2025 Belgrade stampede

Stampede during protest in Belgrade, Serbia

CCTV footage showing a portion of the stampede, as it happened near Beograđanka

On 15 March 2025, in Belgrade, Serbia, during the largest of the anti-corruption protests triggered by the Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse, a stampede occurred, followed by allegations that the government caused it by attacking the demonstrators with a "sound cannon" during a silent vigil for the victims of the disaster.[1] There were no fatalities.

Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) was invited to Serbia and arrived to investigate the "sound cannon" allegations.[1][2] The Serbian government also invited the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assist in investigating.[3]

Prompted by Serbian NGOs, the European Court of Human Rights sought a response from the Serbian government regarding the allegations.[4]

## Background

[edit]

In November 2024, mass protests erupted in Novi Sad after the collapse of the railway station canopy, which killed 16 people and left one severely injured. As of 9 March 2025[update], the protests have spread to 400 cities and towns across Serbia[5] and are ongoing. Led by university students, the protests call for accountability for the disaster.[6]

The protests began with student-led blockades of educational institutions, starting on 22 November at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts after students were attacked during a silent tribute to the victims of the 1 November collapse. Other faculties and high schools soon joined in. Under the slogan "Serbia, stop", protesters staged daily[7] (Serbian Cyrillic: Застани, Србијо, romanized: Zastani, Srbijo) traffic blockades from 11:52 to 12:07—the time of the collapse—symbolising the 15 lives lost (which would later increase to 16). During this time, participants remained silent in remembrance.

On 15 March, in what was then referred to as a culmination of the protest movement,[8] an especially large gathering took place in Belgrade—reported variably as the largest since the protest and uprising of 5 October 2000;[9] the largest in decades;[10] and, according to some media outlets, the largest in the country's history.[11][12][13][14] According to a civil-society group of activists, the protest was attended by 275,000 to 325,000 people,[15] while the government reported a figure of 107,000.[15]

Called "15th for 15" (Serbian: 15\. за 15, 15\. za 15), it was set to be held in front of the National Assembly. Attendees included students from University of Belgrade and other universities, citizens from across the country, and veterans of the 63rd Parachute Brigade. The protest's agenda for the day included the following items: the gathering in front of the National Assembly at 16:00; reading of demands and student speeches an hour later; a "blockade choir" at 18:00; and fifteen minutes' silent vigil at 19:00 to honour the Novi Sad victims; followed by two more items, with the ending set for 21:00.[16]

A portion of the improvised bulwark composed of immobilised tractors

A pro-government group named "Students 2.0" was encamped in the Pioneers Park, opposite the Serbian parliament, supported by a large contingent of anti-riot police, ex-Red Beret (JSO) servicemen,[17] and black-dressed men of undisclosed affiliation,[18][19][20] and barricaded within a layered perimeter comprising a crowd control fence enhanced by two rows of tractors parked flush against each other. These tractors were subsequently vandalised, rendering them immobile.[21][22] The setup occupied a great deal of the open space in front of the National Assembly, which was protected by its own perimeter, guarded by the Gendarmery.[23]

The central site would have been the plateau in front of the National Assembly, but with the space at the intended site being greatly constrained because of the park encampment, with altercations occurring at the perimeter,[19] and with the tractor-made bulwark itself posing a fire hazard due to spilled fuel,[18][11] the organisers, reportedly at the advice of the veterans (and reportedly also the bikers,[24] who also formed a group affiliated with the protests), relocated the central site of the protest to Slavija Square,[21] a wide-open area 1 km (0.62 mi) to the south of the National Assembly.

At 18:00, veterans and student marshals began clearing the area between the National Assembly and Pioneers' Park and the streets surrounding the latter.[11] They formed human barriers to establish a buffer zone in the sector, restricting access to the general public and journalists. At approximately 18:45, the veterans, along with the bikers,[25] left their posts, considering their task complete as the crowds were successfully directed toward Slavija Square. The sector was largely, but not entirely,[24] emptied of protest attendees.[18]

At 19:00, the scheduled silent vigil began, with attendees holding their cellphones' flashlights up.[26]

## Events

[edit]

