2024–25 European windstorm season

Windstorm season in Europe

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2024–2025 European windstorm season

Storm Bert, the strongest storm so far

First storm formed| 8 September 2024
Strongest storm1| Storm Bert 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Strongest wind gust| Storm Ashley 121 mph (195 km/h) at Cairngorm Summit, Inverness-shire, UK
Total storms| 25 (2)
Total fatalities| 71
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure and maximum recorded non-mountainous wind gust is also included for reference.

← 2023–2024

The 2024–2025 European windstorm season is the tenth and current season. It comprises a year, from 1 September to 31 August, except shifted a month later in the Eastern Mediterranean Group. The storm names were announced four days before the start of the season on 28 August 2024. This was the sixth season in which the Netherlands participated (through KNMI) alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann in the western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the eighth time, joined by Luxembourg's agency (Southwestern group). This is the fourth season of the Eastern Mediterranean and Central Mediterranean groups, in which they comprised respectively: Greece, Israel and Cyprus; and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta.

## Background and naming

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### Definitions and naming conventions

[edit]

Main article: Weather system naming in Europe

There is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universal system of naming storms.

In the Western Group, consisting of the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, a storm is named if one of those meteorological agencies issues an orange warning (known as amber in the UK per its National Severe Weather Warning Service system), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h, or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h. Required speeds vary slightly by agency and by season. Likelihood of on-land human impacts and inherent severity of the system further factors in whether to use the next pre-listed name.[1][2][3]

The Southwest Group conducts its own naming (Spain, Portugal, and France).[4]

For Greece to call upon the next name of its Group, the criteria are when forecast winds are above 50 km/h over land plus expected to impact infrastructure significantly.[5] For Denmark to do so, a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (25 m/s).[6]

The Meteorology Department of the Free University of Berlin (FUB) names all high and low-pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms.[7] A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems is sometimes recognized by the name given to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article.

Invoking the next listed name in Europe is commonly by a storm's forecast conditions in the next day or so - as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose.[2] A nascent storm very occasionally does not become or remain a storm when reaching the forecasting authority.

### Western Group (United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands)

[edit]

In 2015, the Met Office and Met Éireann asked the public for name suggestions; its first "Name our Storms" promotion. The offices produced the publicly nominated list for 2015–2018, common to both the UK and Ireland, with the Netherlands taking part from 2019 onwards.

These names were chosen for the 2024–2025 season in the UK, Ireland and Netherlands.[8] For a windstorm to be named, the United Kingdom's Met Office, Ireland's Met Eireann, or the Netherlands' Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) have to issue an amber weather warning, most often for wind, but a storm can also be named for amber warnings of rain and snow (e.g. Storm Arwen in 2021).[9]

* Ashley
* Bert
* Conall
* Darragh
* Éowyn (unused)
* Floris (unused)
* Gerben (unused)

* Hugo (unused)
* Izzy (unused)
* James (unused)
* Kayleigh (unused)
* Lewis (unused)
* Mavis (unused)
* Naoise (unused)

* Otje (unused)
* Poppy (unused)
* Rafi (unused)
* Sayuri (unused)
* Tilly (unused)
* Vivienne (unused)
* Wren (unused)

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### South-Western Group (France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg)

[edit]

This was the eighth year of the meteorological agencies of France, Spain and Portugal making a naming list of storms for their group.[10]

* Aitor
* Berenice
* Caetano
* Dorothea
* Enol
* Floriane
* Garoe (active)

* Herminia (unused)
* Ivo (unused)
* Jana (unused)
* Konrad (unused)
* Laurence (unused)
* Martinho (unused)
* Nuria (unused)

* Olivier (unused)
* Pauline (unused)
* Rudiger (unused)
* Salma (unused)
* Timothee (unused)
* Vanda (unused)
* Wolfgang (unused)

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### Central Mediterranean Group (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta)

[edit]

The following names are chosen for the 2024–25 season in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta on 1 September 2024.[11]

* Atena
* Boris
* Cassandra
* Dionisio
* Elena
* Felix
* Gabri

* Hans (unused)
* Ines (unused)
* Lukas (unused)
* Moira (unused)
* Nenu (unused)
* Oana (unused)
* Pino (unused)

* Rosa (unused)
* Sirio (unused)
* Talia (unused)
* Uli (unused)
* Vera (unused)
* Zoran (unused)

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### Eastern Mediterranean Group (Greece, Israel and Cyprus)

[edit]

The Eastern Mediterranean Group works slightly differently compared to other naming lists, instead of ending a season on 31 August of that year, they end the season on 30 September of that year. These are the names that were chosen for the 2024–25 season in Greece, Israel and Cyprus:[12]

* Alexandros
* Bora
* Coral (unused)
* Daphne (unused)
* Ermis (unused)
* Frida (unused)
* Gerasimos (unused)
* Hemera (unused)

* Ido (unused)
* Julia (unused)
* Kiniras (unused)
* Lea (unused)
* Marinos (unused)
* Nestor (unused)
* Ofek (unused)
* Pelagia (unused)

* Qesem (unused)
* Roni (unused)
* Solon (unused)
* Tria (unused)
* Uri (unused)
* Valeria (unused)
* Yam (unused)
* Zoe (unused)

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### Northern Group (Denmark, Norway and Sweden)

[edit]

This naming group, like the naming from the Free University of Berlin, does not use a naming list but names storms when it has not received a name by any other meteorological service in Europe and is projected to affect Denmark, Norway or Sweden.

* Jakob
* Sif

### Central/FUB naming Group (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary)

[edit]

Like the Northern Group, the Free University of Berlin names storms based on low pressures across the continent and does not use a naming list. The storms listed below were strong enough or were anticipated to cause equal or more disruption than if it were named by one of the other groups.[13]

* Quiteria
* Bianca
* Ginette

### Atlantic ex-tropical cyclones

[edit]

Ex-tropical cyclones (subtropical storms, tropical storms, or hurricanes) that directly impacted a European country from a 2024 Atlantic hurricane which became a European windstorm and retained its name as assigned by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, Florida.

* Kirk
* Leslie

## Season summary

[edit]

Western group

South-western group

Northern group

FUB naming group

Central Mediterranean group

North-eastern group

South-eastern group

Eastern Mediterranean group

All storms named by European meteorological organisations in their respective forecasting areas, as well as Atlantic hurricanes that transitioned into European windstorms and retained the name assigned by the National Hurricane Center:

## Storms

[edit]

### Storm Atena

[edit]

Storm Atena

Area affected| Italy, Greece, Croatia
Date of impact| 8–11 September 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Fatalities| 4[14][15]
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Atena was named on 8 September 2024 by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico.[11]

The storm system tracked across the Mediterranean, bringing heavy rainfall to Italy, where an orange rain and thunderstorm warning was issued for Puglia, prompting the naming of the system.[16]

Then in Croatia a red rain and thunderstorm warning was issued for the Dubrovnik region.[16]

Storm Atena was expected to bring heavy rain, storms, strong winds, and hail to Greece from the night of 9 September to the afternoon of 11 September. It affected most of the country: the western, centre-east, and northern parts of the mainland, as well as the northern and eastern Aegean islands.[17]

In Pieria the storm produced a spell of rain overnight 7 to 8 September with a prolonged thunderstorm hitting the Mount Olympus area during the evening of 8 September.

Storm Atena caused major traffic problems on the island of Rhodes after hitting on 11 September. The city centre, the Rhodes-Lindos road and the Analipsis area experienced severe flooding and heavy traffic. On 10 September, the storm also led to traffic accidents and power outages that disabled traffic lights. In addition, some people were trapped in elevators and required assistance from the fire department.[18]

### Storm Boris (Anett)

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Central European floods

Storm Boris

Area affected| Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, The Balkans, Slovakia, Romania
Date of impact| 11–19 September 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
Fatalities| 26
Power outages| 260,000
Storm Boris seen from Italy across the Adriatic Sea

Storm Boris was named on 11 September 2024 by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico.[11] It was also named Anett on the same day by Free University of Berlin.[19]

The storm system caused disruption with heavy rainfall and gusty winds, soon after Storm Atena, which came through a few days prior. As a result, many weather warnings were put in place.

