2025 India–Pakistan conflict

Armed conflict in South Asia

This article is about the escalation that began on 7 May 2025. For the diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes immediately preceding this, see 2025 India–Pakistan crisis.

It has been suggested that this article be merged into 2025 India–Pakistan crisis. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2025.

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2025 India–Pakistan conflict

Part of India–Pakistani wars and conflicts, 2025 India–Pakistan crisis, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and Kashmir conflict

Location of India (orange) and Pakistan (green)
| Date| 7–10 May 2025 (4 days)

|

Location|

* India
* Pakistan

Result|  Ceasefire[1][2]
Belligerents
India|  Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Narendra Modi
Anil Chauhan
Amar Preet Singh|  Shehbaz Sharif
Asim Munir
Zaheer Ahmed Babar

* v
* t
* e

Indo-Pakistani conflicts

Kashmir conflict

* War of 1947–48
* War of 1965
* War of 1971
* Siachen conflict
* Kargil War
* 2001–02 standoff
* 2008 standoff
* 2025 conflict

Other conflicts

* 1959 Canberra shootdown
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* Atlantique incident

Border skirmishes

* 2011
* 2013
* 2014–15
* 2016–18
* 2019
* 2020–21
* 2023
* 2025

Strikes

* LoC 2016
* Balakot 2019
* J&K 2019

The 2025 India–Pakistan conflict was a brief armed conflict between India and Pakistan that began on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, in a military campaign codenamed Operation Sindoor.[a] India said that the operation was in response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025 in which 26 civilians were killed.[6][7][8] India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism, which Pakistan denied.

On 7 May, India launched Operation Sindoor with missile strikes on terrorism-related infrastructure facilities of Pakistan-based militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, and said that no Pakistani military or civilian facilities were targeted.[9][10] According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes hit civilian areas, including mosques, and resulted in civilian casualties. Following these strikes, there were border skirmishes and drone strikes between the two countries. Pakistan's army retaliated on 7 May, by launching a blitz of mortar shells on Jammu, particularly Poonch, killing civilians,[11] and damaging homes and religious sites.[12] This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.[13]

In the early hours of 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on Indian air bases[14] including the Sirsa air base[15] while Pakistan accused India of launching attacks on several Pakistan air bases,[14][16] including Nur Khan air base, Rafiqi air base, and Murid air base.[14][17] As conflict escalated on 10 May, Pakistan launched its Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos,[b] in which it said it had targeted several Indian military bases.[20]

After the four-day military conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire had been agreed after a hotline communication between their DGMOs (Directors General of Military Operations) on 10 May 2025.[21][22] US Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations. The ceasefire has been holding with resumed commercial flights and normalcy reported from both countries.[23][24]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: 2025 Pahalgam attack and 2025 India–Pakistan crisis

The Kashmir conflict, ongoing since 1947, has fuelled multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan over the disputed region.[25]

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist attack by five armed terrorists near Pahalgam in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 civilians, mostly Hindu tourists.[26][27] The Resistance Front, an offshoot of Pakistan-based, UN-designated, terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[28][29][30][31] initially claimed responsibility for the attack, which it later retracted.[32] India announced a series of retaliatory measures against Pakistan, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty, prompting responsive measures and leading to a diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes.[33][34][35] India and Pakistan also closed their airspaces for each other's airlines.[36]

On 30 April, Pakistan claimed that a military strike by India was imminent.[37][38]

## Timeline

[edit]

Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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### 7 May

[edit]

On 7 May 2025, India announced that it had launched missile and air strikes, codenamed Operation Sindoor,[a] targeting nine sites across Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province.[39][40][41] Seven targets, including some in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, were struck by the Indian Army's artillery regiment using precision long-range M982 Excalibur rounds and loitering munitions, while air defence was jointly provided by the Army and the Indian Air Force.[42] The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.[43][44] The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were carried out by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by India Today, Rafale jets were employed, equipped with SCALP missiles and AASM Hammer bombs.[45] According to a working paper written by Christopher Clary for Stimson Center, BrahMos cruise missiles might have also been used.[46]

The Indian government described the strikes as "focused, measured, and non-escalatory".[47] Indian military spokespeople said that the missile strikes targeted infrastructure linked to the terrorist groups Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Hizbul Mujahideen (HuM),[10][48] and that no Pakistani military facilities were targeted,[49] with the locations selected to avoid damage to civilian infrastructure.[50] The missile strikes targeted locations including Subhan Allah Mosque in Bahawalpur (near Ahmedpur East) and Markaz-e-Taiba in Muridke, part of the headquarters of JeM and the headquarters of LeT respectively and alleged by India to be their terrorist training camps.[51][c] Other sites claimed to have been targetted by India included Abbas Mosque (associated with the JeM) in Kotli District, Shawai Nala camp (associated with the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (associated with the JeM) in Muzaffarabad,[51][48] a site in Gulpur, Kotli District (alleged by the Indian government to be a LeT and HuM camp);[54][50][55][56] Markaz Ahl-e-Hadith in Barnala, Bhimber District (alleged by the Indian government to be associated with the LeT);[56][55] a site in Mehmona Joya, Kotli Loharan West, Sialkot District (alleged by the Indian government to be a HuM camp);[56][54][55] and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, Shakargarh Tehsil, Sialkot District (alleged by the Indian government to be a JeM camp).[56][50][55][54] India later showed satellite images purportedly showing damage at the targetted sites.[57]

According to a Pakistani security source, approximately 125 Indian and Pakistani fighter jets engaged in the aerial dogfight after the Indian air strikes on 7 May, exchanging long-range missile fire in a confrontation that lasted over an hour.[58] According to The Daily Telegraph, neither Pakistani nor Indian aircraft crossed the border, engaging instead in a "stand-off" conflict at a distance of more than 100 km at times.[59] Pakistan claimed that during the dogfight it had downed five Indian aircraft including three Rafales, one MiG-29, one SU-30MKI and a Heron unmanned aerial vehicle.[60] On 15 May, Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif claimed that Pakistan shot down six Indian fighter jets, the sixth being a Mirage 2000.[61] On 28 May, he again said that six Indian fighter jets were downed but said that four of these were Rafale, one MiG-29 and one "another plane".[62][63][64] On 6 June, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) said that No. 15 Squadron, also known as the Cobras, was responsible for shooting down six Indian Air Force (IAF) fighter jets. Operating out of PAF Base Minhas in Kamra with J-10C multirole fighters equipped with PL-15 beyond-visual-range missiles, the squadron claimed to have downed three Rafales, a MiG-29, a Mirage-2000, and a Su-30MKI. According to Dawn, the Cobras deployed 18 out of the 20 aircraft assigned to the squadron for the intercept operation on 7 May.[65]

A French intelligence official told CNN that an Indian Rafale was downed by Pakistan, though the French military did not comment.[66] Later, Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force Général d'armée aérienne Jérôme Bellanger [fr] stated that he had "seen evidence" of three aircraft being downed including a Rafale, a Mirage 2000 and a Russian Sukhoi.[67] Reuters reported that unnamed Indian government sources said that three fighter jets had crashed in India due to unknown causes.[68] On 8 May, an unnamed US official told Reuters that he assessed with "high confidence" that Pakistani J-10 aircraft had shot down at least two Indian fighter jets; a second official assessed one of the downed jets to be a Dassault Rafale.[69] The Washington Post later said that it had identified 3 crash sites in India from 7 May, identifying two of them as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale and Dassault Mirage 2000.[70] On 9 May, local government sources in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir told Reuters that three fighter jets crashed in India on 7 May with three pilots being hospitalized.[71] On 11 May, while responding to a question on whether the force suffered losses, the Indian Airforce said that "losses are a part of combat" but declined to provide information on whether any losses had occurred.[72] According to a working paper written by Christopher Clary for Stimson Center, there was credible evidence that up to four Indian aircraft may indeed have been shot down during the encounter.[46] On 18 July 2025, President of the United States Donald Trump said that he believed five aircraft had been shot down during the conflict.[73]

Pakistan confirmed strikes on six of the sites targetted by India, denying the strikes at Barnala and Gulpur in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, but said these were civilian areas including mosques and residential areas and were not terrorist facilities.[39][52][51] The Pakistani government condemned them as an "act of war" that resulted in civilian casualties.[47] Shehbaz Sharif convened a meeting of the National Security Council to coordinate retaliatory strikes. The NSC declared that Pakistan "reserves the right to respond, in self-defence, at a time, place, and manner of its choosing."[74] Sharif gave the Pakistani army, under Asim Munir, the right to respond in any way needed.[75]

