2022 Philippine presidential election

20th presidential election in the Philippines

2022 Philippine presidential election

* * *

| <- 2016 | May 9, 2022 | 2028 ->

|
|

Opinion polls
Turnout| 83.07%  2.38pp
|  |

|
|

Candidate  | Bongbong Marcos | Leni Robredo
Party  | PFP | Independent[a]
Alliance  | UniTeam | TRoPa
Running mate  | Sara Duterte | Francis Pangilinan
Popular vote  | 31,629,783 | 15,035,773
Percentage  | 58.77% | 27.94%

* * *

Candidate  | Manny Pacquiao | Isko Moreno
Party  | PROMDI | Aksyon
Alliance  | MP3 |
Running mate  | Lito Atienza | Willie Ong
Popular vote  | 3,663,113  | 1,933,909
Percentage  | 6.81%  | 3.59%

* * *

Overall provincial results

Results by margin

A map showing the results of the Philippine presidential election by city and province and by region.

* * *

| President before election

Rodrigo Duterte
PDP–Laban

| Elected President

Bongbong Marcos
PFP

|

2022 Philippine vice presidential election

* * *

| <- 2016 | May 9, 2022 | 2028 ->

|
|

Opinion polls
|  |

|
|

Candidate  | Sara Duterte | Francis Pangilinan
Party  | Lakas | Liberal
Alliance  | UniTeam | TRoPa
Popular vote  | 32,208,417 | 9,329,207
Percentage  | 61.53% | 17.82%

* * *

Candidate  | Tito Sotto | Willie Ong
Party  | NPC | Aksyon
Popular vote  | 8,251,267  | 1,878,531
Percentage  | 15.67%  | 3.59%

* * *

Overall provincial results

Results by margin

A map showing the results of the Philippine vice presidential election by city and province and by region.

* * *

| Vice President before election

Leni Robredo
Liberal

| Elected Vice President

Sara Duterte
Lakas

|

Politics of the Philippines

Government

* Constitution of the Philippines

* Charter Change

* * *

* Laws
* Legal codes
* Taxation

Executive

* President of the Philippines

* Bongbong Marcos (PFP)

* Vice President of the Philippines

* Sara Duterte (HNP)

* * *

* Cabinet (lists)
* Executive departments

* Local government

Legislature

* Congress of the Philippines

* 19th Congress

* * *

* Senate

* President Francis Escudero (Independent)

* * *

* House of Representatives

* Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas)

* Districts
* Party-list representation

* * *

* Bangsamoro Parliament
* Provincial boards
* City councils
* Municipal councils
* Barangay councils

Judiciary

* Supreme Court of the Philippines

* Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo

* * *

* Court of Appeals
* Court of Tax Appeals
* Sandiganbayan
* Ombudsman
* Regional Trial Courts
* Barangay justice

Constitutional commissions

* Civil Service Commission

* Chairperson Karlo Nograles

* * *

* Commission on Audit

* Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba

* * *

* Commission on Elections

* Chairperson George Garcia

Elections

* General
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

* Barangay
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

* Referendums

Political parties

* Akbayan
* Aksyon
* Lakas
* LDP
* Liberal
* Nacionalista
* NPC
* NUP
* PFP
* Reporma
* PDP
* UNA

Administrative divisions

* Capital
* Regions
* Autonomous regions
* Provinces
* Cities
* Municipalities
* Barangays
* Poblacions
* Sitios
* Puroks

Related topics

* Foreign relations
* Human rights

Philippines portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the 2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 16th vice presidential election in the Philippines since 1935, and the sixth sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since 1992.

Incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte was ineligible for re-election because the president is limited to a single term under the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Incumbent vice president Leni Robredo was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 17th president and the 15th vice president. The president and vice president are elected separately, so the two winning candidates can come from different political parties.

The election took place amidst the COVID-19 pandemic which had caused the country's economy to fall into recession.[1] Other key issues were the continuation of President Duterte's policies, a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships in response to its territorial dispute with China, management of the country's debt, rising inflation, and climate change.[2][3]

The ticket of former senator Bongbong Marcos and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte won the presidency and vice presidency respectively, defeating incumbent vice president Leni Robredo and incumbent senator Francis Pangilinan in a landslide. It was the first election since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1987 where the president and vice president were elected by a majority, and the first election since 2004 where the winning president and vice president came from the same presidential ticket.[4] The election saw the highest turnout since 1998, with about 56 million voters participating. Marcos received 31.6 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a presidential election in the Philippines, while Duterte received 32.2 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in the country.

Marcos became the second president from Ilocos Norte after his father, former president Ferdinand Marcos,[5][6][7][8] while Duterte became the first vice president from Davao City and the youngest to be elected.[9] This also marked the return of the Marcos family to power for the first time since the People Power Revolution.[10][11] Marcos was inaugurated on June 30, 2022, while Duterte was inaugurated earlier on June 19, 2022.

## Background

[edit]

See also: 2016 Philippine presidential election and 2019 Philippine Senate election

The 2022 election decided the successor of both President Rodrigo Duterte and Vice President Leni Robredo, whose terms as President and Vice President expired on June 30, 2022; respectively. This photo shows Duterte inducting Robredo to head the HUDCC.

In the 2016 presidential and vice presidential elections, Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (transl. Philippine Democratic Party–People Power; PDP–Laban) won the presidency against four other candidates, while House representative from Camarines Sur Leni Robredo of the Liberal Party won against Senator Bongbong Marcos and four others in the closest vice-presidential election since 1965. Marcos put the result under protest in the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.[12]

In October 2019, the Presidential Electoral Tribunal released its report on Marcos's electoral protest against Robredo on Marcos's pilot provinces of Camarines Sur, Iloilo and Negros Oriental, and showed that Robredo had increased her lead by 15,742 votes. The tribunal voted to defer making a decision on the protest and instead proceeded with Marcos's plea to nullify the votes from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao.[13]

Those who dissented from the decision said that the protest should have been dismissed, as Marcos had failed to recover votes from his 3 pilot provinces, citing the rules of the tribunal. They were overruled when the others said that Marcos's plea on the ARMM provinces should also be resolved.[13]

In July 2016, Vice President Robredo was appointed to head the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC),[14] but resigned in December 2016 after being told to stop attending all cabinet meetings, amid her criticism of the administration's war on drugs.[15] The president later told his allies to stop trying to impeach Robredo.[16]

In the 17th Congress, Representative Pantaleon Alvarez from Davao del Norte was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in July 2016.[17] Midway during the 17th Congress, former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was the representative from Pampanga, ousted Alvarez from the speakership. The ouster was reportedly due to a dispute between Alvarez and Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte, the president's daughter, when she branded him as being from the opposition when she launched the Hugpong ng Pagbabago (transl. Alliance for Change; HNP), a regional political party in the Davao Region of which both Davao del Norte and Davao City are a part.[18]

In the 2019 midterm Senate election, the opposition to Duterte fielded the Otso Diretso (transl. Straight Eight) coalition,[19] while the administration fielded its own slate under the Hugpong ng Pagbabago banner.[20] Hugpong won 9 of the 12 seats contested, while Otso Diretso won no seats. Cynthia Villar, wife of defeated 2010 presidential candidate Manny Villar, topped the election, while 2013's Senate election topnotcher and 2016 defeated presidential candidate Grace Poe finished second.[21] While Sara Duterte's Hugpong won in the Davao Region, they notably failed to unseat Alvarez, and PDP–Laban defeated Hugpong's candidate for governor of Davao del Norte, and won both of the province's seats in the House of Representatives.[22]

Administration-allied parties also won in the House of Representatives, but there was a dispute on who should be Speaker. President Duterte brokered a term-sharing agreement between Alan Peter Cayetano and Lord Allan Velasco, with the former serving the first 15 months of the term and Velasco the final 18 months.[23] Meanwhile, Tito Sotto was re-elected as Senate President.[24]

In November 2019, the president challenged Robredo to co-chair the Inter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs (ICAD), the office that oversees the war on drugs, along with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency chief, which she accepted.[25] A week later, Duterte said that he would fire Robredo if she shared state secrets about the drug war.[26] Several days later, Duterte said he could not trust Robredo after she asked the government for a list of high-value targets in the drug war.[27] Robredo replied, "He should tell me straight if he wants me out."[28] A day later, Duterte fired Robredo as co-chair of the ICAD.[29]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, the government was criticized by the opposition for its response to the pandemic. Robredo had a televised speech in August claiming that the government had no plans on how to resolve the pandemic and shared ten recommendations on how to resolve it.[30] Duterte himself, in a separate speech days later, asked Robredo not to "add fuel to the fire".[31]

In June 2020, American boxing promoter Bob Arum said that Senator Manny Pacquiao had confided to him that he would run for president in 2022.[32] Pacquiao later denied talking about politics with Arum.[33] On December 3, 2020, Pacquiao was elected party president of PDP–Laban, of which President Duterte is the party chairman.[34][35][36] On May 3, 2021, when Pacquiao was asked about his intentions of running for president, he replied "for now, let's not think about that."[37]

In March 2021, former Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonio Carpio launched "1Sambayan" (read as "isambayan", meaning "one nation"), a coalition that aimed to place one lone candidate against Duterte's endorsed successor.[38] Carpio aimed to avoid Vote splitting, pointing out that Duterte had won over Mar Roxas and Grace Poe in 2016 as those who were against him were not united.[39]

1Sambayan considered Robredo, Moreno, Poe, and Senator Nancy Binay as candidates.[40] Both Moreno and Pacquiao, with the former being one of 1Sambayan's choices, stated that they did not want to talk about politics during the pandemic.[41][42] Former senator Antonio Trillanes IV said that there was never an offer from 1Sambayan for him to run, but if that Robredo did not seek the presidency in 2022, he would consider entering the presidential race.[43]

A dispute within the PDP–Laban began on March 12, 2021[44] when Senator Pacquiao began to criticize President Duterte and the government regarding the dispute in the South China Sea, alleged corruption in the government agencies under the Duterte administration,[45][46] the government handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the endorsement of candidates for the 2022 presidential election, leading to the creation of two factions within the party.[47]

On March 23, 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto stated that he and Panfilo Lacson were being pushed to form a tandem. Sotto said both of them were yet to be convinced on this, and when asked if he would run for higher office in 2022, he said that he had not yet made a decision.[48] Lacson later declined the offer from 1Sambayan in a letter to Justice Carpio, in which he cited his principal sponsorship of the Anti-Terrorism Law as "inconsistent and incongruent" to the goals of the coalition.[49]

On June 12, 2021, 1Sambayan announced their six initial nominees to go through the coalition's selection process for a presidential and vice-presidential tandem. The nominees (whom members of the coalition may vote for as their candidate for either post) included: senator Poe, vice president Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, human rights lawyer and former senatorial candidate Chel Diokno, incumbent house deputy speaker Vilma Santos-Recto, and CIBAC representative and house deputy speaker Eddie Villanueva.[50] Moreno and Binay declined 1Sambayan's offer to run under their coalition.[51] Soon after, Senator Poe and Congressman Santos also withdrew their names from contention.[52][53] At the same time, Vice President Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, and Congressman Villanueva expressed their support for unity in 2022 under 1Sambayan.[54]

Lacson and Sotto formally announced their candidacies on July, with their campaign to be launched in August.[55] Lacson was later sworn in as a member of the Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma (transl. Party for Democratic Reforms), the party of former secretary of Defense Renato de Villa who lost the 1998 presidential election.[56] On September 8, Lacson and Sotto formally launched their tandem via social media, in a taped production in an undisclosed studio.[57] The tandem filed their candidacies on October 6.[58]

Isko Moreno, who had returned to the political limelight after being elected Mayor of Manila, was expected to take his oath as a member of Aksyon Demokratiko (transl. Democratic Action), the party founded by Senator Raul Roco[59] after resigning from the National Unity Party.[60] However, this did not happen as an unexpectedly large number of people turned up on vaccination sites, particularly in Manila.[61] Moreno was subsequently elected party president a week later.[62] He later announced his presidential bid on September 22 with Dr. Willie Ong as his running mate.[63] They filed their certificates of candidacy (COCs) on October 4.[64]

On September 30, 2021, 1Sambayan nominated Robredo as their standard bearer. On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for President.[65] She later filed her certificate of candidacy on the same day as an independent.[66] Robredo explained that she was running as an independent to show that she is open to making alliances.[67] After Vice-President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that Senator Francis Pangilinan would be her running mate for her presidential bid.[68][69] Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.[70]

Back in January 2020, Bongbong Marcos had confirmed that he would be running "for a national position" in 2022, although he did not specify which position.[71] On September 21, 2021, the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP; transl. Federal Party of the Philippines) nominated Marcos to run for president. During the national convention of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; transl. New Society Movement) in Binangonan, the party founded by his father, he had already been nominated as that party's candidate for president. Marcos, who was still a member of the Nacionalista Party, thanked the KBL for the nomination, but said that he would announce his own plans "when the time comes."[72] On October 5, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.[73] Marcos then resigned from the Nacionalistas and was sworn in at the PFP chairman.[74] Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.[75]

Davao City mayor Sara Duterte, despite being a frontrunner in early opinion polls, did not file a candidacy for a national position; instead she nominated for re-election in the Davao mayoral race, despite having previously stated on July 9, 2021, that she was open to running for president.[76] On the final day for the filing of candidacies, Mayor Duterte did not show up; instead, Ronald dela Rosa filed his candidacy for president, stating that he was open to being substituted by Duterte.[77] Dela Rosa was running alongside Go, who had earlier filed his candidacy for the vice presidency on October 2, despite calls from the PDP-Laban Cusi wing for him to run for president.[78] At the end of the period for the filing of the Certificates of Canvass (COCs), a total of 97 individuals had manifested their intention to run for President, and 29 did for Vice-President.[79]

On November 9, Duterte withdrew from the mayoral race in Davao. On November 11, she resigned from Hugpong ng Pagbabago and joined Lakas–CMD on the same day.[80] She filed her candidacy for the vice presidential post on November 13, 2021, substituting Lyle Fernando Uy.[81] Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate.[82] Dela Rosa and Go both withdrew their candidacies on the same day.[83] A few days later, Go launched his campaign for the presidential post.[84] Go explained that he withdrew his bid to run for vice president, to avoid complicating Sara Duterte's vice presidential campaign. President Duterte was reported to be his running mate and was to file his candidacy on November 15,[85] but filed for senator instead.[86]

Upon filing his candidacy on November 15 via substitution, presidential aspirant and former National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) spokesperson Antonio Parlade Jr. accused fellow presidential aspirant Senator Bong Go of controlling Duterte's decisions.[87] Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana dismissed Parlade's claim, calling it baseless.[88]

On November 18, 2021, President Duterte claimed that an unnamed presidential aspirant from a well-known family was using cocaine adding that the aspirant was a "weak leader" and "not a very strong leader, except for his name, the father."[89][90] The next day, presidential aspirants reacted to Duterte's statement. Leni Robredo and Leody de Guzman said that the government should file charges against the candidate allegedly using cocaine.[91][92] Isko Moreno and Panfilo Lacson denied that the statement alluded to them.[92] A report speculated that his statement was alluded to Bongbong Marcos,[93] but Marcos's camp dismissed Duterte's claims.[94] Lacson and Sotto, Marcos and Duterte, and Moreno and Ong all subsequently took drug tests and tested negative,[95][96][97] while Pacquiao presented a negative drug test from the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association.[98] Robredo, Go, and de Guzman expressed their willingness to undergo a drug test.[92][99][100]

On November 30, 2021, Go announced his intention to withdraw his candidacy for the presidency, without any substitute.[101] He had earlier expressed his doubts about his presidential run on November 25.[102] The COMELEC stated that Go had to personally file his statement of withdrawal,[103] which he did on December 14.[104]

On January 17, 2022, the commission's second division dismissed the petition cancelling Marcos's candidacy. The petitioners cited Marcos's conviction on violating the National Internal Revenue Code when he had failed to file income tax returns in the early 1980s during his tenure as governor of Ilocos Norte, which allegedly carried the punishment of perpetual disqualification from public office. The commission ruled that when the crime was committed, it did not carry the punishment cited by the petitioners, so Marcos did not misrepresent certificate of candidacy where he stated that he was not convicted of a crime of moral turpitude.[105] Marcos faced a separate disqualification case in the first division; its release of the decision was delayed when several of its staffers tested positive for COVID-19.[106]

On January 22, 2022, The Jessica Soho Presidential Interviews premiered on GMA. Moreno, Robredo, Lacson, and Pacquiao participated in the interview,[107] while Marcos refused to take part; his camp stated that Soho was "biased" against him.[108] GMA later responded to the allegation and refuted his camp's statement.[109] In a separate interview in One PH, Marcos equated bias with being "anti-Marcos," adding that it was useless as he was not going to answer issues about his father's presidency.[110]

On January 23, 2022, as part of its efforts against online disinformation, Twitter suspended more than 300 accounts. Rappler alleged that the accounts were linked to Marcos, which his campaign denied.[111]

## Electoral system

[edit]

Logo for the 2022 NLE used for public materials and election awareness campaigns.