In Italy, yellow wind and rain warnings concentrated around the north of the country, and a down the east coast. Orange wind warnings encompassing were raised in the metropolitan areas of Rome, Florence, Bologna and Venice where disruption is expected.[20] The entirety of Croatia is under an orange wind and rain warning as well as most of Slovenia. Parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina also have yellow wind and thunderstorm warnings.[21]

On 14 September 2024, red alerts, indicating "intense meteorological phenomena", were issued in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and 19 people were killed as a result of the floods. Six people drowned in Romania, five in Poland, four in the Czech Republic, and one in Italy. A firefighter was killed in Austria, and two men in Lower Austria drowned in their homes.[22] Multiple people are currently missing in Romania and the Czech Republic.[23] Hundreds were stranded by floods in Romania.[22] Mandatory evacuations were ordered in several areas of the Czech Republic.[22] The town of Głuchołazy in Poland was evacuated along with 1600 people from Kłodzko County.[23] Over 260,000 households were affected by power outages in the Czech Republic.[24][25] A hiker died from hypothermia in a snowstorm in the Italian Alps on 13 September.[26]

On 17 September 2024, a firefighter died in Foggia when his service car was swept away by a raging torrent on state road 90 connecting San Severo to Apricena.[27] On 17 September 2024, a two-seater plane with three French people on board crashed into the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines due to the weather; two days later the three bodies and their plane wreckage were found.[28][29] On 18 September 2024, the Emilia Romagna began red alert for heavy rains. The Tuscany region peaked at orange alert.[30][31] On 19 September, serious damage afflicted Emilia-Romagna with many watercourses overflowing and two missing people in Bagnacavallo, with over 1,000 people evacuated.[32]

On 26 September, the number of fatalities in Poland rose to 9.[33]

Munich Re estimates the total damage to have been ~4.2 billion euros ($4.3 billion) of which ~1.9 billion euros ($2.1 billion) were insured.[34]

### Storm Aitor (Constanze)

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Storm Aitor

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal
Date of impact| 25–28 September 2024
Maximum wind gust| 92 mph (148 km/h) at Camaleño, Spain
Lowest pressure| 984 hPa (29.06 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| None

Storm Aitor was named on 25 September 2024 was named by the Spanish AEMET.[10] It was also named Constanze by Free University of Berlin.[35]

Many areas of central, eastern and south-western France were under a yellow rain and wind warning with a small orange rain warnings for a few regions in the east of the country.[36][irrelevant citation] In Spain yellow wind and rain warnings were in force for the far north-west of the country along the Atlantic coast, with an orange rain warning in similar areas where 80 millimetres (3.1 in) of rainfall could occur in 12 hours.[37][irrelevant citation] This is similar in Portugal with orange rain warnings for the north of the country and yellow rain and wind warnings for the surrounding areas.[38][irrelevant citation] Ireland had a yellow wind warning in force for the Dublin area.[39][irrelevant citation]

In the United Kingdom, for the 25 and 26 September a yellow rain warnings were put up for eastern Northern Ireland where outbreaks of persistent and heavy rain are expected on Wednesday evening and Thursday morning in eastern counties, especially County Down and County Antrim. Rainfall amounts could reach 30–50 millimetres (1.2–2.0 in) widely, with potentially higher amounts of 60–80 millimetres (2.4–3.1 in) across high ground like the Mournes. Despite recent dry weather, this could lead to flooding and disrupt transportation.[40][irrelevant citation] There was also another yellow rain warning issued for 26 September, where a period of heavy and persistent rain was expected to affect parts of northern England and north Midlands. The heaviest rainfall is likely to be across the Pennines and North York Moors where 80–100 millimetres (3.1–3.9 in) of rainfall could accumulate during the course of the day. Elsewhere, totals are likely to be lower, reaching 20–30 millimetres (0.79–1.18 in) widely but with a risk of 50–70 millimetres (2.0–2.8 in) in some locations.[41][irrelevant citation]

Yellow warnings for rain applied to the southern half of England and Wales: "whilst some areas will miss the worst, areas of heavy, showery rain are expected to become widespread across a swathe of England and Wales during late 26 September and into early 27 September.[42][irrelevant citation] On 26 September, the Met Office added an amber rain warning for the midlands and western England, where in some places, especially across central and eastern parts of the warning area, places are likely to receive 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) in three hours or less, and perhaps 50–60 millimetres (2.0–2.4 in) or more in around six hours. This rain will fall onto already saturated ground and affect communities recovering from recent flooding.[43][irrelevant citation]

In Spain, strong winds have uprooted trees, causing them to fall across the ground. Meanwhile, intense rainfall in Vigo and other parts of Galicia has turned streets into rivers, making it difficult for cars to navigate. Additionally, in Rias Baixas, a hailstorm has caused significant damage to a field. Even in Vitoria, high winds have blown over large rubbish containers.[44]

In the United Kingdom, emergency services have had to rescue many stranded people and clear flooded roads and railways. The M5 motorway near Bristol and the A421 have been severely damaged due to the heavy persistent rainfall, and rail services between Wolverhampton and Shrewsbury have been disrupted. Residents in several areas, including Bedfordshire, Oxfordshire, and Shropshire, have been evacuated due to flooding.[45] Also, Dozens of people have been rescued by firefighters from rising floodwaters in Northamptonshire. Thirty-five people had to be helped to safety from a caravan park in Yarwell, near Oundle at 19:30 on 26 September, following an evacuation order.[45]

### Storm Cassandra (Finny)

[edit]

See also: 2024 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods

Storm Cassandra

Area affected| Italy, The Balkans, Corsica, Hungary, Austria, Greece
Date of impact| 2–6 October 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 997 hPa (29.44 inHg)
Fatalities| 27
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Cassandra was named on 2 October 2024 by Montenegro Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology,[46] and Finny by Free University of Berlin.[47][irrelevant citation]

Meteo France issued an orange rain and flood warning in southern Corsica, whilst a yellow of the same warning was in force for northern Corsica.[48][irrelevant citation] Throughout the Balkans, there were numerous rain and wind warnings in force, including orange rain warnings in Slovenia and Croatia.[49]

In Croatia, a red rain warning was issued on 3 October, for antipated impacts from severe flooding. This warning includes the regions of Knin, Split, Gospić, Rijeka, Kvarner and Kvarnerić as well as the west coast of Istria.[50] A red and orange wind warning was also in force for some of the areas mentioned above, as well as southern regions such as, Northern Dalmatia, Central Dalmatia and South Dalmatia where winds up to 65–130 kilometres per hour (40–81 mph) was expected.[50][permanent dead link‍]

Torrential rain on the evening and night of 3–4 October caused floods and landslides in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27[51] people died, burying houses and blocking off roads and railways.

### Ex-Hurricane Kirk

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Ex-Hurricane Kirk

Area affected| France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway
Date of impact| 8–11 October 2024
Maximum wind gust| 95 mph (150 km/h) (most likely)
Lowest pressure| 977 hPa (28.85 inHg)
Fatalities| 1
Power outages| 400,000+

Main article: Hurricane Kirk (2024)

See also: 2024 Atlantic hurricane season § Hurricane Kirk

Hurricane Kirk at its peak intensity over the central North Atlantic Ocean on the morning of 4 October

Ex-Hurricane Kirk initially developed on 29 September 2024 off the Cabo Verde islands and was named the next day by the National Hurricane Centre.[52] Kirk affected Europe from 8 October, a day after becoming an extratropical cyclone. After reaching its peak intensity on 4 October, with Category 4 winds of 145 mph (230 km/h), far to the east-northeast of the northern Leeward Islands,[53] Kirk became an extratropical cyclone on 7 October, then passed north of the Azores, before moving over western Europe on 8 October.