According to India, Pakistani cross-border artillery shelling and small arms firing increased following the Indian attacks,[76] including in the regions of Poonch, Rajouri, Kupwara, Baramulla, Uri and Akhnoor, located in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.[77][78] Pakistani shelling of Poonch town and its vicinity killed at least 11 people and damaged an Islamic school along with numerous homes. According to The News Minute, the casualties included a Sikh ragi.[79] Pakistan said that the Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant had been damaged by Indian shelling following the initial Indian strikes.[80]

### 8 May

[edit]

On 8 May, India said that Pakistan had launched drone and missile strikes on several Indian cities, including Amritsar, and that India negated these strikes by the S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Force Station, marking India's first combat use of the missile system.[81] Pakistan denied launching drone and missile strikes on India.[82] Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar claimed that the Indian Army had intentionally carried out a false flag attack on the Indian city of Amritsar, blaming it on Pakistan in order to generate domestic support.[83][84] The Pakistani military spokesperson also claimed that Indian drones headed towards Nankana Sahib were brought down.[83] The claim was denied by India and described as false by Indian media.[85] Indian foreign secretary Vikram Misri dismissed these as a "deranged fantasy" and an attempt by Pakistan to hide its own actions.[86]

The Indian Armed Forces said that in response to the Pakistani attack, they had carried out SEAD/DEAD operations, neutralizing Pakistani air defence systems in Lahore. Pakistani authorities said that several Indian drones intruded in Pakistani airspace, and 12 Indian drones were shot down. As per Pakistan, these drones were sent into nine different locations including the cities of Karachi and Lahore, and one of the drones struck a Pakistani military facility near Lahore.[87][88] The Pakistani military later claimed to have shot down 25 Israeli-made Harop loitering munitions in its territory. India admitted to one being taken down.[89][90] A drone also landed near the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium complex before the start of a Pakistan Super League match, prompting the Pakistan Cricket Board to postpone the game.[91][92]

Later that day, India said that Pakistan had launched airstrikes directed in and around Jammu district including the airport and the university. All of the eight Pakistani missiles were claimed to have been intercepted by the S-400 missile system. Reportedly, multiple explosions were heard in Jammu along with an explosion in Jaisalmer,[93][94] where drones and fighter jets were also reported.[95] India later said that, these attacks involved 300–400 Turkish-Asisguard Songar drones targeting 36 sites, including civilian and military infrastructure.[22][96] India also reported cross border firing by heavy calibre artillery guns along the Line of Control (LoC).[22][97]

Reports termed this conflict as the "first drone war" between the "nuclear-armed neighbours" of South Asia;[13]

### 9 May

[edit]

The Pakistan Army claimed to have neutralised 77 Indian drones since 6 May.[98]

Exchanges of fire had stopped in the early morning.[99] However, clashes restarted after "13 hours of relative calm". Exchanges of artillery fire began in Kashmir, including in, Kupwara, Poonch, Uri, and Samba along the LoC.[100] According to the Indian Army, drones were reportedly sighted in 26 locations across a wide area from Baramulla in the north to Bhuj in the south, with at least one armed drone in Punjab; however, Pakistani officials dismissed the Indian accusations as "baseless and misleading", denying any offensive actions.[101] India claimed that a Pakistani army post along the LoC was destroyed.[102]

During a press briefing, Pakistan once again denied carrying out missile and drone strikes on Indian military installations and proposed a neutral third-party investigation into the 2025 Pahalgam attack, which it claimed was ignored by India.[103][104] On 9 May, reports indicated that India had repositioned its Western Fleet, including an aircraft carrier, destroyers, frigates and anti-submarine warfare ships, in the northern Arabian Sea. According to an Indian defence source cited by The Daily Telegraph, the fleet was brought within operational range of Karachi, Pakistan's largest port city and the headquarters of the Pakistan Navy.[105]

### 10 May

[edit]

On 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on air bases in Punjab in the early hours, including the Pathankot military airfield.[14] According the The Indian Express, a Fatah-II long-range missile was intercepted near the Sirsa Air Force Station shortly after midnight.[15]

At 1:45 am, Pakistan Army spokesman made a unscheduled broadcast claiming that India fired ballistic missiles from Adampur that fell into its own territory,[46][106] saying that they struck Adampur and Amritsar, and later (around 3:20 am) added that India had targeted Afghanistan with missile and drone strikes.[107][108][109][46] India denied the allegations, calling the claims "ludicrous" and "frivolous".[110][111][112] The Taliban government of Afghanistan also denied Pakistani claims of Indian attacks on Afghanistan.[113][112] It was termed a "bizarre and unsubstantiated claim" by Clary.[46]

At 2:09 am, Pakistan's Nur Khan airbase in Rawalpindi,[114] considered a strategic target by India,[115][116] was hit by an Indian missile.[114][14] India said the next morning that it had launched attacks on Pakistan's air bases in response to the drone and missile attacks along India's western sector. It described them as precision attacks on identified military targets.[14] It said Pakistan Air Force bases at Rafiqui, Murid, Chaklala, and Rahim Yar Khan Airport as having been targeted. The strikes also targeted military sites in Sukkur and Chunian, a radar installation in Pasrur, the Sialkot aviation base,[117] and other air bases at Skardu, Sargodha, Jacobabad, and Bholari.[118]

Around 3:20 am, Pakistan denied initiating hostilities, instead alleging that India had first fired air-to-surface missiles using fighter jets at military bases — Nur Khan, Rafiqui, and Murid.[14][17] Pakistan said that all Pakistan Air Force (PAF) assets at targeted bases remained safe. Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in Rahim Yar Khan was targeted and suffered structural damage.[119] The airport was named after Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and is regarded as a symbol of Pak-UAE friendship. Although commercial flights have been suspended since 2023, the airport was occasionally used by members of the House of Nahyan via the Royal Lounge, which was among the facilities destroyed in the attack.[120] The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during the Indian air strikes including 5 deaths at Bholari and one at Sargodha;[116] Chief Minister of Sindh, Murad Ali Shah, also later said that nine personnel injured in Indian attacks [121]

Shortly after the Indian missile strikes, Pakistan launched a retaliatory operation, codenamed Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos.[14][b] It claimed to have struck and caused major damage to 26 military targets, including 15 air bases of Suratgarh, Sirsa, Naliya, Adampur, Bhatinda, Barnala, Halwara, Awantipur, Srinagar, Jammu, Udhampur, Mamoon, Ambala and Pathankot.[122][123] It further said that the BrahMos storage facilities at Beas and Nagrota were destroyed, and that two S-400 systems at Adampur and Bhuj were neutralised by the Pakistan Air Force.[123][124] Pakistan said that military logistics and support sites such as the Field Supply Depot in Uri and Radar Station in Poonch were targeted, and command headquarters such as 10 Brigade and 80 Brigade at KG Top and Nowshera, as well as proxy training and intelligence fusion facilities in Rajouri and Nowshera, were destroyed.[124] Pakistan further said that Indian military elements across the LoC, including headquarters, logistic bases, artillery positions, and posts, were heavily damaged. It said that its drones flew over major Indian cities and sensitive political and military sites, including New Delhi.[123][124] Additionally, Pakistan reported a spike in terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, which it claimed was sponsored by India.[124]

Pakistan's military said it launched a cyberattack as part of Operation Bunyun Marsoos, targeting Indian military satellites, government websites, and critical digital infrastructure.[125][126][127] Indian authorities recorded over 1.5 million attempted cyber intrusions.[127] According to reports by Pakistani media, affected entities included the official website of India's ruling party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Crime Research Investigation Agency, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited, and the All India Naval Technical Supervisory Staff Association. The reports said that large volumes of data were erased from these websites, and sensitive information was leaked from key institutions such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the Border Security Force, and the Unique Identification Authority of India. The cyberattack was also reported to have compromised databases belonging to the Indian Air Force and the Maharashtra Election Commission. Furthermore, the operation reportedly involved the takeover of more than 2,500 surveillance cameras across India.[125][128]

The Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif later said in his speech on the Independence Day of Azerbaijan that the operation had already been initially planned for 4:30 am in the morning but India attacked before that time.[64] In an earlier speech, he had said that the Army Chief called him at 2:30 am to inform him about the Indian airstrikes and sought permission to strike back. The Army Chief is said to have called back later in the night informing him about "befitting response" and adding, "we are being requested for a ceasefire". PM Sharif said he told him to go ahead and accept the offer.[129]

