2023 Dutch general election

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All 150 seats in the House of Representatives
76 seats needed for a majority
Turnout| 77.74% ( 0.97 pp)[1]
| Party | Leader  | % | Seats  | +/–

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PVV | Geert Wilders | 23.49  | 37  | +20
GL/PvdA | Frans Timmermans | 15.75  | 25  | +8
VVD | Dilan Yeşilgöz | 15.24  | 24  | −10
NSC | Pieter Omtzigt | 12.88  | 20  | New
D66 | Rob Jetten | 6.29  | 9  | −15
BBB | Caroline van der Plas | 4.65  | 7  | +6
CDA | Henri Bontenbal | 3.31  | 5  | −10
SP | Lilian Marijnissen | 3.15  | 5  | −4
DENK | Stephan van Baarle | 2.37  | 3  | 0
PvdD | Esther Ouwehand | 2.26  | 3  | −3
FvD | Thierry Baudet | 2.23  | 3  | −5
SGP | Chris Stoffer | 2.08  | 3  | 0
CU | Mirjam Bikker | 2.03  | 3  | −2
Volt | Laurens Dassen | 1.71  | 2  | −1
JA21 | Joost Eerdmans | 0.68  | 1  | −2

This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Map of most-voted party by municipality

Cabinet before | Cabinet after

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Fourth Rutte cabinet
VVD–D66–CDA–CU | TBD

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2023 to elect the members of the House of Representatives.[2][3] The elections had been expected to be held in 2025 but a snap election was called after the fourth Rutte cabinet collapsed on 7 July 2023 due to immigration policy disagreements between the coalition parties.[4] The incumbent prime minister Mark Rutte announced that he would not lead his party into the election and that he would retire from politics.[5]

In what was described as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",[6] the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders, won 37 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, becoming the largest party for the first time.[6][7][8] All four parties of the incumbent coalition government suffered losses.[9]

After the election, a cabinet formation started to determine which parties will form the coalition government.

## Background[edit]

The 2021 Dutch general election resulted in the formation of the fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Democrats 66 (D66), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Christian Union (CU). Mark Rutte, leader of VVD, continued in his role as prime minister.[10]

Since 2019, the government has had the intention to limit the human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Its nitrogen bill has met resistance from several opposition parties including the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), which was founded in 2019 and entered the House of Representatives with one seat in 2021. The 2023 Dutch provincial elections, which were won by the BBB, led to heavy losses for the ruling coalition. Since the provincial councils indirectly elect the Dutch Senate,[11] it meant that the ruling coalition had to face more difficulty passing legislation.[12]

The government resigned on 7 July 2023 after the four parties failed to agree on a proposed limitation of family reunification for refugees fleeing armed conflict.[4][13] The coalition government led by Mark Rutte collapsed ahead of the anticipated November elections due to irreconcilable disagreements on migration issues.[14] The dispute arose from Rutte's proposal to tighten restrictions on the reunification of asylum seekers' families, aiming to reduce the number of migrants following a previous scandal involving overcrowded migration centers. CDA supported Rutte's proposal, while the opposition of CU and D66 led to a breakdown in negotiations. The parties decided unanimously that they could not remain together in the coalition.[15][16][17][18] The king asked that the prime minister and his government continue to carry out their duties in a caretaker capacity.[19] This could have been seen as a move by Rutte to keep migration on the center stage as his party was disunited on his nitrogen policies.[20]

### Leadership changes[edit]

On 10 July 2023 Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would not run again as lead candidate for the VVD, and leave politics when a new cabinet would be sworn in. Other party leaders and parliamentary leaders also announced they would not return, including Sigrid Kaag (D66), Wopke Hoekstra, Pieter Heerma (both CDA),[21] Attje Kuiken (PvdA),[22] Kees van der Staaij (SGP),[23] Farid Azarkan (DENK),[24] Liane den Haan (independent),[25] Nilüfer Gündoğan (independent),[26] and Sylvana Simons (BIJ1).[27] Jesse Klaver announced that, although he wanted to continue as member of parliament, he would not be candidate for leader of the Labour Party–GroenLinks alliance. Additionally, Vera Bergkamp, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, did not stand for reelection.[28]