France enforced a yellow rain warning for much of the country except for the far south-east of the country and regions on the English Channel.[36] An orange rain warning with an accompanying yellow wind warning was issued for parts of the north-west, including Paris, as well as for the Pyrenees on the Spanish border. A red warning was later added for Seine-et-Marne for flooding.[54][irrelevant citation] In Spain warnings were issued for widespread strong winds, with gusts potentially reaching hurricane force in parts of northern Spain, heavy rain, especially in Galicia and the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, and significant wave heights along the Atlantic coast. A red wind warning was issued for Picos de Europa where winds up to 86 mph (140 km/h) where expected.[55] In Portugal an orange coastal event warning was enforced due to the anticipated large wave heights of 5–6 metres, with a yellow wind warning where, southwest winds with gusts of up to 75 km/h, reaching up to 100 km/h in mountainous areas.[56]

Orange rain warnings were issued for all of Luxembourg in response to Kirk.[57][irrelevant citation] Germany also issued orange rain warnings for many central areas, as well as a red rain warning encompassing many south-western areas. An orange wind warnings has also been issued for southern regions.[58][irrelevant citation] Switzerland has also issued yellow wind warnings for central and eastern parts of the country.[59][irrelevant citation] In Sweden a yellow wind warning was in force for Stockholm and the surrounding areas. Meanwhile, further north an orange flood warning was issued for coastal areas of Västernorrland and Västerbotten county.

In Porto, Portugal's main northern city, the storm hit hardest, uprooting 400 trees. Cars were damaged, and rail services were interrupted near Barcelos, also in the north. The storm cut power to more than 300,000 households, according to the country's electricity supplier. Weather and civil protection officials, who had predicted winds of up to 75 mph (120 kilometres per hour) and heavy rain, placed the coast on a yellow alert as waves reached up to seven metres (23 feet) high. Strong winds from Kirk severely impacted Portugal's apple production, with over 65% of the crops suffering damage. Losses from this are estimated to be in the "tens of millions of euros."[60] Spanish weather officials issued an orange alert for the north and northwest of the country, warning of winds up to 87 mph (140 kilometres per hour) in the Asturias region. In Galicia, the northwest reported roads blocked by mudslides and fallen trees in urban areas. Portugal's civil protection authority reported over 1,300 incidents from Tuesday night to Wednesday, with three-quarters involving fallen trees in the north. Spain also experienced heavy winds and rainfall, with waves as high as seven metres crashing ashore, according to local media. Storm Kirk primarily wreaked havoc in the northern half of Spain. Strong gusts caused delays and cancellations in rail and air services, park closures, collapsed roofs, and damage from fallen trees.[61]

Meanwhile, in southern France, a storm swell in the Mediterranean near the port city of Sète overturned three boats, killing one amateur sailor and leaving another in critical condition, according to Herault department authorities. Additionally, 64,000 people in the south of France were left without power, as reported by Enedis to AFP, while several departments saw roads cut off by floodwaters. The worst-hit area, Pyrenees-Atlantiques, saw 35,000 households lose electricity, with other southwestern and central eastern departments also affected.[62]

### Storm Berenice

[edit]

Storm Berenice

Area affected| Spain, Portugal, Morocco
Date of impact| 11–13 October 2024
Maximum wind gust| 80 mph (130 km/h) at Picos De Europa, Asturias, Spain
Lowest pressure| 992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
Fatalities| 0
Power outages| None

Storm Berenice was named on 11 October 2024 by the Spanish AEMET.[10]

Yellow rain warnings were in force for parts of Portugal as well as western parts Spain.[63][irrelevant citation] Also in Spain, there were orange rain warnings in force for south-western parts around Seville where 12-hour accumulated precipitation was expected to reach 100 millimetres (3.9 in) in places. Meanwhile, further north, an extreme red rain warning was in force surrounding Sierra Norte de Sevilla and Sierra y Pedroches, where 12-hour accumulated precipitation was expected to reach 120 millimetres (4.7 in).[64][irrelevant citation] In Morocco, orange heavy rain warnings where issued, as well as a yellow warning down coastal parts.[65][irrelevant citation]

In Spain, parts of the A-7 motorway between Cancelada in Estepona and San Pedro Alcántara in Marbella were flooded due to torrential rainfall early on 14 October. At the Guadalmansa dam, a monitoring network recorded 27 millimetres (1.1 in) of rainfall in the span of one hour that day. The La Concepción reservoir recorded nearly 14 millimetres (0.55 in) of rainfall in that same period of time.[66]

### Ex-Hurricane Leslie

[edit]

Ex-Hurricane Leslie

Area affected| Spain, Portugal-(Azores)
Date of impact| 14–16 October 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

See also: 2024 Atlantic hurricane season § Hurricane Leslie

Hurricane Leslie as imaged by NOAA-21 at approximately 16:07 UTC on 9 October

A tropical wave first noted on 29 September off the coast of West Africa developed into Tropical Storm Leslie by the National Hurricane Centre. Leslie strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane but later weakened back to a tropical storm. It then re-strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane before weakening again to a tropical storm due to wind shear.[67] After then, it became post tropical and started making its way northeast towards Europe, where it transitioned into a European windstorm.

This prompted IPMA, the Portuguese weather service to issue multiple rain and wind warnings for parts of the Azores, and mainland Portugal. Orange rain warnings were in force for many southern regions of Portugal, including the capital, Lisbon. Yellow rain warnings were in force for regions further north, including places such as Porto. Spain also put up yellow rain warnings for many south-western, central and north-eastern regions as 15–20 millimetres (0.59–0.79 in) possible in 1 hour.[68][irrelevant citation] Yellow wind warnings were also enforced for the areas along the France–Spain border, where damage to properties in exposed areas is possible. Orange rain warnings were also issued for areas north-west of Valencia.[68]

### Storm Ashley (Josefine)

[edit]

Main article: Storm Ashley

Storm Ashley

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway
Date of impact| 18–21 October 2024
Maximum wind gust| 121 mph (195 km/h): Cairngorm, United Kingdom
Lowest pressure| 959 hPa (28.32 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Ashley was named on 18 October 2024, by the Irish Met Éireann[69] and Josefine by Free University of Berlin.[47]

Storm Ashley was forecast to first impact Ireland, thus being named by Met Éireann. The Met Office issued an amber warning in western Scotland due to the threat of strong winds on Sunday afternoon and evening.[69]

In Ireland, Storm Ashley is expected to bring strong and gusty southerly winds western Ireland, combined with high spring tides where an orange wind warning was issued place. This hazardous weather event could lead to several impacts including, coastal flooding, large coastal waves, and displaced objects are possible due to the powerful winds and rising sea levels. Fallen trees could block roads and damage property. The severe weather could make driving hazardous and conditions at sea will be extremely dangerous. Widespread power outages may occur due to damage to power lines. Additionally, buildings that have already been weakened may be further damaged by the strong winds. A wider yellow wind warning was issued for the rest of Ireland for the impacts.[70][failed verification][irrelevant citation]

After impacting the British Isles a day previously, Ashley impacted western Norway where an orange wind warning was in force for parts of the Sognefjorden to Sunnmøre regions on the west coast, with a broad yellow warning encompassing it.[71][failed verification][irrelevant citation]

As the storm passed over the Scottish Highlands on Sunday night, average wind speeds hit 137 kilometres per hour (85 mph) with gusts of at least 179 kilometres per hour (111 mph) provisionally recorded at the summit of Cairn Gorm. Speed restrictions are in place on rail lines across Scotland due to the high winds, while flights continued to be impacted at Aberdeen Airport this morning. At least four have been cancelled, including one bound for London Heathrow Airport. In England, National Rail said Northern services between Bolton and Blackburn were being blocked by a tree on the line this morning. The Environment Agency had 45 flood warnings, where flooding is expected, in place across England on Monday, including along the south Cornwall coast and large parts of the River Severn, after the river burst its banks, submerging the town of Worcester, the previous day.[72] An injured passenger was airlifted from a ferry between Aberdeen and Orkney on Sunday evening after falling on board in rough conditions. Earlier, police said a man, woman and young boy were taken to hospital after experiencing difficulty in the sea at Aberdeen Beach.[73]

A top windspeed of 121 mph (195 km/h) was recorded at the Cairngorm Summit, Inverness-shire, Scotland, United Kingdom.[74]

### Storm Jakob (Martina)

[edit]

Storm Jakob

Area affected| Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Date of impact| 31 October–2 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 970 hPa (28.64 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Jakob was named on 31 October 2024 by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute; it was also named Martina by the Free University of Berlin.[75][76]

In preparation for Jakob, train services between Oslo and Bergen in Norway were cancelled on 31 October due to the possibility of flooding and landslides.[77]

A red warning has been sent out about extremely heavy rain in parts of Western Norway on Thursday 31 October. A rain warning has also been issued at orange and yellow levels for adjacent areas.