India denied damage to its airbases, including Sirsa and Suratgarh Air Force Stations, and rejected claims regarding the destruction of its S-400 and BrahMos systems calling it a "malicious misinformation campaign".[130] It released time-stamped images of the targets as evidence, and reported minor damage to its airbases in Udhampur, Pathankot, Adampur and Bhuj; the death of an Indian Air Force soldier at Udhampur was also confirmed.[131][132][133][110] That the extent of damage to the Indian airstrips was minimal was further confirmed through commercial imagery obtained by The New York Times.[131] The Indian Army released images of what it said were debris of a Baykar YIHA III loitering munition destroyed by the air defence units. It said the drones were used to target civilians areas in Amritsar at around 5 am.[134][135] India later said that over 600 Pakistani loitering munitions, the Baykar YIHA, and UCAVs, the Asisguard Songar, were shot down and several missiles were intercepted.[136]

Concurrently with the missile strikes, heavy fighting took place at the LoC near Sialkot and Rajouri.[137] India's military said that Pakistan's retaliatory shelling targeted civilian areas killing at least five people, with drones targeting a Hindu temple in Jammu.[138][139] Analyst Michael Kugelman posited that the two countries were now "effectively at war";[140] but neither side had mobilized ground forces, according to a former Indian diplomat.[141]

At 6:55 am, PTV News reported that prime minister Shehbaz Sharif had called a meeting of the National Command Authority, responsible for the country's nuclear weapons command and control through its secretariat – the Strategic Plans Division.[142][143] Pakistan's Minister of Defence Khwaja Asif later denied that such a meeting took place or was scheduled.[142][144]

A ceasefire began at 17:00 (IST)/16:30 (PKT).[22] It was first announced by US President Donald Trump on social media,[145][107] prior to the official statements by the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers.[21][146] After the ceasefire, there were reports of explosions in the cities of Srinagar and Jammu according to authorities, residents and Reuters witnesses.[147] Both sides claimed victory after the ceasefire.[148] Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif designated 16 May to be celebrated as Youm-e-Tashakur ('Day of Gratitude') in honour of its armed forces.[149]

## Ceasefire

[edit]

A fragile ceasefire was achieved around midday on Saturday, 10 May, with the intervention of the United States. The US administration grew concerned with the possibility of nuclear weapon involvement, and the Secretary of State Marco Rubio started making calls from 4:00 PKT. He spoke to Pakistan's Army chief Asim Munir, National Security Advisor Asim Malik and prime minister Shehbaz Sharif. United States Vice President J. D. Vance was in touch with the Indian authorities, including prime minister Narendra Modi. Interventions were also made by Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE and the UK. The Indian and Pakistani heads of military operations spoke on phone at 2:30 pm for the first time since the conflict broke out.[150]

### Agreement

[edit]

Foreign Secretary of India Vikram Misri and the Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar[21][146] stated that both militaries agreed to a full ceasefire and that hostilities would end as of 5:00 p.m. IST/4:30 pm PKT (11:30 GMT).[151][152]

Dar stated that 36 countries helped broker the truce.[153] However, an Indian official told Agence France Presse that the ceasefire was negotiated bilaterally in the sense that "stoppage of firing and military action between India and Pakistan was worked out directly between the two countries".[154] United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio declared that both nations would discuss "a broad set of issues at a neutral site" and that he and Vice President JD Vance had extensively corresponded with senior officials on both sides.[155] Hours later, following ceasefire violations, Indian officials had not yet voiced readiness for talks.[156] US president Donald Trump made a post on social media about the ceasefire soon after it came into effect, prior to the official announcements by the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers.[157] Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif stated that Trump had played a "pivotal and paramount role" in facilitating the truce along with representatives of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, the UK, UN, and China,[158] while India's foreign secretary later said that ceasefire talks were held "directly between India and Pakistan under the existing channels established between both militaries."[159] Thanking the heads of India and Pakistan, President Trump vowed to enhance trade "substantially" with both nations.[160]

Following the agreement, Pakistan reopened its airspace to commercial flights.[161][162] Military hotlines between the two states were activated.[163]

### Accusations of violations

[edit]

10 May: Minutes after the ceasefire announcement, loud explosions were heard and projectiles were seen in the sky over the cities of Srinagar and Jammu in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.[164][147][165] Late on 10 May, Misri stated that there had been violations of the ceasefire agreement, citing cross-border firing and sightings of Pakistani drones over Srinagar and Punjab, and called on Pakistani authorities to "address [the] violations".[147] Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah also reported explosions in Srinagar, expressing concern over the apparent collapse of the ceasefire.[166][167][168] Pakistani Information Minister Atta Tarar denied Indian claims that Pakistan had violated the ceasefire, calling reports by the Indian media as "baseless".[169] Pakistan later also accused India of committing ceasefire violations in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[22] By 11 May, reports suggested that "serious violations" of the truce had ceased,[170] and that the situation had stabilized in many cities on the Indian side of the LoC.[171] Businesses reopened in Srinagar as calm returned.[172][173] In India, Gujarat Minister of State Harsh Sanghavi announced that a blackout would be implemented in the Kutch district after drones were spotted in the sky.[174] In Pakistan, civilians in Peshawar heard anti-aircraft gunfire after drones were spotted in the sky.[175]

12 May: Indian media claimed that "suspected Pakistani drones" were detected and engaged in the Samba district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Blackouts were imposed in several border towns including Amritsar as a precautionary measure.[176][177] After midnight, the Indian Army said, "no drone activity has been detected recently, and the ceasefire situation prevails."[178]

## Aerial strikes and skirmishes

[edit]

### Initial strikes

[edit]

On 7 May 2025, India launched missile and air strikes on nine alleged "militant camps" in both Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The strikes, lasted just 25 minutes between 01:05 and 01:30 India time (19:35 and 20:00 GMT on Tuesday).[179][180]

Satellite images released after launching the strikes showed the extent of damage in Pakistan.[181] Indian jets have previously bombed Pakistani territory following militant attacks on its soil but Wednesday's operation is the deepest India has struck inside its neighbor since the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971, the biggest of several wars between the two countries.[182]

### Aerial skirmishes

[edit]

On 7 May, Pakistani security sources said that Indian and Pakistani fighter jets exchanged long-range beyond-visual-range missiles for over an hour, in what they described as one of the largest aerial dogfights in recent history.[58] Pakistan claimed that three Dassault Rafales, one MiG-29, one Su-30MKI fighter jet, and one Israeli-manufactured IAI Heron UAV belonging to the Indian Air Force were shot down.[103][183][182][184] If true, would first time that a French-origin Dassault Rafale has been lost in combat, reportedly having been shot down by the Chinese-origin Chengdu J-10.[185][69] This, along with the performance of Chinese-origin PL-15E missiles in the combat, reportedly gained global attention.[186][187][185][69]

Indian military claimed that Pakistan jets were prevented from entering the Indian airspace and that "a few" of their fighter jets have been intercepted and the wreckages were outside Indian borders. The exact numbers were not revealed.[188] Pakistani military claimed one of its aircraft suffered minor damage in a confrontation with India.[189] On 12 May 2025, the Indian military showed the supposed wreckage of what it claimed to be a Mirage III or Mirage 5, claiming its interception.[190][191]

On claimed jet losses, the Indian Air Force said "losses are a part of combat" without additional details, adding that all pilots were back home.[72] According to France 24, India's refusal to confirm or deny the loss of the jets gave further credence to the downing claims.[192] Defence analyst Michael Clarke told Al Jazeera that if India had lost a Rafale jet, "that would certainly be embarrassing."[193] He added that if the aircraft had come down within Indian territory, India would likely try to keep it as an unconfirmed rumour for as long as possible, and that its general statement on "inevitable losses" might be the closest it comes to confirmation.[193] On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets.[194][195] According to him, this resulted in corrections in India's warfighting tactics during the Armed Forces' further strikes on 7, 8 and 10 May.[196][197]

According to Pakistan, the Pakistan Air Force intercepted and destroyed 84 Israeli-made Harop drones, sent by India.[123][198] The Pakistan Air Force reiterated its earlier claims of downing five Indian fighter jets, including Rafale aircraft, and added purported crash locations, a description of interception of combat formations and flight data, as well as what they said was a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) transcript of the pilot's final communications.[103][108][183]