Main article: Presidential elections in the Philippines

According to the Constitution of the Philippines of 1987, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term-limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. The first-past-the-post voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency.[112]

The vice-presidential election is separate, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. According to the Constitution, if two or more candidates get the most votes for either position, Congress shall vote from among them which shall be president or vice president, as the case may be.

Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing at noon on June 30, 2022, and ending on the same day, six years later.[112]

## Candidates

[edit]

Main article: Candidates in the 2022 Philippine presidential election

The Commission on Elections released the official list of candidates on January 25, 2022,[4] although it was finalized nine days before.[113] Candidates who appeared on the ballot could still have been disqualified until their proclamation.

The presidential election featured the most candidates since 1992 with ten candidates running for president, while the vice presidential election featured the most candidates since 1998, with nine candidates running for vice president. This is ordered by the surname of the presidential candidate.

Presidential candidate  | Vice presidential candidate  | Campaign

|
|

Candidate name and party  | Most recent political position  | Candidate name and party  | Most recent political position

| Ernesto Abella
Independent  | Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs
(2017–2021)  | none  |

| Leody de Guzman
PLM | No prior public office  |  |

| Walden Bello
PLM  | House representative for Akbayan
(2007–2015)  |
Details

| Norberto Gonzales
PDSP | Secretary of National Defense
(2009–2010)  | none  |

| Panfilo Lacson
Independent[b] | Senator
(2016–2022)  |  |

| Tito Sotto
NPC | Senate President
(2019–2022)  |
Details

| Faisal Mangondato
Katipunan | No prior public office  |  |  | Carlos Serapio
Katipunan | Councilman of Catanghalan, Obando, Bulacan |

| Bongbong Marcos
PFP | Senator
(2010–2016)  |  |

| Sara Duterte
Lakas | Mayor of Davao City
(2016–2022)  |
Details

| Jose Montemayor Jr.
DPP | No prior public office  |  |

| Rizalito David
DPP  | Chief of Strategic Planning Section of DENR (1990–1992)  |

| Isko Moreno
Aksyon | Mayor of Manila
(2019–2022)  |  |

| Willie Ong
Aksyon  | Consultant for the Department of Health (2010–2014)  |
Details

| Manny Pacquiao
PROMDI | Senator
(2016–2022)  |  |

| Lito Atienza
PROMDI  | House representative for Buhay
(2013–2022)  |
Details

| Leni Robredo
Independent[c] | Vice President
(2016–2022)  |  |

| Francis Pangilinan
Liberal | Senator
(2016–2022)  |
Details
none  |  |

| Manny SD Lopez
WPP | No prior public office  |

### Ernesto Abella (Independent)

[edit]

Ernesto Abella said he was running since "ordinary people were being set aside", and that he was running as an independent since the ruling PDP–Laban did not choose him as their standard bearer.[114] He later said that he was confident of not being declared as a nuisance candidate.[115]

His platform was centered on three main pillars: "a fair society, a government that is felt by the people, and a strong nation." He promised to push for more public participation in government affairs and to prioritize job creation and the agricultural sector in the country.[33]

### Leody de Guzman (PLM)

[edit]

Main article: Leody de Guzman 2022 presidential campaign

Leody de Guzman, chairman of the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino, a progressive labor group, ran unsuccessfully for Senator in 2019. De Guzman ran for president this time under the Partido Lakas ng Masa.[116]

According to his running mate, their vision for the country was democratic socialism. He ran on a platform based on labor and social issues. Some of his advocacies included repealing the TRAIN and CREATE taxation laws as well as the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, pushing for the increase of the minimum wage, implementing a universal basic income, and legalizing divorce and same-sex marriage, among others.[117]

#### Walden Bello (PLM)

[edit]

The Laban ng Masa (transl. Struggle of the Masses) coalition launched a campaign to collect 300,000 signatures to urge activist and former party-list lawmaker Walden Bello to run for president in the 2022 elections. In a statement, Laban ng Masa said it wanted to "push for an ambitious platform that focuses on the poor, prioritizes the neglected, and fights for the rights of ordinary Filipinos."[118] Bello's group sought talks with Vice President Robredo's backers for three months but were ignored. This caused them to support Leody de Guzman's presidential candidacy, instead.[119]

Later in October 20, Bello decided to run for the vice presidency, substituting Raquel Castillo who was supposed to be de Guzman's running mate.[120]

### Norberto Gonzales (PDSP)

[edit]

Former secretary of National Defense Norberto Gonzales said that his campaign was a "new and more politically mature approach to winning the nation's heart and its consent to govern."[121] He filed his candidacy on October 6, 2021, under the Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas. His platform focused on making significant changes in the country's government, such as making all regions autonomous and shifting from a presidential system to a parliamentary system.[122]

### Panfilo Lacson (Independent)

[edit]

Main article: Panfilo Lacson 2022 presidential campaign

In July 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto confirmed that Panfilo Lacson would run for president in a tandem with him.[123][124] On September 8, the duo announced their candidacies for the upcoming election.[125] He filed his candidacy under the Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma. On March 24, 2022, Lacson resigned from Partido Reporma and became an independent candidate after the said party switched its endorsement to Robredo.[126]

If elected, he promised to restore trust in the government,[127] with a platform that revolveed around addressing corruption. He planned to initiate an anti-corruption drive, reform the national budget, and digitalize government services.[128]

#### Tito Sotto (NPC)

[edit]

In July 2021, Tito Sotto announced that he would be Lacson's eventual running mate in the presidential race;[123][124] this was followed by an official campaign announcement on September 8, 2021.[125]

### Faisal Mangondato (Katipunan)

[edit]

Faisal Mangondato, who ran for Senator in 2019 and lost, filed to run for president on October 4 under the Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi.[129] He planned to push for federalism in the Philippines, proposing a provisional government for three years to complete the shift.[122]

#### Carlos Serapio (Katipunan)

[edit]

Carlos Serapio, Magondato's running mate, said that he would push for federalism in the Philippines if he won.[130]

### Bongbong Marcos (PFP)

[edit]

Main article: Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign

On October 5, 2021, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.[73] Initially nominated by four parties, Marcos chose to run under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas. He resigned from the Nacionalista Party and was sworn in as the PFP chairman the same day.[74] Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.[75]

Marcos faced seven petitions against his bid.[131] The electoral commission dismissed the petition declaring him a nuisance candidate in early December.[132] They also dismissed another petition which claims that the real Bongbong Marcos had died decades earlier, and that an impostor had taken his place.[133] The consolidated disqualification case against him was dismissed on February 10, 2022, although one of the petitioners have filed a motion for reconsideration.[134] The last petition against his candidacy was dismissed on April 20, 2022.[135]

His platform is centered on uniting the country,[136] emphasizing the need for unity to recover from the pandemic.[137][138] If elected, he promised to prioritize job creation,[139] infrastructure development,[140] modernization of the agricultural and industrial sectors,[141] improving healthcare,[142] lower price of rice to ₱20.00 per kilogram and support for small and medium-sized enterprises. He also promised to continue President Duterte's policies.[143]

#### Sara Duterte (Lakas)

[edit]

On July 9, 2021, Davao City mayor Sara Duterte said that she was open to running for president. However, there was no final decision yet.[76] On September 9, 2021, she said that she was not running for president since her father, President Duterte was running for vice president, and they had agreed that only one of them would run for a national position.[144] On November 11, she resigned from Hugpong ng Pagbabago and joined Lakas–CMD the same day.[80] She filed her candidacy on November 13, 2021, substituting for Lyle Fernando Uy.[81] Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate and Bongbong Marcos's running mate.[82] Lakas and Duterte then announced that they were supporting Marcos's presidential bid; PDP–Laban first turned down her appeal for support.[145] Later, on March 22, PDP-Laban endorsed Marcos Jr., but President Duterte chose to remain neutral.[146]

### Jose Montemayor Jr. (DPP)

[edit]

Cardiologist Jose Montemayor Jr. filed his candidacy on October 1, 2021, under the Democratic Party of the Philippines. He vowed to eliminate COVID-19, corruption, and criminality once elected.[147]

#### Rizalito David (DPP)

[edit]

David filed his candidacy on October 8.[148] David was most notable for losing a quo warranto petition against Grace Poe in the 2016 election.[149]

### Isko Moreno (Aksyon)

[edit]

Main article: Isko Moreno 2022 presidential campaign

At the start of 2021, pollster Pulse Asia published an opinion poll showing Isko Moreno in second place for president, and statistically tied for first with President Duterte in the vice presidential race.[150] The 1Sambayan convenors' group then included Moreno as one of the people they would consider choosing as its presidential candidate.[40] Moreno begged off, as he was concentrating on his mayoral duties.[151] By June, Moreno informed them that he was declining their offer.[51] On September, Moreno was named president of Aksyon Demokratiko, the party founded by the late Raul Roco.[62] Moreno announced his candidacy on September 22 with Dr. Willie Ong as his running mate.[63]

Some of Moreno proposed policies include maintaining the Duterte administration's "Build! Build! Build! Program", additional public housing, development of agriculture, tourism and creative industries, strengthening of policies in healthcare and education, maintaining peaceful international relations, and ending divisive politics in favor of an "open governance" rooted in "competence" over "connections".[152][153][154]

#### Willie Ong (Aksyon)

[edit]

Ong was the running mate of Moreno; their ticket was officially announced on September 22, 2021.[63]

### Manny Pacquiao (PROMDI)

[edit]

Main article: Manny Pacquiao 2022 presidential campaign

On September 19, Pacquiao accepted the nomination of the PDP-Laban faction led by Senator Koko Pimentel.[155] On October 1, 2021, Pacquiao filed his certificate of candidacy for the presidency under PROMDI, the party founded by the late Cebu governor Lito Osmeña.[156]

His platform is centered around the impoverished. If elected, he plans to initiate housing programs for the poor, eliminating corruption, promote economic development, and work for healthcare reform.[157]

#### Lito Atienza (PROMDI)

[edit]

Buhay Party-List representative Lito Atienza was chosen by Pacquiao as his vice presidential running mate.[158]

### Leni Robredo (Independent)

[edit]

Main article: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

On September 30, 2021, the 1Sambayan coalition (the coalition of the opposition), nominated Robredo as their standard bearer.[159] According to Armin Luistro, one of the conveyors of 1Sambayan, Robredo accepted the nomination and said she would file her candidacy on October 5.[160] Robredo's spokesman clarified that she had not reached a decision yet, but would finalize a decision on this before October 8.[161] On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for president.[65] She later filed her certificate of candidacy the same day as an independent.[66] Robredo explained that while she did not resign as chairperson of the Liberal Party, she was running as an independent to show that she was open to making alliances.[67]

Her platform focused on good governance and transparency.[162] She promised to prioritize healthcare and the economy. Some of her proposals included improving the quality of education in the country,[163] developing the country's industries,[164] supporting small and medium-sized enterprises,[165] providing stable employment, strengthening the country's healthcare system,[166] and implementing more anti-corruption measures.[167]

#### Francis Pangilinan (Liberal)

[edit]

In June 2021, Pangilinan announced that he was seeking reelection to the Senate.[168] After Vice President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that the Senator would be her running mate for her presidential bid.[68][69] Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.[70] His campaign platform was focused on food security and agriculture.

### Standalone vice presidential candidate

[edit]

#### Manny Lopez (WPP)

[edit]

Manny SD Lopez said that if elected vice president, he'd prefer to head the Department of Foreign Affairs or the Department of Trade and Industry.[169]

## Debates and forums

[edit]

Main article: 2022 Philippine presidential debates

From left to right: Presidential candidates Manny Pacquiao, Isko Moreno, and Leni Robredo during the closing moments of the second PiliPinas Debates 2022 on April 3, 2022.

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) confirmed that they would organize debates for candidates running for both President and Vice-President. Unlike the debates in the 2016 elections, three presidential and three vice-presidential debates would be held. Candidates would be required to follow safety protocols stated by Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF) with no audience participation due to the risks of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[170]

A few weeks later, the commission said that in addition to the three debates for each position, they would hold a primary debate, as a teaser of sorts for the upcoming debates per position. They would also organize the debates themselves, a deviation from 2016 where they let the media organizations organize it.[171] By January 2022, the commission said they might forego with the teaser debate, as the number of candidates had been reduced to a more manageable number.[172]

The commission, by law, could not compel candidates to join debates, but expected them to do so as it would present them with massive exposure, and that it would not count towards the limits of the airtime that they were allowed to advertise on broadcast networks.[173]

The presidential debate organized by Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI) was noted for the absences of several candidates. Manny Pacquiao declined to participate due to the indictment of Apollo Quiboloy, leader of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ which is affiliated with SMNI, allegedly for sex trafficking by the United States federal government. Panfilo Lacson on his part declined due to Quiboloy having already openly endorsed the candidacy of Bongbong Marcos while Leni Robredo and Isko Moreno cited scheduling conflicts and prior commitments for their non-attendance.[174]

This came at the heels of Marcos declining an invitation of CNN Philippines for their presidential debate, citing prior commitments.[175] Marcos had earlier declined to join the forum organized by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (the broadcasters association) for the same reason.[176]

SMNI had also planned to hold a vice-presidential debate on February 22, 2022. The debate was later cancelled to make way for a second presidential debate.[177] Prior to its cancellation, two candidates, Sotto and Pangilinan, had declined to participate.[178]

Legend P Participated A Absent NI Not invited

### Presidential debates and forums

[edit]

Date  | Organizers  | Media partners  | Location  | Moderators  | Candidates  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|

Abella
Ind. | De Guzman
PLM | Gonzales
PDSP | Lacson
Ind. | Mangondato
Katipunan | Marcos
PFP | Montemayor
DPP | Moreno
Aksyon | Pacquiao
PROMDI | Robredo
Ind.
PiliPinas Debates 2022
Mar 19 | COMELEC | Syndication | Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, Pasay | Luchi Cruz-Valdez | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [179][180]
Apr 3 | Ces Drilon | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [181]
May 1 | N/A  | N/A | Cancelled  | [182][183]
PiliPinas Forum 2022
May 3 – 6 | COMELEC and KBP | KBP member networks  | Various  | Various  | P | P | P | A | P | A | P | A | P | A | [184]
Other debates and forums
Feb 4 | KBP | KBP member networks  | TV5 Media Center, Mandaluyong | Karen Davila and Rico Hizon | NI | P | NI | P | NI | A | NI | P | P | P | [185][186]
Feb 15 | SMNI | SMNI and The Manila Times | Okada Manila, Parañaque | Karen Jimeno  | P | P | P | A | A | P | A | A | A | A | [187][188]
Feb 27 | CNN Philippines | CNN Philippines and BusinessMirror | University of Santo Tomas, Manila | Pia Hontiveros and Pinky Webb | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [189]
Mar 26 | SMNI | SMNI and The Manila Times | Okada Manila, Parañaque | Karen Jimeno  | P | P | P | A | A | P | P | A | A | A | [177]

### Vice presidential debates

[edit]

Date  | Organizers  | Media partners  | Location  | Moderators  | Candidates  | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|

Atienza
PROMDI | Bello
PLM | David
DPP | Duterte
Lakas | Lopez
WPP | Ong
Aksyon | Pangilinan
LP | Serapio
Katipunan | Sotto
NPC
PiliPinas Debates 2022
Mar 20 | COMELEC | Syndication | Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, Pasay | Ruth Cabal | A | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | P | [190][191]
Apr 30 | N/A  | N/A  | Cancelled  | [182][183]
PiliPinas Forum 2022
May 3 – 6 | COMELEC and KBP | KBP member networks  | Various  | Various  | A | P | P | A | P | A | A | P | P | [184]
Other debates
Feb 22 | SMNI | SMNI and The Manila Times | Okada Manila, Parañaque | Karen Jimeno  | Cancelled  | [177]
Feb 26 | CNN Philippines | CNN Philippines and BusinessMirror | University of Santo Tomas, Manila | Ruth Cabal and Rico Hizon | A | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | P | [189][192]

## Opinion polling

[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Philippine presidential election

Opinion polling, commonly known as "surveys" in the Philippines, is conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia, OCTA Research, and other third-party pollsters.

The tables below the latest six polls that were administered.