A snapshot of weather warnings in force in Norway at 12:00 UTC 31 October

In Sweden, yellow wind warnings were in force for the coast on the Skagerrak and Kattegat for disruption from wind.[78] In the Baltics exist the similar warnings. Lithuania, had a yellow wind warning in force for western areas. All of Latvia under a yellow wind warning, including Riga and the Gulf of Riga. Estonia issued yellow wind warnings for the coast and south-eastern parts of the country.[79]

Here are the maximum rainfall amounts seen in Norway through 31 October:

Gullfjellet saw the highest rainfall with 195.1 mm, followed by Opstveit with 159.9 mm, Fossmark with 154.6 mm, Haukedal with 150.5 mm, Folgefonna Skisenter with 134.9 mm, Djønno with 119.8 mm, Eikelandsosen with 115.1 mm, Sædalen with 114.9 mm, Myrkdalen-Vetlebotn with 113.8 mm, and Ullensvang Forsøksgard with 113.7 mm.[75]

Due to the severe weather, multiple train departures have been cancelled, and several county roads have been closed, according to national broadcaster NRK. A road east of Bergen was closed after a rockslide, though no other storm-related damage has been reported.[80] In Sweden, strong winds brought by Storm Jakob left more than 12,000 people without power on Friday, and have led to train, bus and ferry services being cancelled. Due to severe weather conditions, several train routes in Sweden have been disrupted. The Swedish Transport Administration has been forced to suspend services on specific sections of the railway network to ensure passenger safety. Train services between Uddevalla and Strömstad have been halted. Trains running between Nässjö and Vetlanda, Linköping and Kalmar, and Linköping and Västervik have been affected. The primary reason for these disruptions is the risk of falling trees onto the railway tracks caused by strong winds and heavy rainfall associated with the stormy weather. Numerous stations along the disrupted routes have been impacted. For the most accurate and up-to-date information on affected stations, please consult the Swedish Transport Administration's website or your specific train operator. Ferry services to and from the island of Gotland have also been affected by the adverse weather conditions. Some ferry routes have been cancelled, while others are experiencing significant delays.[81]

### Storm Alexandros

[edit]

Storm Alexandros

Area affected| Greece, Turkey, Cyprus
Date of impact| 16–18 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Alexandros was named by Hellenic National Meteorological Service on 16 November 2024.[82][failed verification]

The storm brought heavy thunderstorms to Greece and Turkey, prompting a red rain warning to be issued for East Sterea and Evvoia in Greece.[83] Orange rain and thunderstorms were also issued for Thessalia, North East Aegean Islands, Crete and the Dodecanese. Whilst a yellow thunderstorm warning was issued for Cyprus.[84]

The village of Steni on Evia recorded 135 mm of rain, while Seta, also in Evia, had 154 mm, while Skopelos recorded 93 mm up to 16 November.[85] Strong northerly winds blew over mainland Central Greece, Evia and the Aegean Sea, with speeds exceeding 62 mph (100 km/h) in the Karystos area, and 56 mph (90 km/h) in Samothrace.[86]

### Storm Quiteria

[edit]

Storm Quiteria

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
Date of impact| 16–22 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 965 hPa (28.50 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Quiteria was named by Free University of Berlin on 16 November 2024, and brought disruptive snowfall and wind to many parts of Europe.[87]

Many weather warnings were put up for this system across Europe, including, yellow ice warnings for Ireland,[88]https://www.met.ie/warnings/today/tipperary yellow snow and ice warnings for many parts of the United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, parts of northern Scotland, south Wales and down the entirety of the east coast of England, excluding the Essex and Kent coasts.[89][irrelevant citation] Many yellow wind and rain warnings were in force for much of northern France, as well as western parts of the Netherlands where a yellow wind warning was in place.[90][irrelevant citation][91][irrelevant citation]

In Germany a red level 3 wind warning for central and south-western regions where gusts of 70 mph (110 km/h) to 80 mph (130 km/h) was expected.[92] These were encompassed by a large orange level 2 wind warning for the south, central and eastern parts of the country south of Berlin, including the cities of Munich, Stuttgart, Hanover and Leipzig.[93] Switzerland also had in force, orange snow warnings for the Swiss Alps.

Estonia has orange wind warnings, Latvia has orange wind warnings in force for western parts, surrounded in yellow wind warnings. Lithuania has yellow wind warnings in force.[94]

The storm brought heavy snowfall, strong winds, and hazardous road conditions across Finland where rare red warnings were in place for wind and snow, leading to widespread power outages, transportation disruptions, and property damage. Significant snowfall, with accumulations of up to 30 cm in some areas, and strong winds, with gusts reaching 25 meters per second, caused numerous accidents, forced the cancellation of flights and ferry services, and even led to the collapse of a sports hall in Espoo.[95]

In Sweden, a series of warnings were issued in anticipation of the heavy snowfall and strong winds. An orange warning was issued for coastal Gävleborg County on 20–21 November, where accumulations of up to 47 cm was observed in Älvkarleby. A separate orange warning was issued on 22 November for heavy snowfall across the coastal region of Västerbotten County, where accumulations of up to 70 cm were recorded in the vicinity of Bygdsiljum.

### Storm Caetano (Renate)

[edit]

Storm Caetano

Area affected| United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
Date of impact| 19–23 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 984 hPa (29.06 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Caetano was named by the Spanish National Meteorological Agency (AEMET) and "Renate" by the Free University of Berlin on November 19, 2024.[10][19]

The naming came due to the risk of strong winds and potential heavy snowfall across parts of France, where widespread accumulations of 5–10 cm were expected, with some localized areas potentially receiving up to 20 cm.[96][irrelevant citation] Parts of the United Kingdom, mainly the high ground in the far southwest, Devon and Cornwall, could have seen some snow on the high ground for a time.

In France, widespread yellow wind, rain, and snow warnings were in effect for southern and northern areas. In between, an orange warning for wind and snow was issued, with blizzard conditions possible in places like Paris, Nantes, and Leon.[36] In Spain, yellow wind warnings were put up for the Spanish-French border regions.[97][irrelevant citation]

Much of Italy was under an orange snow or ice warning, with an additional orange wind warning for the south. Sardinia was also under an orange wind warning. Switzerland had orange snow and ice warnings in the west and north of the country, with a red snow warning for northwestern areas.[98] This situation was similar for southwestern Germany, where a red snow warning was encompassed by an orange snow warning.[58] Slovenia had yellow snow and rain warnings in force, while Croatia had yellow wind warnings.[99]

### Storm Bert (Sigrid)

[edit]

Main article: Storm Bert

Storm Bert

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland
Date of impact| 21–26 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| 113 mph (181 km/h): Cairn Gorm, United Kingdom
Lowest pressure| 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Fatalities| 5
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Bert was named by the Irish Met Éireann and Sigrid by Free University of Berlin on 21 November 2024.[100][10][19]

Bert brought heavy snow and ice to parts of the UK, particularly in the north, on Thursday and Friday. As the storm passed, heavy rain affected southern and western regions over the weekend. The Met Office issued severe weather warnings and the UK Health Security Agency has issued cold weather alerts. Drivers were advised to take extra care on the roads due to icy conditions.[101]

An amber snow and ice warning was placed for parts of central Scotland, which included parts of Angus, Perth and Kinross, Stirling, Aberdeenshire, the Highlands, and Argyll and Bute. The warning was originally in place from 07:00–17:00 GMT on 23 November but expired earlier. There was also one for northern England from 06:00–11:59. Several yellow wind and rain warnings were issued for parts of England and Wales. A yellow wind warning was issued for the same areas, excluding Angus, and also included Eileanan Siar and Moray. A yellow warning of rain was also issued which included parts of Angus, Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross, Stirling, Aberdeenshire, Moray, Dumfries and Galloway, and the Scottish Borders.[102][irrelevant citation] The next day a yellow wind warning was issued for the Midlands, East Anglia and the London area.[103][irrelevant citation]

For Ireland, similar impacts are expected from Storm Bert, with Met Éireann issued yellow wind and rain warnings for the whole country. These are likely to be changed and updated as the system nears.[104][irrelevant citation]