## Electoral system[edit]

Main article: Elections in the Netherlands

Ballot of the 2023 Dutch general election

Pursuant to articles C.1, C.2 and C.3 of the electoral law, elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years in March, unless a snap election is called. The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by open list proportional representation. The number of seats per list is determined using the D'Hondt method. A list must receive a number of votes equal to or exceeding the Hare quota (1 full seat) in order to qualify for seat distribution, meaning there is an electoral threshold of 0.67%.[29] Voters have the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively 1/4 of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.[30][31]

## Political parties and lead candidates[edit]

The following parties participated in the election and were on the ballot:

List  | Party  | Main ideology  | Lead candidate | 2021 result | Districts | Ref.

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1  |  | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | VVD | Conservative liberalism | Dilan Yeşilgöz | 21.87% (34 seats)  | 20  | [32]
2  |  | Democrats 66 | D66 | Social liberalism | Rob Jetten | 15.02% (24 seats)  | 20  | [33]
3  |  |

GroenLinks–PvdA

* GreenLeft
* Labour Party

| GL/PvdA | Social democracy, green politics | Frans Timmermans | 10.88% (17 seats)[a] | 20  | [34][35]
4  |  | Party for Freedom | PVV | Nationalism, right-wing populism | Geert Wilders | 10.79% (17 seats)  | 20  | [36]
5  |  | Christian Democratic Appeal | CDA | Christian democracy | Henri Bontenbal | 9.50% (15 seats)  | 20  | [37][38]
6  |  | Socialist Party | SP | Democratic socialism, left-wing populism | Lilian Marijnissen | 5.98% (9 seats)  | 20  | [39]
7  |  | Forum for Democracy | FVD | National conservatism, right-wing populism | Thierry Baudet | 5.02% (8 seats)  | 20  | [40]
8  |  | Party for the Animals | PvdD | Environmentalism, Animal rights advocacy  | Esther Ouwehand | 3.84% (6 seats)  | 20  | [41]
9  |  | Christian Union | CU | Christian democracy | Mirjam Bikker | 3.37% (5 seats)  | 20  | [42]
10  |  | Volt Netherlands | Volt | Eurofederalism | Laurens Dassen | 2.42% (3 seats)  | 20  | [43][44]
11  |  | JA21 | JA21 | Conservative liberalism, right-wing populism | Joost Eerdmans | 2.37% (3 seats)  | 20  | [45]
12  |  | Reformed Political Party | SGP | Christian right | Chris Stoffer | 2.07% (3 seats)  | 20  | [46]
13  |  | DENK | DENK | Minority interests | Stephan van Baarle | 2.03% (3 seats)  | 20  | [47]
14  |  | 50PLUS | 50+ | Pensioners' interests | Gerard van Hooft | 1.02% (1 seat)  | 20  | [48]
15  |  | Farmer–Citizen Movement | BBB | Agrarianism | Caroline van der Plas | 1.00% (1 seat)  | 20  | [49]
16  |  | BIJ1 | BIJ1 | Anti-racism | Edson Olf | 0.84% (1 seat)  | 20  | [50][51]
17  |  |

Pirate Party–The Greens

* Pirate Party
* The Greens

| PPNL/DG | Pirate politics, green politics | Mark van Treuren | 0.22% (0 seats)[b] | 20  | [52][53]
18  |  | Interest of the Netherlands | BVNL | Right-wing populism, conservative liberalism | Wybren van Haga | —  | 20  | [54]
19  |  | New Social Contract | NSC | Christian democracy | Pieter Omtzigt | —  | 20  | [55]
20  |  | Splinter | SPL | Anti-identity politics | Femke Merel van Kooten-Arissen | 0.29% (0 seats)  | 20  | [56]
21  |  | Libertarian Party | LP | Libertarianism | Tom van Lamoen | 0.05% (0 seats)  | 19  | [57]
22  |  | LEF – For the New Generation | LEF | Youth politics | Daniël van Duijn | —  | 19  | [58]
23  |  | Together for the Netherlands | SvN | Right-wing populism | Michel Reijinga | —  | 19  | [59][60]
24  |  | Netherlands with a Plan | NLPLAN | Participatory democracy | Kok Kuen Chan | —  | 17  | [61]
25  |  | Party for Sports | PvdS | Health promotion | Annemarie van Duivenboden | —  | 11  | [62]
26  |  | Political Party for Basic Income | PPvB | Universal basic income advocacy  | Sepp Hannen | —  | 8  | [63]