In press releases by Press Information Bureau, the Indian government claimed that during the first strikes on terror camps the Indian Air Force had "bypassed and jammed Pakistan's Chinese-supplied air defence systems" and the operation was conducted without the loss of any Indian asset.[199] Additionally, India said its air defense systems successfully intercepted and shot down hundreds of drones and loitering munitions launched by Pakistan.[200][201]

### Strikes on Pakistani air bases

[edit]

On 8 May 2025, in response to a series of drone incursions and missile attacks, which India attributed to Pakistan despite its denials of involvement, India carried out strikes and claimed to have damaged air defence radars and systems at multiple locations in Pakistan. In particular, Indian assessments indicated that an air defence system in Lahore was neutralised. Pakistan reported drone incursions or intercepts at 11 sites that morning, and officially acknowledged that four soldiers were injured and military equipment was partially damaged.[82][46][202][203]

Local media in India reported a barrage of drone and missile strikes on the night of 9 May.[82][204] Hours later, the Indian Armed Forces conducted multiple airstrike operations targeting Pakistani military installations.[82][205] As per Indian media reports, the air strikes were planned by India's Chief of the Air Staff Amar Preet Singh while National Security Advisor Ajit Doval granted the final clearance.[206][207] These strikes were reportedly conducted by Indian Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter jets armed with BrahMos missiles.[208] The use of BrahMos was later confirmed by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.[209]

Image of damages to some of Pakistan air bases

The New York Times and The Washington Post analysed before and after satellite images of six military airbases of Pakistan that showed major damages that were inflicted during the air strikes.[131][116] India managed to cause damage deep inside the Pakistani side, targeting airfields and more defense systems, and also striking near one of Pakistan's crucial strategic headquarters. Indian missiles and drones barraged on six major Pakistani Air Bases and other facilities.[82][114]

* PAF Base Nur Khan, which is just 10 kilometers away from capital of Pakistan, Islamabad, was a strategic target in the air strikes.[210] According to an eye-witness and two Pakistani security officials, the attack on Nur Khan air base saw at least two missile strikes as well as drone attacks. The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day.[114][82] According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged. Videos recorded from a parking lot nearby which "showed smoke billowing from the damaged area".[116]
* PAF Base Bholari, located less than 100 miles (160 km) from Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, and host of a Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&CS squadron, was also a target of India's Air Strikes. An apparent missile strike resulted in 60 ft (18 m)-wide hole on an aircraft hangar. Debris was scattered around the hangar in the pavement while the wall appeared to have collapsed on a nearby building.[131][116]
* PAF Base Shahbaz, which operates multiple variants of F-16 Fighting Falcon and AW139, was also attacked. This resulted in a 100 ft (30 m)-wide crater in an aircraft hangar as well as damage to its Air Traffic Control tower.[116]
* At PAF Base Mushaf, formerly known as Sargodha airbase, located in Punjab Province, the Indian military claimed to have used precision weapons to strike two sections of the runway. Later satellite imagery showed a crater on the runway.[131]
* On 10 May, Pakistan issued a NOTAM declaring the runway at Rahim Yar Khan Airport non-operational for a week until 18 May due to a "Work in Progress" (WIP).[211][212] Satellite imagery taken after the Indian strike showed a crater on the runway that was not present in earlier images.[131][213] As per Pakistani sources, the airport's Royal Lounge was damaged in the attack and a 100 ft (30 m)-wide crater was created in the apron area.[214]
* Sukkur Airport was also affected in the strikes as a hangar collapsed and an apparent radar site was destroyed.[116]

The New York Times commented that India appeared to have had a clear edge is in its targeting of Pakistan's military facilities and airfields.[131]

India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan said during an interview with Reuters that IAF "flew all types of aircraft with all types of ordinances on the 10th". He also said that all most of the strikes had achieved pinpoint accuracy with "some even to a metre to whatever was our selected mean point of impact".[196][197]

### Alleged nuclear escalation

[edit]

Some reports claimed that India's missile-drone strikes on several Pakistani airbases, especially Nur Khan,[215][216] prompted US intervention for ceasefire agreement. The base is reportedly a strategic asset for PAF as "one of the central transport hubs" and "home to the air refueling capability" (No. 10 Squadron). The facility was also just over a mile from the headquarters of Strategic Plans Division responsible for Pakistan's nuclear arsenal which includes over 170 warheads. The New York Times also cited a former American official who stated, "Pakistan's deepest fear is of its nuclear command authority being decapitated" and that the Indian missile strikes were interpreted to be a warning for India's capability to do the same.[210][217][218] According to Christopher Clary, an associate professor at the University at Albany, "So, an attack on the facility may have been perceived as more dangerous than India intended – and the two sides should not conclude that it is possible to have a conflict without it going nuclear".[114] On 14 May, Reuters reported that Indian strikes on Nur Khan Airbase had alarmed US officials, due to the bases proximity to Pakistan's Strategic Plans Division.[114] Clary also says that reports of a National Command Authority meeting called by prime minister Sharif, which oversees the Strategic Plans Division directly spurred US involvement. Though Pakistan's Minister of Defence Khwaja Asif has denied that such a meeting had been planned.[46]

However, unlike the claims of multiple reports, India denied that it had struck the Kirana Hills Site (part of PAF Base Mushaf).[219][220] The International Atomic Energy Agency also affirmed after investigations, following social media rumours, that there had been no radiation leak or release from any nuclear facility in Pakistan.[221] False reports of a radiation leak notice by the Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, after Pakistan claimed to have destroyed BrahMos storage facilities at Beas, were also shared on social media.[222][223]

Both India's Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, and Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Sahir Shamshad Mirza, confirmed that at no time during the conflict any of the nations had considered the use of nuclear weapons.[196][197]

## Casualties

[edit]

### India

[edit]

India said that 21 civilians and 8 military and paramilitary personnel had died in the conflict.[224][225][226][227] Majority of the deaths and injuries were from mortar shelling by Pakistan in the Jammu region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir particularly its Poonch district,[228][229][230] where Indian media sources said that a gurudwara, a school and several houses were damaged in the attacks, leaving 14 civilians and 2 Indian soldiers dead.[231][78][11] Pakistani shelling hit in and near the Christ School compound, a Carmelites of Mary Immaculate congregation Catholic school in Poonch, killing two students and damaging the nearby convent of the Congregation of Mother of Carmel.[232][233][234] A Pakistani loitering munition resulted in the death of a civilian in the Firozpur district of Punjab, the only Indian death outside Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.[235] An Indian Air Force soldier was killed following Pakistan's airstrike on Udhampur Air Force Station,[131][132] and a deputy commissioner was killed during Pakistani shelling in Rajouri.[236] Pakistan claimed that around 25–50 Indian soldiers were killed.[237]

### Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan said that 40 civilians and 13 military personnel were killed during the conflict from Indian air strikes and cross-border shelling (the latter in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir).[238][239][240] The initial Indian airstrikes on 9 May killed at least 21 civilians according to Pakistan. Indian loitering munitions killed a civilian near the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, two others in Daharki and Jabbi Kasran and a Pakistan Army soldier in Lahore.[241][242][121][243] The Pakistan military confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during Indian air strikes on 10 May, including 5 deaths at PAF Base Bholari and one at PAF Base Mushaf.[116][121] India claimed that at least 100 militants had been killed in the missile strikes,[244] and that Pakistan lost 35 to 40 personnel in the conflict.[167]

Masjid Syedna Bilal in Muzaffarabad and Masjid-e-Abbas in Kotli (identified by India as Markaz Abbas) both in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir were damaged in the Indian strikes and killed 5 civilians according to Pakistan.[245][51][246] The Markaz-e-Taiba, a complex which includes a school, a college and a medical clinic, was hit in Muridke. It was established by Lashkar-e-Taiba's co-founder Hafiz Saeed and serves as its headquarters, and that of its front organisation the Jamaat-ud-Dawa.[c][247][248] Al-Jazeera noted this site as the most significant among the others hit by India.[249] Dawn reported that that at least 3 civilians were killed in the Indian strike.[250]

Bahawalpur's Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah, the headquarters of Jaish-e-Mohammed, was also one of the targets in the Indian strikes.[c][51] Indian media reports claimed that Jaish leader Abdul Rauf Azhar was killed in the strike, though this remains unconfirmed and his brother Masood did not name him among the deceased family members.[251]