Disturbances at the perimeter renewed in the minutes after the silent vigil began, with hooded attackers of unknown affiliation throwing objects such as glass bottles at the "Students 2.0" group and the police,[18] and attempting to break through the perimeter.[11] According to Tanjug, the attackers emerged from Dragoslava Jovanovića street, one of the streets bordering the encampment.[27] According to a protest marshal claiming to have been near the scuffle, a stun grenade detonated.[18] Explosions of firecrackers or salutes—pyrotechnic devices similar to firecrackers but significantly more powerful—were heard by people holding the silent vigil in the neighbouring Kralja Milana street.[18]

At the break-out of violence, instead of maintaining their presence in the sector around the park perimeter and becoming entangled in the disorder, student marshals followed the prearranged withdrawal protocol, which included calling on attendees to disperse. At 19:03, one marshal in the vicinity urged the others over a megaphone not to respond to any provocations. According to an investigation done by Vreme, at 19:06, student marshals in the sector began removing their reflective vests and exclaiming that the protest was no longer theirs.[18] Among the words exclaimed by student marshals in the sector were: "The protest is no longer safe"[24]

CCTV footage of the stampede and the moments which preceded it at the three-way intersection of Dragoslava Jovanovića, Terazije, and Kralja Milana streets. The student protest marshals are in the upper right corner.

At around 19:10 (i.e., seconds prior to 19:11), a group of student marshals forming a human barrier at the entrance to the Dragoslava Jovanovića street from the three-way junction[a] on the far side of the city bloc (relative to the side closer to the National Assembly) which includes the Pioneers Park also began enacting the withdrawal protocol, taking of their vests off and beginning to disband.[18]

At 19:11, members of the disbanded group of protest marshals began running, some along Kralja Milana and the others along Terazije. Simultaneously with this, a tumult occurred within the crowd standing at the junction and still maintaining the silent vigil, spreading south along Kralja Milana and north along Terazije.[18] A brief stampede took place with the members of the crowd in both streets scrambling to run away from the roadway, parting into two groups with rapid momentum along both stretches, which total several hundreds of meters in length, leaving the roadway nearly empty. According to one eyewitness:[28]

> We witnessed a phenomenon I can only describe as the "Mexican wave" of fear and panic. We were in a closed tubular system—a street surrounded by buildings acts as a tube—through which the impulse of fear and panic traveled from the direction of an incident we didn't see, while the people themselves served as the medium through which the impulse passed.

Kralja Milana street on an ordinary day. The area depicted lies along the stretch where protest attendees reported hearing a frightening sound.

A particular sound was heard by many in the stampede (especially so by those in the Kralja Milana direction, along a stretch of 450 m (490 yd)[18]) producing a frightening[29][30][31] sound localisation sensation of an approaching entity. According to one attendee: "People started rushing for safety toward the pavement, feeling that something was moving toward us down the street."[29] The sound was described as "rolling forward" toward the listener, "speeding toward the crowd", and accompanied by a "whiz" or a "whoosh".[1][29] The quality of the sound was described using varying language by various attendees, including (among other descriptions): a "deep roar"[32] or a "rumble of a thousand horses";[18] the sound of a "train in a tunnel";[32] "the noise of a car moving at high speed and hitting something along the way";[33] the sound of a "jet engine"[32] or a "low-flying airplane".[34]

Several minutes later, the Faculty of Dramatic Arts-affiliated group of the protest organisers announced on Twitter that the protest is over.[35][36]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Members of the public caught in the stampede quickly posted videos and questions on social media. Among the questions asked was: "Which technology did you use, and what was the purpose of this intervention?"[37][31][38] Social media users[39][40] and Serbian media outlets soon speculated[41] that the videos showed an attack on the crowd from a "sound cannon", specifically a long-range acoustic device (LRAD). This theory was quickly promoted by opposition politician Zdravko Ponoš and military analyst Aleksandar Radić.[42] Media outlets connected these speculations to a news story from recent years, which was at that time (and in mid-March 2025 still) unverified, that Serbia had bought LRADs.[43][44][45] A proposal to permit the police to use LRADs in the manner of a sonic weapon was discussed in 2023 but was withdrawn.[46] Serbia did buy multiple of these devices in 2021, however, as the government would confirm in the following days.[18]

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and President Aleksandar Vučić denied that the government used a sound cannon.[40][45]

