

Protaxodioxylon metangulense[46]

Sp. nov

In press

Nhamutole, Bamford & Araújo

Permian (late Capitanian)

K5 Formation

Mozambique

A member of the family Cupressaceae.

Protaxodioxylon verniersii[46]

Sp. nov

In press

Nhamutole & Bamford in Nhamutole, Bamford & Araújo

Permian (late Capitanian)

K5 Formation

Mozambique

A member of the family Cupressaceae.

Thujopsoxylon[47]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Dolezych, LePage & Williams

Oligocene (Chattian)

Korlikov Formation

Russia
( Tomsk Oblast)

Genus includes new species T. schneiderianum.

### Pinaceae

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Lepidocasus[48]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Herrera et al.

Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)

|  |

Mongolia

A member of the family Pinaceae. Genus includes new species L. mellonae.

Nothotsuga sinogaia[49]

Sp. nov

In press

Ding et al.

Late Miocene

|  |

China

A species of Nothotsuga

Piceoxylon nikitinii[47]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dolezych, LePage & Williams

Oligocene (Chattian)

Korlikov Formation

Russia
( Tomsk Oblast)

A Picea relative wood.

Pinus leptokrempfii[50]

Sp. nov

Valid

Zhang et al.

Early Oligocene

|  |

China

A pine.

Pinus nongyaplongensis[51]

Sp. nov

In press

Grote in Grote & Srisuk

Oligocene-early Miocene

|  |

Thailand

A pine.

Pinus weichangensis[52]

Sp. nov

In press

Li et al.

Early Miocene

|  |

China

A pine.

Schizolepidopsis ediae[53]

Sp. nov

Valid

Matsunaga et al.

Early Cretaceous

Huolinhe Formation
Tevshiin Govi Formation

China
Mongolia

A member or a close relative of the family Pinaceae.

### Podocarpaceae

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Podocarpus yunnanensis[54]

Sp. nov

In press

Wu et al.

Early Pliocene

|  |

China

A species of Podocarpus.

Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense[55]

Sp. nov

In press

Vallejos Leiz, Crisafulli & Gnaedinger

Late Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian)

Hilario Formation

Argentina

A member of the family Podocarpaceae.

Protophyllocladoxylon yiwuense[56]

Sp. nov

In press

Gou & Feng in Gou et al.

Middle Jurassic

Xishanyao Formation

China

A conifer of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly belonging or related to the family Podocarpaceae.

### Other conifers

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Cargalostrobus[57]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gomankov

Permian

|  |

Russia
( Orenburg Oblast)

A member of Pinales belonging to the family Sashiniaceae. Genus includes new species C. demetrii.

Megaporoxylon sinensis[58]

Sp. nov

In press

Wan et al.

Late Triassic (Carnian–Norian)

Huangshanjie Formation

China

A coniferous trunk.

Taxus huolingolensis[59]

Sp. nov

In press

Dong et al.

Early Cretaceous

Huolinhe Formation

China

A species of Taxus.

Voltzia edithae[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Forte, Kustatscher & Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

|  |

Italy

A member of Voltziales.

Xenoxylon utahense[61]

Sp. nov

In press

Xie & Gee in Xie et al.

Late Jurassic

Morrison Formation

United States
( Utah)

Fossil wood of a conifer.

Zhuotingoxylon[62]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Wan et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

Guodikeng Formation

China

A silicified trunk with coniferous affinities. Genus includes new species Z. liaoi.

## Flowering plants

[edit]

### Basal angiosperms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Allonymphaea[63]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Eocene

|  |

Egypt

A replacement name for Thiebaudia Chandler (1954).

### Unplaced non-eudicots

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Alcainea[64]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Sender et al.

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Escucha Formation

Spain

A member of the family Chloranthaceae. Genus includes new species A. eklundiae.

Todziaphyllum[64]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Sender et al.

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Escucha Formation

Spain

A member of the family Chloranthaceae. Genus includes new species T. elongatum.

### Magnoliids

[edit]

#### Canellales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Aristolochia macginitieana[65]

Nom. nov

Valid

Freitas & Doweld

Oligocene

|  |

United States
( California)

An Aristolochia species; a replacement name for Aristolochia triangularis MacGinitie (1937).

Cryptocaryoxylon grandoleaceum[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Middle Miocene

Kesmekaya Volcanics

Turkey

A member of the family Lauraceae.

Laurus elliptica[67]

Nom. nov

Valid

Winterscheid in Winterscheid & Kvaček

Oligocene

|  |

Germany

A species of Laurus; a replacement name for Laurus obovata Weber (1852).

Rosarioxylon[68]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Cevallos-Ferriz, Catharina & Kneller

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

Rosario Formation

Mexico

A member of the family Lauraceae. Genus includes new species R. bajacaliforniensis.

Winteroxylon oleiferum[69]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brea et al.

Early Eocene

Huitrera Formation

Argentina

A member of the family Winteraceae.

### Monocots

[edit]

#### Alismatid monocots

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Bognerospadix[70]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Stockey, Hoffman & Rothwell

Paleocene

|  |

Canada
( Alberta)

A member of the family Araceae. Genus includes new species B. speirsiae.

#### Lilioid monocots

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Mirafloris[71]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Poinar

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A member of the family Liliaceae. Genus includes new species M. burmitis.

#### Commelinid monocots

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Arecipites invaginatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.