### For president

[edit]

Fieldwork
date(s)  | Pollster  | Sample
size  | MoE | Abella
Ind. | De Guzman
PLM | Gonzales
PDSP | Lacson
Ind.[d] | Mangondato
Katipunan | Marcos
PFP | Montemayor
DPP | Moreno
Aksyon | Pacquiao
PROMDI | Robredo
Ind. | Others  | Und./
None  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
May 9  | Election results | 56,097,722  | N/A  | 0.21  | 0.17  | 0.17  | 1.66  | 0.56  | 58.77  | 0.11  | 3.59  | 6.81  | 27.94  | N/A
Exit poll  | Publicus Asia[193] | 29,024 |  | — | — | — | 3 | — | 58 | — | 6 | 7 | 25 | 1 | — | —
May 2–5  | Publicus Asia[194] | 1,500 | ±3.0%  | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | — | 54 | — | 8 | 2 | 22 | 0 | 6 / 0 | —
Apr 22–30  | Mobilis–TruthWatch[195][196] | 2,400 | ±2%  | — | — | — | 2 | — | 55 | — | 3 | 5 | 32 | 1 | — | —
Apr 22–25  | OCTA[197][198] | 2,400 | ±2%  | — | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 1 | 58 | — | 8 | 5 | 25 | — | 0.1 / 0.04 | 0.3
Apr 19–21  | Publicus Asia[199] | 1,500 | ±3.0%  | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | — | 57 | — | 6 | 2 | 21 | 0 | 6 / 0 | —
Apr 16–21  | Pulse Asia[200] | 2,400 | ±2.0%  | 1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 | 1 | 56 | 0.1 | 4 | 7 | 23 | — | — / 1 | 5

### For vice president

[edit]

Fieldwork
date(s)  | Pollster  | Sample
size  | MoE | Atienza
PROMDI | Bello
PLM | David
DPP | Duterte
Lakas | Lopez
WPP | Ong
Aksyon | Pangilinan
LP | Serapio
Katipunan | Sotto
NPC | Others  | Und./
None  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
May 9  | Election results | 56,097,722  | N/A  | 0.52  | 0.19  | 0.11  | 61.53  | 0.31  | 3.59  | 17.82  | 0.17  | 15.76  | N/A
Exit poll  | Publicus Asia[193] | 29,024 |  | — | — | — | 67 | — | 4 | 16 | — | 11 | 2 | — | —
May 2–5  | Publicus Asia[194] | 1,500 | ±3.0%  | 1 | 1 | — | 59 | — | 9 | 16 | — | 9 | 0 | 4 / 1 | —
Apr 22–30  | Mobilis–TruthWatch[196] | 2,400 | ±2%  | 1 | — | — | 55 | — | 4 | 13 | — | 24 | 3 | — | —
Apr 22–25  | OCTA[198] | 2,400 | ±2.0%  | 1 | 0.03 | — | 56 | 0.1 | 4 | 16 | 0.001 | 22 | — | 0.5 / 0.7 | 0.1
Apr 19–21  | Publicus Asia[199] | 1,500 | ±3.0%  | 1 | 1 | — | 59 | — | 8 | 15 | — | 9 | — | 6 / 1 | —
Apr 16–21  | Pulse Asia[200] | 2,400 | ±2.0%  | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 55 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 0.3 | 18 | — | — / 1  | 5

## Campaign

[edit]

"Vote-rich provinces," or provinces and Metro Manila as a whole that have more than one million voters. Nationally elected candidates and parties typically campaign in these areas to reduce costs.

Candidates began their campaign-related activities such as motorcades, gatherings and caravans as early as late 2021, even before the mandated start of the campaign period by the COMELEC.[201]

Ticket  | Colors | Campaign manager | Slogan | Details

|
|
|
|

Original Tagalog  | English translation
Abella  |  | Johnwin Dionisio[202] | "Bagong Pilipino, Bagong Pilipinas"[122] | "New Filipino, New Philippines"  |
de Guzman/Bello  | Red  | Sonny Melencio[203] | "Manggagawa Naman!"  | "Workers' turn!"  | Details
Gonzales  | Blue and red  |  | "Puso, Giting at Dangal ng Pilipino"  | "Heart, Courage and Honor of the Filipino"  |
Lacson/Sotto  | Blue  | Ronaldo Puno[204] | "Aayusin ang Gobyerno, Aayusin ang Buhay Mo"  | "[We'll] fix the government,[We'll] fix your life"  | Details
Marcos/Duterte  | Red and green[205] | Benjamin Abalos Jr.[206] | "Sama-sama tayong babangon muli."  | "Together we will rise again."  | Details
Montemayor/David  |  |  | "Sa gabay ng Diyos, ang Bansa ay aayos"[207] | "With God's guidance, the nation will be orderly."  |
Moreno/Ong  | White and blue[208] | Lito Banayo[209] | "Tunay Na Solusyon, Mabilis Umaksyon!"  | "Real solution, quick to take action!"  | Details
Pacquiao/Atienza  | Blue  | Salvador Zamora II[210] | "Panalo ang Mahirap, Panalo ang Pilipino!"  | "The poor win, the Filipino wins!"  | Details
Robredo/Pangilinan  | Pink and green[211] | Bam Aquino[212] | "Gobyernong Tapat, Angat Buhay Lahat"  | "[With an] honest government, is a better life for all"[213] | Details

### Issues

[edit]

See also: 2022 Philippine general election § Issues

The election was held amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which had severely damaged the country's economy and halted daily activities.[1] Finance secretary Carlos Dominguez III predicted that the succeeding administration would face four main issues: debt management, inflation caused by global shortages, pandemic-induced inequalities, and climate change.[3] Other key issues included the continuation of President Rodrigo Duterte's policies and a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships, particularly the United States, in light of its territorial dispute in the South China Sea with China.[2]

Former senator Bongbong Marcos, despite not being endorsed but instead criticized by the outgoing President,[214] promised broad continuity of his policies,[215] vowing to promote foreign investment and continue infrastructure development alongside some of Duterte's programs.[216][217][218] He focused his messaging mainly on ushering unity among Filipinos.[219] Being the son and namesake of former president Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos's candidacy faced stiff opposition from various groups due to his father's regime's human rights abuses and widespread corruption during his tenure.[220][221]

Incumbent vice president Leni Robredo was considered from the outset to be Marcos's rival,[222][223] having won by a narrow margin against him in the 2016 vice-presidential election.[224] Robredo, a critic of Duterte's policies,[225] offered a platform based on good governance and transparency.[162][226] She drew on her experience as a human rights lawyer and development worker.

Meanwhile, Manila Mayor Isko Moreno positioned himself as a centrist alternative to both Marcos and Robredo,[227][228] promising to make an "inclusive and open government" including many viewpoints.[229][230] He drew on his experience as Mayor, vowing to duplicate in the country what he had done in Manila.[231] Senator Manny Pacquiao ran on an anti-corruption platform and positioned himself as the candidate of the masses, pledging to initiate programs for the poor if elected.[157]

Senator Ping Lacson, banking on his long tenure as a government official, campaigned on a law-and-order platform similar to Duterte's in 2016;[232] his messaging was centered around restoring trust in the government.[127]

### Start of campaign period for national positions

[edit]

* Bongbong Marcos campaigning in Makati

* Isko Moreno and Willie Ong campaigning in Navotas

* Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan campaigning at the Quezon Memorial Circle

* Manny Pacquiao campaigning in Marikina

* Panfilo Lacson and Tito Sotto at a town hall meeting in Pasig

Presidential tickets held their proclamation rallies on February 8, 2022, the start of the campaign period for national positions.[188][233] The ticket of Faisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio had already held their prayer proclamation during the previous weekend in Baguio.[234] The Marcos and Duterte tandem started their campaign at the Philippine Arena in Bulacan.[235] Robredo and Pangilinan held their rally in Plaza Quezon, Naga, Robredo's hometown, on February 8.[236]

Isko Moreno and Willie Ong kicked off their campaign at the Kartilya ng Katipunan just outside Manila City Hall. The Lacson and Sotto tandem held their proclamation rally at the Imus Grandstand in Imus, Cavite, Lacson's hometown. Pacquiao and Atienza commenced their campaign at the Oval Plaza in General Santos, where Pacquiao grew up. The de Guzman and Bello tandem launched their campaign at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City.[188]

Ernesto Abella had his proclamation rally in Dasmariñas, Cavite,[237] while the Montemayor and David ticket started their campaign in Pasay.[207] President Duterte, on his Talk to the People TV show, notably did not endorse a candidate going into the campaign period, saying that "at this time, I am saying that I am not supporting anybody."[238]

While most tickets had their proclamation rallies in the respective hometowns of the presidential candidate, the Marcos campaign explained that they had chosen the Philippine Arena to seat their thousands of supporters, for which 25,000 tickets were made available.[137] Meanwhile, Lito Atienza failed to make it to General Santos as he had suffered an injury prior to the event.[239] Prior to their rally, the Partido Lakas ng Masa failed to secure a permit from the Commission on Elections to hold it at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani. De Guzman said the permit had been refused because required documents had not been submitted. A rally without a permit is grounds for disqualifying a candidate.[240]

Aside from the listed presidential tickets, other tandems were pushed. Representative Joey Salceda pushed for a "Leni–Sara" (ROSA) tandem, endorsing Robredo in their campaign in Albay, while endorsing Duterte the next day.[241] In Mindanao, an "Isko–Sara" (ISSA) tandem was promoted when Moreno had a campaign rally in there, where his running mate Willie Ong skipped. The Moreno campaign defended Ong's absence, saying that the ISSA tarpaulins would have brought him into an awkward situation.[242]

By mid-March, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) confirmed reports that Aksyon Demokratiko, Moreno's political party, had asked if they had ordered the estate of Ferdinand Marcos, Bongbong's father and former President, to pay the ₱203 billion-peso (US$3.8 billion) tax liabilities.[243][244] Marcos's camp had earlier said that the case was under litigation, with the younger Marcos himself stating that "There's a lot of fake news involved there." The Presidential Commission on Good Government, the agency tasked with recovering the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses, denied that the case was under litigation, saying that the judgment was "as early as 1997, the judgment on the tax case had become final and executory."[245] In the first PiliPinas Debates 2022, Moreno, Robredo, Lacson and de Guzman called on the heirs of the elder Marcos, including the younger Marcos who did not attend the debate, to pay the estate and income taxes owed to the state.[245]

On March 24, 2022, amid reports of Partido Reporma and its key officials rescinding their endorsement of Lacson and endorsing another candidate, Lacson resigned as Partido Reporma chairman[246][247] and as party's standard bearer, making him an independent candidate,[248] although Reporma would still be listed as his party in the ballots and would be used to determine the dominant party if he won.[249] The party's president, Pantaleon Alvarez, later announced that they would be switching their endorsement to Robredo for president.[250] However, some Reporma members, including founder and chairman emeritus, Renato de Villa, maintained their support for Lacson.[251][252] Sources inside the party stated that Lacson already knew about the switch weeks earlier, but was permitted to resign as a way to save face.[253] Lacson later claimed that Alvarez' withdrawal of support stemmed from his inability to provide ₱800 million in additional funding for Reporma's local candidates, which Alvarez denied.[254][251] Sotto remained as Reporma's vice presidential candidate.[255]

### Start of campaign period for local positions

[edit]

On March 31, Lito Atienza, who had not been able to campaign after suffering an accident, said that he was seriously considering withdrawing in order to broker a Pacquiao–Sotto tandem to defeat the Marcos–Duterte ticket. To this end, he urged Panfilo Lacson to withdraw and promised to follow suit.[256] Lacson rebuffed the offer, saying that Atienza should learn some manners.[257] Atienza said he felt insulted by Lacson's reply to his suggestion.[258] A week later, Atienza publicly apologized to Lacson, saying he had not anticipated Lacson's reaction to his suggestion,[259] and Lacson accepted Atienza's apology.[260]

On April 9, Lacson revealed that the camp of vice president Robredo had asked him to withdraw in favor of a Robredo–Sotto tandem.[261] He also claimed that Moreno and Pacquiao were given similar requests to withdraw in favor of Robredo. He later revealed the person who had asked him to withdraw was former Quezon City mayor Brigido "Jun" Simon Jr.[262] Robredo's camp denied the claims, stating that no moves were made by their camp and that Simon was unauthorized to represent her campaign.[263][264]

From left to right: Presidential candidates Isko Moreno, Norberto Gonzales, and Panfilo Lacson hold a joint press conference on fighting election sabotage during a press conference at The Peninsula Manila on April 17, 2022. Not present in the event is Manny Pacquiao who also signed the joint statement.

On April 17, three presidential candidates, Gonzales, Lacson, and Moreno, held a press conference affirming that they would not withdraw their candidacies despite several calls for them to back down in favor of another candidate. Abella was initially reported to attend but did not show up while Pacquiao, who committed to catch up, was not able to arrive before it ended due to commitments in General Santos.[265][266][267][268] The three candidates, along with Pacquiao, signed a joint statement declaring their intention to continue their candidacies. According to Lacson, they held the press conference to remind voters that the election was not a two-way race between Marcos and Robredo.[269] They criticized an unnamed group for allegedly offering money in exchange for their withdrawal and for stripping them of their support groups, although Moreno mentioned the "pink" and "yellow" as perpetrators; both colors were associated with the Robredo campaign.[270]

Moreno chastised Robredo for breaking her promise not to run and called her untrustworthy after purportedly "fooling" them during unification talks.[271] Lacson also questioned Robredo's character after some of her campaign staff were allegedly amenable to dropping her running mate, Pangilinan, in exchange for more votes in some provinces. Moreno later called for her to withdraw instead, asserting that Robredo only ran to defeat Marcos, not for the country, and that being the top second choice of Marcos voters, he had much bigger chance to defeat him since he does not have the "dilawan" baggage, claiming that not all who will vote for Marcos are loyalists, but would rather vote for Marcos instead to ensure that someone associated with the Liberal Party will not be elected president anymore.[272][273] Robredo's camp later released a statement questioning the purpose of the press conference, calling the event unnecessary "theatrics," and rejected Moreno's call for her to withdraw from the race. Her camp also stated that they were thankful "that the alignments have been made even clearer."[274]

Hours following the press conference, old photos of Moreno and Marcos dining together resurfaced.[275][276] The photo, taken in February 2021 during the reopening of a restaurant in Manila, attracted allegations from Robredo's supporters that Moreno has been meeting with Marcos and secretly working for him to undermine Robredo and her campaign. Moreno denied the allegations, reiterated that it was their camp who first brought up the issue on the Marcos family's unpaid ₱203 billion estate tax, and criticized Robredo's camp for "playing dirty".[277] Moreno later said that after months of not commenting, he only retaliated after supporters of Robredo asked him to withdraw since October 2021 when Robredo announced her candidacy, describing it as a "fair call" and a "taste of their own medicine".[278] After being accused of toxic masculinity by Robredo supporters, Moreno also defended his criticism against Robredo as a "character issue" and has nothing to do with gender.[279]

DPP's Rizalito David, who had earlier endorsed his rival vice presidential candidate Sotto for that position, endorsed in COMELEC's PiliPinas Forum 2022, in front of his presidential running mate Jose Montemayor, Robredo for president, calling frontrunners Marcos and Duterte as "clear and present danger" to the country. David himself did not withdraw from the election, however.[280]

### Miting de avance

[edit]

Marcos

Robredo

Moreno

De Guzman

class=notpageimage|

Mitings de avance in Metro Manila.

Marcos

Marcos

Robredo

Pacquiao

Pacquiao

Lacson

class=notpageimage|

Miting de avances outside Metro Manila.

|

The "miting de avance" is the final political rally of the candidates, usually held on the last day of the campaign period or two days before election day. Some candidates opted to hold multiple mitings de avance.[281]

Marcos's miting de avance was held in Bay City in Pasay on May 7.[282] Prior to that, he held two mitings de avance, one in Guimbal, Iloilo on May 3, and another on May 5 in Tagum, Davao del Norte. In total, the Marcos campaign held three mitings de avance, one for each island group of the country. Meanwhile, Robredo capped her campaign at her miting de avance in Ayala Triangle in Makati on May 7, preceded by an earlier miting de avance at Magsaysay Avenue in Naga on May 6.[283]

Moreno held his miting de avance in Tondo, Manila.[284] Pacquiao held two mitings de avance, one in Cebu City on May 6 and another in General Santos on May 7.[285] The Lacson campaign held their miting de avance in Carmona, Cavite on May 6.[286] They originally planned to hold a miting de avance in Plaza Miranda on May 7, but cancelled it due to time constraints.[287] De Guzman held his miting de avance on May 4 at the Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City.[288]

## Results

[edit]

Main article: Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election

Since the first automated election in 2010, preliminary results have been known overnight. The official results were canvassed by the Congress of the Philippines in the record time of two days. Bongbong Marcos was proclaimed president, while Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte was proclaimed vice president, in a joint session at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on May 25.[5] All but two certificates of canvass were canvassed; those from Argentina and Syria were not included in time, as Congress deemed the votes from those certificates won't change the result.[289]

### For president

[edit]

The election broke several records. 56,095,234 citizens cast votes, an unprecedented number. Bongbong Marcos became the first candidate in the history of the Fifth Republic to win by a majority, scoring nearly 59 percent of the vote. This was the largest majority since 1981 (surpassing his father's 18,309,360 votes, 88 percent of the total); as the opposition boycotted that election, it was the largest majority since 1969 for a competitive election. His margin of almost 31 percentage points, a ratio of more than two to one over his nearest rival was the most lopsided since 1953, when Ramon Magsaysay defeated the incumbent President Elpidio Quirino by a margin of 38 percentage points. His 31,629,783 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined.