On 16 March, numerous posts were made on social media about unusual health symptoms among protesters in Serbia, including dizziness, arrhythmia, hearing loss in one or both ears,[29][47][48] and disturbances in pacemakers. Many citizens also suffered orthopaedic injuries caused by a stampede following the alleged use of a sonic weapon.[48][49] Serbian volleyball player Vanja Grbić initially claimed that his colleague Marko Samardžić had suffered seven heart attacks due to the weapon's effect on his pacemaker,[50] but later revised his statement, saying Samardžić had simply fallen ill during the protests.[51] All of these concerns led students to organise a protest on 17 March in front of the Emergency Center, demanding the publication of the exact number of people treated after the 15 March incident.[52][53]

On 19 March, the newspaper Danas released an interview with an anonymous gendarme present at the protest. He stated that he had guarded a vehicle equipped with a long-range acoustic device (LRAD), adding that it was not used. He further stated that additional LRADs were stationed around the city.[54] Photographs were released that day by Marinika Tepić showing the aforementioned vehicle with a mounted LRAD parked beside the National Assembly.[55] Prior to that point, government officials had stated that no such weapons were deployed, with Vučić commenting on 18 March: "I'm telling you now—if our forces used a sonic cannon, Vortex, whatever it's called... well, then I'm not the president anymore. Pathetic liars."[56] On 19 March, the government confirmed the earlier reporting that it possesses LRADs, and that an LRAD, specifically Genasys LRAD 450XL, was mounted on a vehicle operated by the Gendarmerie, parked next to the National Assembly, within the security perimeter. Minister of Internal Affairs, Ivica Dačić stated that any LRAD deployed by the Serbian government, including the one deployed during the protest, has only ever been equipped with a recorded verbal warning to disperse, that no LRAD was ever activated in an operational context, adding that the position of the vehicle meant that it could not have had the effect ascribed to a "sound cannon".[57]

The student organisers of the protest movement added a fifth demand to their existing four demands, stating: "We demand a thorough investigation by the competent authorities to establish all circumstances and the responsibility related to the incident that sparked fear and panic on 15 March at 19:11 along Kralja Milana street ..."[58]

On 19 March, Prime Minister Miloš Vučević announced that Serbia had invited Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assist in investigating the "sound cannon" allegations.[1][2][3] Ten days later, Vučić stated that FSB agents arrived on March 28.[59] Following this, a document, described as the FSB report by Serbia's Security Intelligence Agency (BIA), was published on the latter's website, in Russian and Serbian. It contains an account of the agents conducting an animal experiment by activating an LRAD in possession of the Serbian police on dogs; their reaction is recorded as unremarkable. It concludes by stating that crowd dispersal acoustic devices were not used, and adds that the crowd movement was synchronized and that a "staged provocation" was involved.[60] According to Christo Grozev, the document is "absurdly vague, unverifiable, and clearly driven by predetermined conclusions".[61]

## See also

[edit]