## Campaign[edit]

### Debates[edit]

Dutch general election debates, 2023

Date  | Organisers  | Channel  | Venue  |  P Present  I Invited  NI Not invited  A Absent  | Ref.

Baudet

Bikker

Bontenbal

Dassen

Eerdmans

Jetten

Marijnissen

Olf

Omtzigt

Ouwehand

Stoffer

Timmermans

Van Baarle

Van der Plas

Van Haga

Wilders

Yeşilgöz-Zegerius

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
22 October  | College Tour | NPO 3 | Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | P | NI | NI | P | [64]
30 October  | GL/PvdA, NSC | YouTube | Luxor Live, Arnhem | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | [65][66]
3 November  | NOS | NPO Radio 1 | Nieuwspoort, The Hague | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | [67]
5 November  | RTL Nieuws | RTL 4 | Felix Meritis, Amsterdam  | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | [68]
12 November  | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | P | NI | A | P | NI | A | NI | P | NI | P | P | [69]
16 November  | Talpa TV | SBS6 | Media Park, Hilversum | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | P | P | [70]
17 November  | ND Verkiezingsdebat | YouTube | De Basiliek, Veenendaal | NI | P | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | [71]
17 November  | SP, NSC | YouTube | Unknown  | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | [72]
17 November  | EenVandaag | NPO 1 | Media Park, Hilversum  | NI | P | P | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | [73]
18 November  | NI | NI | NI | P | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | NI | NI | [73]
18 November  | Omroep Brabant,
Omroep Zeeland, L1  | Evoluon, Eindhoven | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | P | NI | A | P | NI | A | NI | P | NI | P | P | [74]
19 November  | Jeugdjournaal | NPO 3 | Media Park, Hilversum  | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | A | NI | NI | P | NI | P | NI | P | P | [67]
20 November  | EenVandaag | NPO 1 | Ahoy, Rotterdam | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | P | NI | P | P | [73]
21 November  | NOS | B67, The Hague  | P | P | NI | P | P | NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | NI | P | NI | P | NI | NI | [67]
NI | NI | P | NI | NI | P | P | NI | P | P | NI | P | NI | P | NI | P | P | [67]

### NOS op 3 debates[edit]

In addition to the conventional debates, a series of debates between two or three party leaders were hosted by news program NOS op 3. The debates are broadcast through the programme's media outlets, such as radio and YouTube. The debates were broadcast in real-time and were held with a select group of young people present, who, in addition to the viewers on the YouTube live stream, asked the candidates various questions.[75]

* 30 October: Mirjam Bikker (CU) and Esther Ouwehand (PvdD)
* 31 October: Pieter Omtzigt (NSC) and Frans Timmermans (GL/PvdA)
* 1 November: Thierry Baudet (FvD) and Rob Jetten (D66)
* 2 November: Caroline van der Plas (BBB) and Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (VVD)
* 3 November: Laurens Dassen (Volt), Edson Olf (BIJ1) and Chris Stoffer (SGP)
* 4 November: Henri Bontenbal (CDA) and Lilian Marijnissen (SP)
* 5 November: Joost Eerdmans (JA21), Stephan van Baarle (DENK) and Wybren van Haga (BVNL)

### Assaults and attacks on Thierry Baudet[edit]

Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the far-right[76] Forum for Democracy (FvD) was attacked with an umbrella upon his arrival at Ghent University on 26 October 2023,[77][78] resulting in a mild concussion.