In Ireland, over 34,000 without power. The weather has also brought significant disruption, with several flights disrupted at Newcastle and Dublin airports and extreme flooding in Donegal.[105] Elsewhere, Ferry operator DFDS has cancelled services on some routes until Monday with sailings from Newhaven to Dieppe and Dover to Calais being severely affected.[106]

As a result of the storm there have been five recorded fatalities. A 34-year-old man died after his car "spun off the road" in icy conditions and struck a wall in Shipley, West Yorkshire just before 1 am. Hours later in a separate incident, a second man aged in his 60s was killed when a tree fell onto his vehicle in Hampshire shortly after 7.45 am.[107] In North Wales, the body of a 75-year-old man was recovered from the floods in the Conwy Valley.[108] Five adults and five children have been rescued after a landslide in North Wales. Lancashire Police confirmed a man in his 80s died on Sunday after his car entered a body of water in Colne on Sunday. In Northamptonshire, a man in his forties died in a crash on the A45 near Flore which police have described as an "unexplained death".[109] All 10 people were rescued from the house in Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog, near Llangollen.[110]

Winds from Storm Bert strengthened on Saturday morning, with top gusts of 113 mph (181 km/h) at Cairn Gorm and 82 mph (131 km/h) recorded at Capel Curig in Wales, and 76 mph (122 km/h) at Berry Head, Devon.[111] In Scotland, the Cairngorm mountains saw blizzard conditions and winds of up to 105 mph (169 km/h). Strong winds also forced the closure of the Severn Bridge, which connects Gloucestershire and South Wales.[112]

### Storm Conall (Telse)

[edit]

Storm Conall

Area affected| United Kingdom, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Poland, France
Date of impact| 26–29 November 2024
Maximum wind gust| 79 mph (127 km/h): Vlieland, Netherlands
Lowest pressure| 994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Fatalities| 1
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Conall was named by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and Telse by Free University of Berlin on 26 November 2024.[113][114]

Due to the small size of the storm, impacts were felt in the Netherlands and United Kingdom. A severe weather warning was in place for the Netherlands on Wednesday, 27 November, as Storm Conall approached. Strong winds affected the western and northern parts of the country, leading to potential disruptions. A code yellow alert was issued for several provinces, including Zeeland, South Holland, and Friesland. An orange warning was later added on 27 November.[115]

The United Kingdom Met Office enforced a yellow rain warning in force for much of the south coast of England. Met Office Chief Meteorologist, Steve Willington, said "Much of the warning area will see 15–20 millimetres (0.59–0.79 in) of rain, with 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) in some areas. There is a lower chance of 50 millimetres (2.0 in) of rain in a few places, more likely for areas such as the Isle of Wight, Sussex and Kent, before rain eases and clears by early afternoon. Given the recent wet weather, some disruption to travel and infrastructure could be possible.[113]

In the United Kingdom, Storm Conall caused significant disruptions to train services in the region. Thameslink, Gatwick Express, Great Northern, South Western, and Southern are among the affected operators. National Rail warns of severe disruptions on parts of the network. Thameslink services to St Albans, Sutton, Bedford, and Brighton faced long delays or reductions. Trains between Cambridge and Brighton were suspended. Tunnels at Farringdon and Bletchingley were flooded. Great Western and South Western were reporting delays in the Southampton area due to flooding and a fallen tree, impacting journeys to and from Cardiff Central, Bristol Temple Meads, London Waterloo, and Portsmouth.[116]

The Met Office recorded 43.3 millimetres (1.70 in) of rainfall in a 24-hour period on the Isle of Wight.[116]

Storm Conall, brought strong winds exceeding 79 mph (127 km/h) to the Netherlands. This led to widespread travel disruptions, such as train services being delayed and adjusted. Also, over 100 flights at Schiphol Airport were cancelled or delayed. Ferry services to the Wadden Islands were disrupted or cancelled, and severe traffic jams were reported across the country.[117]

In Denmark, warnings for heavy rain were raised for Southern Jutland, Funen, South Zealand, Møn, Lolland and Falster.[118] In Germany, orange level 2 wind warnings were in force for central, western and north-western parts of the country.[58]

### Storm Bora

[edit]

Storm Bora

Area affected| Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Turkey, Italy
Date of impact| 29 November – 3 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)
Fatalities| 3
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Bora was named by the Greek Hellenic National Meteorological Service on 29 November 2024.[119]

Yellow rain and thunderstorm warnings were raised for parts of southwestern Greece as well as North Macedonia and Kosovo where impacts were felt. Furthermore, orange rain warnings were also in force for West Macedonia and East Macedonia.[120]

The heaviest rainfall on 30 November 2024 was recorded in Central and East Macedonia, Rhodes, Chania, and Lemnos. The highest rainfall was recorded in Neochori, Chalkidiki, at 208 millimetres (8.2 in); followed by Rhodes, at 171 millimetres (6.7 in); and Thasos at 158 millimetres (6.2 in). Wind gusts of over 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) were recorded in Thessaloniki.[121] In the morning hours of 1 December, the heaviest rainfall was recorded in Central Macedonia, in the regional units of Chalkidiki, Imathia and Pella, and the island of Rhodes. In Simonopetra, a rainfall total of 170.6 millimetres (6.72 in) was recorded in the early hours of 1 December, followed by Neochori, Chalkidiki, at 160.8 millimetres (16.08 cm); Rhodes city, at 146.8 millimetres (5.78 in); and Veria, at 98 millimetres (3.9 in).[122] The highest cumulative rainfall up to 2 December was recorded at Simonopetra, at 550.8 millimetres (21.69 in), Neochori, Chalkidiki, at 452.4 millimetres (17.81 in) and Rhodes, 341 millimetres (13.4 in).[123]

One man drowned when he was swept by a torrent in Lemnos. On the same island the village of Kontias was ordered to be evacuated due to a nearby dam overflowing, while flooding was also observed in Thanos and Myrina, the island's capital. In Rhodes the heavy rainfall lead to the damages in the road network and thus travel was banned. Snow fell in Florina and Kastoria, leading to power outages in some mountain villages. A tourist bus stacked in the snow near Kleisoura, Kastoria.[124] A second person died in Lemnos following a fall as they were clearing debris, while a third died of hypothermia after being stranded in Chalkidiki.[125] A state of emergency was declared for a month in Rhodes, with the heaviest hit areas being Ialysos, Pastida, Maritsa, Kalythies, Damatria and Faliraki, where a bridge was damaged,[126] and the municipal units of Myrina, Atsiki, and Nea Koutali in Lemnos.[127]

### Storm Darragh (Xaveria)

[edit]

Main article: Storm Darragh

Storm Darragh

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, France
Date of impact| 5–10 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| 96 mph (154 km/h) at Berry Head
Lowest pressure| 977 hPa (28.85 inHg)
Fatalities| 4
Power outages| 2.3 million

Storm Darragh was named by the UK's Met Office.[128] It was named Xaveria by Free University of Berlin, on 5 December 2024.[114]

Darragh prompted the issuance of amber wind warnings for southwestern Scotland, Wales and western English counties including Devon and Cornwall and Northern Ireland, in the amber warning areas, the Met Office says, Storm Darragh will bring strong winds on Saturday. Expect gusts of 70–80 mph (110–130 km/h) on coasts, 60–70 mph (97–113 km/h) inland. Large waves and severe coastal conditions likely. Winds will ease from the west later.[129][irrelevant citation] A broad yellow wind warning was also in force for all of England, southern-central and eastern Scotland, where the Met Office says, gusts of 40–50 mph (64–80 km/h) inland, 60–70 mph (97–113 km/h) on coasts, and locally up to 80 mph (130 km/h). Difficult driving conditions and travel disruptions are also likely.[130][irrelevant citation] Authorities set yellow rain warnings for parts of central Wales and southern Scotland and northern England, and northern Ireland some flooding could occur from heavy rain.[131][irrelevant citation]

On the morning of Friday 6 December, the Met Office upgraded this to a red weather warning for the Welsh coast from Anglesey to the Severn Estuary and round to Somerset between 3am GMT and 11am GMT on Saturday, with gusts of 90 mph [140 km/h] or more possible over coasts and hills of west and south Wales...funnelling through the Bristol Channel with some very large waves on exposed beaches[132][irrelevant citation] and amber warnings in place until 9pm more broadly.[133][irrelevant citation] On 6 December the Football Association of Wales announced the postponement of all matches in Wales on 7 December in leagues under its authority.[134] Around three million people in Wales and South West England were also sent emergency alerts as the storm approached the UK.[135]