* Long-range acoustic device
* Sonic weapon
* Havana syndrome

## Notes

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1. ^ The two other streets forming the junction are Kralja Milana (extending southward to the Slavija Square) and Terazije (extending northward). Kralja Milana and Terazije are the two stretches of what is physically a single and straight urban road corridor measuring more than 1 km (0.62 mi) in length.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Vasovic, Aleksandar; Pavicic, Milan (2 April 2025). "Mystery sound at Serbia protest sparks sonic weapon allegations". Reuters. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
2. ^ a b "Russian FSB In Serbia To Probe Alleged Sonic Weapon Use: President". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
3. ^ a b "Dačić tražio od FBI pomoć zbog navoda o korišćenju 'zvučnog topa'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Serbo-Croatian). 18 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
4. ^ "Zvučni top: Srbija odgovorila Evropskom sudu za ljudska prava" [Sound Cannon: Serbia Responded to the European Court of Human Rights]. Danas (in Serbian). FoNet. 1 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
5. ^ Ćirić, Sonja (9 March 2025). "Arhiv: U Srbiji se protestuje u 400 mesta" [Archive: Protests Taking Place in 400 Locations in Serbia]. Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 9 March 2025. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
6. ^ Dinev, Ivaylo (29 January 2025). "The Student Revolt in Serbia: Vučić's Nemesis?". Zentrum für Osteuropa-und internationale Studien. Archived from the original on 29 January 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
7. ^ "Veliki protest u Beogradu u fotografijama" [Large Protest in Belgrade in Photographs]. BBC News. 23 December 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
8. ^ Ilic, Dušan (15 March 2025). "Mass Protest in Belgrade Against President Vučić's Government". Euronews. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
9. ^ Martens, Michael (16 March 2025). "Großprotest in Serbien: Mit Schallkanonen gegen das Schweigen der Masse?". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2025. "Ob tatsächlich sogar um die 325.000 Menschen auf den Straßen Belgrads protestierten, wie oppositionsnahe Quellen behaupteten, ließ sich schwer sagen. Es dürfte jedoch keine Übertreibung sein, von der größten Demonstration zu sprechen, die Serbien seit dem 5. Oktober 2000 erlebt hat." [It was difficult to say whether around 325,000 people actually protested on the streets of Belgrade, as sources close to the opposition claimed. However, it should not be an exaggeration to talk about the largest demonstration that Serbia has had since the 5th. October 2000.]
10. ^ Higgins, Andrew (15 March 2025). "Protest Against Serbian Leader Draws Over 100,000 in Biggest Crowd Yet". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
11. ^ a b c d "Petnaesti mart: Završen najveći skup u istoriji Srbije" [March 15: The Largest Gathering in Serbian History Concluded]. Vreme (in Serbian). 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
12. ^ Grujić, Milan (19 March 2025). "Studentski protesti se nastavljaju: Ne naziru se ni kraj ni rezultat". NIN online (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 April 2025. "U Beogradu je u subotu održan najveći skup u istoriji Srbije (ako ne računamo Gazimestan na koji je Slobodan Milošević na proslavu 600 godina Kosovske bitke 1989. godine preselio celu zemlju). Naroda je bez dileme bilo više od 300 hiljada, daleko više nego 5. oktobra 2000." [The largest gathering in the history of Serbia was held in Belgrade on Saturday (if we do not count Gazimestan, where Slobodan Milošević moved the whole country to celebrate 600 years of the Battle of Kosovo in 1989). Without a doubt, there were more than 300,000 people, far more than on 5 October, 2000.]
13. ^ De Launey, Guy (16 March 2025). "Serbia's largest-ever rally sees 325,000 protest against government". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
14. ^ Dérens, Jean-Arnault (16 March 2025). "Serbie : une marée humaine submerge Belgrade". Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2025. "Ce fut assurément la plus grande manifestation de l'histoire de la Serbie. ... Les manifestantes et manifestants étaient en tout cas bien plus nombreux que lors de la chute de Slobodan Milošević, le 5 octobre 2000." [This was undoubtedly the largest demonstration in Serbian history. ... The demonstrators were in any case much more numerous than during the fall of Slobodan Miloševic on 5 October 2000.]
15. ^ a b Janjevic, Darko (15 March 2025). "Serbia: Protesters flood Belgrade with Vučić under pressure". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 31 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