Arecocaryon[63]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Eocene

Messel pit

Germany

A member of the family Arecaceae; a replacement name for Friedemannia Collinson, Manchester & Wilde (2012).

Cyperaceaepollis wesselinghii[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Cyperaceae.

Eograminis[72]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Poinar & Soreng

Eocene

Baltic amber

Russia
( Kaliningrad Oblast)

Grass belonging to the subfamily Arundinoideae. Genus includes new species E. balticus.

Luminidites amazonicus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.

Orthogonospermum[73]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Smith et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Deccan Intertrappean Beds

India

A member of the family Zingiberaceae. Genus includes new species O. patanense.

Sabalites colaniae[74]

Sp. nov

In press

Song, Su, Do & Zhou in Song et al.

Oligocene

Dong Ho Formation

Vietnam

A member of the family Arecaceae belonging to the subfamily Coryphoideae.

Trichotomosulcites normalis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.

##### Commelinid monocot research

[edit]

* A study on the evolutionary history of palms throughout the Cenozoic era, aiming to determine the impact of Cenozoic environmental changes on the diversification and biogeography of palms, is published by Lim et al. (2021).[75]
* Pollens of member of the family Poaceae preserving the same morphological characteristics as that of modern cereal grains are described from a sedimentary core from Lake Acıgöl (Turkey) by Andrieu-Ponel et al. (2021), who interpret this finding as indicative of the presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 million years ago, likely evolving from wild Poaceae as a result of trampling, nitrogen enrichment of soils and browsing by large mammal herds, and evaluate possible benefits from the availability of these proto-cereals for early hominins.[76]

### Basal eudicots

[edit]

#### Proteales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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Platanocarpelia[77]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Maslova, Kodrul & Kachkina

Late Cretaceous (Turonian)

|  |

Kazakhstan

A member of the family Platanaceae. Genus includes new species P. kyzyljarica.

Proteacidites pseudodehaanii[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Proteaceae.

### Superasterids

[edit]

#### Campanulid euasterids

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

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|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pittosporum ettingshausenii[78]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Miocene

|  |

New Zealand

A species of Pittosporum; a replacement name for Pittosporum elegans (Ettingshausen) W.R.B. Oliver (1950).

Xenopanax[78]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Doweld

Eocene

|  |

Russia
( Kamchatka Krai)

A new genus for "Pittosporum" beringianum Chelebaeva & Akhmetiev (1983).

#### Lamiid euasterids

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Adina vastanenesis[79]

Sp. nov

Valid

Shukla et al.

Early Eocene

Cambay Shale Formation

India

A species of Adina.

Dicolpopollis? costatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Macoubea.

Dolichandra pacei[80]

Sp. nov

Valid

Franco, Brea & Cerdeño

Miocene (Santacrucian)

Mariño Formation

Argentina

A species of Dolichandra.

Fraxinoxylon beypazariense[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Oleaceae.

Fraxinus eoemarginata[81]

Sp. nov

In press

Mathewes, Archibald & Lundgren

Early Eocene

Quilchena site

Canada
( British Columbia)

A species of Fraxinus.

Kapgateophyllum[82]

Nom. nov

Valid

Deshmukh

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) - early Eocene

Deccan Intertrappean Beds

India

A member of the family Acanthaceae; a replacement name for Acanthophyllum Ramteke & Kapgate (2014).

Ladakhipollenites campbellii[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Vitex.

Lymingtonia splendida[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Convolvulaceae.

Maryendressantha[83]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Singh et al.

Early Eocene

Cambay amber

India

A member of the family Apocynaceae. Genus includes new species M. succinifera.

Perfotricolpites hexacolpatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Merremia.

Verrustephanoporites intraverrucosus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Apocynaceae.

#### Non euasterids

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Anacolosidites reticulatus[84]

Sp. nov

In press

Morley, Huang & Hoorn in Huang et al.

Middle and late Eocene

Yaw Formation

|  |

Pollen probably derived from plants belonging to the genus Ptychopetalum.

Camptotheca manchesterii[85]

Sp. nov

In press

Xie et al.

Late Miocene

Bangmai Formation

China

A species of Camptotheca.

Diospyros christensenii[86]

Sp. nov

Valid

Denk & Bouchal

Miocene

|  |

Denmark

A species of Diospyros.

Halesia mosbruggeri[87]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kvaček

Early Miocene

Most Basin

Czech Republic

A species of Halesia.

Loranthacites tabatingensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Struthanthus.

Mecsekispermum[88]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Hably & Erdei

Miocene (Burdigalian)

Feked Formation

Hungary

Possibly a member of the family Theaceae. Genus includes new species M. gordonioides.

Miranthus[89]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Friis, Crane

Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)

|  |

Portugal

A Primulaceae genus. Genus includes new species M. elegans and M. kvacekii.

Nyssa nanningensis[90]

Sp. nov

In press

Xu & Jin in Xu et al.

Late Oligocene

Yongning Formation

China

A tupelo.

Paranyssa[63]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Paleocene

|  |

United States
( Montana)

A member of the family Nyssaceae; a replacement name for Browniea Manchester & Hickey (2007).

Parsonsidites? minibrenacii[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Amaranthaceae.

Ternstroemites klettwitzensis[91]

Sp. nov

Valid

Striegler

Miocene (Tortonian)

Rauno Formation

Germany

A member of the family Theaceae.