Marcos won in most of Luzon, including the Solid North except for Batanes, and most of the Lingayen–Lucena corridor, including Metro Manila, except Quezon; he also won in Central Visayas, Leyte island, Aklan, Bacolod and Samar in the Visayas, and most of Mindanao except Lanao del Sur, Sarangani and the Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.[290] Marcos also won among detainee voters, and in local and overseas absentee voting.[291]

Robredo won in her home region of Bicol, and in neighboring Quezon, Batanes, and Western Visayas except Aklan and Bacolod, Northern and Eastern Samar, and in the Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.[290]

Pacquiao won in his adopted home province of Sarangani, while Mangondato won in his home province of Lanao del Sur. No other candidates won a province or city canvassed by Congress. Most notably, Moreno failed to carry his home city of Manila, where he was the incumbent mayor, while Lacson failed to carry his home province of Cavite or even his hometown of Imus.[292]

Results per province, city, in the special geographic area of Bangsamoro, and by type of absentee ballot Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Bongbong Marcos| Partido Federal ng Pilipinas| 31,629,783| 58.77
| Leni Robredo| Independent[c]| 15,035,773| 27.94
| Manny Pacquiao| PROMDI| 3,663,113| 6.81
| Isko Moreno| Aksyon Demokratiko| 1,933,909| 3.59
| Panfilo Lacson| Independent[b]| 892,375| 1.66
| Faisal Mangondato| Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi| 301,629| 0.56
| Ernesto Abella| Independent| 114,627| 0.21
| Leody de Guzman| Partido Lakas ng Masa| 93,027| 0.17
| Norberto Gonzales| Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas| 90,656| 0.17
| Jose Montemayor Jr.| Democratic Party of the Philippines| 60,592| 0.11
Total| 53,815,484| 100.00
Valid votes| 53,815,484| 96.11
Invalid/blank votes| 2,176,759| 3.89
Total votes| 55,992,243| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 67,452,866| 83.01
Source: Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout, absentee turnout)

1. ^ Liberal Party member running as an independent
2. ^ a b Originally ran under Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma; resigned from the party mid-way through the campaign. Still labeled as a Reporma candidate on the official ballots.
3. ^ a b Liberal Party member running as an independent
4. ^ Originally ran under Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma; resigned from the party mid-way through the campaign. Still labeled as a Reporma candidate on the official ballots.

| Popular vote percentage

|  |
Bongbong Marcos |

| 58.77%
Leni Robredo |

| 27.94%
Manny Pacquiao |

| 6.81%
Isko Moreno |

| 3.59%
Others |

| 2.88%

#### Result by island group and region

[edit]

Result per island group  Island group | Marcos | Robredo | Pacquiao | Moreno | Lacson | Mangondato | Abella | de Guzman | Gonzales | Montemayor  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
Luzon | 17,452,432 | 57.97 | 9,685,756  | 32.17  | 811,394  | 2.70  | 1,314,280  | 4.37  | 641,995  | 2.13  | 34,677  | 0.12  | 49,088  | 0.16  | 48,235  | 0.16  | 41,187  | 0.14  | 27,859  | 0.09  | 30,106,903  | 55.94
Visayas | 5,420,508 | 50.13 | 3,453,047  | 31.93  | 1,350,238  | 12.49  | 341,018  | 3.15  | 143,109  | 1.32  | 9,696  | 0.09  | 33,428  | 0.31  | 23,496  | 0.22  | 22,532  | 0.21  | 16,039  | 0.15  | 10,813,111  | 20.01
Mindanao | 8,213,592 | 67.53 | 1,753,689  | 14.42  | 1,495,199  | 12.29  | 251,683  | 2.07  | 97,675  | 0.80  | 255,816  | 2.10  | 31,691  | 0.26  | 20,907  | 0.17  | 26,397  | 0.22  | 16,429  | 0.14  | 12,163,078  | 22.60
Absentee | 543,251 | 74.17 | 143,281  | 19.56  | 6,282  | 0.86  | 26,928  | 3.68  | 9,596  | 1.31  | 1,440  | 0.20  | 420  | 0.06  | 389  | 0.05  | 540  | 0.07  | 265  | 0.04  | 732,392  | 1.36
Total | 31,629,783 | 58.77 | 15,035,773 | 27.94 | 3,663,113 | 6.81 | 1,933,909 | 3.59 | 892,375 | 1.66 | 301,629 | 0.56 | 114,627 | 0.21 | 93,027 | 0.17 | 90,656 | 0.17 | 60,592 | 0.11 | 53,815,484 | 100.00
Result per region  Region | Marcos | Robredo | Pacquiao | Moreno | Lacson | Mangondato | Abella | de Guzman | Gonzales | Montemayor  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
I | 2,552,114 | 84.69 | 330,436  | 10.96  | 34,528  | 1.15  | 48,202  | 1.60  | 31,075  | 1.03  | 2,470  | 0.08  | 4,668  | 0.15  | 4,130  | 0.14  | 3,535  | 0.12  | 2,411  | 0.08  | 3,013,569  | 5.60
CAR | 748,395 | 83.39 | 88,649  | 9.88  | 20,206  | 2.25  | 13,363  | 1.49  | 21,343  | 2.38  | 1,159  | 0.13  | 1,140  | 0.13  | 1,065  | 0.12  | 867  | 0.10  | 1,319  | 0.15  | 897,506  | 1.67
II | 1,608,871 | 86.19 | 168,184  | 9.01  | 31,385  | 1.68  | 23,881  | 1.28  | 21,509  | 1.15  | 1,738  | 0.09  | 3,676  | 0.20  | 2,900  | 0.16  | 2,209  | 0.12  | 2,323  | 0.12  | 1,866,676  | 3.47
III | 3,986,906 | 64.79 | 1,652,668  | 26.86  | 110,813  | 1.80  | 240,326  | 3.91  | 123,397  | 2.01  | 6,211  | 0.10  | 9,327  | 0.15  | 8,776  | 0.14  | 10,112  | 0.16  | 5,131  | 0.08  | 6,153,667  | 11.43
NCR | 3,287,785 | 55.79 | 1,817,465  | 30.84  | 92,728  | 1.57  | 525,663  | 8.92  | 137,920  | 2.34  | 9,156  | 0.16  | 4,045  | 0.07  | 9,053  | 0.15  | 5,119  | 0.09  | 4,441  | 0.08  | 5,893,375  | 10.95
IV-A | 3,547,058 | 56.32 | 2,036,394  | 32.33  | 145,075  | 2.30  | 313,512  | 4.98  | 219,889  | 3.49  | 6,874  | 0.11  | 7,530  | 0.12  | 9,747  | 0.15  | 7,319  | 0.12  | 5,087  | 0.08  | 6,298,485  | 11.70
IV-B | 712,329 | 44.59 | 530,533  | 33.21  | 223,256  | 13.98  | 75,131  | 4.70  | 39,006  | 2.44  | 3,521  | 0.22  | 4,291  | 0.27  | 3,505  | 0.22  | 3,410  | 0.21  | 2,443  | 0.15  | 1,597,425  | 2.97
V | 566,581  | 17.68  | 2,451,454 | 76.50 | 99,649  | 3.11  | 33,497  | 1.05  | 20,938  | 0.65  | 2,762  | 0.09  | 12,063  | 0.38  | 7,077  | 0.22  | 6,954  | 0.22  | 3,692  | 0.12  | 3,204,667  | 5.95
VI | 1,516,464  | 37.44  | 1,940,183 | 47.90 | 362,955  | 8.96  | 140,402  | 3.47  | 50,484  | 1.25  | 3,304  | 0.08  | 13,206  | 0.33  | 9,285  | 0.23  | 8,101  | 0.20  | 6,056  | 0.15  | 4,050,440  | 7.53
VII | 2,337,847 | 54.81 | 928,445  | 21.77  | 758,873  | 17.79  | 130,638  | 3.06  | 68,517  | 1.61  | 4,186  | 0.10  | 11,876  | 0.28  | 9,043  | 0.21  | 9,001  | 0.21  | 6,827  | 0.16  | 4,265,253  | 7.93
VIII | 1,566,197 | 62.71 | 584,419  | 23.40  | 228,410  | 9.15  | 69,978  | 2.80  | 24,108  | 0.97  | 2,206  | 0.09  | 8,346  | 0.33  | 5,168  | 0.21  | 5,430  | 0.22  | 3,156  | 0.13  | 2,497,418  | 4.64
IX | 1,032,725 | 59.58 | 265,862  | 15.34  | 350,159  | 20.20  | 45,931  | 2.65  | 13,906  | 0.80  | 9,122  | 0.53  | 4,574  | 0.26  | 3,171  | 0.18  | 4,870  | 0.28  | 3,078  | 0.18  | 1,733,398  | 3.22
X | 1,736,164 | 70.41 | 277,447  | 11.25  | 331,574  | 13.45  | 51,289  | 2.08  | 21,004  | 0.85  | 27,337  | 1.11  | 6,793  | 0.28  | 5,166  | 0.21  | 5,127  | 0.21  | 3,718  | 0.15  | 2,465,619  | 4.58
XI | 2,090,787 | 83.46 | 136,106  | 5.43  | 203,187  | 8.11  | 24,772  | 0.99  | 23,885  | 0.95  | 6,960  | 0.28  | 6,652  | 0.27  | 4,322  | 0.17  | 5,135  | 0.20  | 3,258  | 0.13  | 2,505,064  | 4.65
XII | 1,270,261 | 62.84 | 258,810  | 12.80  | 401,322  | 19.85  | 41,240  | 2.04  | 21,700  | 1.07  | 12,758  | 0.63  | 4,881  | 0.24  | 3,550  | 0.18  | 3,873  | 0.19  | 2,938  | 0.15  | 2,021,333  | 3.76
XIII | 977,843 | 65.52 | 294,131  | 19.71  | 169,895  | 11.38  | 23,235  | 1.56  | 11,060  | 0.74  | 1,895  | 0.13  | 5,067  | 0.34  | 3,130  | 0.21  | 3,845  | 0.26  | 2,233  | 0.15  | 1,492,334  | 2.77
BARMM | 1,105,812 | 56.84 | 521,333  | 26.80  | 39,062  | 2.01  | 65,216  | 3.35  | 6,120  | 0.31  | 197,744  | 10.17  | 3,724  | 0.19  | 1,568  | 0.08  | 3,547  | 0.18  | 1,204  | 0.06  | 1,945,330  | 3.61
Absentee | 543,251 | 74.17 | 143,281  | 19.56  | 6,282  | 0.86  | 26,928  | 3.68  | 9,596  | 1.31  | 1,440  | 0.20  | 420  | 0.06  | 389  | 0.05  | 540  | 0.07  | 265  | 0.04  | 732,392  | 1.36
Total | 31,629,783 | 58.77 | 15,035,773 | 27.94 | 3,663,113 | 6.81 | 1,933,909 | 3.59 | 892,375 | 1.66 | 301,629 | 0.56 | 114,627 | 0.21 | 93,027 | 0.17 | 90,656 | 0.17 | 60,592 | 0.11 | 53,815,484 | 100.00

* Note: Basilan is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.

### For vice president

[edit]

Just like her running mate, Duterte won with the largest majority of the Fifth Republic, and the largest majority since 1969. Duterte's vote count exceeded that of Marcos, and she got the most votes by a Filipino for any office in history. Her 43.71% winning margin is the largest in history since Sergio Osmeña's landslide victories in 1935 and 1941.

Duterte won throughout the country except in Guimaras, Iloilo and Iloilo City, and in the Bicol provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur and Catanduanes, where Robredo's running mate Francis Pangilinan won, and in Sorsogon where Tito Sotto won. Duterte won in all areas in Mindanao canvassed by Congress.[292] Among absentee voters, Duterte won amongst the local and overseas voters,[291] while Pangilinan nosed her out among detainee voters.[293]

Results per province, city, in the special geographic area of Bangsamoro, and by type of absentee ballot Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sara Duterte[a]| Lakas–CMD| 32,208,417| 61.53
| Francis Pangilinan[b]| Liberal Party| 9,329,207| 17.82
| Tito Sotto[c]| Nationalist People's Coalition| 8,251,267| 15.76
| Willie Ong| Aksyon Demokratiko| 1,878,531| 3.59
| Lito Atienza| PROMDI| 270,381| 0.52
| Manny SD Lopez| Labor Party Philippines| 159,670| 0.31
| Walden Bello| Partido Lakas ng Masa| 100,827| 0.19
| Carlos Serapio| Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi| 90,989| 0.17
| Rizalito David| Democratic Party of the Philippines| 56,711| 0.11
Total| 52,346,000| 100.00
Valid votes| 52,346,000| 93.49
Invalid/blank votes| 3,646,243| 6.51
Total votes| 55,992,243| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 67,452,866| 83.01
Source: Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout, absentee turnout)

1. ^ Running mate of Bongbong Marcos (Partido Federal ng Pilipinas)
2. ^ Running mate of Leni Robredo (Independent)
3. ^ Running mate of Panfilo Lacson (Independent)

| Popular vote percentage

|  |
Sara Duterte |

| 61.53%
Francis Pangilinan |

| 17.82%
Tito Sotto |

| 15.76%
Willie Ong |

| 3.59%
Others |

| 1.30%

#### Result by island group and region

[edit]