On 20 November, Baudet was beaten with a beer bottle at a campaign event in Groningen, and was later hospitalised. Numerous politicians denounced the attack, with Mark Rutte stating that the attack was "totally unacceptable".[79][80] The antifascist far-left group AFA Noord claimed responsibility for the attack.[81][82]

## Opinion polls[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Dutch general election

The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) established a lead in the polls following its victory in the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, but started to decline in May 2023, and further declined when Pieter Omtzigt announced he would contest the election with his newly established party New Social Contract (NSC), which immediately performed well in the polls at the expense of BBB.[83] In the last polls before the election, NSC declined because it was unclear whether Pieter Omtzigt was willing to serve as prime minister should his party win the election. Their voters mostly diverted to VVD and PVV.[84]

## Results[edit]

Delft City Hall on election day 2023

Geert Wilders' PVV won 37 seats of the 150-seat parliament, more than doubling their seats from the previous election in 2021. The left-leaning GroenLinks–PvdA (GL-PvdA) finished second with 25 seats. The VVD party ended third with 24 seats. NSC came fourth with 20 seats.[8]

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| Party for Freedom (PVV)| 2,450,878| 23.49| 37| +20
| GroenLinks–PvdA (GL/PvdA)| 1,643,073| 15.75| 25| +8
| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD)| 1,589,519| 15.24| 24| −10
| New Social Contract (NSC)| 1,343,287| 12.88| 20| New
| Democrats 66 (D66)| 656,292| 6.29| 9| −15
| Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB)| 485,551| 4.65| 7| +6
| Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA)| 345,822| 3.31| 5| −10
| Socialist Party (SP)| 328,225| 3.15| 5| –4
| DENK| 246,765| 2.37| 3| 0
| Party for the Animals (PvdD)| 235,148| 2.25| 3| −3
| Forum for Democracy (FvD)| 232,963| 2.23| 3| −5
| Reformed Political Party (SGP)| 217,270| 2.08| 3| 0
| Christian Union (CU)| 212,532| 2.04| 3| −2
| Volt Netherlands (Volt)| 178,802| 1.71| 2| −1
| JA21| 71,345| 0.68| 1| −2
| Belang van Nederland| 52,913| 0.51| 0| New
| 50PLUS| 51,043| 0.49| 0| −1
| BIJ1| 44,253| 0.42| 0| −1
| Splinter| 12,838| 0.12| 0| 0
| Pirate Party–The Greens| 9,117| 0.09| 0| 0
| Netherlands with a Plan| 5,487| 0.05| 0| New
| Together for the Netherlands| 5,325| 0.05| 0| New
| LEF – For the New Generation| 5,122| 0.05| 0| New
| Libertarian Party| 4,152| 0.04| 0| 0
| Party for Sports| 3,966| 0.04| 0| New
| Political Party for Basic Income| 1,038| 0.01| 0| New
Total| 10,432,726| 100.00| 150| –
Valid votes| 10,432,726| 99.59|
Invalid votes| 19,656| 0.19|
Blank votes| 22,821| 0.22|
Total votes| 10,475,203| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 13,473,750| 77.75|
Source: [1]

| Popular vote

|  |
PVV |

| 23.49%
GL-PvdA |

| 15.75%
VVD |

| 15.24%
NSC |

| 12.88%
D66 |

| 6.29%
BBB |

| 4.65%
CDA |

| 3.31%
SP |

| 3.15%
DENK |

| 2.37%
PvdD |

| 2.25%
FvD |

| 2.23%
SGP |

| 2.08%
CU |

| 2.04%
Volt |

| 1.71%
JA21 |

| 0.68%
Other |

| 1.87%

### By province[edit]

Results by province[85] Province | PVV | GL-
PvdA | VVD | NSC | D66 | BBB | CDA | SP | DENK | FvD | PvdD | SGP | CU | Volt | JA21 | Others