### Superrosids

[edit]

#### Fabids

[edit]

##### Fabales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Albizia mahuadanrensis[92]

Sp. nov

In press

Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.

Pliocene

Rajdanda Formation

India

A species of Albizia.

Albizia palaeoprocera[92]

Sp. nov

In press

Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.

Pliocene

Rajdanda Formation

India

A species of Albizia.

Cercis zhangpuensis[93]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Miocene

Fotan Group

China

A species of Cercis.

Cladrastis haominiae[94]

Sp. nov

In press

Jia et al.

Paleogene

|  |

China

A species of Cladrastis.

Enterolobiumoxylon[95]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Pérez-Lara, Estrada-Ruiz & Castañeda-Posadas

Eocene

El Bosque Formation

Mexico

Fossil wood of a member of the family Fabaceae. Genus includes new species E. triserial.

Gleditsioxylon fiambalense[96]

Sp. nov

In press

Baez

Miocene

Tambería Formation

Argentina

A member of Leguminosae.

Kingiodendron mexicanus[95]

Sp. nov

In press

Pérez-Lara, Estrada-Ruiz & Castañeda-Posadas

Eocene

El Bosque Formation

Mexico

Fossil wood of a member of the family Fabaceae.

Ladakhipollenites? pseudocolpiconstrictus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Fabaceae.

Leguminocarpum lottii[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li & Manchester in Li et al.

Early Eocene

Tepee Trail Formation

United States
( Wyoming)

A member of the family Fabaceae.

Leguminocarpum olmensis[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Centeno-González et al.

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

Olmos Formation

Mexico

A member of the family Fabaceae.

Neopapilionia[99]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.

Pliocene

Rajdanda Formation

India

A member of the family Fabaceae. Genus includes new species N. indica.

Ormosia cyclocarpa[100]

Sp. nov

In press

Li et al.

Miocene

|  |

China

A species of Ormosia.

Peltophorum asiatica[101]

Sp. nov

In press

Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.

Pliocene

Rajdanda Formation

India

A species of Peltophorum.

Polyadopollenites minimus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Mimosa.

Salpinganthium[102]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Poinar & Chambers

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

A member of the family Fabaceae belonging to the tribe Detarieae. Genus includes new species S. hispaniolanum.

Striatopollis crassitectatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Macrolobium.

Syncolporites foveolatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Swartzia.

##### Fagales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Eucarpinoxylon kayacikii[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Middle Miocene

Kesmekaya Volcanics

Turkey

A member of the family Betulaceae.

Fagus dodgei[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Fagus species wood.

Lithocarpoxylon ashwillii[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Lithocarpoxylon species wood.

Morella absarokensis[104]

Comb nov

valid

(Wheeler, Scott, & Barghoorn) Wheeler & Manchester

Middle Eocene

Lamar River Formation

USA
Wyoming

Moved from Myrica absarokensis (1978)

Morella scalariformis[104]

Comb nov

valid

(Kruse) Wheeler, Baas, & Manchester

Middle Eocene

Eden Valley Formation

USA
Wyoming

Moved from Myrica scalariformis (1954)

Myricamentum[105]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Wilde, Frankenhäuser & Lenz

Eocene

Eckfelder Maar

Germany

A catkin-like male inflorescence, probably of myricaceous affinity. Genus includes new species M. eckfeldensis.

Ostryoxylon gokceadaense[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Middle Miocene

Kesmekaya Volcanics

Turkey

A member of the family Betulaceae.

Palaeocarpinus borealis[106]

Comb nov

Valid

(Heer) Correa & Manchester

Paleocene
late Paleocene

Menat Formation

France
Puy-de-Dôme

A Coryloideae species.
First described as Anchietea borealis (1859).
Moved from Atriplex borealis (1912)

Palaeocarpinus parva[106]

Sp. nov

Valid

Manchester & Correa

Middle Eocene

Clarno Formation

USA
Oregon

A Coryloideae species.

Palaeocarpinus pterabaratra[106]

Sp. nov

Valid

Correa & Manchester

Paleocene
Middle Paleocene

Fort Union Formation
"unnamed lower member"

USA
Wyoming

A Coryloideae species.

Palaeocarpinus pteravestigia[106]

Sp. nov

Valid

Correa & Manchester

Paleocene
Middle Paleocene

Fort Union Formation
"unnamed lower member"

USA
Wyoming

A Coryloideae species.

Palaeocarya indica[107]

Sp. nov

Valid

Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.

Pliocene

Rajdanda Formation

India

A member of the family Juglandaceae.

Paralnoxylon[63]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Paleocene

|  |

United Kingdom

A member of the family Betulaceae; a replacement name for Cantia Stopes (1915).

Quercoxylon yaltirikii[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Fagaceae.

###### Fagalean research

[edit]

* A study on wood anatomy in extant and fossil members of Fagales is published by Wheeler, Baas & Manchester who transfer two Eocene species from Myrica to Morella.[104]

##### Malpighiales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Euphorbiotheca deccanensis[108]

Sp. nov

In press

Reback et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Deccan Intertrappean Beds

India

A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.

Passiflora appalachiana[109]

Sp. nov

Valid

Hermsen

Pliocene

Gray Fossil Site

United States
( Tennessee)

A species of Passiflora.

Passifloriidites[4]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Passifloraceae. Genus includes new species P. pseudoperculatus.