Result per island group  Island group | Duterte | Pangilinan | Sotto | Ong | Atienza | Lopez | Bello | Serapio  | David  | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
Luzon | 15,670,038 | 53.04 | 6,213,978  | 21.03  | 5,941,446  | 20.11  | 1,439,556  | 4.87  | 105,667  | 0.36  | 62,621  | 0.21  | 49,433  | 0.17  | 41,099  | 0.14  | 22,579  | 0.08  | 29,546,417
Visayas | 5,906,250 | 57.33 | 2,291,398  | 22.24  | 1,623,693  | 15.76  | 275,155  | 2.67  | 87,858  | 0.85  | 48,053  | 0.47  | 26,182  | 0.25  | 24,172  | 0.23  | 18,586  | 0.18  | 10,301,347
Mindanao | 10,071,619 | 85.59 | 710,214  | 6.04  | 664,492  | 5.65  | 131,556  | 1.12  | 75,604  | 0.64  | 48,806  | 0.41  | 24,536  | 0.21  | 25,602  | 0.22  | 15,435  | 0.13  | 11,767,864
Absentee | 560,510 | 76.74 | 113,617  | 15.56  | 21,636  | 2.96  | 32,264  | 4.42  | 1,252  | 0.17  | 190  | 0.03  | 676  | 0.09  | 116  | 0.02  | 111  | 0.02  | 730,372
Total  | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | 9,329,207 | 17.82 | 8,251,267 | 15.76 | 1,878,531 | 3.59 | 270,381 | 0.52 | 159,670 | 0.31 | 100,827 | 0.19 | 90,989 | 0.17 | 56,711 | 0.11 | 52,346,000
Result per region  Region | Duterte | Pangilinan | Sotto | Ong | Atienza | Lopez | Bello | Serapio  | David  | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
I | 2,146,327 | 72.33 | 212,472  | 7.16  | 503,075  | 16.95  | 81,130  | 2.73  | 7,212  | 0.24  | 5,829  | 0.20  | 4,398  | 0.15  | 4,839  | 0.16  | 1,955  | 0.07  | 2,967,237
CAR | 683,414 | 77.77 | 69,066  | 7.86  | 96,754  | 11.01  | 21,453  | 2.44  | 2,235  | 0.25  | 2,009  | 0.23  | 1,559  | 0.18  | 1,459  | 0.17  | 797  | 0.09  | 878,746
II | 1,400,203 | 77.07 | 138,403  | 7.62  | 222,702  | 12.26  | 33,494  | 1.84  | 5,668  | 0.31  | 5,543  | 0.31  | 4,812  | 0.26  | 4,165  | 0.23  | 1,766  | 0.10  | 1,816,756
III | 3,264,777 | 53.78 | 930,863  | 15.33  | 1,576,940  | 25.98  | 255,514  | 4.21  | 14,876  | 0.25  | 8,408  | 0.14  | 7,394  | 0.12  | 7,227  | 0.12  | 4,301  | 0.07  | 6,070,300
NCR | 3,206,709 | 54.72 | 1,212,379  | 20.69  | 926,197  | 15.81  | 476,113  | 8.13  | 15,063  | 0.26  | 9,604  | 0.16  | 8,027  | 0.14  | 3,581  | 0.06  | 2,104  | 0.04  | 5,859,777
IV-A | 3,614,018 | 49.06 | 1,582,160  | 21.48  | 1,694,615  | 23.00  | 417,936  | 5.67  | 26,415  | 0.36  | 10,125  | 0.14  | 9,695  | 0.13  | 7,361  | 0.10  | 4,504  | 0.06  | 7,366,829
IV-B | 684,689 | 44.59 | 366,365  | 23.86  | 389,168  | 25.34  | 59,137  | 3.85  | 17,444  | 1.14  | 8,967  | 0.58  | 3,351  | 0.22  | 4,024  | 0.26  | 2,464  | 0.16  | 1,535,609
V | 669,901  | 21.96  | 1,702,270 | 55.79 | 531,995  | 17.44  | 94,779  | 3.11  | 16,754  | 0.55  | 12,136  | 0.40  | 10,197  | 0.33  | 8,443  | 0.28  | 4,688  | 0.15  | 3,051,163
VI | 1,508,367 | 38.89 | 1,398,752  | 36.06  | 760,188  | 19.60  | 133,791  | 3.45  | 31,098  | 0.80  | 19,059  | 0.49  | 11,575  | 0.30  | 9,885  | 0.25  | 5,891  | 0.15  | 3,878,606
VII | 2,790,568 | 68.59 | 561,276  | 13.80  | 539,555  | 13.26  | 86,930  | 2.14  | 41,481  | 1.02  | 21,583  | 0.53  | 8,871  | 0.22  | 8,901  | 0.22  | 9,511  | 0.23  | 4,068,676
VIII | 1,607,315 | 68.28 | 331,370  | 14.08  | 323,950  | 13.76  | 54,434  | 2.31  | 15,279  | 0.65  | 7,411  | 0.31  | 5,736  | 0.24  | 5,386  | 0.23  | 3,184  | 0.14  | 2,354,065
IX | 1,242,316 | 76.40 | 161,270  | 9.92  | 164,079  | 10.09  | 21,080  | 1.30  | 14,925  | 0.92  | 10,087  | 0.62  | 4,218  | 0.26  | 5,015  | 0.31  | 3,099  | 0.19  | 1,626,089
X | 2,010,943 | 84.77 | 160,872  | 6.78  | 132,854  | 5.60  | 26,284  | 1.11  | 16,504  | 0.70  | 10,532  | 0.44  | 5,252  | 0.22  | 5,294  | 0.22  | 3,682  | 0.16  | 2,372,217
XI | 2,279,473 | 92.32 | 54,182  | 2.19  | 92,555  | 3.75  | 14,083  | 0.57  | 9,632  | 0.39  | 8,209  | 0.33  | 4,963  | 0.20  | 3,719  | 0.15  | 2,203  | 0.09  | 2,469,019
XII | 1,611,516 | 82.00 | 132,985  | 6.77  | 154,445  | 7.86  | 23,748  | 1.21  | 19,435  | 0.99  | 10,608  | 0.54  | 4,665  | 0.24  | 5,219  | 0.27  | 2,718  | 0.14  | 1,965,339
XIII | 1,258,406 | 86.93 | 88,478  | 6.11  | 65,994  | 4.56  | 12,714  | 0.88  | 9,627  | 0.67  | 4,752  | 0.33  | 3,061  | 0.21  | 2,698  | 0.19  | 1,855  | 0.13  | 1,447,585
BARMM | 1,668,965 | 88.42 | 112,427  | 5.96  | 54,565  | 2.89  | 33,647  | 1.78  | 5,481  | 0.29  | 4,618  | 0.24  | 2,377  | 0.13  | 3,657  | 0.19  | 1,878  | 0.10  | 1,887,615
Absentee | 560,510 | 76.74 | 113,617  | 15.56  | 21,636  | 2.96  | 32,264  | 4.42  | 1,252  | 0.17  | 190  | 0.03  | 676  | 0.09  | 116  | 0.02  | 111  | 0.02  | 730,372
Total | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | 9,329,207 | 17.82 | 8,251,267 | 15.76 | 1,878,531 | 3.59 | 270,381 | 0.52 | 159,670 | 0.31 | 100,827 | 0.19 | 90,989 | 0.17 | 56,711 | 0.11 | 52,346,000

* Note: Basilan is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.

### Results per province, city, diplomatic post and absentee voting category

[edit]

Each province and city that is independent of a province and is a congressional district by itself sent its certificates of canvass to Congress. Each diplomatic post, local absentee voters and detainee voters also sent their respective certificates of canvass. The Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro, and jointly Taguig and Pateros sent their respective certificates of canvass. From there, the results were tallied in a joint session of Congress.

Percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and city.  | Municipal level breakdown

|

Presidential Candidates

Marcos  |
Robredo  |
Pacquiao  |
Moreno  |
Municipal breakdown
Vice Presidential Candidates

Duterte  |
Pangilinan  |
Sotto  |  |
Municipal breakdown

#### Close places

[edit]

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:

* Aklan: 0.01% (Marcos wins by 39 votes)
* Marinduque: 0.67% (Marcos win)
* Detainee voters: 0.98% (Marcos wins by one vote)
* Indonesia: 0.98% (Marcos win)
* Agusan del Sur: 2.37% (Marcos win)
* Oriental Mindoro: 3.09% (Marcos win)
* Bacolod: 3.26% (Marcos win)
* Australia: 3.43% (Robredo win)
* Romblon: 3.59% (Marcos win)
* Negros Occidental: 3.60% (Robredo win)
* United States: 3.86% (Marcos win)
* Batangas: 4.11% (Marcos win)
* Negros Oriental: 4.87% (Marcos win)

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:

* Detainee voters: 1.04% (Pangilinan wins by one vote)
* Antique: 2.67% (Duterte win)
* Vatican City: 3.14% (Pangilinan win)
* Sorsogon: 3.32% (Sotto win)
* Quezon: 3.71% (Duterte win)

|

#### Landslides

[edit]

Margin of victory is more than 50% for the presidential election:

* Ilocos Norte: 93.14% (Marcos wins on his home province)
* Sulu: 92.99% (Marcos win)
* Abra: 92.39% (Marcos win)
* Ilocos Sur: 91.00% (Marcos win)
* Apayao: 90.79% (Marcos win)
* La Union: 86.97% (Marcos win)
* Local absentee voters: 86.58% (Marcos win)
* Davao City: 86.09% (Marcos win)
* Kalinga: 83.81% (Marcos win)
* Taiwan: 83.39% (Marcos win)
* Cagayan 81.44% (Marcos win)
* Russia: 80.20% (Marcos win)
* Camarines Sur: 79.06% (Robredo wins on her home province)
* Lebanon: 77.88% (Marcos win)
* Davao del Norte: 77.43% (Marcos win)
* Camiguin: 77.24% (Marcos win)
* Isabela: 77.19% (Marcos win)
* Kuwait: 76.19% (Marcos win)
* Tawi-Tawi: 74.33% (Marcos win)
* Quirino: 74.29% (Marcos win)
* Jordan: 74.10% (Marcos win)
* Davao de Oro: 71.70% (Marcos win)
* Mountain Province: 71.66% (Marcos win)
* Nueva Vizcaya: 71.32% (Marcos win)
* Morocco: 71.03% (Marcos win)
* Davao del Sur: 70.98% (Marcos win)
* Benguet: 70.40% (Marcos win)
* Brunei: 70.15% (Marcos win)
* Hong Kong: 69.49% (Marcos win)
* Israel: 69.43% (Marcos win)
* Chile: 68.12% (Marcos win)
* Bahrain: 67.64% (Marcos win)
* Turkey: 67.60% (Marcos win)
* Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 66.43% (Robredo win)
* Albay: 66.29% (Robredo win)
* Cagayan de Oro: 65.85% (Marcos win)
* Leyte: 65.13% (Marcos win)
* Oman: 65.51% (Marcos win)
* Pakistan: 64.73% (Marcos win)
* Saudi Arabia: 64.32% (Marcos win)
* United Arab Emirates: 63.51% (Marcos win)
* Agusan del Norte: 63.12% (Marcos win)
* Brazil: 63.10% (Marcos win)
* Pangasinan: 62.14% (Marcos win)
* Timor-Leste: 61.92% (Marcos win)
* Malaysia: 61.31% (Marcos win)
* Ifugao: 60.79% (Marcos win)
* Angola: 60.78% (Marcos win)
* Misamis Occidental: 60.68% (Marcos win)
* South Korea: 60.61% (Marcos win)
* Cotabato: 60.11% (Marcos win)
* Japan: 59.90% (Marcos win)
* Iligan: 59.20% (Marcos win)
* Qatar: 58.94% (Marcos win)
* Davao Occidental: 58.91% (Marcos win)
* Greece: 58.28% (Marcos win)
* Dinagat Islands: 58.17% (Marcos win)
* Spain: 57.94% (Marcos win)
* Surigao del Norte: 57.24% (Marcos win)
* Misamis Oriental: 56.91% (Marcos win)
* Nigeria: 56.83% (Marcos win)
* Nueva Ecija: 56.33% (Marcos win)
* Catanduanes: 55.76% (Robredo win)
* Laos: 54.10% (Marcos win)
* Sorsogon: 53.99% (Robredo win)
* Camarines Norte: 53.46% (Robredo win)
* Southern Leyte: 52.13% (Marcos win)
* Kenya: 52.07% (Marcos win)
* Davao Occidental: 51.94% (Marcos win)
* Surigao del Sur: 51.88% (Marcos win)
* Lapu-Lapu City: 51.70% (Marcos win)
* Zamboanga City: 51.25% (Marcos win)
* Baguio: 51.01% (Marcos win)
* Sultan Kudarat: 50.75% (Marcos win)
* Bukidnon: 50.54% (Marcos win)
* Thailand: 50.28% (Marcos win)

Margin of victory is more than 50% for the vice presidential election:

* Sulu: 96.97% (Duterte win)
* Davao City: 93.88% (Duterte wins in her home city)
* Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 92.12% (Duterte win)
* Local absentee voters: 91.08% (Duterte win)
* Ilocos Norte: 90.98% (Duterte win)
* Camiguin: 90.79% (Duterte win)
* Maguindanao: 89.87% (Duterte win)
* Davao de Oro: 88.07% (Duterte win)
* Davao del Sur: 87.28% (Duterte win)
* Davao Occidental: 87.02% (Duterte win)
* Taiwan: 86.79% (Duterte win)
* Ilocos Sur: 86.45% (Duterte win)
* Abra: 86.30% (Duterte win)
* Davao Oriental: 86.22% (Duterte win)
* Cotabato: 85.27% (Duterte win)
* Davao del Norte: 84.51% (Duterte win)
* Agusan del Sur: 85.08% (Duterte win)
* Tawi-Tawi: 84.29% (Duterte win)
* Misamis Occidental: 83.79% (Duterte win)
* Russia: 83.36% (Duterte win)
* Kuwait: 81.88% (Duterte win)
* Jordan: 81.81% (Duterte win)
* Agusan del Norte: 81.23% (Duterte win)
* Lebanon: 80.86% (Duterte win)
* Surigao del Norte: 80.24% (Duterte win)
* Cagayan de Oro: 79.53% (Duterte win)
* Morocco: 79.48% (Duterte win)
* Apayao: 78.60% (Duterte win)
* Kalinga: 78.53% (Duterte win)
* Sultan Kudarat: 78.02% (Duterte win)
* Surigao del Sur: 77.83% (Duterte win)
* Misamis Oriental: 77.61% (Duterte win)
* Iligan: 77.06% (Duterte win)
* Bukidnon: 76.59% (Duterte win)
* Brunei: 75.69% (Duterte win)
* Basilan: 75.30% (Duterte win)
* Egypt: 74.90% (Duterte win)
* Bahrain: 74.20% (Duterte win)
* Chile: 74.20% (Duterte win)
* Dinagat Islands: 73.90% (Duterte win)
* Southern Leyte: 73.78% (Duterte win)
* La Union: 73.54% (Duterte win)
* Hong Kong: 73.31% (Duterte win)
* Oman: 73.26% (Duterte win)
* Israel: 72.97% (Duterte win)
* Turkey: 72.73% (Duterte win)
* Saudi Arabia: 72.64% (Duterte win)
* Lanao del Norte: 72.03% (Duterte win)
* Timor-Leste: 71.59% (Duterte win)
* Lapu-Lapu City: 71.29% (Duterte win)
* Brazil: 71.19% (Duterte win)
* United Arab Emirates: 70.50% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga del Sur: 69.74% (Duterte win)
* Bohol: 68.88% (Duterte win)
* Pakistan: 68.75% (Duterte win)
* Cagayan: 68.72% (Duterte win)
* Malaysia: 67.63% (Duterte win)
* Qatar: 67.52% (Duterte win)
* Angola: 67.40% (Duterte win)
* Leyte: 67.00% (Duterte win)
* South Cotabato: 66.51% (Duterte win)
* Sarangani: 66.24% (Duterte win)
* Mountain Province: 66.13% (Duterte win)
* South Korea: 65.97% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga City: 65.53% (Duterte win)
* Isabela 64.47% (Duterte win)
* Czech Republic: 64.31% (Duterte win)
* Japan: 63.90% (Duterte win)
* Nigeria: 63.22% (Duterte win)
* Spain: 62.90% (Duterte win)
* Lanao del Sur: 62.60% (Duterte win)
* Nueva Vizcaya: 62.25% (Duterte win)
* General Santos: 62.21% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga del Norte: 61.95% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga Sibugay: 61.39% (Duterte win)
* Greece: 61.09% (Duterte win)
* Kenya: 60.14% (Duterte win)
* Biliran: 58.77% (Duterte win)
* Iran: 57.43% (Duterte win)
* Thailand: 57.01% (Duterte win)
* Laos: 56.59% (Duterte win)
* Benguet: 56.39% (Duterte win)
* Camarines Sur: 56.16% (Pangilinan win)
* Cebu: 55.72% (Duterte win)
* Cambodia: 55.66% (Duterte win)
* Singapore: 55.38% (Duterte win)
* Ifugao: 55.32% (Duterte win)
* Quirino: 55.09% (Duterte win)
* New Zealand: 53.48% (Duterte win)
* Baguio: 51.00% (Duterte win)
* South Africa: 50.54% (Duterte win)

|

### Unofficial tallies

[edit]

Marcos and Robredo province swing from 2016 and 2022. 2022 Philippine presidential election, COMELEC transparency server  Candidate  | Party  | Votes

|
|

| Bongbong Marcos | Partido Federal ng Pilipinas | 31,104,175
| Leni Robredo | Independent[a] | 14,822,051
| Manny Pacquiao | PROMDI | 3,629,805
| Isko Moreno | Aksyon | 1,900,010
| Panfilo Lacson | Independent[b] | 882,236
| Faisal Mangondato | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 259,576
| Ernesto Abella | Independent  | 113,242
| Leody de Guzman | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 92,070
| Norberto Gonzales | Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas | 89,097
| Jose Montemayor Jr.  | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 59,944
Turnout |
Registered voters | 67,442,714
Clustered precincts reporting | 106,008 out of 107,785
As of May 13, 2022, 2:47 PM Philippine Standard Time[294]

1. ^ Liberal Party member running as an independent
2. ^ Originally ran under Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma; resigned from the party mid-way through the campaign. Still labeled as a Reporma candidate on the official ballots.

