2024 European Parliament election

* * *

| ← 2019 | 6–9 June 2024 | 2029 →

|
|

← outgoing members

elected members →

* * *

All 720 seats to the European Parliament[a]
361 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout| (50.74%[1] 0.08 pp)
|   |

|
|
|

Leader  | Ursula von der Leyen | Nicolas Schmit | None[b]
Alliance  | EPP | S&D | PfE
Leader's seat  | Not running | Not running | –
Last election  | 187 seats  | 148 seats  | New group
Seats won  | 188 | 136  | 84
Seat change  |  1  |  12  |  8[c]

* * *

|  |

|  |

|

Leader  | None | Marie-Agnes
Strack-Zimmermann[d] | Terry Reintke
Bas Eickhout
Alliance  | ECR | Renew | Greens/EFA
Leader's seat  | –  | Germany | Germany
Netherlands
Last election  | 62 seats  | 97 seats  | 67 seats
Seats won  | 78  | 77  | 53
Seat change  |  16  |  20  |  14

* * *

Leader  | Walter Baier | None
Alliance  | The Left | ESN
Leader's seat  | Not running | –
Last election  | 40 seats  | New group
Seats won  | 46  | 25
Seat change  |  6  | –

* * *

Results by member state, shaded by EP group popular vote winner

* * *

| President of the European Commission before election

Ursula von der Leyen
EPP

| President of the European Commission

Ursula von der Leyen
EPP

|

This article is part of a series on

Politics of the European Union

Member states (27)

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Cyprus
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Ireland
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Candidate countries

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Georgia
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Ukraine

* * *

Countries with suspended accession negotiations

* Turkey

* * *

Applicant countries

* Kosovo

* * *

States not on the agenda

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Iceland
* Kazakhstan
* Norway
* Russia
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom

* * *

Microstates and the European Union

* Andorra
* Liechtenstein
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

* * *

* Special territories
* EU 3 (EU founding states)
* Enlargement of the European Union
* Withdrawal from the European Union

* * *

Treaties and Declarations

* Schuman Declaration (1950)
* Treaty of Paris (1951)
* Europe Declaration (1951)
* Spaak Report (1956)
* Treaty of Rome (1957)
* Euratom Treaty (1957)
* Merger Treaty (1965)
* Solemn Declaration (1983)
* Single European Act (1986)
* Maastricht Treaty (1992)
* Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
* Treaty of Nice (2001)
* Berlin Declaration (2007)
* Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
* Article 7
* Article 50

* * *

Opt-outs

* * *

Treaties of accession

1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011

* * *

Treaties of withdrawal

1984, 2020

* * *

Other treaties

* Schengen Agreement (1985)
* European Economic Area Agreement (1992)

* * *

Abandoned treaties and agreements

* European Constitution (2004)
* UK membership renegotiation (2015–2016)

Executive institutions

European Council

* President: Costa (PES)
* Parties
* List of meetings

* * *

European Commission

* Von der Leyen Commission
* President: Von der Leyen (EPP)
* Vice Presidents
* College of Commissioners
* Civil Service
* Secretary-General:  Juhansone

Legislative institutions

* Legislative procedure

* * *

Council of the EU

Presidency

Denmark

(July–December 2025)

* * *

Configurations

* GAC
* FAC
* ECOFIN
* Eurogroup
* AGRIFISH
* EPSCO
* COMPET
* TTE
* ENVI
* JHA
* EYC

* * *

* Voting
* Secretariat
* Secretary-General: Thérèse Blanchet
* Directorates-general
* Council preparatory bodies
* COREPER
* Council Working Parties

* * *

European Parliament
(Members)

* President: Metsola
* Largest groups
* EPP (Manfred Weber)
* S&D (Iratxe García)
* Member of the European Parliament
* 10th session (2024–2029)
* Bureau
* Vice Presidents
* Quaestor
* Conference

* * *

National parliaments

Judicial institutions

Court of Justice of the EU

* European Court of Justice
* Members
* Advocates General
* Rulings
* General Court

Auditory institutions

European Court of Auditors

* European Court of Auditors

* * *

Other auditory bodies

* Internal Audit Service of the Commission
* Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
* Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
* Anti-Fraud Office
* Public Prosecutor's Office

European Central Bank

* President Lagarde
* ESCB
* EMU
* Euro banknotes
* Euro coins

Other bodies

European Investment Bank Group

* Investment Bank
* Investment Fund
* EIB Institute

* * *

European Stability Mechanism

* European Stability Mechanism

* * *

European University Institute

* European University Institute

* * *

Unified Patent Court

* Unified Patent Court

* * *

Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings

* Decentralised agencies of the EU
* Single market agencies
* CFSP agencies
* AFSC agencies
* ESFS European Supervisory Authorities
* SRM bodies
* Executive agencies of the EU
* Euratom agencies
* Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
* European Institute of Innovation and Technology
* European Public Prosecutor's Office
* Corporate bodies of the EU
* European Data Protection Board
* Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
* Joint undertakings
* of the EU
* of the Euratom

* * *

Other independent bodies

* European Data Protection Supervisor
* European Ombudsman

* * *

Advisory bodies

* European Committee of the Regions
* European Economic and Social Committee
* Political and Security Committee
* European Union Military Committee
* EU/ESA Space Council

* * *

Inter-institutional bodies

* Publications Office of the European Union
* European External Action Service
* European Personnel Selection Office
* Anti-Fraud Office
* European Administrative School

Euratom

Euratom members

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Cyprus
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Ireland
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Associated states

*  Switzerland
*  United Kingdom

* * *

* Nuclear power in the European Union

Euratom since 1 January 2021

Economic and Monetary Union

Eurozone members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain

* * *

Eurogroup

* President
* Paschal Donohoe

* * *

Other currencies in use

* Bulgarian lev
* Czech koruna
* Danish krone
* Hungarian forint
* Polish złoty
* Romanian leu
* Swedish krona

* * *

* ERM II
* Enlargement of the eurozone

* * *

Non Euro countries relationship to Euro

* Bulgaria
* Czechia
* Denmark
* Hungary
* Poland
* Sweden
* Romania

Eurozone since 2015

Schengen Area

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

*  Iceland
*  Liechtenstein
*  Norway
*  Switzerland

* * *

Non-Schengen area EU member states

*  Cyprus
*  Ireland (Opt-out)

* * *

* ETIAS
* Prüm Convention
* Schengen Information System
* Visa Information System
* Visa policy of the Schengen Area

Schengen Area from January 2023

European Economic Area

EEA members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

*  Iceland
*  Liechtenstein
*  Norway

* * *

Topics

* EEA Joint Committee
* EEA National Identity cards
* Microstates and the European Union

European Economic Area

Elections

* Elections to the European Parliament
* European parties
* European foundations
* Political groups of the European Parliament
* Spitzenkandidat
* Constituencies
* Apportionment
* Referendums related to the EU

* * *

European elections

* 1979
* 1984
* 1989
* 1994
* 1999
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019
* 2024 (latest election)

* * *

Elections in EU member states

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

Law

* Acquis
* Conferral
* Primacy (ECJ Case 6/64)
* Subsidiarity
* Regulation
* Democratic legitimacy
* Directive
* Decision
* Recommendation
* Fundamental Rights

Policies and issues

* Budget
* Customs Union
* Free Trade Agreements
* European Single Market
* Area of FS&J
* Policies
* Agricultural
* Energy
* Fisheries
* Regional
* Citizenship
* Passports of the European Union
* Identity
* Pro-Europeanism
* Euroscepticism
* European banking union
* European Banking Supervision
* Single Resolution Mechanism
* Capital Markets Union
* European System of Financial Supervision
* Institutional seats of the European Union
* Integration
* Supranationalism
* European Federation
* Multi-speed Europe
* Enhanced cooperation

Foreign relations

High Representative

* Kaja Kallas

* * *

* Ext. Action Service
* Foreign Policy
* Defence Policy

* * *

Foreign relations of EU member states

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

* Argentina–European Union relations
* Armenia–European Union relations
* Australia–European Union relations
* Brazil–European Union relations
* Canada–European Union relations
* China–European Union relations
* European Union–NATO relations
* Georgia–European Union relations
* Iceland–European Union relations
* Iran–European Union relations
* Israel–European Union relations
* Japan–European Union relations
* Kazakhstan–European Union relations
* Mexico–European Union relations
* Moldova–European Union relations
* Norway–European Union relations
* Russia–European Union relations
* Switzerland–European Union relations
* Turkey–European Union relations
* Ukraine–European Union relations
* United Kingdom–European Union relations (History)
* Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
* Brexit
* United States–European Union relations

* * *

* Common Travel Area (Ireland)
* Microstates and the European Union
* European Union and the United Nations
* European Union Association Agreement
* European Neighbourhood Policy
* Eastern Partnership
* Euronest Parliamentary Assembly

* * *

* G7
* G20

Defunct bodies

* European Communities (1958–1993)

European Coal and Steel Community
European Economic Community
* European Community
* Western European Union
* Convention on the Future of Europe

European Union portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The 2024 European Parliament election was held in the European Union (EU) between 6 and 9 June 2024.[4] It was the tenth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first European Parliament election after Brexit.[5][6] A total of 720 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected to represent more than 450 million people from 27 member states.[a] This election also coincided with a number of other elections in some European Union member states.

The European People's Party led by Ursula von der Leyen won the most seats in the European Parliament. The pro-EU centrist, liberal, social democrat and environmentalist parties suffered losses, while anti-EU right-wing populist parties made gains. The right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists group overtook the centrist Renew Europe group to win the fourth most seats, while another right-wing group, Patriots for Europe, the successor of Identity and Democracy, won the third most seats. In addition, a far-right group, Europe of Sovereign Nations, was formed, becoming the smallest group in the Parliament. In total, 187 MEPS (26% of Parliament) belonged to the hard-right which is more members than ever before in history.[7]

On 18 July 2024, Ursula von der Leyen was re-elected President of the European Commission in a secret ballot by the European Parliament.[8]

## Background

[edit]

In the previous election, held on 23–26 May 2019, in terms of the political Groups in the Parliament, they resulted in the EPP Group and S&D suffering significant losses, while the liberal/centrist (Renew), the Greens/EFA and ID made substantial gains, with ECR and The Left had small reduction. The European People's Party, led by Manfred Weber, won the most seats in the European Parliament, but was then unable to secure support from other parties for Weber as candidate for President of the Commission. After initial deadlock, the European Council decided to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as a compromise candidate to be the new Commission President, and the European Parliament elected von der Leyen with 383 votes (374 votes needed). The commission as a whole was then approved by the European Parliament on 27 November 2019, receiving 461 votes.

The 2019 election saw an increase in the turnout, when 50.7% of eligible voters had cast a vote compared with 42.5% of the 2014 election. This was the first time that turnout had increased since the first European Parliament election in 1979.[9] In 2024, the Eurobarometer data shows that 71% of Europeans say they are likely to vote in June, 10% higher than those who said they would in 2019.[10]

Since the last European-wide election, the right has continued to rise across Europe, remaining however split, mainly by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russian relations issue.[11] In 2024, before the European elections, right-wing populist parties hold or share political power in Hungary (Fidesz), Italy (Brothers of Italy), Sweden (Sweden Democrats), Finland (Finns Party), Slovakia (Slovak National Party) and Croatia (Homeland Movement).[11] The centre-right EPP has "raised eyebrows" among some commentators for its efforts to charm parties in the ECR to create a broad conservative block,[12] which could upset the long-standing status-quo that has seen the EPP share power with the centre-left S&D and the centrist Renew Group.[13]

### Qatargate

[edit]

Main article: Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament

The Qatargate corruption scandal, which began in December 2022, had destabilized the European Parliament following the arrest of several MEPs including Marc Tarabella; Andrea Cozzolino and Eva Kaili who was stripped of her vice presidency. Other suspects in the case include Francesco Giorgi, the parliamentary assistant of MEP Andrea Cozzolino, Pier Antonio Panzeri, founder of the Fight Impunity NGO; Niccolo Figa-Talamanca, head of the No Peace Without Justice NGO; and Luca Visentini, head of the International Trade Union Confederation.[14][15] Following the scandal, the European Parliament revised its rules of procedure and its code of conduct in September 2023[16]

### Hungary

[edit]

See also: History of Hungary § Orbán governments: 2010–

The European Parliament views Hungary as a "hybrid regime of electoral autocracy" since 2022 and considers Hungary according to Article 7.1 of the Treaty on European Union in clear risk of a serious breach of the Treaty on European Union.[17][18] In January 2024, a majority of European Parliament MEPs voted for a resolution demanding that the EU Council considers that Hungary be stripped of its EU voting rights under Article 7 of the Treaty.[19]

## Date of the election

[edit]

See also: 2024 European Parliament election in Portugal § Date

The dates chosen for the elections conflicted with a long weekend in Portugal, where Portugal Day, a national holiday, was celebrated on 10 June, which was expected to suppress turnout.[20] Despite an attempt by Portuguese leaders to find a compromise, no change was made to the default date of 6–9 June,[21] which required unanimity to be changed.