Populoxylon sebenense[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Salicaceae.

Salicoxylon galatianum[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Salicaceae.

Verrustephanoporites circularis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Mascagnia.

##### Oxalidales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Tropidogyne euthystyla[110]

Sp. nov

Valid

Poinar, Chambers & Vega

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A possible member of Cunoniaceae.

##### Rosales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Alloceltidoxylon[63]

Nom. nov

Valid

Doweld

Eocene

Clarno Formation

United States
( Oregon)

A flowering plant with possible affinities with urticalean rosids; a replacement name for Scottoxylon Wheeler & Manchester (2002).

Celtis popsii[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Celtis species wood.

Crataegoxylon sibiricum[47]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dolezych, LePage & Williams

Oligocene (Chattian)

Korlikov Formation

Russia
( Tomsk Oblast)

|  |

Morus asiatica[111]

Sp. nov

In press

Patel, Rana & Khan in Patel et al.

Early Eocene

|  |

India

A species of Morus.

Prunoidoxylon prunoides[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Rosaceae.

Psilatriporites minimus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Celtis.

Pyracantha pseudococcinea[91]

Sp. nov

Valid

Striegler

Miocene (Tortonian)

Rauno Formation

Germany

A species of Pyracantha.

Ulmoxylon kasapligilii[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Ulmaceae.

Ventilago tibetensis[112]

Sp. nov

Valid

Del Rio et al.

Middle Eocene

|  |

China

A species of Ventilago.

Zelkovoxylon crystalliferum[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Ulmaceae.

#### Malvids

[edit]

##### Malvales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bombacacidites hooghiemstrae[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Malvaceae.

Craigia lincangensis[113]

Sp. nov

In press

Wang & Xie in Wang et al.

Late Miocene

|  |

China

A species of Craigia

Dipterocapus fotanensis[114]

Sp. nov

Valid

Chen et al.

Miocene

|  |

China

A species of Dipterocarpus

Discoidites angulosus[84]

Sp. nov

In press

Huang, Morley & Hoorn in Huang et al.

Late Eocene

Yaw Formation

Myanmar

Pollen probably derived from plants belonging to the genus Brownlowia.

Thymelipollis amazonicus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Thymelaeaceae.

Tilia asiatica[115]

Sp. nov

In press

Jia & Nam in Jia et al.

Middle Miocene

Pohang Basin

South Korea

A species of Tilia

Wataria kvacekii[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Wataria species wood.

##### Myrtales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Florschuetzia impostora[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen, possibly of a member of the family Lythraceae.

Lazarocardenasoxylon[116]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Estrada-Ruiz & Martínez-Cabrera in Estrada-Ruiz, Martínez-Cabrera & García-Hernández

Late Cretaceous

San Carlos Formation

Mexico

Possibly a member of the family Myrtaceae. Genus includes new species L. aldamense.

Lythrum portugalliense[117]

Sp. nov

In press

Vieira et al.

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

|  |

Portugal

A species of Lythrum.

Syzygium guipingensis[118]

Sp. nov

In press

Li et al.

Miocene

Erzitang Formation

China

A species of Syzygium.

Terminalioxylon mozambicense[119]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bamford & Pickford

Probably late Eocene

|  |

Mozambique

A member of the family Combretaceae.

Trapa sanyingensis[120]

Sp. nov

In press

Aung et al.

Late Pliocene

Sanying Formation

China

A water caltrop.

Verrutricolporites pusillus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen, possibly of a member of the family Lythraceae.

Xystonia[121]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Carvalho et al.

Paleocene

Bogotá Formation

Colombia

A member of the family Melastomataceae. Genus includes new species X. simonae.

##### Sapindales

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Aceroxylon aceroides[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Sapindaceae.

Ampelorhiza[122]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Jud et al.

Early Miocene

Cucaracha Formation

Panama

A member of the family Sapindaceae belonging to the subfamily Sapindoideae and the tribe Paullinieae. Genus includes new species A. heteroxylon.

Anacardium gassonii[123]

Sp. nov

Valid

Rodríguez-Reyes, Estrada-Ruiz & Terrazas in Rodríguez-Reyes et al.

Oligocene-Miocene

|  |

Panama

A species of Anacardium.

Atalantioxylon thanobolensis[124]

Sp. nov

Valid

Soomro et al.

Miocene

Manchar Formation

Pakistan

Fossil wood of a member of the family Rutaceae.

Melia santangensis[125]

Sp. nov

Valid

Liu, Xu & Jin in Liu et al.

Late Oligocene

Yongning Formation

China

A species of Melia.

Pistacia terrazasae[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Pistacia species wood.

Proteacidites poriscabratus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Sapindaceae.

Sorindeioxylon[119]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Bamford & Pickford

Probably late Eocene

Mazamba Formation

Mozambique

A member of the family Anacardiaceae. Genus includes new species S. gorongosense.

Syncolporites tenuicolpatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the genus Serjania.

Tetradium nanningense[126]

Sp. nov

Valid

Huang et al.

Late Oligocene

Yongning Formation

China

A species of Tetradium.

Verrutricolporites simplex[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Pollen of a member of the family Simaroubaceae.

#### Non eurosid superrosids

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Hamamelidoxylon crystalliferum[103]

Sp nov

Valid

Wheeler & Manchester

Late Eocene

John Day Formation

USA
Oregon

A Hamamelidoxylon species wood.