Red warnings were put in force for "extremely strong and gusty northwest winds" between 9pm or 10pm until 2am or 3am overnight on Friday 6 December for counties Mayo, Clare, Galway, Donegal, Leitrim, and Sligo in Ireland, where fallen trees, damage to power lines, dangerous travelling conditions, structural damage, and wave overtopping as potential risks. The rest of the Republic of Ireland was issued amber warnings.[136][irrelevant citation] A yellow wind and rain warning was in force for the rest of the country where impacts from flooding and wind can occur.[137]

In France, Meteo France has issued orange wind warnings for English channel regions where high waves and strong winds are anticipated.[138]https://www.met.ie/warnings/saturday/laois In response to the alert, SNCF suspended all rail services in Normandy from 7–8 December, as well as some services in Brittany, Pays de la Loire and New Aquitaine.[139]

As the storm impacted, a major incident was declared for much of Wales as a result of severe weather caused by Storm Darragh. Dyfed-Powys Police has declared a major incident for the counties of Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire, and Powys because of disruption caused by the storm.[140]

A man in his 40s died after a tree fell on his van while driving on a dual carriageway near Longton in Lancashire. A second man died after a tree fell on his car while driving through a residential street in Birmingham.[141]

In the Netherlands, over 100 flights at Schiphol Airport were cancelled on 6 December due to the storm.[142]

### Storm Dorothea (Anka)

[edit]

Storm Dorothea

Area affected| Azores, Canary Islands, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden
Date of impact| 15–22 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 963 hPa (28.44 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Dorothea was named by the Spanish AEMET and Anka by Free University of Berlin on 15 December 2024.[143][114]

The storm brought strong winds and heavy rains to the Canary Islands, causing nearly 100 incidents. Strong winds have led to road closures, flight disruptions, and school closures on Tenerife, El Hierro, and La Gomera. With an orange wind warning being issued for the islands.[144]https://www.met.ie/warnings/saturday/laois[145] For the Canary Islands, the strongest recorded wind gust there was 86 mph (138 km/h) at Arure, on the island of La Gomera. As the storm moved north it intensified, likely bringing it's strongest winds to Ireland and the United Kingdom.[146]

The storm also brought strong winds to the Azores prompting a yellow wind warning for a time on 15 December.[147]https://www.met.ie/warnings/saturday/laois For the United Kingdom, a yellow wind warning was issued for south-western parts of Scotland, eastern Northern Ireland and west Wales where 60 mph were expected.[148]https://www.met.ie/warnings/saturday/laois In Ireland, Met Eireann has only issued a coastal yellow wind warning.[149][irrelevant citation]

In Norway, the Norwegian Meteorological Institute issued a yellow wind and snow warnings for western parts of the country where 10–25 cm of snow is expected and locally strong wind gusts around 27–36 m/s (40 mph (64 km/h) - 80 mph (130 km/h)) are expected from northwest, strongest wind near the coast and in mountain areas. As a result of this, a red avalanche warning was in force for these areas.[150][irrelevant citation]

In Sweden, warnings were issued nationwide. On 17 December, yellow warnings for black ice were put out throughout southern Svealand. Additionally, yellow warnings for accumulating snow were issued for northern and central Sweden for 17–19 December At the same time, two orange warnings were issued for the mountainous regions due to heavy snow and wind. Furthermore, on December 19, another yellow warning for snow and wind was issued along the northern Norrland coast.

### Storm Sif (Ziva)

[edit]

Storm Sif

Area affected| Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine
Date of impact| 16–18 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 973 hPa (28.73 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Sif was named by the Danish Met service and Ziva by Free University of Berlin on 16 December 2024.[151][better source needed]

In Denmark, rain and wind hit much of the country Thursday morning. The worst weather was in the morning, especially in northern Jutland. The rain eased off in the afternoon, particularly in northern Jutland. Strong winds and gusts hit the west coast of Jutland Thursday evening.[152]

Many yellow and orange warnings were issued for this system including level 2 orange wind warnings for northern parts of Germany surrounded by a level 1 yellow warning. With red warnings for wind in central parts of the country[153][irrelevant citation] Orange wind warnings where also in force for northern and north-eastern Poland with disruption expected. There is also a red wind warning for the north-eastern coastal zone in northern Poland.[154][irrelevant citation]

In Ukraine a large orange wind warning was in force for western, northern and central parts of the country.[155] For Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania a yellow wind warning was in force for all areas with an orange wind warning for western areas.[156][157][158] Also, Finland had a large orange snow and ice warning in force for central and eastern areas.[159][irrelevant citation]

### Storm Bianca

[edit]

Storm Bianca

Area affected| United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark
Date of impact| 17–19 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 980 hPa (28.94 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Bianca was named by Free University of Berlin on 14 December 2024[151]

Severe weather warnings where issued by the German Met Office (Deutscher Wetterdienst). This included an orange wind warning for northern and north-western parts of the country where strong winds are expected from the southwest, with gusts reaching 40 mph (64 km/h), potentially up to 50 mph (80 km/h) in exposed areas. Be cautious of flying debris and falling branches. Deutscher Wetterdienst also issued a red wind warning for central parts where, above 1000 metres, wind gusts of 100–120 km/h (62-75 mph), were expected. Deutscher Wetterdienst says, these extreme winds pose significant risks, including falling trees, power lines, and debris, as well as potential structural damage to buildings.[153]

In France, a yellow wind warning was issued by Meteo France for channel regions and north-western France, including Nantes, Brest, Caen, Calais, Dunkirk and Lille. In these areas moderate damage is possible.[160][irrelevant citation] Although there were no weather warnings in force for the United Kingdom for this system, a large area of rainfall moved over the southern half of England and Wales were localised impacts were possible. This may exacerbate already flood vulnerable areas with flood warnings pre-existing by the Environment Agency.[161][irrelevant citation]

### Storm Dionisio

[edit]

Storm Dionisio

Area affected| Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece
Date of impact| 18–21 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Dionisio was named on 18 December 2024 by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico.[162]

In response, entirety of Italy was under an orange wind warning with the island of Sardinia being put under a red wind warning.[163] Meanwhile, in Croatia red wind warnings were in force for all coastal areas with an orange warning for wind for areas on land near the coast. Strongest wind gusts could between 40 and 85 mph (65–140 km/h) according to the Croatian Meteorological Office.[164][better source needed] In Slovenia an orange wind warning was in force for western parts of the country where winds could gust between 45 and 50 (70–85 km/h).[165]

For Bosnia and Herzegovina, yellow wind and rain warnings were in force for the country with an orange wind warning down the western border with Croatia.[166] Greece, had orange rain and thunderstorm warnings for western regions due to the threat of flooding in areas which was expected to cause some disruption.[167]

### Storm Enol (Diana)

[edit]

Storm Enol (Diana)

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, France
Date of impact| 20–23 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| 82 mph (132 km/h) at Kirkwall & South Uist
Lowest pressure| 957 hPa (28.26 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Enol was named by Meteo France and Diana by Free University of Berlin on 20 December 2024.[168][better source needed]

The severe storm disrupted travel in Scotland and Northern England, the weekend before Christmas. The UK Met Office controversially did not name the storm being called Éowyn. Elsewhere it was named: Enol by the South-western group, though of the lesser impact there, and Diana in the most liberally naming, centre and north continental zone.[169]

Broad yellow wind warnings covered most of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Western England and Wales. For northern Scotland, strong westerlies on Saturday saw a deep low accompany: forecast gusts of 65-75 mph, exceptionally five greater. Coasts saw large waves, especially causeways. Sunday wind warnings expanded to the south-west of England and all of Northern Ireland, 50-60 mph gusts across warned zones. Higher gusts of 70 mph may have hit coastal and hilly regions, especially in the north and west. Squally showers were likely, hail and thunder possible.[170][irrelevant citation]