2022 Philippine vice presidential election, COMELEC transparency server  Candidate  | Party  | Votes

|
|

| Sara Duterte | Lakas–CMD | 31,561,948
| Francis Pangilinan | Liberal Party | 9,232,883
| Tito Sotto | Nationalist People's Coalition | 8,183,184
| Willie Ong | Aksyon | 1,851,498
| Lito Atienza | PROMDI | 267,530
| Manny SD Lopez | Labor Party Philippines | 157,877
| Walden Bello | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 99,740
| Carlos Serapio  | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 89,920
| Rizalito David  | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 55,478
Turnout |
Registered voters | 67,442,714
Clustered precincts reporting | 106,008 out of 107,785
As of May 13, 2022, 2:47 PM Philippine Standard Time[294]

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Election night

[edit]

Despite calls to extend voting hours due to technical difficulties with the vote-counting machines (VCMs), the COMELEC closed voting at 7:00 pm, although they allowed those within 30 meters of the polling precinct by that time to cast their votes.[295]

Transmission of election returns began shortly after closing. Within four hours, about 80,000 returns were transmitted to the commission, an improvement from 2016 and 2019 where it took ten and eleven hours respectively.[296] The COMELEC attributed the speed to improvements in the facilities, the training of workers and technicians, and the services by telecommunication companies.[296][297]

At around 11 pm, three hours after initial results of the elections were released, Marcos made a short speech thanking his supporters for voting for him. Despite leading in the preliminary results, he acknowledged that the counting was not yet over. He also urged his supporters to be vigilant and watch their votes.[298] Shortly after 3:00 am, Robredo issued a statement to thank her supporters, and called their campaign "historic" for being led by volunteers. She reiterated that she would not back down, noting that not all votes have been counted yet and that other issues had yet to be resolved, but called on her supporters to listen to the voice of the electorate.[299]

### Concessions

[edit]

Isko Moreno conceded to Marcos the day after the elections. He urged his supporters to support Marcos.[300] Pacquiao conceded to Marcos and bid him well wishes.[301] Willie Ong also conceded to Duterte, wishing both her and Marcos success.[302] Faisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio also conceded, via a statement released by their political party, saying that Marcos and Duterte "obtained the People’s Mandate."[303] Manny SD Lopez conceded to Duterte, saying "Whatever the Filipino electorates considered in their choice of candidates, we have to respect, for this is the essence of democracy."[304] Independent candidate Ernesto Abella also conceded several days after the election, saying he respected the results and acknowledging Marcos as the next president.[202]

Lacson, while he did not concede, said that he was retiring to his home in Cavite. His running mate, Tito Sotto, conceded the vice presidency in a separate statement, and wished the incoming administration, without naming names, "good luck."[305] In a thanksgiving event in Ateneo de Manila University, Robredo and Pangilinan urged their supporters to accept the results of the election, while not explicitly conceding.

Leody de Guzman, while citing irregularities on election day, conceded;[306] his running mate, Walden Bello, slammed Marcos, saying the country may face "six years of instability" and that a large part of the country will "refuse to grant legitimacy and credibility to the rule of a family of thieves".[307]

### Protests

[edit]

On May 10, several groups protested in front of the COMELEC main office at the Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros.[308] They alleged massive electoral fraud, citing reports of 1,800 defective or malfunctioning VCMs, the voters being asked to leave their ballots at the precinct for mass feeding after some VCMs broke down, and the fast transmission of results. Protesters were reportedly chanting "Marcos, Magnanakaw" (lit. 'Marcos, Thief'), a chant popularized during the 1980s.[309] Meanwhile, the Office of the Student Regent of the University of the Philippines called on their students to walk out, announcing that there will be "no classes under a Marcos presidency."[310][311]

The electoral commission has denied and debunked claims of electoral fraud.[312] Election watchdog Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE) disputed claims that the speedy transmission of returns was suspicious,[313] while the COMELEC stated that leaving ballots behind if VCMs malfunction is part of the protocol to avoid voter disenfranchisement.[314] The Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) found no irregularities in the partial and unofficial count.[315][316] Meanwhile, the PPCRV and other statisticians dismissed claims of a programmed consistent percentage gap between Marcos and Robredo, after a viral post in social media claimed the consistency was evidence of fraud. According to the post, at every incremental update in the counting, Robredo's count never deviated from 47 percent of the number of votes that Marcos had, a phenomenon they considered suspicious.[316]

On May 16 and 17, 2022, respectively, two of the petitions against Marcos' candidacy that were later dismissed by Comelec were filed post-election at the Supreme Court.[317][318] The consolidated petitions were dismissed by the Court on June 28.[319]

In 2023, Eliseo Rio Jr., a former acting secretary of the Department of Information and Communications Technology, investigated along with a team of forensics experts, the transmission of election returns to the COMELEC after he had doubts about the high transmission rate, and alleged that a large portion of election returns from Metro Manila, Cavite and Batangas were transmitted through the IP address 192.168.0.2, an address commonly used within local area networks. He along with others petitioned the Supreme Court and later the Comelec to pave the way for an investigation of the phenomenon.[320][321][322] Asked about the allegations in July 2023, COMELEC Chairman George Garcia stated that the IP address was accurate, as it was being used within local networks for 20,300 of their modems, and stated that "there was nothing illegal about it. It does not matter if the IP have the same address. What is important is that the transmitted election results are accurate."[321] Election watchdogs, including the National Movement for Free Elections, were present during the testing and aware that only one IP address was used.[321]

### International reactions

[edit]

Marcos was congratulated by diplomats from several countries after initial results showing his victory were released. Chinese ambassador to Manila Huang Xilian paid the president-elect a courtesy visit on May 12, saying China was looking forward “to bring[ing] the two countries' Relationship of Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation to new heights.”.[323] United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken welcomed Marcos's election, stating that the United States was looking forward to working with him to "strengthen the enduring alliance between the United States and the Philippines."[324] Meanwhile, other countries such as Japan expressed their willingness to work with the incoming administration.[325][326]

U.S. president Joe Biden later called Marcos to congratulate him. Biden said he was looking forward to working with Marcos to strengthen Philippines–United States relations and expand cooperation on key issues.[327][328] However, White House coordinator for the Indo-Pacific Kurt Campbell said there were “historical considerations” that could pose challenges.[329]