Liquidambar guipingensis[127]

Sp. nov

In press

Huang et al.

Miocene

Erzitang Formation

China

A species of Liquidambar.

Liquidambaroxylon efeae[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Akkemik

Early Miocene

Hançili Formation

Turkey

A member of the family Altingiaceae.

Obirafructus[128]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Kajita & Nishida in Kajita, Suzuki & Nishida

Late Cretaceous (Coniacian–Santonian)

Haborogawa Formation

Japan

A member of Saxifragales of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species O. kokubunii.

Paleoaltingia[129]

Gen. nov

Valid

Lai et al.

Late Cretaceous (Turonian)

|  |

United States
( New Jersey)

A member of Altingiaceae. Genus includes P. ovum-dinosauri and P. polyodonta.

### Other angiosperms

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Araliaephyllum vittenburgii[130]

Sp. nov

Valid

Golovneva & Volynets in Golovneva et al.

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Galenki Formation

Russia
( Primorsky Krai)

A flowering plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement.

Baderadea[131]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Pessoa, Ribeiro & Jud

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

Crato Formation

Brazil

A herbaceous eudicot similar to some members of Ranunculales. Genus includes new species B. pinnatissecta.

Byttneripollis rugulatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Dilcherifructus[132]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Wang

Middle Jurassic

Simón Formation

Mexico

Possibly a fruit of an early flowering plant. Genus includes new species D. mexicana.

Farabeipollis deccanensis[133]

Sp. nov

Valid

Sonkusare, Samant & Mohabey

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Deccan Intertrappean Beds

India

Pollen of a flowering plant of uncertain affinity.

Florigerminis[134]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Cui et al.

Middle-Late Jurassic

Jiulongshan Formation

China

A possible flower bud.
The type species is F. jurassica.
First announced online 2021, Final article published 2022.

|  Florigerminis jurassica

Gansufructus[135]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Du in Du et al.

Early Cretaceous (late Aptian-early Albian)

Zhonggou Formation

China

A eudicot of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species G. saligna.

Inaperturopollenites tectatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Ladakhipollenites? corvattatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Ladakhipollenites? endoporatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Ladakhipollenites nanus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Ladakhipollenites? sphaericus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Margocolporites bilinearis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Margocolporites incertus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Multiporopollenites intermedius[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Nigericolpites[136]

Nom. nov

Valid

Hernández

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

|  |

Nigeria

Pollen of a flowering plant; a replacement name for Clavatricolpites Hoeken-Klinkenberg (1964).

Psilaperiporites circinatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Psilaperiporites depressus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Psilastephanocolporites ectoporatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Psilastephanocolporites pseudomarinamensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Ranunculacidites pontoreticulatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retibrevitricolpites pseudoretibolus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retiperiporites retiporatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retistephanocolpites liberalis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retistephanocolporites loxocolpatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitrescolpites benjaminensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitrescolpites brevicolpatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitrescolpites grossus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitrescolpites kriptoporus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitrescolpites marginatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitriporites discretus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Retitriporites sifonis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites apertus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites? colpiverrucosus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites crassinexinicus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites crassitectatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites grossomurus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites guttatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites lolongatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites protoguttatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites pseudocrassopolaris[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites pseudopilatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites pseudoscabratus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites quantulus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Rhoipites vilis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Tetracolporopollenites nanus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

Tetracolporopollenites xatanawensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil pollen.

## Other plants

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Adelocladoxis[137]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Durieux et al.

Devonian (Emsian)

Battery Point Formation

Canada
( Quebec)

A member of Cladoxylopsida. Genus includes new species A. praecox.

Baragwanathia brevifolioides[138]

Nom. nov

Valid

Kraft & Kvaček

Silurian (Přídolí)

Požáry Formation

Czech Republic

A member of the family Drepanophycaceae; a replacement name for Baragwanathia brevifolia Kraft & Kvaček (2017).

Camarozonosporites fossulatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Lycopodiaceae.

Cingulatisporites cristatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the genus Selaginella.

Cingulatisporites matisiensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the genus Phaeoceros.

Closterium mosbruggeri[139]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ivanov & Belkinova

Miocene (Serravallian)

|  |

Bulgaria

A green alga, a species of Closterium.

Colpodexylon mergae[140]

Sp. nov

In press

Harris et al.

Devonian (Famennian)

Witpoort Formation

South Africa

A member of Lycopsida.

Colpodexylon pullumpedes[140]

Sp. nov

In press

Harris et al.

Devonian (Famennian)

Witpoort Formation

South Africa

A member of Lycopsida.

Cordaabaxicutis martii[141]

Sp. nov

Valid

Šimůnek & Lojka

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Kladno Formation

Czech Republic

Cordaitalean cuticles.

Cordaabaxicutis papillosus[141]

Sp. nov

Valid

Šimůnek & Lojka

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Kladno Formation

Czech Republic

Cordaitalean cuticles.

Cordaadaxicutis raristomatus[141]

Sp. nov

Valid

Šimůnek & Lojka

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Kladno Formation

Czech Republic

Cordaitalean cuticles.

Cynodontium luthii[142]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bippus, Rothwell & Stockey

Late Cretaceous

|  |

United States
( Alaska)

A moss belonging to the family Rhabdoweisiaceae, a species of Cynodontium.