16. ^ "Studenti u blokadi: Satnica, plan kretanja i pravila današnjeg protesta" [Students in Blockade: Timetable, Planned Routes, and Rules for Today’s Protest]. Al Jazeera Balkans. 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 19 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
17. ^ Karović, Boban (15 March 2025). "Utvrda Pionirski park: Vojni šatori, maslinasta odela - šta se događa u kampu?" [Fortress Pioneers Park: Military Tents, Olive Uniforms – What Is Happening in the Camp?]. NIN online. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Stanić, Tijana; Stevanović, Katarina; Janković, Marija; Rujević, Nemanja (26 March 2025). "Šta je izazvalo zloslutni huk u Kralja Milana" [What Caused the Ominous Roar in Kralja Milana]. Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
19. ^ a b "Protest u Beogradu: Studenti poručili da su odlučili da 'ne nasedaju na provokacije'" [Protest in Belgrade: Students Announced They Are Determined "Not To Fall for Provocations"]. NIN online. 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
20. ^ "Ljudi sa crnim fantomkama: Snimci iz kampa u Pionirskom parku" [People in Black Balaclavas: Footage From the Camp in Pioneers Park]. NIN online. 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
21. ^ a b "Vučić: 'Da nije bilo traktora, ne bismo spriječili krvoproliće, a policajci nisu koristili ni pendreke'" [Vučić: 'If There Hadn't Been Tractors, We Wouldn't Have Prevented Bloodshed, and Police Officers Did Not Even Use Batons']. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
22. ^ "Učesnici studentskog skupa se razilaze sa Slavije". Beta News Agency (in Serbian). 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025. Retrieved 6 April 2025. "Do 18 časova nisu zabeleženi ozbiljniji incidenti na protestu, iako je atmosfera oko Pionirskog parka povremeno naelektrisana, jer iza dva reda traktora i dva reda metalne ograde stoji i nekoliko redova policije, žandarmerije, kao i maskiranih osoba u civilu." [By 18:00, no serious incidents were reported at the protest, although the atmosphere around Pioneer Park was occasionally tense, as behind two rows of tractors and two rows of metal barriers stood several rows of police, gendarmes, as well as masked individuals in civilian clothing.]
23. ^ "Studenti objavili kraj protesta nakon incidenta kod Pionirskog parka". Al Jazeera Balkans (in Bosnian). 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
24. ^ a b c Janković, Marija L. (18 March 2025). "Studentski redar za 'Vreme' o talasu: 'Trk deset studenata zalepio celu Kralja Milana za zidove? Dajte molim vas'" [Student marshal for Vreme about the wave: "Ten students running glued Kralja Milana to the walls? Please."]. Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
25. ^ Janković, Marija L. (21 March 2025). "Crne kapuljače koje su pratile huk" [Black Hoods That Followed the Roar]. Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 21 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
26. ^ Bogdanovic, Nevena; Martinovic, Iva; Malloy, Austin (16 March 2025). "Protesters In Belgrade Light Up Night Sky During Moment Of Silence". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 1 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
27. ^ "Ispred Skupštine grupa ljudi i dalje vređa pripadnike policije i baca na njih baklje" [In Front of the Assembly, a Group of People Continues Insulting Police Officers and Throwing Flares at Them]. Tanjug. 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
28. ^ Rujević, Nemanja; Janković, Marija L.; Stevanović, Katarina; Stanić, Tijana (16 March 2025). ""Vreme" istražuje: Dementori i stampedo u Kralja Milana". Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
29. ^ a b c d "'Like a sound from hell:' Was an illegal sonic weapon used on protesters in Serbia?". NPR. The Associated Press. 26 March 2025. Archived from the original on 1 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
30. ^ Manojlovic, Mila; Tizard, Will (18 March 2025). "Was A Sonic Weapon Used On Student Protesters In Serbia?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 6 April 2025. "Student demonstrators who gathered in Belgrade on March 15 were panicked by a loud, strange sound some described as "creepy.""
31. ^ a b Sečić, Erik (15 March 2025). "Jeziv zvuk razbio tišinu u Beogradu, pogledajte uznemirujuću snimku: 'Strašno, ovo je terorizam'" [Terrifying Sound Shattered the Silence in Belgrade—Watch the Disturbing Footage: 'Horrific, This Is Terrorism']. Net.hr [hr] (in Croatian). Retrieved 6 April 2025. "Dok su okupljeni odavali počast žrtvama pada nadstrešnice u Novom Sadu, muk i tišinu razbio je zastrašujući zvuk koji je uplašio prosvjednike." [While the crowd gathered to pay tribute to the victims of the canopy collapse in Novi Sad, the stillness and silence were shattered by a frightening sound that startled the protesters.]+[hr]&rft.atitle=Jeziv+zvuk+razbio+tišinu+u+Beogradu,+pogledajte+uznemirujuću+snimku:+'Strašno,+ovo+je+terorizam'&rft.date=2025-03-15&rft.aulast=Sečić&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https://net.hr/danas/svijet/zvucni-top-razbio-15-minutnu-sutnju-na-prosvjedu-u-beogradu-6508ec0a-01d5-11f0-98e9-5aa096cf6e8e&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:2025+Belgrade+stampede" class="Z3988">