## Electoral system

[edit]

Elections to the European Parliament are regulated by the Treaty on European Union, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage (the Electoral Act). The Electoral Act states that the electoral procedure is governed by the national provisions in each member state, subject to the provisions of the act.[22] Elections are conducted by direct universal suffrage by proportional representation using either a list system or single transferable vote.[22] The national electoral threshold may not exceed 5% of votes cast.[22]

### Attempts at electoral reform

[edit]

In June 2018, the Council agreed to change the EU electoral law and to reform old laws from the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002.[23] New provisions included a mandatory 2% threshold for countries with more than 35 seats and rules to prevent voters from voting in multiple countries.[24] After the Act was adopted by the Council following consent given by the European Parliament in July 2018, not all member states ratified the Act prior to the 2019 elections, which took place under the old rules. As of 2023, the reform has yet to be ratified by Cyprus and Spain;[25] Germany only ratified in summer 2023.[26]

On 3 May 2022, the European Parliament voted to propose a new electoral law, which would contain provisions for electing 28 seats on transnational lists.[27] As of 2024, this reform has not been approved by the Council, which must approve it unanimously,[28] meaning the election will be conducted under the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002.

### Apportionment

[edit]

As a result of Brexit, 27 seats from the British delegation were distributed to other countries in January 2020 (those elected in 2019, but not yet seated took their seats).[29] The other 46 seats were abolished with the total number of MEPs decreasing from 751 to 705.[30]

A report in the European Parliament proposed in February 2023 to modify the apportionment in the European Parliament and increase the number of MEPs from 705 to 716 in order to adapt to the development of the population and preserve degressive proportionality.[31][32] It was passed in the plenary in June 2023.[32] On 26 July 2023, the Council reached a preliminary agreement, which would increase the size of the European Parliament to 720 seats.[33] On 13 September 2023, the European Parliament consented to this decision,[34] which was adopted by the European Council on 22 September 2023.[35]

### Electoral system by country

[edit]

Member state  | Seats  | Date  | Voting
age  | Compulsory voting | Absentee voting | Min. age for candidacy[36] | Constituencies | Legal threshold[e] | Maximum threshold[f] | Electoral system[37] | Candidate selection[37]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Austria | 20(+1) | 9 June[38] | 16  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | 4%  | ~4.8%  | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Belgium | 22(+1) | 9 June[39] | 16[40] | Yes[41] | By post and by proxy | 18  | 03  | —  | Up to 50%[g] | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Bulgaria | 17  | 9 June[42] | 18  | Yes[h] | —  | 21  | 01  | ~5.9%[i][43] | Largest remainder[j] | Semi-open list
Croatia | 12  | 9 June[44] | 18  | No  | —  | 18  | 01  | 5%  | ~7.7%  | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Cyprus | 06  | 9 June[45] | 18  | No[46] | —  | 21  | 01  | 1.8%[47] | ~14.3%  | Largest remainder[j] | Open list
Czech Republic | 21  | 7–8 June[48] | 18  | No  | —  | 21  | 01  | 5%  | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Denmark | 15(+1) | 9 June[49] | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | —  | ~6.3%  | D'Hondt[k] | Open list
Estonia | 07  | 3–9 June[l][50] | 18  | No  | By post and online | 21  | 01  | —  | 12.5%  | D'Hondt | Open list
Finland | 15(+1) | 9 June[51] | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | —  | ~6.3%  | D'Hondt | Open list
France | 81(+2) | 9 June[52] | 18  | No  | By proxy | 18  | 01  | 5%  | D'Hondt | Closed list
Germany | 96  | 9 June[53] | 16  | No  | By post | 18  | 1[m] | —  | ~1.0%  | Sainte-Laguë | Closed list
Greece | 21  | 9 June[54] | 17  | Yes[h] | By post | 25  | 01  | 3%  | ~4.5%  | Largest remainder | Open list
Hungary | 21  | 9 June[55] | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | 5%  | D'Hondt | Closed list
Ireland | 14(+1) | 7 June[56] | 18  | No  | —  | 21  | 03  | N/A  | Up to 20%[n] | Single transferable vote
Italy | 76  | 8–9 June[57] | 18  | No  | —  | 25  | 05[o] | 4%  | Largest remainder[j] | Open list
Latvia | 09(+1) | 8 June[58] | 18  | No  | By post | 21  | 01  | 5%[59] | 10%  | Sainte-Laguë | Open list
Lithuania | 11  | 9 June[60] | 18  | No  | By post | 21  | 01  | 5%[61] | ~8.3%  | Largest remainder[j] | Open list
Luxembourg | 06  | 9 June[62] | 18  | Yes  | By post | 18  | 01  | —  | ~14.3%  | D'Hondt | Panachage
Malta | 06  | 8 June[63] | 16  | No  | —  | 18  | 01  | N/A  | ~14.3%[p] | Single transferable vote
Netherlands | 31(+2) | 6 June[64] | 18  | No  | By post and by proxy | 18  | 01  | ~3.2%[i][65] | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Poland | 53(+1) | 9 June[66] | 18  | No  | By post and by proxy | 21  | 13[o] | 5%  | Largest remainder[67] | Open list
Portugal | 21  | 9 June[68] | 18  | No  | —  | 18  | 01  | —  | ~4.5%  | D'Hondt | Closed list
Romania | 33  | 9 June[69] | 18  | No  | —  | 23  | 01  | 5%  | D'Hondt | Closed list
Slovakia | 15(+1) | 8 June[70] | 18  | No  | —  | 21  | 01  | 5%  | ~6.3%  | Largest remainder[q] | Semi-open list
Slovenia | 09(+1) | 9 June[71][72] | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | —  | 10%  | D'Hondt | Semi-open list
Spain | 61(+2) | 9 June  | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | —  | ~1.6%  | D'Hondt | Closed list
Sweden | 21  | 9 June[73] | 18  | No  | By post | 18  | 01  | 4%  | ~4.5%  | Modified Sainte-Laguë | Semi-open list

## Lead candidates

[edit]

### Spitzenkandidat system

[edit]

In the run-up to the 2014 European Parliament elections a new informal system was unveiled for the selection of the European Commission President (known colloquially as the Spitzenkandidat system) dictating that whichever party group gained the most seats (or the one able to secure the support of a majority coalition) would see their candidate become President of the Commission.[74] In 2014, the candidate of the largest group, Jean-Claude Juncker, was eventually nominated and elected as Commission President.[75] European party leaders aimed to reintroduce the system in 2019, with them selecting lead candidates and organizing a televised debate between those candidates.[76] In the aftermath of the election German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen was chosen as Commission President, even though she had not been a candidate prior to the election, while Manfred Weber, lead candidate for the EPP, which had gained the most seats, was not nominated as he was unable to secure support from any other party.[77] Following this appointment of a Commission President who had not been a Spitzenkandidat, some called for the system to be abandoned, while others called for it to be revived in the 2024 elections.[78][79][80]

In 2023, multiple political parties at the European level announced their intentions to nominate a main candidate.[81][82][83][84] ECR[85][86] and ID have rejected doing so.[87]

### Overview of party candidates for Commission President in 2024

[edit]

European political party | EP Group  | Lead candidate(s)

|
|

| EPP | European People's Party | EPP Group | Ursula von der Leyen
| PES | Party of European Socialists | S&D | Nicolas Schmit
| ALDE | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party | Renew | Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann
| EDP | European Democratic Party | Sandro Gozi
| EGP | European Green Party | Greens/EFA | Bas Eickhout, Terry Reintke
| EFA | European Free Alliance | Greens/EFA, ECR | Maylis Roßberg [de], Raül Romeva
| ID | Identity and Democracy Party | ID | None[b]
| ECR | European Conservatives and Reformists Party | ECR | None
| PEL | Party of the European Left | The Left | Walter Baier
| ECPM | European Christian Political Movement | EPP Group, ECR | Valeriu Ghilețchi
European political alliance | EP Group  | Lead candidate(s)
| PPEU | European Pirate Party | Greens/EFA | Marcel Kolaja, Anja Hirschel
| Volt | Volt Europa | Damian Boeselager, Sophie in 't Veld
| DiEM25 | Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 | None | None

### European People's Party

[edit]

The centre-right EPP held its congress in Bucharest on 6–7 March 2024 to elect its presidential candidate and adopt its election programme.[90] Nominees required the backing of their own member party and not more than two other EPP member parties from EU countries, with nominations closing on February 21.[91]

On 19 February 2024, Ursula von der Leyen announced her intention to run, supported by the CDU.[92] On 7 March von der Leyen was elected presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP delegates at the EPP congress.[93] Among others, it is believed that the French and Slovenian delegations voted against.[94][95]

### Party of European Socialists

[edit]

The centre-left PES held its congress in Rome on 2 March. Nominees required the backing of nine PES full member parties or organisations, with nominations closing on 17 January.[96]

On 18 January, the PES announced that the Luxembourgish European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights Nicolas Schmit was the sole nominee to meet the nominating requirements.[97] He was then nominated on 2 March during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme.[98]

### Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

[edit]

The ALDE party held its extraordinary congress in Brussels on 20–21 March 2024.[99] On 7 March 2024, following months of speculation, Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas announced that she had rejected the offer from ALDE to be the party's Spitzenkandidat.[100] Luxembourg's former Prime Minister Xavier Bettel announced that he is not interested in the post either.[101]

On 11 March, the German FDP nominated Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann to become presidential candidate.[102] She was then elected on March 20 during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme.[103][104]

### European Democratic Party

[edit]

During the 8 March 2024 Convention in Florence, the European Democratic Party nominated Sandro Gozi as its lead candidate and approved its election programme.[105]

### European Green Party

[edit]

During the 2–4 February 2024 congress in Lyon, the European Green Party elected Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout as its two presidential candidates and adopted its election programme.[106][107][108] Nominees were Bas Eickhout, Elīna Pinto, Terry Reintke, Benedetta Scuderi.[109][110]

### European Free Alliance

[edit]

In October 2023, the congress of the European Free Alliance elected Maylis Roßberg and Raül Romeva as its presidential candidates, and adopted its election programme.[111][112]

### Party of the European Left

[edit]

During the 24–25 February 2024 congress in Ljubljana,[113] the PEL elected Walter Baier as its presidential candidate and adopted its election programme.[114]

### European Christian Political Movement

[edit]

In a meeting held on 24 February 2024, the European Christian Political Movement appointed party president Valeriu Ghilețchi as its lead candidate for the European Commission.[115]

### European Pirate Party

[edit]

At its General Assembly in Luxembourg in January 2024, the European Pirate Party nominated Marcel Kolaja and Anja Hirschel as lead candidates.[116]

### Volt Europa

[edit]

On 27 November 2023, Volt Europa adopted its European election programme at its General Assembly in Paris.[117] During the 6–7 April 2024 campaign launch event in Brussels the party elected German MEP Damian Boeselager and Dutch MEP Sophie in 't Veld as its lead candidates.[118] Regarding which European Parliament group to join after the elections, Boeselager said he was “open to discussions” between remaining in Greens/EFA or joining Renew Europe in due course.[119] To emphasise its demand for transnational lists, Volt Europa also presented a symbolic transnational list for the election alongside its leading candidates.[120]

## Issues

[edit]

### Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of the European Union

### Climate change

[edit]

Main article: Climate change in Europe

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024)

|

See also: European Green Deal

### Foreign policy

[edit]