Dayvaultia[143]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Manchester et al.

Late Jurassic

Morrison Formation

United States
( Utah)

A seed-bearing structure of gnetalean affinity. Genus includes new species D. tetragona.

Distefanopolia[144]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Barattolo, Romano & Conrad

Late Triassic and possibly Early Jurassic

|  |

Austria
Czech Republic
Germany
Greece
Italy
Oman
Slovakia

A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales and the family Bornetelleae. Genus includes "Heteroporella" micropora Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Heteroporella" macropora Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Chinianella" zanklii Ott (1967), "Chinianella" crosii Ott (1968) and "Heteroporella" carpatica Bystrický (1967).

Distichophytum mogilatii[145]

Sp. nov

Valid

Naugolnykh

Devonian

|  |

Russia
( Krasnoyarsk Krai)

A member of the family Zosterophyllaceae.

Dragastanella[146]

Gen. et sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Barattolo, Bucur & Marian

Early Cretaceous

|  |

Italy
Romania
Spain

A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales. Genus includes new species D. transylvanica, as well as "Zittelina" hispanica Masse, Arias & Vilas (1993), "Zittelina" massei Bucur, Granier & Săsăran (2010) and "Triploporella" matesina Barattolo (1980).

Elandia[147]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gess & Prestianni

Devonian (Lochkovian?)

Baviaanskloof Formation

South Africa

An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species E. itshoba.

Flabellopteris[148]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Gess & Prestianni

Devonian (Famennian)

Witpoort Formation

South Africa

A fern-like plant of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species F. lococannensis.

Foraminisporis connexus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the genus Anthoceros.

Frullania kachinensis[149]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A liverwort, a species of Frullania.

Frullania palaeoafricana[150]

Sp. nov

In press

Bouju et al.

Miocene

Ethiopian amber

Ethiopia

A liverwort, a species of Frullania.

Frullania shewanensis[150]

Sp. nov

In press

Bouju et al.

Miocene

Ethiopian amber

Ethiopia

A liverwort, a species of Frullania.

Gilboaphyton fuyunensis[151]

Sp. nov

In press

Liu et al.

Late Devonian

Kaxiweng Formation

China

A member of Protolepidodendrales.

Guazia[152]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Wang et al.

Late Devonian

Wutong Formation

China

A seed plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species G. dongzhiensis.

Ixostrobus daohugouensis[153]

Sp. nov

In press

Na & Sun in Na et al.

Middle Jurassic

|  |

China

A member of Czekanowskiales.

Kenrickia[154]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Toledo et al.

Devonian (Emsian)

Battery Point Formation

Canada

An early euphyllophyte belonging to the group Radiatopses. Genus includes new species K. bivena.

Krommia[147]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gess & Prestianni

Devonian (Lochkovian?)

Baviaanskloof Formation

Brazil
South Africa

An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species K. parvapila.

Lejeunea abyssinicoides[150]

Sp. nov

In press

Bouju et al.

Miocene

Ethiopian amber

Ethiopia

A liverwort, a species of Lejeunea.

Lycaugea[155]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Meyer-Berthaud, Decombeix & Blanchard

Devonian (Famennian)

|  |

Australia

A lycopsid. Genus includes new species L. edieae.

Lycopodiumsporites amazonicus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Spores of a member of the family Lycopodiaceae.

Melvillipteris sonidia[156]

Sp. nov

In press

Bai et al.

Devonian (probably Famennian)

|  |

China

A member of Rhacophytales.

Mesochara adobensis[157]

Sp. nov

In press

De Sosa Tomas et al.

Early Cretaceous

Los Adobes Formation

Argentina

A member of Charophyta.

Mesochara dobrogeica[158]

Sp. nov

In press

Sanjuan et al.

Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)

|  |

Romania

A member of Charophyta.

Mixoxylon[159]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Chernomorets & Sakala

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Whisky Bay Formation

Antarctica

A homoxylous wood of uncertain systematic affinities. Genus includes new species M. australe.

Mtshaelo[147]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gess & Prestianni

Devonian (Lochkovian?)

Baviaanskloof Formation

South Africa

An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species M. kougaensis.

Omniastrobus[160]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Bonacorsi et al.

Devonian (Emsian)

Campbellton Formation

Canada

A lycophyte. Genus includes new species O. dawsonii.

Palaeonitella trifurcata[161]

Sp. nov

Valid

Martín-Closas et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)

|  |

Spain

A member of Charophyta belonging to the family Characeae.

Paratingia wuhaia[162]

Sp. nov

Valid

Wang et al.

Permian (Asselian)

Taiyuan Formation

China

A progymnosperm belonging to the group Noeggerathiales and the family Tingiostachyaceae.

Permotheca? musaformis[163]

Sp. nov

Valid

Foraponova & Karasev

Permian

|  |

Russia

A pteridosperm.

Radula heinrichsii[164]

Sp. nov

In press

Feldberg et al.

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

Myanmar

A liverwort, a species of Radula.

Rehamnia[165]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Oukassou & Naugolnykh

Late Devonian

|  |

Morocco

A member of Lycopodiophyta of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species R. michardis.

Ricciopsis baojishanensis[166]

Sp. nov

In press

Han & Yan in Han et al.

Late Triassic

Nanying'er Formation

China

A liverwort.