32. ^ a b c Kassam, Ashifa (21 March 2025). "Calls grow in Serbia for investigation into claims 'sound cannon' targeted protesters". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
33. ^ "Osvrt na mart: Protesti, blokada RTS-a, studenti u Beogradu, "zvučni top", Kočani" [March Retrospective: Protests, RTS Blockade, Students in Belgrade, 'Sound Cannon', Kočani]. Insajder.net. 3 April 2025. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
34. ^ Subin, Jelena; Čovs, Lazar (20 March 2025). "Zvuk koji je prekinuo tišinu, šta znamo do sada" [The Sound That Broke the Silence: What We Know So Far]. BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
35. ^ @sviublokade_fdu (15 March 2025). "NAJVAŽNIJI INFO: Iz pravca Pionirskog parka su bačene flaše i kamenice. Ovaj protest više nije studentski. Redari su skinuli markere. Mole se svi da napuste prostor oko Skupštine" (Tweet) (in Serbian) - via Twitter.
36. ^ "Žandarmerija kod Skupštine Srbije djeluje kao da je spremna za akciju". Al Jazeera Balkans (Video) (in Bosnian). 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
37. ^ "Uznemirujuće, kakav je ovo zvuk? Okupljeni u Beogradu panično bježali, korišten zvučni top?" [Disturbing, What Is This Sound? Crowd in Belgrade Fled in Panic, Sound Cannon Used?]. Oslobođenje (in Bosnian). 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025. "Uznemirujući video objavljen je na X-u, uz opis:
\- Koju ste tehnologiju koristili i šta je bio cilj ove intervencije? Pustite ton naglas i odgledajte do kraja. Ovo je strašno.
Nezvanično, neko je među okupljene bacio zvučni top."
38. ^ "Pogledajte trenutak kada je iznenada prekinuta tišina na Slaviji" [Watch the Moment the Silence at Slavija Was Suddenly Broken]. NOVA portal. 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
39. ^ "BCBP: Upotreba zvučnog topa je zabranjena, MUP probao da ga legalizuje 2022. godine". Danas (in Serbian). 16 March 2025. Retrieved 7 April 2025. "Na društvenim mrežama ubrzo su se pojavile spekulacije da je u pitanju sonično oružje "zvučni top", zabranjeno domaćim zakonima, a koje može izazvati bol, dezorijentaciju, vrtoglavicu i oštećenje sluha." [Speculation soon arose on social media that it was the sonic weapon "sound cannon", prohibited by domestic laws, which can cause pain, disorientation, dizziness and hearing damage.]
40. ^ a b "U Srbiji tvrde da je protiv prosvjednika korišten zvučni top. Što je to?" [It is claimed in Serbia that a sound cannon was used against protesters. What is it?]. Index.hr (in Croatian). 15 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025. "Iako to nije nigdje potvrđeno, mnogi na društvenim mrežama tvrde da je u ovom trenutku sa snimke protiv prosvjednika korišten zvučni top." [Although this has not been confirmed anywhere, many social media users claim that, at this moment captured on the footage, a sound cannon was used against the protesters.]
41. ^ Hajdari, Una (17 March 2025). "Serbia protests: How much trouble is Aleksandar Vučić in?". Politico. Retrieved 7 April 2025. "Local outlets speculate it was a sonic cannon, a controversial crowd-control device also known as a Long-Range Acoustic Device or LRAD, that emits high-frequency sound waves capable of causing pain, disorientation and long-term hearing damage."
42. ^ Kamenković, Sonja (15 March 2025). "Trenutak incidenta: 'Upotrebljen "zvučni top", oružje koje poseduje bezbednosni sistem Srbije'" [The moment of the incident: 'A "sound cannon" was used, a weapon owned by Serbia's security system']. N1. Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
43. ^ Popović, Predrag V. (22 December 2022). "Policija ima novo oružje – zvučni top: Da razmislite pre izlaska na protest?" [Police Has a New Weapon – Sonic Cannon: Should You Think Twice Before Going Out to Protest?]. N1. Archived from the original on 25 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
44. ^ "Šta je zvučni top koji je možda upotrebljen?" [What Is the Sound Cannon That May Have Been Used?]. Nedeljnik. 15 March 2025. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
45. ^ a b Rujević, Nemanja (15 March 2025). "Da li je zvučni top udario tokom tišine?" [Did the sound cannon strike during the silence?]. Vreme (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
46. ^ Novaković, Ana (3 January 2023). "Zvučni top je stigao? MUP ćuti i ne demantuje, struka kaže - nabavka nezakonita" [Has the Sound Cannon Arrived? Police Stay Silent and Do Not Deny; Experts Claim—The Purchase is Illegal]. N1 (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 April 2025.
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