## Analysis

[edit]

According to The New York Times, India's role was "assertive" and "aggressive", and possibly established a new level of deterrence with Pakistan. The Times noted that in its initial strikes, India struck targets deeper inside enemy territory than it had struck in previous decades and had hit close enough to locations affiliated with "terrorist activities" that India could claim victory against these groups.[252] At the end of the conflict, it published high-resolution before and after satellite images, which showed India's edge in targeting of Pakistan's military facilities and airfields.[131] It reported that India felt frustrated after Donald Trump public claims of mediating a cease-fire, presenting both countries as equals and downplaying the terrorist attack that triggered the conflict, and that India had hoped any US involvement would remain discreet, and Trump's portrayal of both countries on equal terms was seen by Indian officials as politically sensitive and diplomatically frustrating.[253] According to the paper, the result of the conflict was "little more than a draw". Noting that despite India damaging sensitive Pakistani airbases, hangars and runways, it lost aircraft in aerial duels. It opined that the conflict had been a strategic setback for India, which found itself equated with Pakistan, a smaller, weaker country that Indian officials call a rogue sponsor of terrorism. It added that diplomatically, India appeared powerless to resolve the conflict and that the spectre of nuclear war limited what India could achieve militarily.[254]

According to The Washington Post, Pakistan's celebration that "ceasefire with India reestablished deterrence", "may be clouding a clearheaded assessment" and the "regional status quo had been upended" with more aggressive strikes by India, including a strike at Pakistan's military headquarters.[255] The Post said that , according to analysts, the alleged losses of Indian aircraft would constitute a humiliation of the Indian military.[256]

According to the French newspaper Le Monde, this military operation against Pakistan revealed weaknesses in the Indian Air Force, and that the success of the Pakistan Air Force had to do with the superior training and combat experience of most of the pilots as they had been fighting continuous counterterrorism air campaigns in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, whereas India had largely remained at peace.[257] It said that the major military confrontation "produced no winners."[258]

According to Al Jazeera, analysts contend that neither side emerged with a definite upper hand, and both nations made certain strategic gains even as they each also suffered losses.[259] Al Jazeera further reported that analysts noted that Pakistan's gains included internationalising the Kashmir issue and the downing of aircraft, while India's gains involved highlighting alleged Pakistan-based terrorism and demonstrating further military reach across the border.[259]

The Financial Times, noting that both India and Pakistan claimed victory, said the ceasefire gave Islamabad the "diplomatic upper hand", as US intervention bracketed India, the "fifth-biggest economy", with what it sees as a "terrorism-backing rogue state".[260]

According to Manal Fatima of the Atlantic Council, the war appeared to unify fractured Pakistani political forces domestically and resulted in Pakistan having a diplomatic advantage over India regarding Trump's involvement in ceasefire talks. According to Srujan Palkar—global fellow at the Council—Operation Sindoor "exposed an imbalance in US policy toward South Asia". The expert noted that if the United States was to continue building trust with India, it must put "the onus on the Pakistani establishment to play its part in counterterrorism" as well as consider revoking Pakistan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status.[261]

According to the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the reported downing of an Indian Rafale jet (made in France) by a Pakistani air-defense system (made in China) raises concerns for Western military technologies.[262] It mentioned that Operation Sindoor by India appeared to have turned into a disaster.[263] It failed to take out the targets quickly and without detection. The Indian pilots encountered strong resistance, with the operation resulting in heavy losses.[262]

According to The Diplomat magazine's Pakistan correspondent Umair Jamal, Pakistan came out "emboldened" after clashes with India. He said that the conflict unified the country, that the Pakistani military has emerged more popular than earlier, and that the political leadership now see the need to strengthen the armed forces. He believed that Pakistan scored a diplomatic win by acting with "restraint" and found the US intervention to have favoured Pakistan more than India.[264]

Christopher Clary, a University at Albany professor and expert on India–Pakistan relations, stated to The Washington Post that satellite evidence supports the claim that the Indian military inflicted significant, though not devastating, damage on Pakistan's air force at several eastern bases.[116][114]

According to John Spencer and Vincent Viola, writing in the Small Wars Journal, Operation Sindoor was more than just a rapid military reaction — it marked a significant strategic turning point. In just four days, India carried out accurate strikes on fortified positions across the border using only domestically developed or assembled systems such as BrahMos missiles, Akashteer air defense units, and loitering munitions, without relying on US platforms or foreign logistics. India didn't just achieve victory — it demonstrated a clear military advantage over a Chinese-supported opponent. The operation highlighted a shift in national defense doctrine toward self-reliance and indigenous capability. As the journal notes, Pakistan, aligned with China in arms and strategy, was unable to counter India's precision offensive, with its Chinese-made air defenses proving ineffective.[265]

American geopolitical analyst Brandon Weichert writing for the The National Interest described the aerial duel between both countries as an unambiguous victory for Pakistan, insofar as western observers had not expected Chinese-made equipment to be able to shoot down the Rafales.[266][267]

## Impact

[edit]

Pakistani airspace was closed for 48 hours and all flights were cancelled.[268] In Pakistani Punjab, schools and colleges were closed, and CIE examinations were cancelled in most of Pakistan.[269][270][271] In India, at least 25 airports in the north and west were shut down until 10 May.[272] The Indian Air Force took control of Srinagar Airport and civil operations were stopped for an indefinite period.[273]

The 2025 Indian Premier League transferred a match between Punjab Kings and the Mumbai Indians scheduled at Dharamsala on 11 May to Ahmedabad, citing the closure of Kangra Airport and other logistical issues caused by the ongoing tensions.[274] Similarly, during the 2025 Pakistan Super League, a match between Karachi Kings and Peshawar Zalmi could not be played.[91] On 9 May, both the tournaments were postponed because of worsening of the situation.[275]

More than 8,000 Twitter accounts were blocked in India.[276] The Indian government also blocked several Pakistani YouTube channels along with six Bangladeshi channels' YouTube accounts under the section 69(A) of Information Technology Act, 2000 citing "threat to the national security or public discipline". This measure received protests from Bangladeshi government.[277] X accounts of Chinese state-run media Xinhua News Agency and Global Times, and Turkish public broadcaster TRT World were also blocked in India.[278] The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority blocked 79 Indian YouTube channels and websites citing "anti-Pakistan propaganda" which undermined "national unity".[279][280]

Stock markets in India and Pakistan experienced significant volatility through the week due to escalating geopolitical tensions, but rebounded sharply on 12 May following the ceasefire agreement.[281][282]

In China, a viral parody video mocking India over the reported downing of Rafale jets by Pakistani J-10C aircraft attracted significant attention, amassing millions of likes on Douyin and being reposted by Pakistan's Defence Ministry. The video was widely criticized as "racist and nationalistic", with commentators linking its popularity to rising Chinese nationalist sentiment. While the Chinese public embraced the incident as a win for domestic military tech, the Chinese government maintained diplomatic caution, urging both sides to exercise restraint amid regional tensions.[283][284][285]

The Indian strikes on 7 May sparked protests against it in Pakistan.[286] Protests and rallies took place in Peshawar and Islamabad,[287][288] while political rallies were taken out in Karachi,[289] Lahore (by the Pakistan Markazi Muslim League, a front of the Lashkar-e-Taiba),[248][290][291] Muzaffarabad (by the Pasban-e-Hurriyat Jammu and Kashmir),[292][293] and Mirpur.[294][295][296] British Pakistani protestors demonstrated outside the Indian Embassy in London on 7 and 8 May.[297][298]

Members of the Indian diaspora in France gathered in front of the Eiffel Tower to hold a protest against Pakistan after the strikes.[299] Calls for a boycott of Turkey and Azerbaijan were raised on India social media due to their public support for Pakistan during the conflict.[300][301][302] In Hyderabad, India, the protestors demanded to change the name of the Karachi Bakery,[303] while in Hyderabad, Pakistan, the Bombay Bakery (named after Bombay, now Mumbai) was celebrated.[304]

Ali Khan Mahmudabad, a professor from Ashoka University in India was arrested on Sunday on charges under laws concerning incitement of communal disharmony, subversive activity, and religious insult,[305] following social media posts about India’s Operation Sindoor. In his posts, he questioned the use of Muslim women officer Sofiya Qureshi for optics and highlighted issues like mob lynching on Muslims in India during the conflict.[306] The incident sparked condemnation from over 1,200 academics and civil society members, who called it a crackdown on free speech and academic freedom.[306][307][305] He was later granted interim bail by the Supreme Court of India.[308] The legal case reached India's highest court, which granted Ali bail but restrained him from further commenting on the 2025 Pahalgam attack as well as Operation Sindoor. A three member Special Investigation Team (SIT) has also been setup to look at the charges against him.[309]