Main article: Common Foreign and Security Policy

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024)

|

### Immigration

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2024)

|

Immigration was cited by Politico as a key issue in elections in several countries, including Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland and Sweden.[121]

### Potential enlargement

[edit]

Main article: Potential enlargement of the European Union

Various sources wrote that an increased influence of right-wing and far-right parties in the European Parliament could derail Ukrainian accession, as polling showed low support for EU enlargement in countries where such parties have power.[122][123] Exceptions were Poland's Law and Justice supporting Ukrainian accession, and Hungary's Fidesz – a party highly sceptical of Ukraine – being in favour of bids from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, two countries with governments favourable to Russia.[123]

## Campaign

[edit]

### The future of Ursula von der Leyen

[edit]

Ursula von der Leyen, the current European Commission President, did not formally announce her intention to stand for a second term until February 2024. This led to speculation about other potential EPP candidates, such as President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola. However, on 19 February 2024, von der Leyen announced her intention to seek a second term.[92] and on 7 March she was elected European People's Party presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP congressional delegates.[93]

In Germany, the coalition government had also agreed to support the spitzenkandidat system,[124] implicitly accepting the prospect of von der Leyen, who within Germany hails from the opposition CDU party, becoming Commission President again, depending on the election results. Otherwise, the German government coalition agreement grants the right to nominate the next German EU Commissioner to the Greens, provided the Commission President is not from Germany.[125]

### The future of Charles Michel

[edit]

In January 2024, Charles Michel announced he would step down early as president of the European Council to run for the European Parliament instead.[126] This would have meant that European Union leaders would potentially discuss his successor in the summer[127] as, if elected to the European Parliament, he would have had to step down because of prohibition of the dual mandate.[128] His mandate had been to set to expire in November 2024.[129] For this unanticipated decision Michel was criticised by EU officials and diplomats.[130] He was criticised by his political ally Sophie in 't Veld who questioned his "credibility".[131] This timing was further criticised for potential disruptions it could cause, as Article 2(4) of the European Council's Rules of Procedure provide that, if its President leaves office early, he "shall be replaced, where necessary until the election of his or her successor, by the member of the European Council representing the Member State holding the six-monthly Presidency of the Council".[132] This would have been the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whose country would be scheduled to take over the rotating presidency of the European Council on 1 July.[133] On 26 January 2024, Michel withdrew his candidacy and thus delayed his departure.[134]

### Russian influence scandal

[edit]

Main article: Russian interference in European politics

On 27 March, the Czech Republic sanctioned the news site Voice of Europe, claiming that the site is part of a network for pro-Russian influence.[135] The following day, Belgian Prime Minister De Croo, referring to the sanctions during a debate in the Belgian parliament, said that Russia had targeted MEPs, but also paid them.[136] On 2 April, the Czech news portal Denik N reported, citing several ministers, that there are audio recordings of the German far-right politician Petr Bystron (MP, AfD) that incriminate him of having accepted money.[137] On 12 April, it became known that the Belgian public prosecutor's office is investigating whether European politicians were paid to spread Russian propaganda. In addition to Bystron, the investigation is also targeting Dutch MEP Marcel de Graaff (FvD) and German MEP Maximilian Krah (AfD). Ukrainian politician and businessman Viktor Medvedchuk, who is close to Russian President Vladimir Putin, is believed to be the man behind Voice of Europe.[138]

### Future European Parliament groups

[edit]

Ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election, National Rally spokespeople Jordan Bardella and Caroline Parmentier announced they would part ways with Alternative for Germany after the election and not include the AfD in the ID group due to controversial statements on Nazi Germany made by AfD lead candidate Maximilian Krah in an interview and allegations of Chinese espionage influence on the party.[139][140] Italy's Lega and the Czech SPD backed the position taken by the National Rally,[141][142] but Vlaams Belang declined to support expulsion of the AfD from the ID group or rule out further cooperation with the AfD, while criticising Krah's remarks.[143] The Danish People's Party conditioned future cooperation with the AfD on Krah's exclusion from the ID group.[144] The AfD was expelled from the group on 23 May.[145]

After the European elections, there are often changes or creation of new political groups by the national parties in the European Parliament.[146] This concerns both the new parties that have not yet announced which group they will be part of, and the parties already present in the European Parliament who choose to change group at the beginning of a new legislature.[146] According to the Parliament's rules of procedure, a political group requires at least 23 MEPs from at least one-quarter of the Member States (7 out of 27), and a political declaration, setting out the purpose of the group.[147]

Several news outlets have speculated on the possibility of a new group guided by the German Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht party, created in January 2024.[148][149][150] This 'left-conservative' and eurosceptic group could also include La France Insoumise, the Five Star Movement, ANO 2011, Course of Freedom, Direction – Social Democracy, Voice – Social Democracy, the Lithuanian Regions Party, For Stability!, and Together for Catalonia.[146][149] In April 2024, Euractiv reported that BSW announced it had the necessary figures to establish the new group.[151]

After the expulsion of the AfD from ID, it is uncertain where its MEPs will be part of a group after the election. On 30 May, RTL Hungary reported that MHM and AfD were considering forming a new group.[152] This 'far-right' and eurosceptic group could include also Niki and Republic Movement.[146] After Revival was expelled from ID party, the party organized the 'Sofia Declaration' with the Republic Movement, Forum for Democracy, Our Homeland Movement, Alternative for Sweden and the Agricultural Livestock Party of Greece on 12 April 2024.[153]

### Debates

[edit]

2024 European Parliament election debates  Date and time  | Location  | Organisers  | Moderators  | Language  | Participants
P  Present  A  Absent  I  Invited  NI  Not invited

|
|
|
|
|

EPP | PES | ALDE | EDP | EGP | EFA | ID | ECR | PEL | ECPM
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
29 April 2024
19:00 CET[154][155] | Theater aan het Vrijthof, Maastricht, Netherlands | Studio Europa Maastricht,
Politico Europe | Barbara Moens, Marcia Luyten | English  | P
von der Leyen | P
Schmit | P
Strack-Zimmermann[r] | P
Eickhout | P
Roßberg | P
Vistisen[b] | A | P
Baier | P
Ghilețchi
21 May 2024
16:00 CET[156] | Brussels, Belgium | Bruegel,
Financial Times | Maria Demertzis, Henry Foy  | English  | P
von der Leyen | P
Schmit | P
Gozi[s] | NI | NI | P
Vistisen[b] | NI | NI | NI
23 May 2024
17:00 CET[157][158] | Espace Léopold, Brussels, Belgium | European Broadcasting Union,
European Parliament | Annelies Beck, Martin Řezníček  | English  | P
von der Leyen | P
Schmit | P
Gozi[s] | P
Reintke | NI | NI | NI | P
Baier | NI

#### 29 April (Maastricht, Netherlands)

[edit]

Lead Candidates participating in the Maastricht Debate 2024

The first debate was held on Monday, 29 April 2024 from 19:00 to 20:30 CET at the Theater aan het Vrijthof in Maastricht, Netherlands.[155] It was hosted by Studio Europa Maastricht and Politico Europe and was EBU’s Eurovision News Exchange distributed the feed to its public service media network of members.[155] An initiative of Maastricht University, it was the third edition of the so-called "Maastrich Debate" [155][159] All ten registered European Political parties were invited to the debate.[155]

The debate questions focused on three main themes: climate change, foreign and security policy, and EU democracy.[155] During the debate, Ursula von der Leyen indicated she would be open to a deal with the European Conservatives and Reformists group after the election saying that the collaboration “depends very much on how the composition of the Parliament is, and who is in what group”.[160]

#### 21 May (Brussels, Belgium)

[edit]

Financial Times and Bruegel debate in 2024

The second debate was held on Tuesday, 21 May 2024 from 17:00 to 18:15 in Brussels, Belgium.[156] It was hosted by the think tank Bruegel and the Financial Times. The debate questions focused on economic policy in the EU.[161][162]

#### 23 May (Brussels, Belgium)

[edit]

Eurovision Debate 2024 with Lead Candidates

The third debate was held on Thursday, 23 May 2024 from 15:00 to 17:00 CET at the European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium.[163][164] It was hosted by the European Broadcasting Union together with the European Parliament and it was broadcast on public service media channels and online platforms members.[163] The debate took place in English, with interpretation into all 24 official EU languages and International Sign Language. It was the third edition of the so-called "Eurovision Debate".

Invitations to the debate were sent by the EBU to the ten recognised European Political parties, with only one lead candidate allowed to be nominated from each of the seven Political groups of the European Parliament.[163] On 7 May, EBU announced the candidates for the debate. Two parties, the ECR and ID, were considered by EBU not eligible to take part in the debate, since they have not nominated lead candidates for the Presidency of the European Commission and.[165][166]

The debate questions focused on six main topics: Economy and Jobs, Defence and Security, Climate and Environment, Democracy and Leadership, Migration and Borders, Innovation and Technology.[167]

## Voting advice applications

[edit]

Several voting advice applications at the European level have been developed to help voters choose their candidates. Some of these applications could collect user data for research or commercial purpose.

* EUROMAT allows users to compare their positions on 20 statements with the answers given by the European political parties.[168] The result is presented as a percentage of agreement with each party. At the end, users can see the stances of each group. The EUROMAT was created as a joint project of the NGOs Pulse of Europe and Polis 180 and the blog Der (europäische) Föderalist and is available in eight languages.[169][170]
* Palumba is an application, developed by an association of young professionals, offers 27 questions to be swiped ‘strongly agree’, 'midly agree', ‘strongly against’, 'midly against', or ‘neutral’.[171] Definitions and contextualisations are provided for each statement. The application provides the result in the form of a percentage of agreement for each European group and displays the closest national parties as well as a voter profile, with a user interface echoing the Spotify Wrapped format. The application is available on Android and iPhone and is translated in over 20 languages (including regional dialects)[172] The non-partisan initiative helped over 170,000 young voters,[173] with the support of several European Union institutions,[174] foundations and non-governmental organizations (Erasmus Student Network, Oxfam, European Youth Forum).[175] On February 6, 2025, Palumba is announced as one of the 5 global winners in theYoung Innovators category of the World Summit Awards.[176]

* VoteMatch.eu is a comprehensive collection of VAAs, with a unique application tailored for each member state.[177] This application first matches users with political parties within their own country. While answering the questions, users can see the stances of the national parties (but not all, it depends on the country), and, in some countries, their arguments. This is because votematch.eu aggregate VVA proposed by external actors at the national level. After this initial matching and because each VAA share at least 15 questions, users can compare their results with those in other member states. The overall platform was developed by German bpb and Dutch ProDemos.

* VoteTracker.eu allows users to visualise the votes of the outgoing MEPs on 18 selected votes, and to find the MEPs who best match their convictions.[178] The website allows MEP to submit explanations of their stances.

* EuroMPmatch is a collaborative project between EUmatrix and the European University Institute aimed at enhancing citizen engagement in EU policy-making. By analyzing MEPs' actual voting records on 20 key topics, the project offers citizens a quiz to determine alignment with MEPs, parties, and political xgroups.[179][180] It has been translated in 25 languages.

* EU&I, developed by the European University Institute in Florence, offers 30 questions to which the user can answer from ‘completely agree’ to ‘completely disagree’.[181] They can then give more weight to certain questions. The result is presented as a percentage of agreement with each national party. The site has been translated into 20 languages.[182] They had more than 150 000 users.[183]

* Adeno is an application that allows users to discover the European group that best matches their convictions through 100 questions (20 in the express mode) covering 10 themes. The application also offers a multiplayer mode. It is available on Android[184] and iPhone.[185]
* The Bloom association, whose goal is to fight the destruction of the ocean, the climate, and livelihoods, ranked the European groups both globally and at the national scale on 4 issues: ocean, climate, biodiversity and environmental justice.[186] The page is available in 5 languages.

## Opinion polling and seat projections

[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling and seat projections for the 2024 European Parliament election

### Polling aggregations

[edit]

#### Seat projections

[edit]

Europe Elects, Der Föderalist and Politico Europe have been presenting seat projections throughout the legislative period. Other institutes started presenting data during the election campaign. All projections make their national-level data transparent, except Politico Europe, which only presents aggregate EU-level data.