Salopella laidae[167]

Sp. nov

Valid

McSweeney, Shimeta & Buckeridge

Devonian (Pragian)

Yea Formation

Australia

An early land plant of uncertain affinities.

Skyttegaardia[168]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Friis, Crane & Pedersen

Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)

|  |

Denmark

A plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly close to cycads. Genus includes new species S. galtieri.

Thysananthus aethiopicus[150]

Sp. nov

In press

Bouju et al.

Miocene

Ethiopian amber

Ethiopia

A liverwort belonging to the family Lejeuneaceae.

Velascoa[169]

Gen. et sp. nov

Junior homonym

Flores Barragan, Velasco de León & Ortega Chavez

Permian

Matzitzi Formation

Mexico

Fossil leaves of a plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, with a morphology similar to Ginkgophyta. Genus includes new species V. pueblensis. The generic name is preoccupied by Velascoa Calderón & Rzedowski (1997).

Vitinellopsis[170]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Vachard, Bucur & Munnecke

Silurian

|  |

Sweden

A green alga belonging to the group Bryopsidales. Genus includes new species V. gotlandica.

Zosterophyllum confertum[171]

Sp. nov

In press

Gossmann et al.

Early Devonian

|  |

Germany

A zosterophyll.

## Palynology

[edit]

Name  | Novelty  | Status  | Authors  | Age  | Type locality  | Location  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Camarozonosporites trilobatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

A spore of lycopodialean affinity.

Echinatisporis infantulus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Erlansonisporites duwaensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Erlansonisporites exquisitus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Erlansonisporites perbellus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Erlansonisporites textilis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Ginkgomonocolpites[173]

Nom. nov

Valid

Hernández

Paleogene

|  |

India

A gymnosperm pollen; a replacement name for Psilamonocolpites Mathur (1966).

Hamulatisporis bareanus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Henrisporites longibaculiformis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Horstisporites comitus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Horstisporites denticulatus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Horstisporites subtilis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Horstisporites tarimensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Hughesisporites reticulatus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Hughesisporites unicus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Ischyosporites dubius[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

A spore of dicksoniaceous affinity.

Ischyosporites granulatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Laevigatosporites indigestus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Luntaispora[172]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

Genus includes new species L. laevigata.

Microfoveolatosporis simplex[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Minerisporites tarimensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Minerisporites triangularis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Narkisporites conicus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Narkisporites densibaculatus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Narkisporites densiconicus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Narkisporites tarimensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Neoraistrickia dubia[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Noniasporites triassicus[174]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ghosh et al.

Early Triassic

Panchet Formation

India

A megaspore.

Otynisporites tarimensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Polypodiisporites discretus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Psilatriletes delicatus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Punctatosporites latrubessei[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Rotverrusporites amazonicus[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

Stellibacutriletes[172]

Gen. et 4 sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

Genus includes new species S. capillaris, S. gracilis, S. rarus and S. solidus.

Striatriletes inconspicuus[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Tarimispora[172]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

Genus includes new species T. auriculata and T. perfecta.

Tricristatispora trilobata[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Tricristatispora yingmailensis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Trileites plicatilis[172]

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Mesozoic

|  |

China

|  |

Verrucatotriletes pseudovirueloides[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington

Miocene

Solimões Formation

Brazil

Fossil spores.

### Palynological research

[edit]

* Strother & Foster (2021) describe an assemblage of fossil spores from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Australia, representing a morphology that was intermediate morphology between confirmed land plant spores and earlier forms of uncertain phylogenetic placement, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the evolution of land plants from their algal ancestors.[175]
* A study on the fossil pollen record from New Zealand, dating from 100 million years ago to the present, is published by Prebble et al. (2021), who report evidence indicating that Cretaceous diversification was closely followed by an increase in flowering plants frequency, but their maximum frequency did not occur until the Eocene.[176]
* A study on changes of abundance in spores and pollen record from the Danish Basin, and on their implications for the knowledge of the impact of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event on land plants, is published by Lindström (2021).[177]
* A study on the vegetation history in the southwestern Balkans, as indicated by pollen from the sedimentary record in the Lake Ohrid extending to 1.36 million years ago, is published by Donders et al. (2021).[178]

## Research

[edit]