A yellow wind warning beset parts of western Ireland. Strong and gusty westerly winds were due, shifting to north-westerly. Large waves were anticipated along the coast. Impacts included minor coastal flooding, sea spray, and difficult travel conditions, particularly near the coast. The risk to trees and so transport was highlighted. The strongest winds were from Saturday night into Sunday morning.[171]

On 22 December KNMI issued a yellow wind warning for northern parts of the Netherlands: strong winds with gusts reaching approximately 75 km/h (45 mph). Along the coast, gusts may have hit between 80 km/h (50 mph) and 90 km/h (55 mph).[172][irrelevant citation] France issued orange wind warnings for north-western regions.[173][irrelevant citation]

Heathrow Airport cancelled around 100 flights due to strong winds and airspace restrictions. National Rail warned of possible disruption to journeys across Scotland, Wales, and England. ScotRail announced speed restrictions and potential service cancellations or delays. Road (bus) replacement briefly succeeded the Great Western Railway. Northern saw high cancellation rates due to staff shortages. Some trains to Gatwick and Stansted Airports had had points failures. Cumbria saw gusts of 76 mph.[174]

A gust of 82 mph was recorded in South Uist and Kirkwall.[174]

### Storm Elena

[edit]

Storm Elena

Area affected| Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Greece
Date of impact| 23–27 December 2024
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 989 hPa (29.21 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Elena was named by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico on 23 December 2024.[162]

Orange wind warnings were in force for northern, central and southern Italy, including Sardinia. As well as northern and southern regions of Croatia with a red wind warning for coastal western parts. Western Bosnia and Herzegovina also had an orange wind warning in force.[175] Also, orange snow warnings were in force for north-eastern Croatia, western Bosnia and Herzegovina, western Serbia, all of Kosovo and the region of West Macedonia in Greece. A red snow warning was also in force for north-west Serbia.[176] Also in Greece existed an orange rain warning for Epirus, Greece.[177]

The heavy rain caused flooding in Poseidonos Avenue, Athens, and in villages of central Euboea on Christmas Day. The road leading to the top of Parnitha was closed due to snowfall.[178] The Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus flooded from water leaking from the roof, leading to damages at the floor, gym and cube of the stadium.[179] On 25 and 26 December, Seta, Euboea, received 348.4 mm of rain, Steni Dirfyos, Euboea, received 326.8 mm, and Vilia, Attica, received 270 mm of rain.[180]

### Storm Ginette

[edit]

Storm Ginette

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
Date of impact| 30 December 2024-2 January 2025
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 975 hPa (28.79 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Ginette was named by Free University of Berlin on 30 December 2024.[181]

The storm was expected to bring impactful weather to many parts of western, northern and north-eastern Europe, with a large amount of warnings in force.[182]

Firstly, the United Kingdom, Met Office, released a number of yellow wind, rain, snow and ice warnings. Where in the amber warning area in north-west England, the Met Office says, persistent and, at times heavy, rain will continue overnight before clearing southwards on Wednesday morning. 40–50 mm rain is expected fairly widely, with 50–100 mm across west-facing hills. There is a chance a few locations could see in excess of 100 mm.[183] In Ireland, Met Éireann had in force a yellow rain warning for County Cork and County Kerry.[149] Meteo France issued a large yellow wind warning for most of northern France, which included Paris. There were also yellow snow and ice warnings for north-eastern parts of the country.[184][irrelevant citation]

In the Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute issued wind warnings for western and northern parts of the country including, Friesland, Groningen, Flevoland, South Holland and also including Amsterdam. Wind gusts of 45-50 mph (75–90 km/h) may occur over land, up to approximately 60 mph (100 km/h).[185] Much of Germany and northern Poland had an orange wind warning in force. With Deutscher Wetterdienst issuing a red wind warning for central parts.[153][154] Denmark issued a yellow warning for rain was in force for southern Jutland and Funen due to heavy rain and potential flooding, likely between 30 and 50 mm of rain, locally a little more. The Wadden Sea is also under warning for elevated water levels.[186] Norway and Sweden both had yellow snow and ice warnings in force for southern areas.[187][188] With yellow wind warnings for western Latvia and Lithuania, as well as all of Estonia and an orange offshore wind warning off Latvia.[189][157][190]

Across England, ≥136 flood warnings were issued, which means flooding was expected in the affected area, further 112 flood alerts were enforced.[191] Some parts of the North West of England have seen almost a month's worth of rain in the last 48 hours, Met Office has said. Honister Pass in Cumbria saw nearly 150mm of rain, while Rochdale in Greater Manchester had 77mm.[192] A major incident was declared in Wigan.[193] Also, Hogmanay celebrations were cancelled in Edinburgh, as well as many New Year celebrations throughout most of the country, whilst the London fireworks went ahead as planned.[194]

### Storm Floriane (Bernd)

[edit]

Storm Floriane

Area affected| United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France
Date of impact| 2–9 January 2025
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 952 hPa (28.11 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Bernd was named by the Free University of Berlin on 2 January 2025.[181] It was later named Floriane by Meteo France a day after impacting the United Kingdom and Ireland with heavy snowfall.[36]

In the United Kingdom, the Met Office issued an amber snow & ice warning for the north Midlands and inland parts of Wales. The Met Office said, severe winter weather brought significant disruption across the region. Snow and freezing rain created hazardous travel conditions, with widespread road closures, delays to public transport, and widespread power outages. Heavy snow accumulations were observed, reaching up to 30 cm in mountainous areas. Ice accretion was a concern, particularly in Wales. While milder air arrived on Sunday, leading to rapid thawing, significant disruption occurred in the meantime.[195][irrelevant citation] Elsewhere, in northern England and amber snow warning was in force where snow will be persistent and heavy at times, and will likely drift in brisk easterly winds, especially over higher ground. The Met Office says, much of the warning area can expect 3–7 cm of snow. Areas above about 150 m will likely see 15–30 cm, with 40 cm for ground above 300 m, before snow begins to ease and clear by the end of Sunday.[196][irrelevant citation] A wider yellow snow warning encompassed the amber one, including areas like west Wales, the inland parts near the south coast, the London area and around Norwich, excluding coastal areas of the south and the far east of England. A yellow snow warning was also in force for parts of Scotland for an extra day.[197][irrelevant citation]

In Ireland, Met Éireann issued yellow rain and snow warnings for southern counties, and yellow snow and ice warnings for more central and northern areas. However, an orange snow warning was issued for these counties; Leinster, Cavan, Donegal, Monaghan, Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford, Connacht.[198] In Belgium the met service issued a yellow snow and ice warning for all areas.[199] Whilst the Netherlands did the same.[172] Germany issued a yellow level 1 snow warning for all areas, with an orange level 2 wind warning for north-eastern areas.[153]

The Environment Agency has warned that melting snow is increasing the risk of flooding across England. Significant river flooding is predicted nationwide as rain becomes the primary hazard. Heavy snowfall previously caused widespread disruption, including airport closures at Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds Bradford. Train services were also severely impacted. Power outages occurred in the Midlands, southwest England, and South Wales, and the National Grid is working to restore electricity. An amber weather warning for snow remains in effect for northern England until midnight. Flooding has already begun to affect train services, with delays reported between London St Pancras International and St Albans, and between Frome and Taunton.[200] In Ireland, Dublin Airport remained open. However, about 24,000 homes, farms and businesses were without power.[201]

As this all happened, Meteo France officially named Storm Floriane, which is expected to bring strong winds down the east coast of England and through France. Orange wind warnings were issued for inland, northern regions of France from Ardennes south-west to Vendée.[202][irrelevant citation]

### Storm Felix

[edit]

Storm Felix

Area affected| Italy, Croatia, Greece, Bosnia & Herzegovina
Date of impact| 11–15 January 2025
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Felix was named by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico on 11 January 2025.[162]

The storm was expected to impact Italy, bringing heavy rainfall and strong winds to the central and western parts of the country. An orange wind warning was issued by Servizio Meteorologico for the regions of Liguria, Tuscany, Campania, Calabria and Sardinia.[203] With a broad yellow warning for rain and thunderstorms for central and southern parts of Italy. The next day the orange warning for wind was expanded to north-eastern regions. These include, Abruzzo, Marche, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto. Then the next day the whole country.[204][irrelevant citation]