The National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency of Pakistan arrested a senior National Database and Registration Authority official for allegedly sharing anti-army remarks on a WhatsApp work group.[310]

On 12 May, a day after the ceasefire declaration, a session of the National Assembly of Pakistan was convened to celebrate what was regarded by Pakistani leaders as a victory.[311] The government of Pakistan promoted Chief of Army Staff General Asim Munir to the rank of Field Marshal on 20 May 2025 citing his leadership during the conflict. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif described the military operation as a "remarkable success" and commended Munir's "exemplary courage and resolve".[312] Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar was granted a second tenure extension 'in recognition of his operational excellence' during the conflict.[313]

Addressing the nation on the eve of 12 May, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that India has always defeated Pakistan on the battlefield, and Operation Sindoor has added a new dimension.[314][non-primary source needed] He added that India has only paused military action with Pakistan and will strike if any further 'terrorist attack' occurs.[315] On 9 June, Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai, who, as Director General Military Operations (DGMO), played a key role during Operation Sindoor, was promoted to the post of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy).[316]

On 21 June, Pakistan announced it would nominate Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize, citing his role in brokering the ceasefire. Pakistan credited Trump's diplomatic intervention, though India denied any US mediation.[317]

### Misinformation

[edit]

There were a number of misinformation campaigns in both countries during the conflict, particularly on social media platform X.[318][319][320][321] A rise in online hate speech on social media described as misogynistic, sexist, and promoting gender-related violence against women also saw a surge in both countries during the conflict.[322]

Sumitra Badrinathan, an assistant political science professor at the American University, stated that misinformation about the rivalry between India and Pakistan often originated from anonymous online accounts, but during the ongoing conflict, misinformations at least on the Indian side had been put out by "previously credible journalists and major media outlets."[323][324] South Asia analyst Michael Kugelman also noted a "very high volume of particularly egregious fake news" in Indian media outlets aligned with the government.[256][325] Several Indian broadcast outlets reported unverified claims, including supposed strikes on a Pakistani nuclear base,[324][326] downing two Pakistani fighter jets based on AI generated deepfake,[324][327] Indian Army crossing the international border,[326] Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif fleeing to a bunker,[326] Pakistan's Army Chief Asim Munir being deposed in a coup and arrested,[326][256] capture of Pakistani capital Islamabad,[256] and had also circulated stories such as the Indian Navy attacking Karachi Port, all of which were discredited.[324][326][256]

According to the UK Defence Journal and the Washington Examiner, footage from a video game Arma 3 was shared by the official X (Twitter) handle of the Government of Pakistan, with Information Minister Attaullah Tarar praising the military's "timely and nerve-wracking response", as the video showing a jet being targeted went viral on social media during the conflict.[328][329] A Daily Telegraph frontpage showing Pakistani aerial victory in the conflict, shared by Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar in the Senate and by Ikhtiar Wali Khan online, was found to have been AI-generated by fact checkers.[330][331] A CNN infographic purportedly verifying Pakistan's official claims of gains and losses in the conflict was similarly found to have been fabricated.[330][332] False reports of Pakistan capturing Indian pilot Shivangi Singh were also widely circulated on Pakistani social media.[322]

Deutsche Welle fact-checked several false claims on social media during the conflict. A video with over 5 million views, allegedly showing Indian missile strikes, was in fact footage of Iranian missiles hitting Israel published by DD India in October 2024.[333] Another claim by a pro-Pakistan user that a French-made Rafale fighter, used by the Indian Air Force, was shot down in Pakistan, near Bahawalpur. The picture, in fact, was not a Rafale but a Pakistani Mirage 5 that crashed on a training mission in southeastern Pakistan three weeks before the conflict. Another viral video from a June 2024 crash of a Sukhoi Su-30MKI of the Indian Air Force in Nashik, Maharashtra was falsely shared as that of a Rafale jet shot down by Pakistan near the Line of Control.[333][334]

## Legal status

[edit]

See also: Self-defence in international law

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) stated that the casualties of the Indian air strikes were "a grave violation of international human rights law and could constitute crimes against humanity".[335]

In The Hindu, legal journalist Aaratrika Bhaumik argued that for military self-defence to be legal under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, military actions have to "immediately" be reported to the UN Security Council (UNSC).[336] Bhaumik interpreted the Indian foreign minister's 8 May briefing of 13 of the 15 UNSC member states to be "apparent adherence" to the Article 51 requirement and stated that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) interpreted Article 51 to only be valid in the case of defence against attacks by non-state actors if a state were responsible for the attacks. O. P. Jindal Global University legal scholar Prabhash Ranjan interpreted the foreign minister to have avoided references to international law and to have attributed the attack to Pakistan as a state. He viewed the foreign minister's legal argument to be based on a contested Indian view of the right to defence against non-state actors presented at a February 2021 Arria formula meeting. Ranjan viewed the Indian military strikes of 7 May 2025 to have satisfied the principles of military necessity and proportionality.[336][neutrality is disputed]

## Reactions

[edit]

### Involved parties

[edit]

* India: The Indian government claimed that the operation was a necessary response to terrorism, citing the Pahalgam attack.[29] Prime Minister Narendra Modi cancelled his planned trip to Croatia, the Netherlands and Norway in light of the actions.[337] Opposition parties urged Pakistan to stop its support for terrorism.[338][339][340]
* Pakistan: Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif called the Indian strikes a "cowardly attack" on civilians, and the Pakistani military threatened retaliatory strikes at a time and place of its choosing.[341][342][343] After the strikes on 6 May protests erupted nationwide against the attacks including the cities of Hyderabad, Karachi, Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and Rawalpindi.[344][345][346]

### Supranational bodies

[edit]

* European Union: European Union Foreign Policy Chief Kaja Kallas stated that "The announced ceasefire between India and Pakistan is a vital step toward de-escalation. All efforts must be made to ensure it is respected.[347] The EU remains committed to peace, stability, and counter-terrorism in the region."[348][349]
* United Nations: Secretary-General António Guterres called for military restraint and said that "the world cannot afford a military confrontation between India and Pakistan".[350][351]

### International

[edit]

* Afghanistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA–MoFA) released a statement expressing their concern over the escalating tensions between India and Pakistan, additionally reaffirming their belief that security and stability serve the collective interests of all countries in the region. Afghanistan urges both sides to exercise restraint and resolve their issues through dialogue and diplomacy.[352][non-primary source needed]
* Algeria: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern about the recent escalation of armed exchanges between India and Pakistan, urged both sides to maintain self‑restraint and calm, to return immediately to dialogue in a spirit of responsibility, and warned that political and diplomatic means must prevail over the use of force.[353][non-primary source needed] Foreign Minister Ahmed Attaf said Algeria welcomed the ceasefire deal and commended the mediation efforts that made it possible by putting communication and diplomacy ahead of conflict and stress.[354]
* Armenia: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Ani Badalyan stated that Armenia appreciates India and Pakistan's ceasefire deal. She hoped that the ceasefire would last and that regional peace could be attained, adding that communication is essential.[355]
* Australia: Foreign Minister Penny Wong welcomed the ceasefire, emphasizing the significance of de-escalation and counter-terrorism operations for regional peace and stability. She called on Pakistani Finance Minister Ishaq Dar and Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to uphold the terms of the truce.[356]
* Azerbaijan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs praised the announcement of the ceasefire, expressing optimism that it would help bring about long-term peace and stability in the area by lowering tensions. It urged the parties to have fruitful discussions in order to settle unresolved matters and foster trust between them.[357]
* Bahrain: In a statement released by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bahrain welcomed the ceasefire and reaffirmed its commitment to promoting communication and understanding between parties as crucial means of settling disputes and preserving stability, peace, and prosperity in the region and the larger international community.[358]
* Bangladesh: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an official statement, said it is closely observing the situation. Additionally, it has urged both nations to exercise restraint and maintain calm.[359] Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus said "I most sincerely commend Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi of India and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif of Pakistan for agreeing to a ceasefire with immediate effect and to engage in talks.[360][361][362] Bangladesh will continue to support our two neighbours to resolve differences through diplomacy."[361][363]
* Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire and urged both India and Pakistan to work towards lasting peace through dialogue and mutual confidence.[364][non-primary source needed] The Government also welcomed the ceasefire agreement and says it is committed to promoting peace, stability, and dialogue as the only way to resolve conflicts. It also encourages the parties to keep up their diplomatic efforts in order to achieve lasting peace and the welfare of their peoples, South Asia, and the world.[365]
* China: A Foreign Ministry Spokesperson said that China found India's military operation early in the morning regrettable. The spokesperson expressed concern about the ongoing situation and urged both sides to act in the larger interest of peace and stability, to remain calm, exercise restraint, and refrain from taking actions that might further complicate the situation.[366][367][368]
* Egypt: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs hailed the ceasefire accord as a step in the right direction toward South Asian stability. Cairo conveyed optimism that all parties would uphold the agreement, foster trust between them, and strive for their respective peoples' peace and prosperity.[369]
* France: Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot stated on Twitter that he welcomes India and Pakistan's ceasefire, calling it a prudent move. "France emphasizes the need to continue the fight against terrorist groups and encourages the parties to ensure a lasting ceasefire," he added.[370]
* Germany: The foreign office issued a statement online, urging that "Escalation must be prevented and civilians protected."[371] It also hailed the ceasefire accord, calling it a first, critical step toward ending the spiral of escalation as well as stressing the importance of discussion.[372]
* Greece: Foreign Minister Giorgos Gerapetritis praised the ceasefire deal and emphasized the significance of sustaining the momentum toward de-escalation through measures aimed at fostering confidence. He emphasized the pressing need for moderation and communication in light of the region's increased instability.[373]
* Guyana: President Irfaan Ali praised the ceasefire agreement, urging all parties concerned to honor it and let peace to grow in the region.[374]
* Indonesia: The Minister of Foreign Affairs promptly released a statement stating that Jakarta would closely monitor the course of the crisis between India and Pakistan. The ministry's statement said, "We urge both parties to exercise restraint and prioritize dialogue in resolving the crisis."[375]
* Iran: Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi during a visit to Islamabad urged both India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and avoid further escalation.[376] Foreign Ministry Spokesman Esmail Baqaei praised the ceasefire announcement. He emphasized how crucial it is that both nations make use of this chance to guarantee a lowering of tensions and the long-term viability of regional peace.[377]
* Iraq: The Foreign Ministry welcomed the ceasefire agreement, describing it as a positive gesture that represents both parties' commitment to communication and diplomacy as a way of conflict resolution.[378]
* Israel: Ambassador to India Reuven Azar said that Israel supports India's right for self-defence. He added that "terrorists should know there's no place to hide from their heinous crimes against the innocent."[366][367]
* Italy: Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani welcomed the cease-fire and urged it to be a "lasting accord." He reaffirmed Italy's commitment to promoting peace and development in Asia by fighting terrorism and any escalation on the front lines.[379]
* Japan: Foreign minister Takeshi Iwaya released a statement declaring that the country is "deeply concerned that the recent series of events could lead to further reprisals and escalate into a full-scale military conflict."[371] Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba praised the ceasefire accord, describing it as "a model case."[380]
* Jordan: The Foreign Ministry has hailed the ceasefire agreement, citing it as an important step toward improving regional peace and stability. Spokesman Sufyan Qudah praised the two nations for coming to the agreement, emphasizing their emphasis on conversation and moderation, and reiterated Jordan's commitment to supporting all diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving problems peacefully.[381]
* Kuwait: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs hailed the ceasefire accord, believing it will assist restore regional security and stability. It further stated that Kuwait reiterates its steadfast support for diplomatic ties and dialogue as a means of resolving regional and global conflicts.[382]
* Maldives: Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel welcomed the "immediate ceasefire" between India and Pakistan, while urging peace and dialogue to ensure regional stability.[383]
* Nepal: Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli thanked both India and Pakistan for the cessation of hostilities, called for lasting peace between both nations and highlighted the teachings of Buddha and the message of non-violence of Buddhism.[384]
* Oman: The Foreign Ministry welcomed the ceasefire agreement and said it hoped it would be the first step in a positive dialogue between the two nations, which would lead to the peaceful resolution of conflicts in a way that benefits both peoples and advances efforts to achieve sustainable development and peace.[385]
* Palestine: The State of Palestine has voiced its support for the ceasefire agreement agreed by India and Pakistan, hailing this momentous move as a positive step toward improving regional security and stability.[386]
* Philippines: The Department of Foreign Affairs called for the situation to be resolved peacefully. "The Department is closely monitoring the situation between India and Pakistan. We call for a peaceful resolution to the current issues," DFA Spokesperson Maria Teresita Daza said.[387]
* Qatar: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged diplomacy and restraint.[388] Later, it praised the ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan, affirming that it reflects both nations' wisdom and their commitment to peace and the resolution of all unresolved issues through constructive dialogue that opens the door to comprehensive, mutually agreeable, and long-lasting solutions that will improve regional security and stability.[389]
* Russia: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova called both involved parties to exercise restraint and expressed the country is "deeply concerned about the intensifying military confrontation between India and Pakistan after the terrorist attack near the city of Pahalgam".[390] It later said in a formal statement that Moscow strongly supports the ceasefire deal that the two South Asian neighbors achieved to lessen tensions and encourage communication. The ministry expressed hope that the steps made to restore relations will be long-lasting and sustainable, calling the accord "an important step forward."[391]
* Saudi Arabia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it "welcomes the ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India, optimistic that it will restore security and peace in the region".[392][393] It also commended "both parties for prioritising wisdom and self-restraint and reaffirms its support for resolving disputes through dialogue and peaceful means."[394][395]
* Singapore: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs voiced alarm about the ongoing military conflict between India and Pakistan, urging both sides to use diplomacy to reduce tensions and protect civilians.[396]
* Sri Lanka: President Anura Kumara Dissanayake welcomed the ceasefire between India and Pakistan, calling it vital for regional stability. President Dissanayake also said that Sri Lanka is ready to make whatever contribution to achieve regional peace.[397]
* Turkey: The Foreign Ministry praised the ceasefire declaration and said it was a great chance to reduce tensions and advance enduring peace in South Asia. It called on both parties to have "direct and healthy dialogue."[398]
* Ukraine: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs called for both parties to pursue diplomatic engagement and avoid escalation.[399] It later hailed the ceasefire deal, expressing confidence that its proper implementation will be a key step towards de-escalation of tensions and the strengthening of peace and security in South Asia.[400]
* United Arab Emirates: Foreign minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan called for both sides to show restraint and avoid an escalation.[401] He later praised the ceasefire announcement between the two nations and said he hopes it will help to improve security and stability in South Asia.[402]
* United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary David Lammy called on both sides "to show restraint and engage in direct dialogue to find a swift, diplomatic path forward."[403][22] He later said that "Today's ceasefire between India and Pakistan is hugely welcome.[404] I urge both parties to sustain this.[405][406] De-escalation is in everybody's interest."[407][408]
* United States: President Donald Trump remarked that "It's a shame" and said "I just hope it ends very quickly."[409] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio spoke to the national security advisers from India and Pakistan and urged both to keep lines of communication open and avoid escalation.[410][409][107] Vice President JD Vance said that, a potential war between India and Pakistan is "none of our business." Furthermore, he said that, "We want this thing to de-escalate as quickly as possible."[320] Later president Donald Trump and Rubio announced that the US had mediated the ceasefire between India and Pakistan.[411]
* Uzbekistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and prevent the escalation of hostilities. Uzberkistan also said that it closely monitoring the situation and offered to support efforts aimed at de-escalation between both nations.[412]
* Vatican City: Pope Leo XIV expressed hope that "a lasting agreement may soon be reached."[413]

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Pakistan portal

* Indus Waters Treaty
* 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
* 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019 Balakot airstrike, 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Sindoor is a reddish pigment used by Hindu women on their foreheads to indicate their married status.[3] This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.[4][5]
2. ^ a b Bunyan-un-Marsoos[18] is an Arabic term meaning "Unbreakable Wall". The operation's name is derived from a verse in the Quran that states: "Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were a firm and compact wall."[Quran 61:4 (Translated by Shakir)])
The entire 2025 India–Pakistan crisis was termed "Marka-i-Haq" ("The Battle of Truth") by the Pakistan military.[19]
3. ^ a b c Sources mentioning headquarters:[52][53][48]