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Drenthe | 26.0 | 14.0  | 12.6  | 16.0  | 4.5  | 8.8  | 3.7  | 3.3  | 0.5  | 2.3  | 1.8  | 0.8  | 2.6  | 1.0  | 0.6  | 0.8
Flevoland | 26.6 | 11.8  | 14.8  | 12.2  | 4.5  | 5.2  | 2.5  | 3.2  | 3.3  | 3.3  | 1.9  | 3.8  | 2.6  | 1.1  | 0.7  | 2.6
Friesland | 24.5 | 14.6  | 11.2  | 16.3  | 4.3  | 8.3  | 5.3  | 3.4  | 0.4  | 2.7  | 1.8  | 1.0  | 2.7  | 0.9  | 0.7  | 1.7
Gelderland | 22.2 | 15.4  | 14.4  | 13.2  | 5.9  | 6.2  | 3.6  | 2.9  | 1.4  | 2.0  | 2.2  | 4.1  | 2.8  | 1.5  | 0.6  | 1.5
Groningen | 21.8 | 20.2  | 9.9  | 14.6  | 5.7  | 6.1  | 3.0  | 4.5  | 0.8  | 2.3  | 2.7  | 0.9  | 3.4  | 1.9  | 0.6  | 1.7
Limburg | 33.3 | 13.5  | 13.8  | 14.1  | 4.8  | 4.4  | 3.4  | 3.7  | 1.2  | 2.3  | 1.7  | 0.1  | 0.3  | 1.0  | 0.6  | 1.7
North Brabant | 26.9 | 13.1  | 18.1  | 12.7  | 6.6  | 4.4  | 3.5  | 4.1  | 1.8  | 1.9  | 1.8  | 0.4  | 0.6  | 1.6  | 0.7  | 1.7
North Holland | 19.8  | 20.7 | 17.1  | 10.1  | 7.9  | 3.2  | 2.3  | 3.1  | 3.4  | 2.5  | 3.1  | 0.3  | 1.0  | 2.3  | 0.7  | 2.8
Overijssel | 22.0 | 11.6  | 11.1  | 21.9  | 4.3  | 8.5  | 3.5  | 2.4  | 1.4  | 2.1  | 1.5  | 3.0  | 3.4  | 1.3  | 0.6  | 1.1
South Holland | 24.4 | 14.7  | 16.0  | 10.9  | 6.4  | 2.6  | 3.3  | 2.7  | 4.1  | 2.4  | 2.3  | 3.1  | 2.4  | 1.8  | 0.8  | 1.9
Utrecht | 17.6  | 20.5 | 16.2  | 10.5  | 8.4  | 2.8  | 3.4  | 2.3  | 3.1  | 1.8  | 2.8  | 2.8  | 3.0  | 2.6  | 0.6  | 1.6
Zeeland | 23.9 | 11.1  | 14.7  | 12.1  | 4.1  | 5.9  | 4.3  | 3.1  | 0.8  | 2.5  | 1.8  | 9.7  | 2.9  | 0.7  | 0.7  | 1.7
Caribbean Netherlands | 10.9  | 13.8  | 10.7  | 8.2  | 26.2 | 5.0  | 1.6  | 1.5  | 0.4  | 2.3  | 2.2  | 0.4  | 11.7  | 1.4  | 0.3  | 3.5
Postal voters abroad | 6.3  | 28.6 | 17.4  | 12.1  | 10.5  | 3.2  | 1.9  | 1.9  | 0.3  | 3.3  | 4.0  | 0.7  | 1.6  | 5.2  | 0.8  | 2.2

## Aftermath[edit]

### Political analysis[edit]

International media described the results as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",[86] and as a landslide victory for the Party for Freedom (PVV).[87][88][89] Many analysts speculated that the rise of the PVV was due to great debate performances by Wilders in the weeks upcoming to the election. Since the largest issue of the election was shifted to the topic of migration it helped to boost the appeal of Wilders.[90] Some politics journalists opined that Wilders was able to build wider support by softening some of his statements after VVD leader Dilan Yeşilgöz suggested she might include the PVV in negotiations and declaring in a debate that he would be "a Prime Minister for all Dutch people."[91] Others commented ahead of the election that newer anti-establishment and alternative parties to the PVV such as the Forum for Democracy, JA21, BBB and Pieter Omtzigt's New Social Contract ran out of steam after voters had experimented with them before moving back to the PVV as Wilders had remained a stronger and more consistent political figure.[92]

In addition, the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA coalition, Frans Timmermans, was disliked by many right wingers, and since the VVD and NSC did not directly rule out working with either PVV or GL-PvdA, this led to right-wing voters consolidating around Wilders in order to prevent a Timmermans premiership.[93] The Farmer–Citizen Movement saw a decline from their peak in the provincial elections in March, with many of their voters going towards NSC or PVV as issues around nitrogen emissions were only a minor topic in the campaign.[94]

The results of the elections are expected to lead to protracted and complicated coalition talks. Outgoing Prime Minister Mark Rutte will remain in a caretaker capacity, and the incumbent coalition government will continue as a demissionary cabinet until the next coalition government is sworn in, which can take up to several months.