On May 19, Marcos said that he had held “very substantial” talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping, who had expressed support for his independent foreign policy. He said that ties with China would expand and “shift to a higher gear”, promising to upgrade relations in “not only diplomatic, not only trade, but also in culture, even in education, even in knowledge, even in health, to address whatever minor disagreements that we have right now”.[329]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Venzon, Cliff (January 28, 2021). "Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
2. ^ a b "Investor's Guide to the 2022 Philippine Presidential Election". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
3. ^ a b Royandoyan, Ramon. "Duterte admin 'ensures' help as economic problems await next president". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
4. ^ a b "It's final: 10 names on the 2022 ballot for president, 9 for VP". RAPPLER. January 25, 2022. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
5. ^ a b Andrade, Jeannette I.; Aurelio, Julie M. (May 26, 2022). "Congress proclaims Marcos, Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
6. ^ Verizon, Cliff (May 25, 2022). "Marcos officially declared Philippines' next president". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
7. ^ Morales, Neil Jerome (May 25, 2022). "Philippines Congress proclaims Marcos as next president". Reuters. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
8. ^ Galvez, Daphne (May 25, 2022). "VP-elect Sara Duterte mum on why family members absent during proclamation". The Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
9. ^ Nalagon, Richy (June 21, 2022). "VP Sara's inauguration historic for Davaoeños". Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
10. ^ "The son of late dictator Marcos has won the Philippines' presidential election". Associated Press. Manila. NPR. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
11. ^ "Biden, Xi congratulate Marcos Jr on Philippine presidential win". Al Jazeera. May 12, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
12. ^ "Marcos protests Robredo victory on eve of oath-taking". Rappler. June 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
13. ^ a b Punay, Edu (October 16, 2019). "Leni Was Seen To Win In Bongbong's Election Protest, But…". OneNews.ph. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
14. ^ "Duterte appoints Robredo as HUDCC chief". Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
15. ^ "VP Leni Robredo resigns from Cabinet position". CNN Philippines. December 4, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
16. ^ "Duterte wants impeachment bids against Philippine VP stopped". Associated Press. March 23, 2017. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
17. ^ Cepeda, Mara (July 25, 2016). "Pantaleon Alvarez is new House Speaker". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
18. ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (July 23, 2018). "Arroyo replaces Alvarez as House Speaker". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
19. ^ "Benigno Aquino III, Leni Robredo endorse opposition Senate 12". philstar.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
20. ^ Calvelo, George (February 12, 2019). "Sara's 'Hugpong' endorses 13 senatorial bets for 12 seats". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
21. ^ "COMELEC wraps up official tally with Binay clinching top 12". cnn. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
22. ^ Ranada, Pia (May 19, 2019). "Alvarez wins, Floirendo-Del Rosario rule ends in Davao del Norte". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
23. ^ Cervante, Filane Mikee (September 21, 2020). "House suspends Monday session amid coup threat". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
24. ^ "Status quo: Tito Sotto reelected as Senate president". Rappler. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
25. ^ "Rodrigo Duterte hands over 'war on drugs' to vice-president and critic". The Guardian. November 7, 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
26. ^ "Duterte threatens to fire Robredo from ICAD if she reveals state secrets". GMA News Online. November 16, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
27. ^ "Duterte on anti-drug czar: I cannot trust Robredo". GMA News Online. November 19, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
28. ^ Romero, Paolo; Mateo, Janvic (November 23, 2019). "'Fire Leni instead of belittling her'". philstar.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
29. ^ Andolong, Ina; Gregorio, Xave (November 24, 2019). "Duterte fires Robredo from anti-drug czar post". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
30. ^ "As if Philippines has no leader amid COVID-19, says Robredo". GMA News Online. August 25, 2020. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
31. ^ Aguilar, Krissy (August 25, 2020). "Duterte to Robredo: Don't add fuel to the fire, you will destroy gov't". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
32. ^ "Pacquiao planning to run for president in 2022, says Arum". GMA News Online. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
33. ^ a b Giongco, Mark (June 10, 2020). "Pacquiao denies discussing running for president with Arum". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
34. ^ "With Pacquiao as party president, PDP–Laban says 'too early to talk about 2022 elections'". Rappler. December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.[permanent dead link]
35. ^ Galvez, Daphne (December 3, 2020). "Pimentel: Pacquiao to bring more discipline to PDP–Laban". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
36. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (December 3, 2020). "Pacquiao takes over as president of Duterte's PDP–Laban". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
37. ^ "Pacquiao finds Duterte's statements on Chinese incursions at WPS lacking | 24 Oras". GMA News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021 - via YouTube. Archived at Ghostarchive.org on May 8, 2022. (3:51) - [Reporter] Sa gitna nito, tinanong tuloy si Pacquiao kung balak pa niyang tumakbong Presidente sa 2022 elections. - [Manny] Sa ngayon 'wag muna natin isipin 'yan.
38. ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (March 18, 2021). "Carpio launches coalition to challenge Duterte's 'anointed one' in 2022 polls". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
39. ^ Panti, Llanesca T. (June 9, 2021). "1Sambayan confident opposition will rally behind one presidential candidate in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
40. ^ a b Charm, Neil (March 17, 2021). "Retired justice to lead opposition coalition in elections next year". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
41. ^ "Isko to 1SamBayan: Thanks but Covid fight comes first – The Manila Times". www.manilatimes.net. March 20, 2021. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
42. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (March 18, 2021). "'Not the best time for political lineups,' says Pacquiao after not making 1Sambayan cut". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
43. ^ "Trillanes to seek presidency in 2022 if Robredo won't". Manila Bulletin. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
44. ^ "TIMELINE: PDP-Laban's infightings, legal battles among factions". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
45. ^ "Pacquiao is punch-drunk: Duterte". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
46. ^ "Duterte on Pacquiao's missing pandemic aid claims: That guy is 'punch-drunk'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
47. ^ "Will PDP-Laban survive Duterte?". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021. "The animosity between Pacquiao and Duterte did not happen overnight. The grumblings started in December 2020, when Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III relinquished his post as PDP-Laban president to Pacquiao."
48. ^ "Sotto-Lacson tandem pushed in 2022". Manila Bulletin. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
49. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 8, 2021). "Lacson declines 1Sambayan nomination offer for 2022 presidential polls". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
50. ^ "FAST FACTS: Opposition 1Sambayan's nominees for president, vice president". Rappler. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
51. ^ a b "Isko Moreno, Nancy Binay beg off from 1Sambayan nomination". Rappler. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
52. ^ "Poe rejects 1Sambayan nomination, says she has no plans to run for president in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
53. ^ "Vilma Santos-Recto says 'no' to 1Sambayan". Manila Bulletin. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
54. ^ "1Sambayan nominees call for unity in 2022: 'Hindi puwedeng tayo-tayo lang'". Rappler. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
55. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (July 20, 2021). "Lacson, Sotto to officially announce plans for 2022 on Aug. 5". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
56. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (July 29, 2021). "Lacson sits as chairman of Partido Reporma". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
57. ^ "In campaign launch, Lacson and Sotto say 'enough' of Duterte". Rappler. September 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
58. ^ Perez-Rubio, Bella. "Presidential hopeful Lacson files candidacy with Sotto as running-mate". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
59. ^ "Isko Moreno to take oath as Aksyon Demokratiko member". Rappler. August 4, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
60. ^ "Moreno resigns from NUP; oathtaking with Aksyon Demokratiko postponed amid vaccination site issues". cnn. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
61. ^ ANNA FELICIA BAJO (August 5, 2021). "Isko Moreno cancels oath-taking with Aksyon Demokratiko amid vaccine concerns in Manila". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
62. ^ a b "Isko Moreno elected as new Aksyon Demokratiko president". cnn. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
63. ^ a b c "LIVE UPDATES: Isko Moreno launches 2022 candidacy for president". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
64. ^ Ranada, Pia (September 21, 2021). "Isko Moreno to run for president in 2022". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021.
65. ^ a b "'Lalaban tayo': VP Leni Robredo, opposition leader, to run for president". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
66. ^ a b Sarao, Zacarian (October 7, 2021). "Robredo files COC for president in 2022 polls". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
67. ^ a b Manahan, Job (October 8, 2021). "Why Robredo is running as an independent candidate". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
68. ^ a b "Kiko Pangilinan is Robredo's running mate for 2022 polls". cnn. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
69. ^ a b "Kiko Pangilinan is Robredo's running-mate in Eleksyon 2022 —sources". GMA News Online. October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
70. ^ a b Medenilla, Samuel P. (October 8, 2021). "Kiko Pangilinan files COC as vice presidential candidate". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
71. ^ Navallo, Mike (January 10, 2020). "Bongbong Marcos to run for national post in 2022 polls". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
72. ^ Mangosing, Frances (September 24, 2021). "Marcos party names Bongbong as standard bearer". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
73. ^ a b Buan, Lian (October 5, 2021). "Dictator's son Bongbong Marcos to run for president in 2022". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021.
74. ^ a b "Marcos leaves NP to head PH Federal Party: Presidential bid next?". Manila Bulletin. October 5, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
75. ^ a b HANA BORDEY (October 6, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos files COC for president in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
76. ^ a b Israel, Dale (July 9, 2021). "Sara Duterte now 'open' to run for president in 2022". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
77. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (October 8, 2021). "What if Sara Duterte substitutes for dela Rosa? 'Mas maganda,' Bato says". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
78. ^ "In surprise move, Bong Go runs for vice president". Rappler. October 2, 2021. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
79. ^ "Comelec says COC filing for May 2022 polls a success". Manila Bulletin. October 8, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
80. ^ a b "Sara Duterte resigns from HNP, joins Lakas-CMD". cnn. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
81. ^ a b "Sara Duterte scraps reelection bid for vice-presidential run". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
82. ^ a b Gonzales, Cathrine (November 13, 2021). "PFP adopts Sara Duterte as Bongbong Marcos' runningmate". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
83. ^ Yumol, David Tristan (November 13, 2021). "Bato Dela Rosa withdraws from 2022 presidential race". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
84. ^ "President Duterte to run for VP, Andanar says". ABS-CBN News. November 13, 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
85. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (November 13, 2021). "Bong Go to run as president but not under PDP-Laban". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
86. ^ Galvez, Daphne (November 15, 2021). "Duterte to run for senator in 2022 — Bong Go". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
87. ^ "Who controls who? Parlade says Bong Go 'controls' decisions of President Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
88. ^ "Lorenzana: Parlade claim Bong Go controls Duterte 'baseless'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
89. ^ "Duterte tags presidential bet a 'very weak leader' on cocaine". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
90. ^ "Duterte claims a presidential aspirant does cocaine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
91. ^ "Ka Leody dares Duterte: Probe cocaine hooked presidential aspirant". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
92. ^ a b c "On Duterte allegations: Presidential bets seek charges vs 'cocaine user'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
93. ^ "Duterte rant vs alleged cocaine-using candidate puts drug war in question". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
94. ^ "Marcos camp on Duterte blind item: 'We don't feel alluded to'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
95. ^ "Lacson, Sotto show negative drug tests after Duterte says presidential bet taking cocaine". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
96. ^ "Marcos says he took drug test after Duterte cocaine blind item". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
97. ^ "Sara Duterte says she tested negative for illegal drugs". cnn. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
98. ^ "Pacquiao bares recent negative drug tests". cnn. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
99. ^ "Bong Go says he's willing to undergo complete drug, neurological test". Manila Bulletin. November 24, 2021. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
100. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (November 24, 2021). "Robredo: Drug tests for presidentiables must be random, unannounced". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
101. ^ "Bong Go quits presidential race". ABS-CBN News. November 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
102. ^ "Bong Go expresses 'doubts' about presidential bid before governors". RAPPLER. November 25, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
103. ^ Pulta, Benjamin; Patinio; Ferdinand (November 30, 2021). "Go backs out; Comelec says bets must personally file withdrawal". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
104. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (December 14, 2021). "Bong Go formally withdraws from 2022 presidential race". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
105. ^ Medenilla, Samuel P. (January 17, 2022). "Comelec Second Division junks petition to cancel Marcos Jr. COC". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
106. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (January 19, 2022). "Guanzon denies Comelec delaying resolution of cases vs Marcos Jr. to favor any party". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
107. ^ "Marcos a no-show in TV interview of top presidential bets". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
108. ^ "Jessica Soho biased? No, she's just doing her job, says Lacson". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
109. ^ "Biased? GMA tells Marcos camp Jessica Soho's questions 'tough' like the presidency". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
110. ^ Zablan, Clarist (January 24, 2022). "#MARCOSDUWAG: Marcos defends no show at TV interview, equates "biased journalist" as anti-Marcos". TV5. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
111. ^ "Twitter suspends hundreds of accounts promoting Bongbong Marcos". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022 - via Philippine Daily Inquirer.
112. ^ a b Hartmann, Christoff; Hassall, Graham; Santos, Soliman M. Jr. Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (eds.). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook, Volume II. Oxford University Press. p. 187\. ISBN 0199249598.
113. ^ Pazzibugan, Dona Z. (January 18, 2022). "Comelec finalizes list of bets, starts printing of ballots". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
114. ^ Jauhn Etienne Villaruel (October 8, 2021). "Ex-Duterte spox files candidacy for president". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
115. ^ Katrina Domingo (November 30, 2021). "Abella says he won't be declared as nuisance bet". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
116. ^ "Despite landslide 2019 loss, labor leader Leody de Guzman to run for president". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
117. ^ Dooc, Manny F. (December 20, 2021). "Ka Leody: The Labor Candidate". Business Mirror. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
118. ^ "Coalition launches signature drive for Walden Bello's bid for president in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. June 21, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
119. ^ Galvez, Daphne (October 4, 2021). "Progressive group says it sought meeting with Robredo on 2022 polls but 'spurned'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
120. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (October 20, 2021). "Activist Walden Bello runs for VP as Ka Leody's running mate". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
121. ^ Cruz, Kaithreen (October 1, 2021). "Ex-defense chief to run for president". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
122. ^ a b c "Count them in as presidential bets: Abella, Gonzales, Mangondato, Montemayor". INQUIRER.net. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
123. ^ a b Ramos, Christia Marie (July 10, 2021). "Lacson, Sotto to officially announce plans for 2022 on Aug. 5". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
124. ^ a b "Lacson to run for president, Sotto for VP in #Halalan2022, says Senate President". ABS-CBN News. July 20, 2021. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021.
125. ^ a b "HIGHLIGHTS: Ping Lacson, Tito Sotto announce 2022 candidacy for president, VP". Rappler. September 8, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021.
126. ^ "Lacson resigns from Partido Reporma, says party to endorse another bet". Rappler. March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
127. ^ a b Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (September 8, 2021). "Lacson, Sotto vow to restore Filipinos' trust in the government". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
128. ^ Bordey, Hana (January 22, 2022). "Lacson to prioritize anti-corruption drive, budget reform, digitalization of gov't services if elected president in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
129. ^ "Names of those who have filed COCs for national posts on Monday, Oct. 4". GMA News Online. October 4, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
130. ^ Ismael, Javier Joe (December 19, 2021). "VP bet Serapio to push federalism". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
131. ^ "LIST: Petitions against Bongbong Marcos' 2022 presidential bid". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
132. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (December 18, 2021). "Comelec junks petition to declare Bongbong Marcos a nuisance candidate". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
133. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (January 4, 2022). "Comelec junks petition to cancel Marcos Jr's COC for being an 'impostor'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
134. ^ Manila, RadyoMaN (February 15, 2022). "Isang grupo, naghain ng Motion for Reconsideration sa kanilang petisyon para ipa-diskwalipika si dating Senador Bongbong Marcos Jr.;". RMN Networks (in Tagalog). Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
135. ^ Nazario, Dhel (April 20, 2022). "Comelec junks Marcos Jr.'s last DQ case filed by Ilocano petitioners". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
136. ^ "In campaign launch, Marcos sticks to message of unity". RAPPLER. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
137. ^ a b Patag, Kristine Joy. "Away from home towns, Marcos-Duterte kicks off grand 'UniTeam' campaign at giant arena". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
138. ^ "Marcos, Duterte highlight 'unity' as election campaign kicks off". CNN Philippines. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
139. ^ Patag, Kristine Joy (February 27, 2022). "A quick look at Bongbong Marcos and his 'unity' campaign". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
140. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (October 26, 2021). "Bongbong says PH should modernize infrastructure to become Asia's next logistics hub". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
141. ^ Rosario, Ben (November 14, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos bats for holistic approach for agriculture sector". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
142. ^ Buan, Lian (November 3, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos' pandemic plans: Higher budget for healthcare and medical research". Rappler. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
143. ^ "Race to the Palace intensifies: Promises of the presidential bets". INQUIRER.net. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
144. ^ "Sara Duterte says she's not running for president". Rappler. September 9, 2021. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
145. ^ Garcia, Ma. Angelica (November 16, 2021). "Sara Duterte, Lakas back Marcos Jr. for president in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
146. ^ "Duterte's PDP-Laban faction endorses Marcos Jr". RAPPLER. March 22, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
147. ^ Bordey, Hana (October 2021). "Vowing to eliminate COVID-19, cardiologist Jose Montemayor Jr. files COC for president". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
148. ^ "Names of those who have filed COCs for national posts on Friday, Oct. 8". GMA News Online. October 8, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
149. ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (September 20, 2016). "SC affirms SET's dismissal of disqualification case vs Poe". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
150. ^ Tomacruz, Sofia (December 31, 2020). "Sara Duterte leads Pulse Asia's possible 2022 presidential bets poll". Rappler. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
151. ^ "Isko to 1SamBayan: Thanks but Covid fight comes first – The Manila Times". www.manilatimes.net. March 20, 2021. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
152. ^ Casilao, Joahna Lei (January 31, 2022). "'Life and livelihood' main focus of Isko Moreno's 10-point economic agenda". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
153. ^ Ranada, Pia (September 22, 2021). "Isko Moreno to run for president in 2022". Rappler. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
154. ^ Rita, Joviland (September 22, 2022). "Isko shares two cents on ICC probe, West Philippine Sea, ABS-CBN franchise issues". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
155. ^ Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (September 19, 2021). "Pacquiao chosen as standard bearer of PDP-Laban faction in Eleksyon 2022". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
156. ^ Villaruel, Jauhn Etienne (October 1, 2021). "Pacquiao runs under Cebu-based party amid PDP squabble". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
157. ^ a b Manila, Radyoman (August 27, 2021). "Senator Manny Pacquiao, inilatag na ang kaniyang plataporma para sa 2022 elections" [Senator Manny Pacquiao laid down his platform for the 2022 elections]. RMN Networks (in Filipino). Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
158. ^ "Lito Atienza is Pacquiao's vice presidential pick". RAPPLER. October 1, 2021. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
159. ^ "L1Sambayan endorses Leni Robredo for president". Rappler. September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021.
160. ^ "Leni Has Accepted Nomination To Be 1Sambayan's Presidential Bet – Convenor". OneNews. October 2, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021.
161. ^ "Leni's Camp Clarifies No Final Decision Yet, But 1Sambayan Convenor, Drilon Confident VP Will Run For President". OneNews.PH. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
162. ^ a b Cruz, Moises (January 22, 2022). "Robredo: Good governance key to business growth". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
163. ^ "Robredo to address 'educational crisis' with 'all hands on deck' approach". Manila Bulletin. April 8, 2022. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
164. ^ Alimario, Anjo (December 11, 2021). "'Hanapbuhay para sa lahat': Robredo bares ₱192-B jobs plan". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
165. ^ "VP Leni Robredo bares plans to help MSMEs if elected president during 'Kandidatalks' series". Business Mirror. November 29, 2021. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
166. ^ Tolentino, Ma. Reina Leanne (November 4, 2021). "Robredo releases Covid-19 pandemic response plan". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
167. ^ "Robredo bares anti-corruption efforts; will probe customs, BIR, DPWH". Manila Bulletin. February 27, 2022. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
168. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (June 22, 2021). "Pangilinan eyes Senate reelection in 2022". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
169. ^ Ismael, Javier Joe (December 12, 2021). "Lopez to be 'working VP', Castriciones for farmers". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
170. ^ "Comelec eyes 3 in-person debates for presidential, VP bets for 2022 polls". CNN Philippines. October 28, 2021. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
171. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (November 11, 2021). "Comelec eyes start of nat'l poll debates by January 2022". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
172. ^ Medenilla, Samuel P. (January 4, 2022). "Comelec may scrap 'teaser' debates for May elections". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
173. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (January 18, 2022). "Comelec is confident candidates will join debates, says spox". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
174. ^ Galvez, Daphne (February 14, 2022). "Pacquiao, Lacson, Robredo, Moreno to skip Quiboloy's SMNI debate". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
175. ^ Patag, Kristine Joy. "Booked for that day again, Marcos won't attend CNN Philippines' debates". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
176. ^ Patag, Kristine Joy. "Marcos skipping KBP presidential forum, says already booked that day". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
177. ^ a b c Galvez, Daphne (February 17, 2022). "SMNI cancels VP debate to make way for pres'l debate final round — exec". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
178. ^ Talabong, Rambo (February 14, 2022). "Other bets absent, Quiboloy-backed Marcos Jr to attend SMNI 'debate'". Rappler. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
179. ^ Quismorio, Ellson (March 14, 2022). "Marcos skipping Comelec debate, spox confirms". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
180. ^ Macairan, Evelyn (March 14, 2022). "9 bets commit to Comelec debates". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
181. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (March 5, 2022). "1st presidential debate will run for 3 hrs: Comelec". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
182. ^ a b Gonzales, Cathrine (April 22, 2022). "Comelec reschedules presidential, VP debates to April 30, May 1". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
183. ^ a b "Comelec cancels debates after P14-M debt mess, sets KBP forum instead". RAPPLER. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
184. ^ a b Patinio, Ferdinand (May 2, 2022). "Comelec-KBP forum series starts airing May 3". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
185. ^ "Bongbong Marcos skips KBP prexy forum moderated by Karen Davila, Rico Hizon". Manila Standard. February 3, 2022. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
186. ^ "Presidential candidates hash out platforms, plans for the country in KBP forum". ABS-CBN News. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
187. ^ Talabong, Rambo (February 14, 2022). "Other bets absent, Quiboloy-backed Marcos Jr to attend SMNI 'debate'". Rappler. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
188. ^ a b c "The race begins: May 2022 national bets all set to court voters amid COVID-19 threat". Manila Bulletin. February 6, 2022. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
189. ^ a b "Marcos skips CNN debate, Sara Duterte not attending too". Rappler. February 14, 2022. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
190. ^ "All presidential bets confirm attendance to Comelec-sponsored debate in March". CNN Philippines. February 24, 2022. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
191. ^ "'I will do this campaign without joining debates,' declares Sara Duterte". CNN Philippines. March 12, 2022. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
192. ^ "VP candidate Atienza to skip CNNPH debate for surgery". CNN Philippines. February 16, 2022. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
193. ^ a b PUBLiCUS (May 11, 2022). "PUBLiCUS EXIT POLL 2022 | Final Results Report with Provincial Breakdown May 11, 2022". PUBLiCUS Asia, Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
194. ^ a b "Public Report on National Election Preferences: May 2-5, 2022". PUBLiCUS Asia, Inc. May 6, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
195. ^ Cruz, Angie dela. "Robredo, umangat sa pinakahuling Truth Watch/ Mobilis survey". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
196. ^ a b "TruthWatch H2H survey April 22-30, 2022". Truth Watch Philippines. May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
197. ^ "Bongbong, Sara lead OCTA Research survey". The Manila Times. May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
198. ^ a b OCTA Research (May 5, 2022). "Tugon ng Masa Survey Results April 22 - 25, 2022" (PDF) (Press release).
199. ^ a b "Public Report on National Election Preferences: April 19-21, 2022". PUBLiCUS Asia, Inc. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
200. ^ a b "April 2022 Nationwide Survey on the May 2022 Elections – Pulse Asia Research Inc". Retrieved May 2, 2022.
201. ^ "Palace: Observance of health protocols in 2022 aspirants' caravans a 'shared responsibility'". cnn. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
202. ^ a b "Abella concedes, acknowledges Bongbong as next Philippine president". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
203. ^ Gonzales, Cathrine (February 10, 2022). "Ka Leody's camp: We will fight to the last drop of our blood". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
204. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (February 7, 2022). "'Battle-ready' Lacson, Sotto to mark start of campaign in vote-rich Cavite". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
205. ^ Pedrajas, Joseph. "Bongbong-Sara supporters rock world's largest indoor arena as tandem's campaign kicked off". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
206. ^ "Abalos resigns as MMDA chair, now Marcos' campaign manager". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
207. ^ a b Ombay, Giselle (February 7, 2002). "Jose Montemayor Jr. to launch presidential campaign in Pasay City". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
208. ^ Yap, D. J. (October 25, 2021). "Isko 'paints the town blue' in Metro Manila caravan as he turns 47". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
209. ^ "Lito Banayo: From Duterte campaign team to Isko Moreno's". Rappler. September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
210. ^ "If elected president, Pacquiao says Buddy Zamora to lead his economic team". RAPPLER. December 14, 2021. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
211. ^ "Why Fiery Pink is Leni Robredo's New Campaign Color". Reportr.world. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
212. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (October 7, 2021). "Bam Aquino gives up Senate bid to head Robredo's 2022 campaign". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
213. ^ Cepeda, Mara (January 11, 2022). "Robredo's new campaign tagline: 'Gobyernong Tapat, Angat Buhay Lahat'". Rappler. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
214. ^ "Duterte thumbs down PDP-Lakas coalition; here's why". Manila Bulletin. November 19, 2021. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
215. ^ Gonzales, Cathrine (November 21, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos, Sara Duterte vow to 'continue, improve President's achievements'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
216. ^ "BBM bares job creation plans, support for biz sectors". BusinessMirror. January 17, 2022. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
217. ^ Tamayo, Bernadette E. (January 18, 2022). "Marcos assures NTF-Elcac of funding". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
218. ^ "BBM to continue drug war 'in a different way', to let ICC probers in as 'tourists'". cnn. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
219. ^ "In campaign launch, Marcos sticks to message of unity". RAPPLER. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
220. ^ "Philippines group seeks to bar strongman's son from election". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
221. ^ Rosario, Denver Del (October 9, 2021). "Raising the barricades: UP student councils oppose presidential bid of late dictator's son". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
222. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (December 22, 2021). "2022 clearly a Robredo vs Marcos contest – OVP". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
223. ^ Gregorio, Xave. "Robredo prefers beating Marcos in polls instead of disqualification". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
224. ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (January 24, 2022). "PET dismisses Marcos poll protest vs Robredo, stresses 'entire' case junked". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
225. ^ "Duterte nemesis and drug-war critic Leni Robredo to run for Philippine presidency". France 24. October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
226. ^ Gregorio, Xave. "Curbing COVID, pushing for good governance: Robredo gives preview of presidency". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
227. ^ Lee, Yen Nee (November 30, 2021). "Philippine President Duterte will step down next year. Here are his potential successors". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
228. ^ "Moreno, Lacson top 'second choice' in Pulse Asia survey. What does it mean?". RAPPLER. December 24, 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
229. ^ Perez-Rubio, Bella. "'I can work with anybody': Moreno positions as moderate at launch of Palace bid". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
230. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (December 6, 2021). "Aksyon Demokratiko is 'centrist, not opposition'; backs Moreno's support of Duterte". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
231. ^ "Mayor Isko says his experiences prove he's ready to become PH's next president". Manila Bulletin. January 22, 2022. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
232. ^ "One more chance: Panfilo Lacson runs for president again". RAPPLER. October 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
233. ^ Corrales, Nestor (January 31, 2022). "Robredo, Marcos Jr. set own proclamation rallies". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
234. ^ Villegas, Gab Humilde. "It's showtime, folks as campaign begins". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
235. ^ "Bongbong, Sara to hold proclamation rally at PH arena". Manila Bulletin. January 31, 2022. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
236. ^ "LIVE UPDATES: Leni Robredo-Kiko Pangilinan proclamation rally". RAPPLER. February 7, 2022. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
237. ^ "Presidential bet Abella's campaign takeoff set in Cavite on February 9". GMA News Online. February 7, 2022. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
238. ^ Flores, Helen. "Duterte not endorsing any bet 'at this time'". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
239. ^ Galvez, Daphne (February 8, 2022). "Pacquiao-Atienza tandem kicks off campaign in General Santos City". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
240. ^ "Leody De Guzman claims party applied for permit but lacked documents". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
241. ^ Blancaflor, M. J. "Support for Leni-Sara in May 2022 unsurprising, says Robredo camp". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
242. ^ "Why Isko didn't bring Doc Willie to Mindanao sorties". ABS-CBN News. February 22, 2022. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
243. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (March 16, 2022). "BIR confirms sending written demand to Marcos family on P203 billion tax liabilities". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
244. ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson. "BIR confirms demanding P203.8 billion in taxes from Marcos". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
245. ^ a b Mercado, Neil Arwin (March 16, 2022). "Marcos Jr. claims 'fake news involved' in ill-gotten wealth, estate tax cases". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
246. ^ Ramos, Christia Mae. "Lacson: 'No ill-feelings' towards Alvarez, other Reporma officials for shifting to another bet". INQUIRER.net. pp. March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
247. ^ Yang, Angelica (March 24, 2022). "Lacson quits Partido Reporma to run as independent". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
248. ^ Tamayo, Bernadette (March 24, 2022). "Lacson resigns as Partido Reporma chairman, to run as independent". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
249. ^ "Comelec says Lacson not running as 'independent' despite quitting Partido Reporma". CNN Philippines. March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
250. ^ Llanesca, Panti (March 24, 2022). "Partido Reporma switches support to Robredo in 2022 prexy race". GMA News. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
251. ^ a b Yang, Angelica (March 25, 2022). "Alvarez denies asking for P800 million from Lacson". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
252. ^ Yang, Angelica (March 24, 2022). "Several Partido Reporma members resign to support Lacson's presidential bid". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
253. ^ Mogato, Manuel (March 24, 2022). "Graceful Exit? Lacson Resigns As Partido Reporma Shifts Support To Robredo". One News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
254. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (March 25, 2022). "Add'tl P800-M for Partido Reporma local bets behind Alvarez's withdrawal of support — Lacson". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
255. ^ Talabong, Rambo (March 24, 2022). "Tito Sotto is still Reporma's VP bet". RAPPLER. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
256. ^ Arcangel, Xianne (March 31, 2022). "Atienza 'seriously' considering backing out of VP race – but wants Lacson to withdraw, too". cnnphilippines.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
257. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (March 31, 2022). "Lacson nixes Atienza's call to drop presidential bid: 'He should go back to school, study GMRC'". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
258. ^ "Atienza hits back at Lacson: Learn some manners". RAPPLER. April 1, 2022. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
259. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (April 8, 2022). "Atienza apologizes to Lacson after call to drop presidential bid". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
260. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (April 8, 2022). "Lacson accepts Atienza's apology for asking senator to quit presidential bid". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
261. ^ Gonzales, Catherine (April 9, 2022). "Lacson says he was asked to drop prexy bid for Robredo-Sotto tandem". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
262. ^ Yang, Angelica (April 11, 2022). "Lacson says ex-QC Mayor Simon approached him to withdraw from race". Philstar. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
263. ^ Panti, Llanesca (April 11, 2022). "Lacson claims Robredo camp asked him, Kiko, to drop for Leni-Sotto ticket; Gutierrez says no such move". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
264. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (April 11, 2022). "Lacson bares ex-QC mayor Simon asked him to back out for Robredo-Sotto tandem". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
265. ^ "Presidential bets Lacson, Pacquiao, Moreno, Gonzales, Abella to hold Easter Sunday presscon". GMA News Online. April 16, 2022. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
266. ^ Bernardo, Jaehwa (April 17, 2022). "4 presidential bets not backing out of Halalan 2022". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
267. ^ Fernandez, Daniza (April 17, 2022). "Several presidential bets: No backing out of 2022 race". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
268. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (April 19, 2022). "Campaign manager 'relieved' after Pacquiao unable to join Easter presser". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
269. ^ Torregoza, Hannah (April 17, 2022). "Lacson: None of us are withdrawing our presidential bids". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
270. ^ Ramos, Jaleen (April 17, 2022). "'Hinuhubaran kami' – Mayor Isko rues efforts to raid his and Lacson's ranks of supporters". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
271. ^ Domingo, Katrina (April 17, 2022). "'Cannot be trusted': Isko, Lacson hit Robredo for 'fooling' other pres'l bets during unity talks". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
272. ^ Ramos, Jaleen (April 17, 2022). "Mayor Isko asks VP Leni to withdraw from presidential race and instead — 'come and join us'". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
273. ^ Rappler Talk: What went wrong in Isko Moreno campaign and how to fix it. Rappler. April 29, 2022. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022 - via YouTube.
274. ^ Cos, Wena (April 17, 2022). "Robredo camp to 3 fellow presidential bets: 'Who benefits from such theatrics?'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
275. ^ Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (April 18, 2022). "2021 photos of Moreno, Marcos dining resurface after viral Manila Pen presser". InterAksyon. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
276. ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (April 20, 2022). "FACT CHECK: Photos Of Isko Moreno With Bongbong Marcos Being Spread On Social Media Need Context". One News PH. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
277. ^ Domingo, Katrina (April 18, 2022). "Isko explains photo with Marcos, blames Leni camp for resurfacing pic". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
278. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (April 19, 2022). "'Taste of their own medicine': Isko Moreno doubles down on pushing Robredo's withdrawal". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
279. ^ Colcol, Erwin (April 17, 2022). "Isko Moreno Says Leni Withdraw Call is Not 'Macho Politics'". Reportr World. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
280. ^ Limpot, Kristel (May 6, 2022). "VP bet David officially endorses Robredo for president". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
281. ^ "FINAL PUSH: The miting de avance schedules of the 2022 presidential candidates". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
282. ^ "3 rallies to cap UniTeam campaign". The Manila Times. May 2, 2022. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
283. ^ Sarao, Zacarian (May 3, 2022). "Robredo-Pangilinan miting de avance: Naga City on May 6, Makati City on May 7". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
284. ^ "Mayor Isko to hold miting de avance in Moriones, Tondo on May 7". Manila Bulletin. May 5, 2022. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
285. ^ Torres, Sherrie Ann (May 2, 2022). "Pacquiao dubs his presidential fight as 'revolution of the poor'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
286. ^ Bordey, Hana (May 6, 2022). "Lacson on Cavite miting de avance: I want to value my kababayans' support despite local leaders turning back on me". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
287. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (May 3, 2022). "Lacson, Sotto won't do 'traditional' miting de avance to end 2022 campaign". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
288. ^ "De Guzman, Bello begin to cap off 'historic' Labor first campaign". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
289. ^ Garner, Jom. "Congress concludes canvassing of votes for prexy, VP". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
290. ^ a b Peña, Kurt Dela (May 17, 2022). "From 2016 to 2022: Provinces' flip key to Marcos win". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
291. ^ a b Abad, Michelle (May 25, 2022). "Marcos, Sara Duterte win overseas Filipino vote". The Rappler. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
292. ^ a b Peña, Kurt Dela (May 17, 2022). "From 2016 to 2022: Provinces' flip key to Marcos win". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
293. ^ "In overseas election, Robredo-Pangilinan tandem wins only in Vatican City". RAPPLER. May 25, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
294. ^ a b "Halalan 2022 Philippine Election Results". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
295. ^ Noriega, Richa (May 9, 2022). "Comelec exec: No extension of voting hours, but voters within 30 meters from polling place by 7 p.m. may vote". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
296. ^ a b "Transmission of 2022 election returns faster than previous polls — Comelec". Manila Bulletin. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
297. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (May 10, 2022). "Faster transmission of election returns due to better facilities, personnel — Comelec". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
298. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (May 10, 2022). "'My gratitude can't wait': Bongbong Marcos delivers 'address to the nation' after runaway lead in polls". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
299. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 9, 2022). "We should listen to the voice of voters, says Leni Robredo". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
300. ^ "Mayor Isko concedes defeat, urges unity under Marcos administration". Manila Bulletin. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
301. ^ "Manny Pacquiao concedes to Marcos Jr". RAPPLER. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
302. ^ "Doc Willie Ong wishes BBM, Sara success as he concedes defeat". Manila Bulletin. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
303. ^ Locus, Sundy (May 10, 2022). "Mangondato, running mate Serapio concede to Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
304. ^ "Manny Lopez concedes in Eleksyon 2022: People deserve the leaders they elect". GMA News Online. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
305. ^ Gascon, Melvin (May 11, 2022). "Lacson heads home to Cavite; Sotto concedes". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
306. ^ "Ka Leody concedes from Palace race". Manila Bulletin. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
307. ^ Ombay, Giselle (May 10, 2022). "Walden Bello to Bongbong: F— you, the battle has just begun". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
308. ^ "Militants stage protest march vs 'election fraud'". Manila Bulletin. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
309. ^ Garcia, Justine (May 10, 2022). "Various organizations holding a protest outside Comelec on Tuesday, May 10, a day after the Philippine national elections". Rappler (via twitter.com). Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
310. ^ "'Change the rotten system:' Protests set as Marcos Jr. leads presidential race". ABS-CBN News. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
311. ^ Gregorio, Xave. "Asserting 'poll fraud', protesters reject Marcos victory at Comelec HQ". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
312. ^ "Comelec denies cheating claims in 2022 elections". ABS-CBN News. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
313. ^ Ombay, Giselle (May 10, 2022). "Nothing to worry about fast vote transmission during Eleksyon 2022 –LENTE". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
314. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 9, 2022). "Leaving ballots part of protocol if VCMs malfunction, says Comelec". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
315. ^ "PPCRV: No irregularities so far in partial, unofficial count". Manila Bulletin. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
316. ^ a b Villa, Jane Bautista, Kathleen de (May 12, 2022). "PPCRV finds no anomalies in presidential race count". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
317. ^ ABS-CBN News; Navallo, Mike (May 17, 2022). "Disqualification petition vs Bongbong Marcos reaches Supreme Court". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
318. ^ Patag, Kristine Joy. "DQ case vs Marcos reaches Supreme Court". Philstar.com. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
319. ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (June 28, 2022). "SC dismisses disqualification cases vs Bongbong Marcos". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
320. ^ David, Randy (July 30, 2023). "Lingering doubts about the 2022 election". Inquirer Opinion. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
321. ^ a b c Jaymalin, Mayen (July 27, 2023). "Comelec denies rigging 2022 elections". Philstar.com. Philstar Global Corp. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
322. ^ Panganiban, Artemio V. (August 28, 2023). "Was the Smartmatic election system rigged?". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
323. ^ "Xi, Biden congratulate Marcos JNR on win as China, US vie for influence". May 12, 2022.
324. ^ "U.S. welcomes Marcos victory in Philippines -Blinken". Reuters. May 11, 2022. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
325. ^ "Japan looks forward to working with new Philippine admin". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
326. ^ "China committed to friendship and working with Philippines under Marcos - embassy". Reuters. May 11, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
327. ^ "Readout of President Biden's Call with Philippine President-Elect Ferdinand Marcos Jr". The White House. May 12, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
328. ^ "Biden calls to congratulate presumptive Philippine president". AP NEWS. May 12, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
329. ^ a b "'Shift to higher gear': Philippines' Bongbong Marcos talks up closer ties with China". May 19, 2022.