* A study on changes of the morphological complexity of reproductive structures of land plants throughout their evolutionary history, based on data from fossil and extant land plants, is published by Leslie, Simpson & Mander (2021).[179]
* Revision of Silurian (Wenlock to Přídolí) assemblages of polysporangiophytes with dispersed spores and cryptospores, aiming to determine the relationship between Silurian plant evolution and climate changes linked with perturbations of the global carbon cycle, is published by Pšenička et al. (2021).[180]
* Reconstruction of the structure and development of the rooting system of Asteroxylon mackiei is presented by Hetherington et al. (2021).[181]
* A study on factors influencing the extent of arboreal vegetation during the Late Paleozoic icehouse is published by Matthaeus et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover based on leaf water constraints, but the forest extent was restricted because of impact of freezing on plants, and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%.[182]
* Description of the reproductive organs of the lycopsids from the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation (China), and a study on the ability of the sporophyll units for wind dispersal, is published by Zhou et al. (2021), who name new form species Lepidophylloides longshanensis and Lepidophylloides changxingensis.[183]
* An exceptionally well preserved Brasilodendron-like lycopsid forest containing over 150 upright stumps is described from an early Permian postglacial landscape of western Gondwana (Paraná Basin, Brazil) by Mottin et al. (2021).[184]
* A study on the anatomy of Stigmaria asiatica is published by Chen et al. (2021).[185]
* Stump casts of Sigillaria, preserving traces of internal anatomy, are described from the earliest Permian Wuda Tuff (China) by D'Antonio et al. (2021).[186]
* A study aiming to determine probable causes of the world-wide proliferation of members of Isoetales, particularly Pleuromeia, during and in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and evaluating the implications of this proliferation for the knowledge of environmental stresses during and in the aftermath of this extinction event, is published by Looy, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert & Duijnstee (2021).[187]
* New fossil material of Saportaea salisburioides, providing new information on leaf morphology and growth of this plant, is described from the Permian Umm Irna Formation (Jordan) by Kerp et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Saportaea grandifolia and Baiera virginiana were synonyms of S. salisburioides, and possibly indicating that the fructification belonging to the genus Nystroemia is a part of Saportaea.[188]
* Description of Geinitzia reichenbachii from its gross morphology to the cellular scale, and a study on the likely ecology of this conifer, is published by Moreau et al. (2021).[189]
* A study on the evolutionary history of the family Cycadaceae, based on genomic data and fossil record, is published by Liu et al. (2021).[190]
* Well-preserved recurved cupules of seed plants are described from the Lower Cretaceous of China by Shi et al. (2021), who interpret the structure of these cupules as consistent with the recurved form and development of the second integument in the bitegmic anatropous ovules of flowering plants, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the origin of the flowering plants.[191]
* Taxonomically diverse flora from the Seafood Salad locality, found ~65 m below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, United States), is described by Wilson, Wilson Mantilla & Strӧmberg (2021), who study the affinities of plants of this locality and compare them with other Late Cretaceous floras of the Western Interior.[192]
* A study on the timing of the origin of the flowering plants, based on data from fossil record and from the diversity of extant members of this group, is published by Silvestro et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that several flowering plant families originated in the Jurassic.[193]
* A study on the diversity of insect damage types in fossil plants from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) Dakota Formation (United States), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of angiosperm florivory and associated pollination, is published by Xiao et al. (2021).[194]
* New fossil material of Callianthus dilae is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2021), who reconstruct the whole plant of Callianthus, interpreting it as an aquatic flowering plant.[195]
* A study on the anatomy of the epidermal features of the floating leaves of Quereuxia angulata from the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun Formation (China) is published by Liang et al. (2021).[196]
* A study on plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, based on data from fossil pollen and leaves from Colombia, is published by Carvalho et al. (2021), who report evidence indicative of a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics after the end-Cretaceous extinction, and the emergence of forests with a structure resembling modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by flowering plants, during the Paleocene.[197]
* A study on the impact of the mid-Eocene greenhouse warming event on floras from southernmost South America is published by Fernández et al. (2021).[198]
* Evidence from middle Eocene-middle Miocene tuffaceous deposits of central and northern Patagonia, indicating that soils, vegetation, insects and mammal herbivores began to record diverse traits related to the presence of grasslands with mosaic vegetation since middle Eocene, is presented by Bellosi et al. (2021).[199]
* A study on Middle Miocene microfloral assemblages from ten localities in the Madrid Basin (Spain), providing evidence of prevalence of open habitats with grass-dominated, savannah-like vegetation under a warm and semi-arid climatic regime in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Miocene, is published by Casas-Gallego et al. (2021).[200]
* Crump et al. (2021) present a record of vegetation from the Last Interglacial based on ancient DNA from lake sediment from the Baffin Island (Canada), and report evidence of major ecosystem changes in the Arctic in response to warmth, including a ~400 km northward range shift of dwarf birch relative to today.[201]

## Deaths

[edit]

* Alan Graham (1934–2021), passed away on 8 July 2021. Graham earned his PhD in 1962 under the guidance of Chester A. Arnold, and was noted for a career studying the Cenozoic paleobotany of the Caribbean and Central America. [202]

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[edit]

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49. ^ Ding, S.-T.; Chen, S.-Y.; Ruan, S.-C.; Yang, M.; Han, Y.; Wang, X.-H.; Zhang, T.-H.; Sun, B.-N. (2021). "First fossil record of Nothotsuga (Pinaceae) in China: implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3617–3624\. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1881781. S2CID 233975517.
50. ^ Zhang, J.-W.; Wang, L.; D'Rozario, A.; Liang, X.-Q.; Huang, J.; Zhou, Z.-K. (2021). "Pinus leptokrempfii, an Oligocene Relative of the Flat-Needled Pine P. krempfii (Pinaceae) from China: Implications for Paleogeographic Origin". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (5): 389–400\. doi:10.1086/713957. S2CID 233888471.
51. ^ Grote, P. J.; Srisuk, P. (2021). "Fossil Pinus from the Cenozoic of Thailand". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295 104501\. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29504501G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104501. ISSN 0034-6667.
52. ^ Li, Y.; Yi, T.-M.; Grote, P. J.; An, P.-C.; Zhu, Y.-B.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Li, C.-S. (2021). "A new species of Pinus (Pinaceae) from the Miocene of Weichang, Hebei Province, China and its evolutionary significance". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 34 (5): 885–896\. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1952197. S2CID 237692568.
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