### Reactions[edit]

Following his victory, Wilders was praised by Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán. He was also praised by far-right leaders across Europe such as Marine Le Pen, Matteo Salvini, André Ventura, Alice Weidel, Tom Van Grieken, and Santiago Abascal.[95][96]

All parties of the incumbent coalition government lost seats in this election.[9] Incumbent coalition party Democrats 66 leader Rob Jetten blamed the senior coalition party VVD and its leader Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius for the successes of Wilders and the PVV in the election, saying on election night that "Yeşilgöz left the door wide open for Wilders" and blaming her party's campaign strategy for allowing "the politics of intolerance [to be] normalized while it should never be normal". Yeşilgöz denied her party's strategy was to blame for the PVV's success, saying, "It was not the VVD that made the PVV great. The voters did that."[97]

### Government formation[edit]

Main article: 2023–2024 Dutch cabinet formation

## See also[edit]

* List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ As the Labour Party (9 seats) and GroenLinks (8 seats)
2. ^ As the Pirate Party (0 seats) and The Greens (0 seats)

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Opkomst Tweede Kamerverkiezingen iets lager dan in 2021". 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
2. ^ "Dutch general election to take place on November 22". DutchNews.nl. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
3. ^ "Dutch voters will go to the polls on Nov. 22 after the fall of Mark Rutte's coalition". Associated Press News. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
4. ^ a b "Kabinet gevallen over asieldeal: Rutte weet nog niet of hij doorgaat als VVD-leider". ad.nl (in Dutch). 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
5. ^ "Rutte kondigt vertrek uit politiek aan: 'Niet meer beschikbaar als lijsttrekker VVD'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
6. ^ a b Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). "Anti-Islam populist Wilders heading for a massive win in Netherlands in a shock for Europe". Associated Press. The Hague. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
7. ^ Meijer, Bart; Deutsch, Anthony (22 November 2023). "Dutch election: Wilders' far-right party set for gains". Reuters. AMSTERDAM. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
8. ^ a b Henley, Jon; Pjotr, Sauer; Senay, Boztas (22 November 2023). "Far-right party set to win most seats in Dutch elections, exit polls show". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
9. ^ a b "Politieke aardverschuiving: PVV veruit de grootste, coalitie afgestraft" [Political landslide: PVV by far the largest, coalition punished]. NOS (in Dutch). 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
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## External links[edit]

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*[%]: Percentage vote share
*[+/–]: Seat change from last election
*[Ref.]: References
*[VVD]: Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie
*[D66]: Democraten 66
*[GL/PvdA]: GroenLinks–PvdA
*[PVV]: Partij voor de Vrijheid
*[CDA]: Christen-Democratisch Appèl
*[SP]: Socialistische Partij
*[FVD]: Forum voor Democratie
*[PvdD]: Partij voor de Dieren
*[CU]: ChristenUnie
*[Volt]: Volt Nederland
*[JA21]: JA21
*[SGP]: Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij
*[DENK]: DENK
*[50+]: 50PLUS
*[BBB]: BoerBurgerBeweging
*[BIJ1]: BIJ1
*[PPNL/DG]: Piratenpartij Nederland / De Groenen
*[BVNL]: Belang van Nederland
*[NSC]: Nieuw Sociaal Contract
*[SPL]: Splinter
*[LP]: Libertaire Partij
*[LEF]: LEF – Voor de Nieuwe Generatie
*[SvN]: Samen voor Nederland
*[NLPLAN]: Nederland met een PLAN (S.V.P.)
*[PvdS]: PartijvdSport
*[PPvB]: Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen
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