Polling aggregator  | Date updated  | Number of seats  | The Left | S&D | G/EFA | Renew | EPP | ECR | ID | NI | Others

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 election | After reorganisation of groups | 16 July 2024  | 720  | 46  | 136  | 53  | 77  | 188 | 78  | 84 (as PfE)  | 33+25 ESN | –
Dynamic[t][u][187] | 9 June 2024  | 720  | 40  | 136  | 54  | 80  | 188 | 82  | 64  | 76  | –
Baseline[v][187] | 9 June 2024  | 720  | 39  | 136  | 54  | 78  | 177 | 73  | 58  | 48  | 67
PolitPro[188] | 9 June 2024  | 720  | 40  | 139  | 40  | 81  | 174 | 74  | 89  | 43  | 40
Politico Europe[189] | 6 June 2024  | 720  | 32  | 143  | 41  | 75  | 173 | 76  | 67  | 58  | 55
election.de[190] | 6 June 2024  | 720  | 42  | 138  | 58  | 85  | 181 | 82  | 69  | 65  | –
Cassandra-odds.com[191] | 5 June 2024  | 720  | 38  | 145  | 57  | 89  | 167 | 84  | 73  | 67  | –
euobserver[192] | 5 June 2024  | 720  | 43  | 140  | 52  | 79  | 178 | 89  | 63  | 76  | –
Europe Elects[193] | 4 June 2024  | 720  | 38  | 136  | 55  | 81  | 182 | 79  | 69  | 76  | 4
Der Föderalist[194] | Baseline[v] | 3 Jun 2024  | 720  | 37  | 136  | 57  | 81  | 172 | 79  | 66  | 50  | 42
Dynamic[t] | 720  | 40  | 137  | 58  | 85  | 186 | 80  | 78  | 56  | –
Euronews[195] | 23 May 2024  | 720  | 43  | 135  | 54  | 82  | 181 | 80  | 83  | 62  | –
2019 election | After Brexit | 1 Feb 2020  | 705  | 40  | 148  | 67  | 97  | 187 | 62  | 76  | 28  | –
Before Brexit | 26 May 2019  | 751  | 41  | 154  | 74  | 108  | 182 | 62  | 73  | 57  | –

#### Popular vote projections

[edit]

Europe Elects has been presenting popular vote projections throughout the legislative period. Other institutes started presenting data during the election campaign.

Polling aggregator  | Date updated  | The Left | S&D | G/EFA | Renew | EPP | ECR | ID | NI | Others

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 election | 9 June 2024  | 6.7 %  | 19.2 %  | 8.8 %  | 10.4 %  | 21.2 % | 12.3 %  | 9.0 %  | 9.0 %  | 3.4 %
PolitPro[188] | 9 June 2024  | 5.6%  | 19.3%  | 5.6%  | 11.3%  | 24.2% | 10.3%  | 12.4%  | 6.0%  | 5.3%
The Economist[196] | 9 June 2024  | 6.0%  | 16.0%  | 6.0%  | 10.0%  | 22.0% | 10.0%  | 9.0%  | 7.0%  | 14.0%
Europe Elects[193] | 31 May 2024  | 6.4%  | 19.8%  | 7.7%  | 11.2%  | 21.1% | 12.2%  | 8.5%  | 8.9%  | 4.2%
2019 election
Before Brexit | 26 May 2019  | 6.5%  | 18.5%  | 11.7%  | 13.0%  | 21.0% | 8.2%  | 10.8%  | 7.2%  | 3.1%

## Voter turnout

[edit]

About 357 million people were eligible to vote in 27 countries.[3][197] Of those, around 182 million people voted.[198] This represents 51.05 % of the total eligible voters, the highest percentage of voter turnout since 1994.

## Results

[edit]

### European parties

[edit]

Affiliation to the parties at the time of the election on 6–9 June 2024.

Party| Seats| +/–

|
|

| European People's Party| 171| –6
| Party of European Socialists| 129| –7
| European Conservatives and Reformists Party| 58| +6
| Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party| 58| –13
| Identity and Democracy Party| 57| –19
| European Green Party| 42| –12
| Party of the European Left| 29| +1
| European Democratic Party| 9| –1
| European Free Alliance| 7| 0
| Volt Europa| 5| +4
| European Christian Political Movement| 4| 0
| European Communist Action| 2| 0
| Animal Politics EU| 2| –1
| European Pirate Party| 1| –3
| Others| 146| +36
Total| 720| +15[w]
Source: European Parliament Election 2024 Europe Elects

### MEPs who lost their seat

[edit]

Main article: List of MEPs who lost their seat in the 2024 European Parliament election

### Groups formed

[edit]

Seat share of each group within each country.

Composition of the groups at the time of the first plenary assembly on 16–19 July 2024.

Group| Seats| +/–
| European People's Party Group| 188| +1
| Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats| 136| -12
| Patriots for Europe| 84| +8
| European Conservatives and Reformists| 78| +16
| Renew Europe| 77| -20
| Greens–European Free Alliance| 53| -14
| The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL| 46| +6
| Europe of Sovereign Nations| 25| New
| Non-Inscrits| 33| -24
Total| 720| +15[w]
Source: Elections official website (as of 11 July, 8:54 GMT+2)[199]

### Vote totals

[edit]

Group| Votes| %

|
|

| European People's Party Group| 34,408,182| 19.65
| Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats| 27,368,235| 15.63
| Patriots for Europe| 18,462,468| 10.54
| European Conservatives and Reformists| 15,640,969| 8.93
| Renew Europe| 16,025,384| 9.15
| Greens–European Free Alliance| 11,537,487| 6.59
| The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL| 11,864,583| 6.77
| Europe of Sovereign Nations| 8,659,122| 4.94
| EPP-S&D-Renew-Greens/EFA[x]| 4,359,413| 2.49
| S&D-EPP[y]| 4,341,686| 2.48
| Greens/EFA-The Left[z]| 3,429,612| 1.96
| Renew-EPP[aa]| 1,882,998| 1.08
| Greens/EFA-S&D[ab]| 1,314,428| 0.75
| ECR-EPP[ac]| 661,250| 0.38
| S&D-Renew[ad]| 41,606| 0.02
| Renew-Greens/EFA[ae]| 9,955| 0.01
| Others| 15,123,278| 8.64
Total| 175,130,656| 100.00
Valid votes| 175,130,656| 97.55
Invalid/blank votes| 4,406,386| 2.45
Total votes| 179,537,042| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 355,147,948| 50.55
Source: Electoral Bulletins of the European Union

#### By country

[edit]

This shows the composition of the European Parliament at the constitutive session.[200]

State | Political groups | MEPs

|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EPP | S&D | Patriots | ECR | Renew | G/EFA | The Left | ESN | NI

Austria | 5 (ÖVP)  | -2  | 5 (SPÖ)  | ±0  | 6 (FPÖ)  | +3  |  |  | 2 (NEOS)  | +1  | 2 (Grüne)  | −1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20

Belgium | 2 (CD&V)
1 (CSP)  | ±0
±0  | 2 (Vooruit)
2 (PS)  | +1
±0  | 3 (VB)  | ±0  | 3 (N-VA)  | ±0  | 3 (MR)
1 (Open VLD)
1 (LE)  | +1

±0  | 1 (Groen)
1 (ECOLO)  | ±0
-1  | 2 (PTB)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 22

Bulgaria | 5 (GERB–SDS)
1 (PP-DB: DSB)  | -1
±0  | 2 (BSP)  | -3  |  |  | 1 (ITN)  | +1  | 3 (DPS)
2 (PP-DB: PP)  | ±0
+2  |  |  |  |  | 3 (Revival)  | +3  |  |  | 17

Croatia | 6 (HDZ)  | +2  | 4 (SDP)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (DP)  | +1  |  |  | 1 (Možemo!)  | +1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12

Cyprus | 2 (DISY)  | ±0  | 1 (DIKO)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (ELAM)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 1 (AKEL)  | -1  |  |  | 1 (Fidias)  | +1  | 6

Czech Republic | 2 (SPOLU: TOP 09)
1 (SPOLU: KDU–ČSL)
2 (STAN)  | ±0

+1  |  |  | 7 (ANO)
2 (Přísaha–AUTO)  | +1
+2  | 3 (SPOLU: ODS)  | -1  |  |  | 1 (Piráti)  | -2  |  |  | 1 (SPD)  | -1  | 2 (Stačilo!)  | +1  | 21

Denmark | 1 (C)
1 (I)  | ±0
+1  | 3 (A)  | ±0  | 1 (O)  | ±0  | 1 (Æ)  | +1  | 2 (V)
1 (B)
1 (M)  | -2

+1  | 3 (F)  | +1  | 1 (Ø)  | ±0  |  |  |  |  | 15

Estonia | 2 (Isamaa)  | +1  | 2 (SDE)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (EKRE)[af] | ±0  | 1 (RE)
1 (KE)  | -1
±0  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7

Finland | 4 (Kok.)  | +1  | 2 (SDP)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (PS)  | -1  | 2 (Kesk)
1 (SFP)  | ±0
±0  | 2 (VIHR)  | -1  | 3 (Vas.)  | +2  |  |  |  |  | 15

France | 6 (LR)  | −2  | 13 (PS-PP)  | +7  | 30 (RN)  | +7  | 4 (R!)[ag] | +4  | 13 (Ensemble)  | -10  | 5 (LE)  | -8  | 9 (FI)  | +3  | 1 (R!)[ag] | +1  |  |  | 81

Germany | 23 (CDU)
6 (CSU)
1 (ÖDP)
1 (FAMILIE)  | ±0

±0  | 14 (SPD)  | −2  |  |  |  |  | 5 (FDP)
3 (FW)  | ±0
+1  | 12 (B90/Grüne)
3 (Volt)  | -9
+2  | 3 (Linke)
1 (Tierschutz)  | −2
±0  | 14 (AfD)[ah] | +3  | 6 (BSW)
2 (PARTEI)
1 (AfD)[ah]
1 (PdF)  | +6

+1  | 96

Greece | 7 (ND)  | -1  | 3 (PASOK-KINAL)  | +1  | 1 (FL)  | +1  | 2 (EL)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 4 (Syriza)  | -2  |  |  | 2 (KKE)
1 (NIKI)
1 (PE)  | ±0

+1  | 21

Hungary | 7 (TISZA)  | +7  | 2 (DK-MSZP-P)  | −3  | 11 (Fidesz–KDNP)  | −2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (MHM)  | +1  |  |  | 21

Ireland | 4 (FG)  | -1  | 1 (Lab)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 4 (FF)
1 (II)
1 (McNamara)  | +2

+1  |  |  | 2 (SF)
1 (Flanagan)  | +1
±0  |  |  |  |  | 14

Italy | 8 (FI)
1 (SVP)  | +1
±0  | 21 (PD)  | +2  | 8 (Lega)  | -21  | 24 (FdI)  | +18  |  |  | 4 (AVS: EV)  | +4  | 8 (M5S)
2 (AVS: SI)  | –6
+2  |  |  |  |  | 76

Latvia | 2 (JV)  | ±0  | 1 (Saskaņa)  | -1  | 1 (LPV)  | +1  | 2 (NA)
1 (AS)  | ±0
+1  | 1 (LA)  | ±0  | 1 (P)  | +1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9

Lithuania | 3 (TS–LKD)  | ±0
+1  | 2 (LSDP)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (LVŽS)
1 (LLRA-KŠS)  | -1
±0  | 1 (LP)
1 (LS)  | +1
±0  | 1 (DSVL)  | +1  |  |  | 1 (LCP)  | +1  |  |  | 11

Luxembourg | 2 (CSV)  | ±0  | 1 (LSAP)  | ±0  |  |  | 1 (ADR)  | +1  | 1 (DP)  | -1  | 1 (Gréng)  | ±0  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6

Malta | 3 (PN)  | +1  | 3 (PL)  | -1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6

Netherlands | 3 (CDA)
2 (BBB)
1 (NSC)  | −1

+1  | 4 (GL–PvdA: PvdA)  | -2  | 6 (PVV)  | +5  | 1 (SGP)  | 0  | 4 (VVD)
3 (D66)  | −1
+1  | 4 (GL–PvdA: GL)
2 (Volt)  | +1
+2  | 1 (PvdD)  | ±0  |  |  |  |  | 31