In Croatia red wind warnings were in effect for the Rijeka region. Gales, locally hurricane-force gusts with average wind speeds of more than 55 mph (90 km/h); were expected with more than 80 mph (130 km/h) in gusts. Uprooted trees, broken branches and flying debris, Large-scale building damage, traffic interruptions and power outages are expected. Red wind warnings existed in areas offshore western regions, with an orange warning for wind for the Dubrovnik region.[205]

An orange wind warning was issued in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Trebinje region, with wind gusts between 50 and 80 km/h anticipated. Structural damage, and the risk of injury from uprooted trees and wind-borne debris were expected, with interruptions in electricity supply are possible.[206][irrelevant citation]

### Storm Gabri

[edit]

Storm Gabri

Area affected| Italy, Tunisia, Algeria
Date of impact| 16-19 January 2025
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| Unspecified
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Gabri was named by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico on 16 January 2025.[162]

The Italian Servizio Meteorologico, issued red wind and rain warnings for Storm Gabri. This included the region of Calabria and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily.[207]

Strong winds were expected to impact Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto, and Liguria and Tuscany for a slightly longer period of time. The arrival of Storm Gabri was anticipated to bring intense and abundant precipitation to Calabria, Sicily, and eastern Sardinia, including heavy rain, showers, and thunderstorms. These thunderstorms were likely to be accompanied by frequent lightning, local hailstorms, and strong wind gusts. Storm winds from the east were forecast to affect Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia for the next day, with strong storm-force winds expected in Basilicata and Campania during the same period. The Sardinia Channel, the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Southern Ionian Sea were expected to experience very rough to gravely rough sea conditions with surges along exposed coasts starting tomorrow morning.[208]

Level 1 heavy rain and thunderstorm warnings were issued for eastern and northern parts of Tunisia with impacts expected.[209] Whilst, Algeria issued a red level 3 rain warning for northern areas of the country just east of Algiers, which is in an orange level 2 warning for rain.[210][irrelevant citation]

### Storm Garoe

[edit]

Storm Garoe

Area affected| Azores Archipelago, Madeira Archipelago, Portugal
Date of impact| 19 January 2025-present
Maximum wind gust| Unspecified
Lowest pressure| Unspecified
Fatalities| Unspecified
Power outages| Unspecified

Storm Garoe was named by Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) on the 17 January 2025.

The Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere issued orange wind and coastal event warnings for the Azores Archipelago Ocidental G and Central parts. With yellow rain warnings issued too. Whilst for the Madeira Archipelago, orange coastal event warnings, yellow rain and wind warnings were issued. For mainland Portugal yellow rain warnings were issued for the following regions: Leiria, Lisboa, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Vianaa do Castelo, Castelo Branco, Évora, Faro, Aveiro, Beja and Braga. [211][irrelevant citation]

## Season effects

[edit]

Storm  | FUB name  | Dates active  | Highest wind gust  | Lowest pressure  | Named by  | Countries affected  | Fatalities (+missing)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Atena  | N/A | 8–11 September 2024 | Unspecified  | 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)  | Italy  | Croatia, Greece, Italy, The Balkans  | 4[14][15]
Boris  | Anett | 11–17 September 2024 | Unspecified  | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg)  | Italy  | Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia  | 26[31]
Aitor  | Constanze | 25–28 September 2024 | 92 mph (148 km/h)  | 984 hPa (29.06 inHg)  | Spain  | United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal  | Unspecified
Cassandra  | Finny | 2–6 October 2024 | Unspecified  | 997 hPa (29.44 inHg)  | Montenegro  | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Corsica, Hungary, Austria  | 27[51]
Kirk | N/A | 8–11 October 2024 | Unspecified  | 977 hPa (28.85 inHg)  | NHC  | France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway  | 1
Berenice  | N/A | 11–13 October 2024 | 80 mph (130 km/h)  | 981 hPa (28.97 inHg)  | Spain  | Spain, Portugal, Morocco  | Unspecified
Leslie  | N/A | 14–16 October 2024 | Unspecified  | 1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)  | NHC  | Spain, Portugal, Azores  | Unspecified
Ashley | Josefine | 18–21 October 2024 | 120 mph (190 km/h)  | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg)  | Ireland  | United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway  | Unspecified
Jakob  | Martina | 31 October–2 November 2024 | Unspecified  | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg)  | Norway  | Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania  | Unspecified
Alexandros  | N/A | 16–18 November 2024 | Unspecified  | 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)  | Greece  | Greece, Cyprus, Turkey  | Unspecified
Quiteria  | N/A | 16–22 November 2024 | Unspecified  | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg)  | Germany  | United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia  | Unspecified
Caetano  | Renate | 19–23 November 2024 | Unspecified  | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg)  | Spain  | United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia  | Unspecified
Bert | Sigrid | 21–26 November 2024 | 112 mph (180 km/h)  | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)  | Ireland  | United Kingdom, Ireland  | 5
Conall  | Telse | 26–29 November 2024 | 79 mph (127 km/h)  | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg)  | Netherlands  | United Kingdom, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Poland  | 1
Bora  | N/A | 29 November – 3 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)  | Greece  | Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Turkey, Italy  | 3
Darragh | Xaveria | 5–9 December 2024 | 96 mph (154 km/h)  | 977 hPa (28.85 inHg)  | United Kingdom  | United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, France  | 4
Dorothea  | Anka | 15-22 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 963 hPa (28.44 inHg)  | Spain  | Azores, Canary Islands, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden  | Unspecified
Sif  | Ziva | 16-18 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg)  | Germany  | Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine  | Unspecified
Bianca  | N/A | 17-19 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg)  | Germany  | United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark  | Unspecified
Dionisio  | N/A | 18-21 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg)  | Italy  | Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece  | Unspecified
Enol  | Diana | 20-23 December 2024 | 82 mph (132 km/h)  | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg)  | France  | United Kingdom, Ireland. Netherlands, France  | Unspecified
Elena  | N/A | 23-27 December 2024 | Unspecified  | 988 hPa (29.18 inHg)  | Italy  | Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Greece  | Unspecified
Ginette  | N/A | 30 December 2024-2 January 2025 | Unspecified  | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg)  | Germany  | United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia  | Unspecified
Floriane  | Bernd | 2-9 January 2025 | Unspecified  | 952 hPa (28.11 inHg)  | France  | United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany  | Unspecified
Felix  | N/A | 11-15 January 2025 | Unspecified  | 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)  | Italy  | Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina  | Unspecified
Gabri  | N/A | 16-19 January 2025 | Unspecified  | 1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg)  | Italy  | Italy, Tunisia, Algeria  | Unspecified
Garoe  | N/A | 17 January 2025-present | Unspecified  | 986 hPa (29.12 inHg)  | Portugal  | Azores Archipelago, Madeira Archipelago, Portugal  | Unspecified

## See also

[edit]

* Weather of: 2024
* Tropical cyclones in: 2024, 2025
* 2024 European floods
* 2024–25 North American winter
* 2024-25 Asian winter

## References

[edit]

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* v
* t
* e

European windstorm seasons

UK and Ireland windstorm seasons (2015–2017)|

* 2015–16
* 2016–17

European windstorm seasons (2017–)|

* 2017–18
* 2018–19
* 2019–20
* 2020–21
* 2021–22
* 2022–23
* 2023–24
* 2024–25

Notable storms|

* Abigail (Frank) 2015
* Desmond (Ted) 2015
* Eva (Chuck/Staffan) 2015
* Xavier 2017
* Ophelia 2017
* Herwart/Ingolf 2017
* Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
* David (Friederike) 2018
* Emma (Ulrike) 2018
* Leslie 2018
* Lorenzo 2019
* Gloria (Ilka) 2020
* Ciara (Sabine) 2020
* Dennis (Victoria) 2020
* Alex (Brigitte) 2020
* Filomena (Bartosz) 2021
* Athina (Christian) 2021
* Aurore (Hendrik) 2021
* Ballos 2021
* Blas 2021
* Arwen (Andreas) 2021
* Barra (Harry) 2021
* Elpis 2022
* Malik (Nadia/Valtteri) 2022
* Dudley 2022
* Eunice (Zeynep/Nora) 2022
* Poly 2023
* Babet (Viktor) 2023
* Ciarán (Emir) 2023
* Darragh (Xaveria) 2024

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