* v
* t
* e

Presidential elections in the Philippines

Direct elections|

* 1935
* 1941
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1981
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

Candidates|

* 1935
* 1941
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1981
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

Canvassing|

* 1935
* 1941
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1981
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

Polling|

* 1935
* 1941
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1981
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

Indirect elections|

* 1899
* 1943

Referendums|

* 1973
* 1977

Katipunan conferences|

* Imus Assembly (1896)
* Tejeros Convention (March 1897)
* Biak-na-Bato conference (November 1897)

* Tydings–McDuffie Act
* People Power Revolution
* Hello Garci scandal
* Elections in the Philippines
* Provincial results
* Election tickets
* Campaign slogans

* v
* t
* e

2022 Philippine general election

| <- 2019 | 2022 | 2025 ->

|
|

President and
vice president|

* Summary
* Debates
* PiliPinas Debates 2022
* PiliPinas Forum 2022‎
* Candidates
* Polling
* Congressional canvass

Presidential
tickets|

* Leody de Guzman/Walden Bello (PLM)
* campaign
* Panfilo Lacson (Reporma)/Tito Sotto (NPC)
* campaign
* Faisal Mangondato/Carlos Serapio (KPP)
* Bongbong Marcos (PFP)/Sara Duterte (Lakas)
* campaign
* endorsements
* Isko Moreno/Willie Ong (Aksyon)
* campaign
* Manny Pacquiao/Lito Atienza (PROMDI)
* campaign
* Leni Robredo (Independent)/Francis Pangilinan (Liberal)
* campaign
* endorsements

Standalone
candidates|

* For president: Ernesto Abella (Independent)
* Norberto Gonzales (PDSP)
* For vice president: Manny SD Lopez (WPP)

Withdrew|

* Ronald dela Rosa (PDP–Laban) and Bong Go (PDDS)
* campaigns

Congress|

| Senate|

* Summary
* Candidates
* Polling
* Senators elected

Coalitions|

* LEAD
* MP3 Alliance
* TRoPa
* UniTeam Alliance

House|

* Summary
* Retiring and term-limited incumbents

District|

* Per congressional district
* Per region
* IV-A
* VIII
* NCR

Local|

* Summary
* Gubernatorial elections

Luzon|

* Angeles
* Baguio
* Bataan
* Batanes
* Batangas
* Tanauan
* Bulacan
* Marilao
* Cavite
* Bacoor
* Ilocos Norte
* Ilocos Sur
* Isabela
* Laguna
* Cabuyao
* Calamba
* Majayjay
* Santa Cruz
* Marinduque
* Nueva Vizcaya
* Occidental Mindoro
* Oriental Mindoro
* Quezon
* Rizal
* Antipolo
* San Mateo
* Taytay
* Zambales

Visayas|

* Bacolod
* Bohol
* Cebu
* Talisay
* Mandaue
* Cebu City
* Lapu-Lapu City
* Siquijor
* Tacloban

Mindanao|

* Basilan
* Cotabato City
* Iligan
* Sarangani
* Zamboanga del Norte
* Zamboanga del Sur
* Zamboanga Sibugay

* 19th Congress of the Philippines
* 2022 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in the Philippines

General elections|

* 1898
* 1907
* 1909
* 1912
* 1916
* 1919
* 1922
* 1925
* 1928
* 1931
* 1934
* 1935
* 1941
* 1943
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1978
* 1984
* 1987
* 1992
* 1995
* 1998
* 2001
* 2004
* 2007
* 2010
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

Presidential elections|

* 1935
* 1941
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1981
* 1986
* 1992
* 1998
* 2004
* 2010
* 2016
* 2022

Senate elections|

* 1916
* 1919
* 1922
* 1925
* 1928
* 1931
* 1934
* 1941
* 1946
* 1947
* 1949
* 1951
* 1953
* 1955
* 1957
* 1959
* 1961
* 1963
* 1965
* 1967
* 1969
* 1971
* 1987
* 1992
* 1995
* 1998
* 2001
* 2004
* 2007
* 2010
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

House elections|

* 1898
* 1907
* 1909
* 1912
* 1916
* 1919
* 1922
* 1925
* 1928
* 1931
* 1934
* 1935
* 1938
* 1941
* 1943
* 1946
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1978
* 1984
* 1987
* 1992
* 1995
* 1998
* 2001
* 2004
* 2007
* 2010
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

Constitutional conventions|

* 1934
* 1970

Local elections|

* 1895
* 1899
* 1905
* 1909
* 1912
* 1919
* 1922
* 1925
* 1928
* 1931
* 1934
* 1937
* 1941
* 1943
* 1947
* 1951
* 1955
* 1959
* 1963
* 1967
* 1971
* 1980
* 1988
* 1992
* 1995
* 1998
* 2001
* 2004
* 2007
* 2010
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

Barangay elections|

* 1960
* 1962
* 1964
* 1968
* 1972
* 1982
* 1989
* 1994
* 1997
* 2002
* 2007
* 2010
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Referendums|

* 1599
* 1935
* 1937
* 1939
* 1940
* 1947
* 1967
* 1973 (Jan)
* 1973 (Jul)
* 1975
* 1976
* 1977
* 1981 (Apr)
* 1981 (Jun)
* 1984
* 1987

* Per year
* Per type
* Presidential
* Senatorial
* Barangay
* Special
* Local elections and plebiscites

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[transl.]: translation
*[Ref.]: Refused
*[MoE]: Margin of error
*[Und.]: Undecided
*[lit.]: literal translation