Poland | 21 (KO: PO-IPL)
2 (TD: PSL)  | +7
-1  | 3 (L: NL)  | -5  |  |  | 20 (PiS-SP)  | -7  | 1 (TD: PL2050)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 3 (KWiN: NN)  | +3  | 3 (KWiN: RN-KKP)  | +3  | 53

Portugal | 7 (AD)  | ±0  | 8 (PS)  | -1  | 2 (CH)  | +2  |  |  | 2 (IL)  | +2  |  |  | 1 (BE)
1 (CDU)  | −1
-1  |  |  |  |  | 21

Romania | 8 (CNR: PNL)
2 (UDMR)  | −2
±0  | 11 (CNR: PSD)  | +2  |  |  | 6 (AUR Alliance)  | +6  | 3 (ADU)  | -7  | 1 (Ștefănuță)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 2 (SOS)  | +2  | 33

Slovakia | 1 (KDH)  | −1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 (PS)  | +4  |  |  |  |  | 1 (Republic)[ai] | +1  | 5 (Smer)
1 (Republic)[ai]
1 (Hlas)  | +2

+1  | 15

Slovenia | 4 (SDS)
1 (NSi)  | +2
±0  | 1 (SD)  | -1  |  |  |  |  | 2 (Svoboda)  | ±0  | 1 (Vesna)  | +1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9

Spain | 22 (PP)  | +9  | 20 (PSOE)  | -1  | 6 (Vox)  | +2  |  |  | 1 (CEUS)  | ±0  | 1 (AR: ERC)
1 (AR: BNG)
1 (Sumar: Comuns)
1 (Sumar: Més)  | -1

+1  | 2 (Podemos)
1 (AR: EH Bildu)
1 (Sumar: SMR)  | −1

+1  |  |  | 3 (SALF)
1 (Junts)  | +3
–2  | 61

Sweden | 4 (M)
1 (KD)  | ±0
-1  | 5 (S)  | ±0  |  |  | 3 (SD)  | ±0  | 2 (C)
1 (L)  | ±0
±0  | 3 (MP)  | ±0  | 2 (V)  | +1  |  |  |  |  | 21
Total  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | MEPs
EPP | S&D | Patriots | ECR | Renew | G/EFA | The Left | ESN | NI
188 (26.1%)  | +1  | 136 (18.9%)  | −12  | 84 (11.7%)  | +8  | 78 (10.8%)  | +16  | 77 (10.7%)  | –20  | 53 (7.4%)  | −14  | 46 (6.4%)  | +6  | 25 (3.5%)  | +25  | 33 (4.6%)  | +5  | 720 (+15[w])

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Reactions

[edit]

Before all results were declared, President of France Emmanuel Macron announced the dissolution of the French National Assembly, calling a snap election on 30 June.[206]

### Parliament formation

[edit]

Main article: Tenth European Parliament

After the election, the political groups of the European Parliament reconstitute themselves and recruit new members. The first plenary session of the European Parliament was held on 16–19 July.[207]

#### European People's Party

[edit]

On 18 June 2024, Hungary's Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) officially left the European People's Party, in response to the group's decision to admit the Tisza Party (TISZA), also from Hungary, in their ranks.[208][209][210] Elected MEPs from the Netherlands' Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) and New Social Contract (NSC), Czech Republic's Mayors and Independents (STAN), Denmark's Liberal Alliance (LA) and Germany's Family Party also submitted requests to join the EPP Group.[211]

#### European Conservatives and Reformists

[edit]

On 19 June 2024, the European Conservatives and Reformists group announced in an official press release that elected MEPs from Romania's Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), as well as former members of France's Reconquête (including Marion Maréchal), had joined the group. As a result, the ECR became the third-largest faction in the European Parliament, overtaking Renew Europe in the process.[212][213]

However, on 5 July, Spain's Vox announced their intention to leave the ECR, in order to join the new Patriots for Europe alliance;[214][215] as a result, the group's membership dropped to 78 MEPs, just one ahead of Renew.[216]

#### Greens/EFA

[edit]

In June 2024, it was reported that five elected MEPs from Volt Europa, two of whom from the Netherlands and three from Germany,[217] had begun negotiations both with Renew Europe and the Greens/EFA to join their respective ranks on a stable basis.[218] On June 20, the Volt MEPs released a joint press statement recommending to join Greens/EFA, which they perceived as closer to their stance against right-wing populism, while expressing concerns over the presence of parties such as Czech Republic's ANO 2011 and the Netherlands' People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) – which had agreed to join a coalition with the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV) to form the Schoof cabinet – in the ranks of Renew.[217][218] On June 24, Volt officially announced that 87% of the party's members had voted in favour of joining the Greens/EFA group.[219]

#### Renew Europe

[edit]

On 21 June 2024, Czech Republic's ANO 2011 announced their decision to unilaterally withdraw from the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, as well as Renew Europe, due to "different positions" on the European Green Deal and the EU's migration policy.[220][221]

On 2 July, Irish MEP Michael McNamara, who had been elected as an independent candidate, officially became a member of Renew.[222][223]

#### The Left

[edit]

On 3 July 2024, the co-spokesperson of The Left, Manon Aubry, announced that Italy's Five Star Movement (M5S), who were previously part of Non-Inscrits and failed to create a new group with Germany's BSW after the election,[224] had submitted an official request to join the group, who had already admitted the MEPs from Italian Left following the election.[225][226] Despite initial concerns, mainly related to the M5S's past alliances with the UK Independence Party in the Eighth European Parliament, and Lega during the First Conte government,[226] the group officially admitted the party on 4 July.[227][228] In the process, the M5S became the second most-represented party within the GUE/NGL group, behind only France's La France Insoumise.[227][228]

The agreement included an initial six-month spell of "reciprocal discussion" involving the political views expressed both by The Left and the M5S; Italian fact-checking portal Pagella Politica noted that their respective electoral programs diverged more or less evidently on several prominent topics, including open support of anti-fascist values, the EU's relations with the NATO, immigration and commercial policies, as well as the goals set by the European Green Deal.[229]

#### Identity and Democracy

[edit]

Following the announcement of the new Patriots for Europe alliance, Identity and Democracy saw several member parties leave the formation, or express interest in doing so,[230][231] with examples including Portugal's Chega,[232] France's National Rally[230] and Italy's Lega.[233] Following the departure of MEPs from several key member parties, the ID group could no longer form a political group in the EU Parliament, which has a minimum requirement of members from at least seven member nations.[230][231]

According to anonymous ID members, the whole group could eventually get merged into Patriots for Europe, as part of negotiations supervised by the leader of the National Rally, Marine Le Pen.[234][235] On 8 July 2024, the group officially disbanded, following the establishment of the PfE group in the European Parliament.[236]

#### Patriots for Europe

[edit]

Main article: Patriots for Europe

On 30 June 2024, the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of the Fidesz party, Viktor Orbán, publicly announced his intention to form a new parliamentary group, named Patriots for Europe, together with Austria's Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and Czech Republic's ANO 2011;[237][238] the alliance needed support from parties from at least four other EU countries in order to be recognized as an official group in the European Parliament.[233][237] As a result, the FPÖ would complete a switch from the Identity and Democracy group;[237][238] on the other hand, ANO 2011 had left Renew Europe a week before the announcement, while MEPs from Fidesz were part of Non-Inscrits since 2021, when the party had left the European People's Party.[237]

Portugal's Chega officially entered the alliance on 2 July,[232][239] while Italy's Lega also publicly expressed interest in joining the new group.[233][240] On 5 July, Spain's Vox announced their intention to enter Patriots for Europe, after leaving the ECR group,[214][215] with Netherlands' Party for Freedom, previously in the ID group, following suit.[241] The following day, both Denmark's Danish People's Party (DF)[242] and Belgium's Vlaams Belang switched from ID to the new group;[240][243] as a result, Patriots for Europe met the EU Parliament's minimum threshold for formal recognition.[240] An MEP from the DF party, Anders Vistisen, stated that they agreed to join the alliance upon the condition that each national member would be allowed to pursue their own foreign policy, including on matters such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[242]

On 7 July, the President of France's National Rally (RN), Jordan Bardella, confirmed the party's intention to switch from ID to Patriots for Europe;[235][244] as a result, the RN became the biggest delegation within the alliance, having elected 30 MEPs.[235] The following day, the group was officially established in the European Parliament: aside of the aforementioned parties, Italy's Lega, Czech Republic's Přísaha, Greece's Voice of Reason and Latvia's Latvia First also joined Patriots of Europe, bringing the group to a total amount of 84 MEPs, and making it the third-largest formation in the hemicycle.[236][245] Bardella was appointed as the president of Patriots for Europe, while Vistisen was nominated as their chief whip.[245]

On 10 July, It was reported that the MEPs from a branch of Poland's Confederation, National Movement, had expressed an interest in joining the PfE group, which was neither confirmed nor denied by Patriots. If the party were to join, it would confirm a split within Confederation's other factions in the EU, New Hope and Confederation of the Polish Crown.[246]

#### Europe of Sovereign Nations

[edit]

Main article: Europe of Sovereign Nations Group

In June 2024, it was reported that Germany's Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, which had been expelled from Identity and Democracy before the election, was holding talks with other far-right parties for the creation of a new parliamentary group, tentatively named "The Sovereignists". According to reports, the group could also include Poland's Confederation, Bulgaria's Revival, Spain's Se Acabó La Fiesta (SALF), Romania's S.O.S. Romania, Slovakia's Republic Movement (Republika), France's Reconquête, Hungary's Our Homeland Movement, Greece's Niki and Czech Republic's Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD).[247][248]

On 10 July, it was reported that a new parliamentary group, named Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN), had officially formed, having met the minimum requirements to get formal recognition within the European Parliament. The group was officially launched later the same day; MEPs from Germany's AfD (the largest party in the group), Poland's Confederation, Bulgaria's Revival, France's Reconquête (excluding the former members who had left the party to join the ECR), Czech Republic's SPD, Hungary's Our Homeland Movement, Slovakia's Republika and Lithuania's People and Justice Union, all joined ESN, bringing the group to a total amount of 25 MEPs.[249][250] René Aust (AfD) and Stanisław Tyszka (NN) were elected co-chairpersons of the parliamentary group.[249]

Members from Spain's SALF and Greece's Niki were initially expected to also join ESN, but withdrew at the last minute.[249] A few members from AfD and Republika did not join the group, as well,[250] while MEPs from a single branch of Poland's Confederation, New Hope, did enter the group, confirming a split within the alliance's other parties in the EU Parliament, National Movement (which was reportedly in talks to join the PfE group) and Confederation of the Polish Crown, whose lone-MEP, Grzegorz Braun, was set to sit with the Non-Inscrits.[246]

Three MEPs, Maximilian Krah (from Germany's AfD), Braun and Milan Mazurek (from Slovakia's Republika) were all reportedly excluded from joining the group, due to the anti-semitic and Holocaust-denying nature of their previous public statements. The co-leader of AfD, Alice Weidel, commented and said that "no anti-semites should have a place in a potential group with [her] party."[250] Despite previous speculations, Romania's S.O.S. Romania was also excluded from ESN, due to some of the involved delegations expressing concerns about the party's declared goal to "redesign Eastern Europe's map" to establish the so-called "Greater Romania", a hypothetical Nation-state roughly resembling the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period.[246][249]

### Commission formation

[edit]

Main article: Von der Leyen Commission II § Election

Possible majorities for
Commission President election[251][252] | Seats

|

Total seats | 720
Absolute majority (361 or more seats)
EPP Group, S&D, RE | 401
EPP Group, S&D, RE, G/EFA | 454
EPP Group, S&D, ECR, RE | 479
No majority (360 or fewer seats)
EPP Group, S&D | 324
EPP Group, ECR, RE | 343

To be elected Commission President, a candidate must be proposed by the European Council with a reinforced qualified majority (at least 72% of the states representing at least 65% of the population) and receive a majority of the votes of the members of the European Parliament (at least 361 out of 720).[253][254]

On 27 June, during the European Council meeting, national leaders proposed Ursula von der Leyen (EPP) as candidate for President of the European Commission, considered Kaja Kallas (ALDE) to be the appropriate candidate for High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and elected António Costa (PES) as President of the European Council.[255]

On 18 July 2024, Ursula von der Leyen was re-elected president of the European Commission in a secret ballot, with 401 votes in favour, 284 against, and 22 cast blank or invalid votes.[8]

Candidate  | Members  | Voting  | Majority  | In favor  | Against  | Blank  | Void

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ursula von der Leyen |  Germany |  | EPP  | 719  | 707  | 360  | 401 | 284  | 15  | 7
Source: European Parliament[256]

## See also

[edit]

* List of MEPs who stood down at the 2024 European Parliament election
* 2024 elections in the European Union

### Concurrent elections

[edit]

* Belgium: general elections (parliamentary and regional elections)[257]
* Bulgaria: parliamentary elections[258]
* Cyprus: local elections[259]
* Germany: local elections, 2024 Hamburg borough elections[260]
* Hungary: local elections[261]
* Ireland: local elections[262]
* Italy: local elections,[263] 2024 Piedmontese regional election[264]
* Malta: local elections[265]
* Romania: local elections[266]
* Slovenia: three referendums with four questions[267]
* Sweden: local municipal referendums[268][269]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b In September 2023, the European Council had increased the number of MEPs from 705 to 720.
2. ^ a b c d Anders Vistisen was selected to participate on behalf of the Identity and Democracy Party in pre-election debates, but he is not a lead candidate.[88][89]
3. ^ Increase from the 76 seats which Identity and Democracy won in the 2019 election
4. ^ Strack-Zimmermann is the candidate representing ALDE. In addition, Sandro Gozi is the candidate representing the EDP, and Valérie Hayer is the candidate representing L'Europe Ensemble
5. ^ This is the legal threshold. The share of the vote needed to win a seat may be higher than this in some countries.
6. ^ This is the maximum vote share necessary to mathematically guarantee winning a seat. It is here calculated as the Droop quota for each country. Where the legal threshold exceeds this threshold, the legal threshold is shown instead.
7. ^ Depends on the constituency: 50% in the German-speaking electoral college, ~11.1% in the French-speaking electoral college, and ~7.1% in the Dutch-speaking electoral college.
8. ^ a b Not enforced.
9. ^ a b 100% divided by the number of seats.
10. ^ a b c d Hare quota with residual fit by largest remainders
11. ^ Denmark allows for electoral alliances between separate party lists.
12. ^ Online voting in Estonia began on 3 June and ran until 8 June.
13. ^ Seats are apportioned to parties nationally. A party can choose to only stand in some of the 16 states and have its national seat count be subapportioned to those states. Only the CDU and the CSU have done this in previous elections.
14. ^ Depends on the constituency: 20% in Dublin, ~16.7% in Midlands–North-West and South. As Single transferable vote is a party-blind voting system, this threshold applies for an individual candidate, not for the party as a whole.
15. ^ a b Seats are apportioned to parties nationally, then subapportioned to the constituencies.
16. ^ As Single transferable vote is a party-blind voting system, this threshold applies for an individual candidate, not for the party as a whole.
17. ^ Droop quota with residual fit by largest remainders
18. ^ Lead candidate for ALDE, representing in the debate the entire Renew Europe parliamentary group
19. ^ a b Lead candidate for EDP, representing in the debate the entire Renew Europe parliamentary group
20. ^ a b Groups all parties not represented in the European Parliament into a group or non-inscrits.
21. ^ Follows Europe Elects's assignment of parties into groups.
22. ^ a b Groups all parties not represented in the European Parliament into "others", unless it is a member of a political party at the European level.
23. ^ a b c with respect of 705 seats in 2019
24. ^ Represents the Civic Coalition, all of whose elected 21 MEPs joined the EPP Group.
25. ^ Represents the PSD-PNL, from which 11 MEPs joined the S&D and 8 joined the EPP Group.
26. ^ Represents the AVS, AR, Sumar, and PCP-PEV, from which 8 MEPs joined Greens/EFA and 5 joined The Left.
27. ^ Represents TD, ADU, and PP-DB, from which 6 joined Renew and 3 joined the EPP Group.
28. ^ Represents GL-PvdA, from which 4 MEPs joined Greens/EFA and 4 joined S&D.
29. ^ Represents Spolu, from which 3 MEPs joined the ECR and 3 joined the EPP Group.
30. ^ Represents Fair Play List 9, which did not win any seats.
31. ^ Represents SEN 21-Volt, which did not win any seats.
32. ^ Jaak Madison, who was elected on EKRE's list, left the party after the election. He subsequently joined the ECR Group as an independent.[201][202]
33. ^ a b Marion Maréchal, Guillaume Peltier, Nicolas Bay, and Laurence Trochu were elected on the list of Reconquête, but left the party before the first plenary session of the European Parliament. They were subsequently admitted to the ECR Group. Sarah Knafo remained a member of the party, and subsequently joined ESN.[203]
34. ^ a b Following the election Maximilian Krah, who was elected for the AfD, was excluded from the party's delegation in the European Parliament. He subsequently did not join ESN on 10 July and remained a non-inscrit.[204]
35. ^ a b Following the election, Milan Uhrík joined ESN, while Milan Mazurek became a non-inscrit.[205]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Turnout by year; 2024 European election results; European Parliament". election-results.eu. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
2. ^ "European Parliament 2024-2029 | Provisional results". election-results.eu. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
3. ^ a b "European Parliament Election 2024". Europe elects. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
4. ^ "Council confirms 6 to 9 June 2024 as dates for next European Parliament elections". www.consilium.europa.eu. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
5. ^ Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007
6. ^ "Elections". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
7. ^ Ella Joyner (11 June 2024). "Europe's far right won ground in the EU elections. Can they unite to wield power?". The AP.
8. ^ a b "Parliament re-elects Ursula von der Leyen as Commission President". European Parliament. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
9. ^ Coi, Giovanna (22 March 2024). "Vote for me! Why turnout is the EU Parliament's biggest election challenge". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
10. ^ Mackenzie, Lucia; Coi, Giovanna (17 April 2024). "How to win the European election". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
11. ^ a b "Hard-right populists are pushing their way into the mainstream". The Economist. 30 May 2024. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
12. ^ Hancock, Alice; Bounds, Andy; Fleming, Sam (14 August 2023). "Europe's largest political party veers right ahead of 2024 election | Financial Times". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
13. ^ Rosa, Brunello; Poettering, Benediict. "Can a Centre-Right Coalition Emerge After The Next EU Elections?". London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
14. ^ "Corruption, cash and confessions: Who are the key suspects in the Qatargate scandal ?". France 24. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
15. ^ Clapp, Alexander (15 March 2023). "Opinion | It's a Spectacular Scandal, and a Warning to Europe". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
16. ^ "Texts Adopted" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
17. ^ Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (25 July 2022). INTERIM REPORT on the proposal for a Council decision determining, pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk of a serious breach by Hungary of the values on which the Union is founded (Report). European Parliament. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
18. ^ "The Hungarian government threatens EU values, institutions, and funds, MEPs say | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 18 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
19. ^ Wax, Eddy (18 January 2024). "EU Parliament calls to strip Hungary of voting rights in rule-of-law clash". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
20. ^ "EU riles Portugal by teeing up June dates for 2024 elections". POLITICO. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
21. ^ "Council confirms 6 to 9 June 2024 as dates for next European Parliament elections". Council of the EU. Council of the EU Press Office. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
22. ^ a b c Consolidated text: Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage
23. ^ "European Parliament elections: Council reaches agreement on a set of measures to modernise EU electoral law". 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
24. ^ Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2018/994 of 13 July 2018 amending the Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to Council Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom of 20 September 1976
25. ^ "Two years to go: What to expect from the 2024 European Parliament elections". Jacques Delors Centre. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
26. ^ "Europa und die Welt". Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
27. ^ "European Parliament votes in favor of reforming EU elections". POLITICO. 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
28. ^ "LEAK: Most countries hesitant about EU electoral law reform". www.euractiv.com. 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
29. ^ "Italian proposal for who gets British MEP seats". POLITICO. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
30. ^ "MEPs propose cut in their ranks after Brexit". POLITICO. 7 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
31. ^ "Draft report on the composition of the European Parliament (2021/2229(INL) – 2023/0900(NLE))" (PDF). European Parliament. 14 February 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
32. ^ a b "European elections 2024: Parliament proposes more seats for nine EU countries | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
33. ^ "European Parliament set to grow by 15 MEPs in 2024". POLITICO. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
34. ^ "2024 European elections: 15 additional seats divided between 12 countries | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
35. ^ European Council Decision (EU) 2023/2061 of 22 September 2023 establishing the composition of the European Parliament
36. ^ "Minimum age to stand as a candidate in European elections" (PDF). www.europarl.europa.eu. June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
37. ^ a b Oelbermann, Kai Friederike; Pukelsheim, Friedrich (July 2020). "The European Elections of May 2019" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu. p. 14\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
38. ^ "Austria - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
39. ^ "Belgium - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
40. ^ "16-year-olds in Belgium will be able to vote in European elections from 2024". www.brusselstimes.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
41. ^ Arnoudt, Rik (21 March 2024). "Jongeren van 16 of 17 jaar zullen dan toch moeten gaan stemmen voor Europese verkiezingen". www.vrt.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
42. ^ "Bulgaria - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
43. ^ ИЗБОРЕН КОДЕКС [ELECTORAL CODE] (Annex № 3, Article II & III). 2016. p. 225. Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Venice Commission.
44. ^ "Croatia - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
45. ^ "Cyprus - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
46. ^ "Government abolishes compulsory voting". Cyprus Mail. 31 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
47. ^ Ο Περί της Εκλογής των Μελών του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου Νόμος του 2004 (10(I)/2004) [The 2004 Law on the Election of Members of the European Parliament (10(I)/2004)] (10 (I), 23) (in Cypriot Greek). 2004 – via Cyprus Bar Association.
48. ^ "Volby do Evropského parlamentu - základní informace pro voliče - Volby". www.mvcr.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
49. ^ Af /ritzau (5 October 2023). "EU-valg: Her er datoen". ekstrabladet.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
50. ^ "| Valimised Eestis". www.valimised.ee. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
51. ^ Oy, Edita Publishing. "FINLEX ® - Uppdaterad lagstiftning: Vallag 714/1998". www.finlex.fi (in Swedish). 160 §. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
52. ^ "Quelles sont les dates des prochaines élections ?". Service-Public.fr (in French). 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
53. ^ "Wahltermin Europawahl 2024 - Die Bundeswahlleiterin". www.bundeswahlleiterin.de. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
54. ^ "Greece - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
55. ^ "Eldőlt, mikor lesz 2024-ben az EP- és a magyar önkormányzati választás". www.hvg.hu. 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
56. ^ "It's official! The Local and European Elections will be held on Friday 7 June". www.thejournal.ie. 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
57. ^ "Per le elezioni europee si voterà in un giorno e mezzo, l'8 e 9 giugno". Il Post (in Italian). 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
58. ^ "Grozījumi Eiropas Parlamenta vēlēšanu likumā" [Amendments to the European Union Elections Act]. LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
59. ^ Eiropas Parlamenta vēlēšanu likums [Election to the European Parliament Law] (44 (1)). 2019.
60. ^ "2024 m. Birželio 9 d. Europos Parlamento rinkimai - VRK.lt". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
61. ^ Lietuvos Respublikos rinkimų į Europos Parlamentą įstatymas [Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Elections to the European Parliament] (89 (1)). 2022.
62. ^ "Luxembourg - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
63. ^ "Malta - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
64. ^ "Dag van stemming". Kiesraad.nl (in Dutch). 20 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
65. ^ Kieswet [Election law] (Section V Article Y 2 & Section II Article P 7, subsection 2.) (in Dutch). 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
66. ^ "Poland - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
67. ^ "Ordynacja do PE pomaga małym partiom. Dużych i koalicji nie premiuje". 7 June 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
68. ^ "How to vote in Portugal". European elections. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
69. ^ "Romania - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
70. ^ "Slovakia - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
71. ^ "Slovenia - How to vote". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
72. ^ "Volitve poslancev iz Slovenije v Evropski parlament: Pregled strank in kandidatov". Evropskevolitve2024.news (in Sinhala). 21 May 2024. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
73. ^ "Vallag (2005:837)". www.riksdagen.se (in Swedish). 1 kap., 2 & 3 §. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
74. ^ "What is a spitzenkandidat?". euronews. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
75. ^ Khan, Mehreen (18 September 2018). "The EU's Spitzenkandidat 2.0 is heading for a fall | Financial Times". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
76. ^ "First clashes liven up last EU Spitzenkandidat debate ahead of election". www.euractiv.com. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
77. ^ "Who killed the Spitzenkandidat?". POLITICO. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
78. ^ "Future of spitzenkandidaten could rest on next year's EU elections". euronews. 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
79. ^ "Is the Spitzenkandidat system really dead? Not if we act now". www.euractiv.com. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
80. ^ "Why the EU's Spitzenkandidaten procedure should be revived before the next European Parliament elections". EUROPP. 29 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
81. ^ "EPP backs spitzenkandidat, as other right parties abandon the process". www.euractiv.com. 5 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
82. ^ Moens, Barbara; Wax, Eddy; Barigazzi, Jacopo (16 January 2024). "Nicolas who? Socialists close in on challenger to take on Ursula von der Leyen". www.politico.eu. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
83. ^ "European Greens to field Spitzenkandidaten duo in 2024 EU elections". European Greens. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
84. ^ "The Left will have a spitzenkandidat for 2024 EU elections". www.euractiv.com. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
85. ^ "ECR adopts manifesto but snubs lead candidate pick amid rifts". Euractiv. 25 April 2024. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
86. ^ "ECR Party adopts manifesto for European elections, decides not to put forward a lead candidate". ECR Party. 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
87. ^ "Liberals divided over 2024 EU election campaign strategy". POLITICO. 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
88. ^ "Far-right picks Danish MEP as token 'lead candidate'". EUobserver. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
89. ^ Wax, Eddy (8 March 2024). "Keeping it on the VDL: Ursula the reluctant campaigner". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
90. ^ "European People's Party Congress in Bucharest". www.epp.eu. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
91. ^ "EPP 2024 Congress Voting Regulation" (PDF). www.epp2024.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2024.
92. ^ a b Camut, Nicolas; von der Burchard, Hans (19 February 2024). "Ursula von der Leyen announces bid for 2nd term". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
93. ^ a b "Europe's conservatives back Ursula von der Leyen for second term as Commission president". Politico EU. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
94. ^ "EPP eyes socialists, liberals for pro-EU coalition as Breton questions von der Leyen". Euractiv. 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
95. ^ "Michel Barnier refuses to back Ursula von der Leyen for second term as EU Commission chief". Politico EU. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
96. ^ "PES Election Congress to take place in Rome". www.pes.eu. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
97. ^ "Socialists pick Nicolas Schmit to lead EU election campaign". POLITICO. 18 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
98. ^ "Schmit elected as lead candidate for Commission top job, pledging respect, EU values and combatting the right". Euractiv. 4 March 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
99. ^ "ALDE Party Council: two new Italian members, lead candidate process, new Secretary General". aldeparty.eu. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
100. ^ ERR (7 March 2024). "Kallas: ma ei hakka ALDE esikandidaadiks Euroopa Parlamendi valimistel". ERR (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
101. ^ "Estonia's Kallas, Luxembourg's Bettel rule out EU liberals lead candidate job". Euractiv. 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
102. ^ "Strack-Zimmermann nominated as ALDE Party lead candidate". aldeparty.eu. 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
103. ^ "Liberals confirm lead candidate, adopt 2024 Manifesto in Brussels". aldeparty.eu. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
104. ^ "Low appetite for EU liberals' election campaign kick-off". Euractiv. 21 March 2024. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
105. ^ "The convention of the European Democratic Party - Website of the European Democrats". democrats.eu. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
106. ^ "European Greens field Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout as top candidates ('Spitzenkandidaten') for EU elections". European Greens. 3 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
107. ^ "Greens pledge to cater to farmers, call for greater climate ambition". Euractiv. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
108. ^ Niranjan, Ajit (5 February 2024). "EU Greens pick veteran MEPs to lead election campaign". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
109. ^ "Four Greens enter the race to become European Green Party leading candidates". European Greens. 30 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
110. ^ "Two MEPs, two outsiders join race for Greens' EU election lead candidates". Euractiv. 30 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
111. ^ Griera, Max (17 October 2023). "Party pushing 'self-determination' in EU election stint fields two top candidates". Euractiv. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
112. ^ "Maylis Roßberg and Raül Romeva ratified as EFA Spitzenkandidaten tandem". E-f-a.org. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
113. ^ "European Left General Aassembly In Ljubljana". www.european-left.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
114. ^ "The Party of the European Left elects Walter Baier as Spitzenkandidat". European Left. 25 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
115. ^ "President Valeriu Ghilețchi is appointed ECPM's lead candidate for the European Commission". European Christian Political Movement. 24 February 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
116. ^ "Anja Hirschel ist Spitzenkandidatin der Piratenpartei • Table.Media". Table.Media (in German). 31 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
117. ^ "Volt Europa Unveils Bold Vision for Europe and Elects New Leadership". Volt Europa. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
118. ^ "Volt elects European lead candidates and transnational list". Volt Europa. 7 April 2024. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
119. ^ "Volt party determined to burst onto European political scene". Agence Europe. 9 April 2024. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
120. ^ "Volt party elects Sophie IN 'T Veld and the German Damian Boeselager". euronews. 6 April 2024. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
121. ^ "All politics is local: What the EU election is actually about in each country". Politico. 3 June 2024. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
122. ^ Fornusek, Martin (5 June 2024). "Why European elections matter for Ukraine". The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
123. ^ a b "How will gains by the far right affect the European Parliament and EU?". Chatham House. 11 June 2024. Archived from the original on 11 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
124. ^ "Germany's conservatives back EU's von der Leyen for second term — if she wants it". POLITICO. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
125. ^ "Koalitionsvertrag 2021-2025" (PDF). WiWo (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
126. ^ Henley, Jon (7 January 2024). "Michel sparks scramble to stop Orbán taking control of European Council". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
127. ^ "EU's Charles Michel to quit Council presidency, run as MEP – DW – 01/07/2024". dw.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
128. ^ Henley, Jon (7 January 2024). "Michel sparks scramble to stop Orbán taking control of European Council". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
129. ^ "EU Council President Charles Michel to step down early". BBC News. 7 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
130. ^ "'Pissed off, and rightly so.' EU fury at Charles Michel stepping down". POLITICO. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
131. ^ ""L'art de penser à soi avant les autres", "dramatique pour l'image de la Belgique": l'"abandon de poste" de Charles Michel vivement critiqué". 7sur7. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
132. ^ European Council Decision of 1 December 2009 adopting its Rules of Procedure
133. ^ "The bad example set by European Council President Charles Michel". Le Monde.fr. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
134. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (26 January 2024). "EU president to stay in post amid fears of Viktor Orbán getting role". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
135. ^ "Russian influence scandal rocks EU". POLITICO. 29 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
136. ^ "Russian propaganda network paid MEPs, Belgian PM says". POLITICO. 28 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
137. ^ Prchal, Lukáš (2 April 2024). ""Důkazem mají být zvukové nahrávky." Co řekl Koudelka vládě o proruské síti a německém politiku Bystroňovi". Deník N (in Czech). Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
138. ^ "Nieuw schandaal rond Russische beïnvloeding door 'Voice of Europe' treft Europees Parlement: deze namen worden genoemd". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). 12 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
139. ^ "France's National Rally won't sit with Alternative for Germany in EU Parliament". Politico. 21 May 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
140. ^ "French Far Right Splits With Germany's AfD In EU Parliament". Politico. 21 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
141. ^ ""Mai più con Afd non condanna le SS". Salvini e le Pen spaccano i sovranisti". 21 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
142. ^ "Czech far-right splits with AfD, follows le Pen". 22 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
143. ^ "Vlaams Belang wil AfD niet direct uit Europese fractie zetten na SS-uitspraken". 22 May 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
144. ^ "Vistisen med ultimatum til AfD: Smid spidskandidat ud eller forlad gruppen". Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
145. ^ "Far-right ID group expels Alternative for Germany". POLITICO. 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
146. ^ a b c d "At the bazaar of the political groups: Which parties could look for new partners in the European Parliament after the EU election?". Der (europäische) Föderalist. 28 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
147. ^ "Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament". European Parliament. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
148. ^ "Germany's rebel Wagenknecht plots new left-wing group in EU Parliament". Euractiv. 22 February 2024. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
149. ^ a b "A European Wagenknecht Group?". Europe Elects. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
150. ^ "BSW seeks its own group in the EU Parliament". Table Europe. 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
151. ^ "Rogue German left party says support for new EU Parliament group sealed". Euractiv. 24 April 2024.
152. ^ "A Mi Hazánk a német szélsőjobboldali Afd-vel alapítana új EP-frakciót". RTL Hungary. 30 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
153. ^ "Parties from Nine Countries Sign Joint Declaration at Vazrazhdane-Organized Conference". BTA. 12 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
154. ^ "Maastricht Debate 2024 | POLITICO & Studio Europa Maastricht". YouTube. 29 April 2024. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
155. ^ a b c d e f "The Maastricht Debate 2024". Maastricht Debate. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
156. ^ a b "Economic choices for Europe: EU leadership debate 2024". Bruegel. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
157. ^ "Lead candidates debate - European Elections 2024". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
158. ^ "Eurovision Debate 2024". EBU. 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
159. ^ "POLITICO partners with Studio Europa Maastricht to host 2024 Maastricht Debate". Politico Europe. 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
160. ^ "Von der Leyen opens the door to Europe's hard right". Politico Europe. 30 April 2024. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
161. ^ "Renew, ID lead pre-EU election debate as EPP's von der Leyen keeps low profile". Euractiv. 22 May 2024. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
162. ^ "The homegrown problems facing the EU's next leader". Financial Times. 22 May 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
163. ^ a b c "Eurovision Debate: Lead candidates meet for definitive showdown on 23 May". EBU. 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
164. ^ "2024 European elections: Media arrangements for Eurovision Debate and Election Night". European Parliament. 29 April 2024. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
165. ^ "Eurovision Debate 2024 line-up announced". EBU. 7 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
166. ^ "Far right cries censorship after exclusion from EU election debate". Politico Europe. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
167. ^ "Eurovision Debate: Further details announced". EBU. 16 May 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
168. ^ "EUROMAT for the 2024 European elections". EUROMAT. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
169. ^ "Election aid: Euromat soon online". TABLE EUROPE. 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
170. ^ "The EUROMAT for the 2024 European election". Der (europäische) Föderalist. 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
171. ^ "Palumba - If this cute pigeon can't help you vote in June, nothing will". www.palumba.eu. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
172. ^ "If this cute pigeon can't help you vote in June, nothing will! | European Youth Portal". youth.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
173. ^ Palumba, wrapped (PDF). 20 June 2024. p. 2.
174. ^ "If this cute pigeon can't help you vote in June, nothing will! | European Youth Portal". youth.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
175. ^ "Supporters". Palumba EU. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
176. ^ Bolorinos, Christian (6 February 2025). "Recognising Impact: The Young Innovators Winners of 2024". Retrieved 7 February 2025.
177. ^ "What party in the EU is your best match?". votematcheurope. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
178. ^ "VoteTracker.eu". votetracker.eu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
179. ^ "EuroMPmatch: EUmatrix partners with European University Institute to launch a new project". Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
180. ^ "Euro MP match". Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
181. ^ "Euandi2024". Euandi2024. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
182. ^ "New EU&I platform launched to help voters navigate European Parliament Elections | UCD Research". www.ucd.ie. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
183. ^ "Which issues unite and polarize EU parties and voters? | Knowlegde Bites | Euandi 2024". Euandi2024. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
184. ^ "Adeno - Apps on Google Play". play.google.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
185. ^ "Adeno". App Store (in French). 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
186. ^ "Analysis of the environmental performance of the European Parliament (2019-2024)". Bloom Association. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
187. ^ a b "Projected composition: Members of the European Parliament by political group and member state (excluding post-election shifts in affiliation)". Europe Elects. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
188. ^ a b "EU-Parliament: Polls and trends for the European Parliament election 2024". politpro. 9 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
189. ^ "POLITICO Poll of Polls — European Election polls, trends and election news". POLITICO. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
190. ^ Moehl, Matthias (6 June 2024). "Wahl zum Europäischen Parlament - Prognose Stand 06.06.2024". election.de (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2024.
191. ^ Di Lella, Gianmarco (19 May 2024). "Chi vincerà le elezioni europee". Cassandra-odds.com (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2024.
192. ^ "Pollwatch: Final EUobserver update before Sunday's big results night". EUobserver. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
193. ^ a b "EU Parliamentary Projection: Chaos on the Right". Europe Elects. 31 May 2024.
194. ^ Müller, Eingestellt von Manuel. "European Parliament seat projection (May 2024): The last polling numbers – who will win, who will lose, and who will form a majority?". Retrieved 3 June 2024.
195. ^ "EPP leads European polls while far right makes dramatic gains". euronews. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
196. ^ "European Parliament elections tracker: who's leading the polls?". The Economist. 2 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
197. ^ "European elections 2024: people eligible to vote". Eurostat. 4 June 2024. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
198. ^ "Turnout | 2024 European election results | European Parliament". results.election.europa.eu/. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
199. ^ "European Union | European Parliament". Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
200. ^ "2024 European election results". europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
201. ^ ERR (11 June 2024). "Madison: minu teekond EKRE-s on lõppemas". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 3 July 2024.
202. ^ "ECR Group is constituted, grows to 84 MEPs // ECR Group". ECR Group. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
203. ^ "ECR Group continues to grow: 83 seats after round two of admissions - Conservatives take third place // ECR Group". ECR Group. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
204. ^ tagesschau.de. "Krah nicht Teil der neuen AfD-Delegation im Europaparlament". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 11 July 2024.
205. ^ Neubert, Kjeld (10 July 2024). "German AfD launches third far-right group "Europe of Sovereign Nations"". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
206. ^ "EU elections live: Macron calls snap elections as far-right support surges in European elections". BBC News. 9 June 2024. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
207. ^ "Roadmap of the 2024 European elections". Der (europäische) Föderalist. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
208. ^ "A KDNP távozik az Európai Néppártból és EP-frakciójából". kdnp.hu (in Hungarian). KDNP. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
209. ^ Leitner, Attila (18 June 2024). "EPP group votes to admit Hungary's opposition Tisza Party into its ranks, KDNP to leave EPP". The Budapest Times. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
210. ^ Wax, Eddy (18 June 2024). "EPP's new Hungarian members oppose sending weapons to Ukraine". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
211. ^ Wax, Eddy (18 June 2024). "14 MEPs vie to join European People's Party in European Parliament". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
212. ^ Wax, Eddy (19 June 2024). "Right-wing ECR group becomes EU Parliament's third-largest force". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
213. ^ Pugnet, Aurélie; Lund Nielsen, Magnus (20 June 2024). "Conservative ECR now third group in EU Parliament, but Fidesz drops out". Euractiv. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
214. ^ a b Castro, Irene (5 July 2024). "Vox abandona a Meloni por el nuevo grupo ultra de Orbán en el Parlamento Europeo". elDiario.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
215. ^ a b "Gli europarlamentari del partito spagnolo di estrema destra Vox aderiranno al nuovo gruppo di destra sovranista Patrioti per l'Europa". Il Post (in Italian). 5 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
216. ^ Soler, Paula (5 July 2024). "Spain's Vox and Dutch Freedom Party join Orbán's 'Patriots for Europe'". euronews. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
217. ^ a b Haeck, Pieter; Wax, Eddy (20 June 2024). "Fresh setback for Renew as 5 MEPs choose Greens". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
218. ^ a b Bakker, Alexander (20 June 2024). "Volt verkiest Groenen boven Renew in Europees Parlement: 'Onvoldoende maatregelen genomen tegen VVD'". Telegraaf.nl (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
219. ^ Schickler, Jack (24 June 2024). "Pro-EU Volt Party opts to stay with Greens". euronews. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
220. ^ Wax, Eddy; Jochecová, Ketrin (21 June 2024). "Former Czech PM Andrej Babiš quits liberal Renew group in EU Parliament". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
221. ^ "Statement on the decision of ANO to leave the ALDE Party". ALDE Party. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
222. ^ De Melo Ponce, Clara (2 July 2024). "The Renew Europe Group welcomes independent MEP". Renew Europe. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
223. ^ "L'irlandese Mcnamara entra in Renew: gruppo ora ha 76 seggi". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 2 July 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
224. ^ "New EU left group fails, Wagenknecht party blames 'majority groups'". Euractiv. 3 July 2024.
225. ^ "M5S presenta richiesta per entrare in gruppo Sinistra a Parlamento Ue". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 3 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
226. ^ a b Baccini, Federico (3 July 2024). "Il Movimento 5 Stelle vuole aderire al gruppo della Sinistra". eunews (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
227. ^ a b "II Movimento 5 Stelle è entrato a far parte del gruppo della Sinistra al Parlamento Europeo". Il Post (in Italian). 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
228. ^ a b Girardi, Annalisa (4 July 2024). "Il Movimento Cinque Stelle è entrato a far parte del gruppo della Sinistra al Parlamento europeo". Fanpage.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
229. ^ Negri, Matteo (8 July 2024). "Che cosa divide il Movimento 5 Stelle dalla Sinistra europea". Pagella Politica (in Italian). Retrieved 12 July 2024.
230. ^ a b c Genovese, Vincenzo (4 July 2024). "European Parliament: ECR and Patriots mark the end of ID". euronews. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
231. ^ a b "Il nuovo gruppo europeo di estrema destra sta prendendo forma". Il Post (in Italian). 6 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
232. ^ a b Hernández-Morales, Aitor (1 July 2024). "Portugal's Chega party to join Orbán's new far-right alliance". POLITICO. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
233. ^ a b c "Il nuovo gruppo europeo di destra sovranista, che piace anche a Matteo Salvini". Il Post (in Italian). 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
234. ^ De Benedetti, Francesca (30 June 2024). "'Patrioti per l'Europa': dietro la mossa di Orbán, Kickl e Babiš c'è un patto con Le Pen e Salvini". Domani (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
235. ^ a b c Wax, Eddy (8 July 2024). "Le Pen's National Rally to take control of far-right Patriots in EU Parliament". POLITICO. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
236. ^ a b Fortuna, Gerardo (8 July 2024). "Far-right Patriots group springs to third force in European Parliament". Euronews. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
237. ^ a b c d "Hungary's Orban Moves To Form New EU Parliament Group". Barron's. 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
238. ^ a b "Il partito del primo ministro ungherese Viktor Orbán creerà un nuovo gruppo europeo con i partiti di estrema destra di Austria e Repubblica Ceca: si chiamerà Patrioti per l'Europa". Il Post (in Italian). 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
239. ^ Liboreiro, Jorge (2 July 2024). "Portugal's far right joins Orbán's 'Patriots for Europe' alliance". euronews. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
240. ^ a b c "Viktor Orbán's rightwing group hits quota for recognition by EU parliament". The Guardian. 7 July 2024. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
241. ^ Bakker, Alexander (5 July 2024). "PVV sluit zich aan bij Patriots for Europe van Orbán". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
242. ^ a b Thomsen, Per Bang (6 July 2024). "Dansk Folkeparti slutter sig til Orbán og hans nye allierede i Europa-Parlamentet". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
243. ^ "Vlaams Belang to join new far-right 'Patriots for Europe' group". The Brussels Times. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
244. ^ "Le RN va rejoindre une nouvelle alliance au Parlement européen dirigée par le premier ministre hongrois, Viktor Orban". Le Monde (in French). 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
245. ^ a b "Patrioti europei è il terzo gruppo in Ue: Bardella (Rn) presidente e Vannacci (Lega) tra i vice". Domani (in Italian). 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
246. ^ a b c Caddle, Peter (10 July 2024). "Polish Konfederacja split between Patriots and Sovereigntists in European Parliament". Brussels Signal. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
247. ^ Lehmann, Timo; Müller, Ann-Katrin (22 June 2024). "AfD startet im EU-Parlament Fraktionsgründung von »Die Souveränisten«". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
248. ^ Baccini, Federico (24 June 2024). "The far right in the EU Parliament pushes for a new group". eunews. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
249. ^ a b c d Liberero, Jorge; Genovese, Vincenzo (10 July 2024). "AfD and allies form new far-right group in Brussels called Europe of Sovereign Nations". Euronews. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
250. ^ a b c Neubert, Kjeld (10 July 2024). "German AfD launches third far-right group 'Europe of Sovereign Nations'". Euractiv. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
251. ^ "How von der Leyen could still lose her job". POLITICO. 11 June 2024. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
252. ^ Fortuna, Gerardo (27 June 2024). "Can von der Leyen muster majority backing of European Parliament?". euronews. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
253. ^ "The role of the European Council in nominations and appointments". European Counil. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
254. ^ "Qualified majority". European Counil. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
255. ^ "European Council, 27 June 2024". European Council. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
256. ^ "Ursula von der Leyen is re-elected European Commission president". euronews. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
257. ^ Belga (17 May 2023). "Kogel is door de kerk: op zondag 9 juni 2024 trekken we naar de stembus". VRT News (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
258. ^ Vodenova, Yoanna (5 April 2024). "UPDATED: European and Snap Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria to be Held Simultaneously on June 9". Bulgarian News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
259. ^ "Upcoming local and EU elections stir political turmoil in Cyprus". in-cyprus.philenews.com. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
260. ^ "Landeswahlamt, Wahlen, Bezirksversammlungswahlen 2024, Kandidaturen, Formulare, Vordrucke, Wahlvorschläge". hamburg.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
261. ^ Inotai, Edit (12 January 2024). "HUNGARY IN 2024: TWO ELECTIONS AND AN EU PRESIDENCY". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
262. ^ "Polling Day Orders made for European, local and Limerick mayoral elections" (Press release). Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage. 6 April 2024. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
263. ^ "Per le elezioni europee si voterà in un giorno e mezzo, l'8 e il 9 giugno". Il Post (in Italian). 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
264. ^ "Regionali: il Piemonte alle urne l'8 e il 9 giugno". La Stampa (in Italian). 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
265. ^ "MEP elections set for 6 to 9 June 2024". The Malta Independent. 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
266. ^ "Alegeri europarlamentare în România pe 9 iunie 2024". CursDeGuvernare.ro (in Romanian). 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
267. ^ "Slovenia votes in EU elections and three referendums". rtvslo.si. 9 June 2024. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
268. ^ "Kommunal folkomröstning" [Municipal referendum]. Lomma Municipality. 9 June 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
269. ^ "Slutligt resultat i den lokala folkomröstningen" [Final result in the local referendum]. Mora Municipality (in Swedish). 12 June 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Manuel Müller, Two years to go: What to expect from the 2024 European Parliament elections, Jacques Delors Centre, 30 May 2022.

## External links

[edit]

2024 European Parliament election at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website

Official campaign programs by European political parties

* Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party: “Your Europe, Your Freedom"
* European Christian Political Movement: "elevate. empower. engage."
* European Conservatives and Reformists Party: "Party Manifesto"
* European Democratic Party: "Reinventing Europe"
* European Free Alliance: "A Europe for All"
* European Green Party: "Courage to Change"
* European People's Party: "Our Europe"
* European Pirate Party: "Common European Election Program"
* Party of European Socialists: "The Europe We Want"
* Party of the European Left: "Our Moment"
* Volt Europa: "Electoral Moonshot Programme"

* v
* t
* e

Elections to the European Parliament

1979|

* Belgium
* Denmark (including Greenland)
* France
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* United Kingdom
* West Germany

1984|

* Belgium
* Denmark (including Greenland)
* France
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* United Kingdom
* West Germany

1989|

* Belgium
* Denmark
* France
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* West Germany

1994|

* Belgium
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Spain
* United Kingdom

1999|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

2004|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom (including Gibraltar)

2009|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom (including Gibraltar)

2014|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom (including Gibraltar)

2019|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom (including Gibraltar)

2024|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

2029|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

Off-year|

* Greece (1981)
* Portugal (1987)
* Spain (1987)
* Sweden (1995)
* Austria (1996)
* Finland (1996)
* Bulgaria (2007)
* Romania (2007)
* Croatia (2013)
* UK by-elections (1979–1998)

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template