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339. ^ "'We Stand United': Political Parties Hail Operation Sindoor in All-Party Meet". TheQuint. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
340. ^ "How global media covered PM's Op Sindoor speech: India's 'new normal' on terror". India Today. 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
341. ^ "India fires missiles on Pakistan". AP News. 6 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025. "India fired missiles at Pakistan early Wednesday, in what it said was retaliation for last month's massacre of Indian tourists."
342. ^ Lamb, Kate; Yerushalmy, Jonathan (7 May 2025). "India-Pakistan crisis: what we know so far". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
343. ^ "Local leaders react to Indian missile attacks, vow strong retaliation". The Express Tribune. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
344. ^ Thousands of Pakistanis fill streets to protest India's May 6 attacks. TRT World. Retrieved 8 May 2025 - via YouTube.
345. ^ "Politicians united against Indian aggression". The Express Tribune. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
346. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer; Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (8 May 2025). "'There will be war': fear and defiance across border after Indian airstrikes in Pakistan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
347. ^ "Kaja Kallas welcomes stoppage of military actions between India and Pakistan". The Tribune. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
348. ^ "Gymnich: press remarks by High Representative Kaja Kallas after the meeting". EEAS. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
349. ^ "Kaja Kallas welcomes stoppage of military actions between India and Pakistan". news.webindia123.com. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
350. ^ "UN Secretary-General urges military restraint from India, Pakistan". United Nations (Press release). 6 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
351. ^ "UN chief urges restraint over India's missile attacks on Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 7 May 2025. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
352. ^ "Foreign Minister Engages in Telephonic Conversation with His Pakistani Counterpart – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan". Retrieved 10 May 2025.
353. ^ "بيان وزارة الشؤون الخارجية – الهند وباكستان 07/05/2025" [Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs – India and Pakistan 07/05/2025]. Government of Algeria (in Arabic). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
354. ^ "Algeria Welcomes Pakistan-India Ceasefire Agreement". AL24 News. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
355. ^ "Armenia welcomes ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan: Foreign Ministry". 1lurer.am. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
356. ^ "Australia welcomes India-Pakistan understanding; calls for de-escalation, counter-terrorism efforts for regional peace". The Tribune. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
357. ^ "No:193/25, Statement on the Ceasefire reached between India and Pakistan". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
358. ^ "Bahrain welcomes US announcement of ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan". Bahrain News Agency. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
359. ^ "Bangladesh urges calm as tensions rise between India and Pakistan". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
360. ^ "भारत-पाकिस्तान सीजफायरसंदर्भात बांगलादेशची पहिली प्रतिक्रिया, काय म्हणाले मोहम्मद युनूस?". Lokmat (in Marathi). 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
361. ^ a b "Yunus welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, lauds US mediation". The Business Standard. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
362. ^ "Yunus lauds Modi, Sharif for ceasefire". The Financial Express. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
363. ^ "Yunus praises Modi, Shehbaz for agreeing to ceasefire". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
364. ^ "Ceasefire between India and Pakistan". No. Press Release No. 196. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil). 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
365. ^ "Ceasefire between India and Pakistan". gov.br. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
366. ^ a b "How world leaders react to Indian strikes in Pakistan after Kashmir attack". Reuters. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
367. ^ a b "How World Leaders Reacted To Indian Strikes On Terror Camps In Pakistan". NDTV. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
368. ^ "China 'concerned' over India strikes on Pakistan, urges restraint". Channel News. 7 May 2025. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
369. ^ "Egypt welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire deal". Egypt Independent. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
370. ^ @jnbarrot (10 May 2025). "Je salue le cessez-le-feu annoncé ce jour entre l'Inde et le Pakistan, qui est le choix de la responsabilité. La France encourage les parties à assurer un cessez-le-feu durable et souligne la nécessité de poursuivre la lutte contre les groupes terroristes" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
371. ^ a b Marsi, Federica; Quillen, Stephen (6 May 2025). "India-Pakistan live: India strikes Pakistan, Pakistan-administered Kashmir". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
372. ^ @GermanyDiplo (10 May 2025). "The ceasefire agreed between #India and #Pakistan is a first, important step out of the escalation spiral. Dialogue is key. The German government has been in contact with both sides in the past days" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
373. ^ "Greek FM Gerapetritis Urges De-escalation in Calls with India and Pakistan". Greek City Times. 13 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
374. ^ "President Ali welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, urges respect for peace terms". Guyana Chronicle. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
375. ^ "Indonesia Urges Restraint in India-Pakistan Conflict". Jakarta Globe. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
376. ^ "Iran's foreign minister urges restraint in India, Pakistan standoff". Reuters. 5 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
377. ^ "Iran Welcomes ceasefire between India and Pakistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran). 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
378. ^ "Iraq welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire". Rudaw Media Network. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
379. ^ "Italy's mediation earns praise in Indo-Pak ceasefire talks". Decode39. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
380. ^ "Ishiba Calls India-Pakistan Truce Big Achievement". Nippon.com. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
381. ^ "Jordan welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire agreement". The Jordan Times. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
382. ^ "Kuwait welcomes cease-fire between India and Pakistan". Kuwait News Agency. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
383. ^ "Maldives Backs India-Pakistan Ceasefire, Calling It Pivotal for Regional Stability". PSM News. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
384. ^ "Nepal PM K.P. Sharma Oli thanks India, Pakistan for stopping military actions". The Hindu. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
385. ^ "Oman welcomes ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India". Foreign Ministry of Oman. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
386. ^ "State of Palestine welcomes the ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India". Wafa. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
387. ^ "PH calls for 'peaceful resolution' amid India-Pakistan tensions". Philippine News Agency. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
388. ^ "Qatar expresses concern, urges diplomacy amid India-Pakistan tensions". The Peninsula. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
389. ^ "Qatar welcomes the agreement between Pakistan and India to implement a complete and immediate ceasefire". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar). 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
390. ^ "Russia expresses 'deep concern' at escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan". The Hindu. 7 May 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
391. ^ "Russia welcomes easing of Pakistan-India tensions". Samaa TV. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
392. ^ "Saudi Arabia, other nations welcome news of India-Pakistan ceasefire". Arab News. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
393. ^ "Saudi Arabia Mediates to Calm India-Pakistan Tensions". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
394. ^ "Saudi Arabia, Jordan welcome India-Pakistan ceasefire, urge dialogue". Arab News. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
395. ^ "Saudi Arabia calls for peaceful resolution of Pakistan-India disputes". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
396. ^ "Escalating Tensions between India and Pakistan, 9 May 2025". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. 9 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
397. ^ "Sri Lankan President welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, calls for lasting peace". Daily Mirror. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
398. ^ "Türkiye welcomes ceasefire between Pakistan and India, urges sustained dialogue". TRT Global. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
399. ^ "Comment of the MFA of Ukraine on the Escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
400. ^ "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the Ceasefire Agreement between India and Pakistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 12 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
401. ^ "Abdullah bin Zayed Calls for Restraint Between India and Pakistan and Avoiding Military Escalation". Government of UAE. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
402. ^ "Abdullah bin Zayed Welcomes Ceasefire between India and Pakistan and Commends US efforts". mofa.gov.ae. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
403. ^ "UK urges India and Pakistan to show restraint". Reuters. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
404. ^ "UK Welcomes India-Pakistan Ceasefire Amid Calls for Sustained Peace". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
405. ^ "UK PM Starmer says ceasefire between Pakistan, India must be 'lasting'". Dunya News. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
406. ^ "UK Hails India-Pak Ceasefire, Calls for Sustained De-Escalation". ETV Bharat. PTI. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
407. ^ "UK hails India-Pakistan ceasefire, calls for sustained de-escalation". The Economic Times. 10 May 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
408. ^ "UK Welcomes India-Pakistan Ceasefire, Urges Sustained De-escalation". news.abplive.com. PTI. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
409. ^ a b Holland, Steve; Singh, Kanishka (7 May 2025). "Trump calls rising India-Pakistan tension a shame; Rubio speaks to both sides". Reuters. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
410. ^ "Operation Sindoor: India's strikes trigger global concern as Trump urges calm, world calls for de-escalation". Fortune India. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
411. ^ Chance, Matthew (10 May 2025). "The US takes credit for India-Pakistan ceasefire, but this Trump truce may not herald lasting peace". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
412. ^ "Uzbekistan urges India and Pakistan to show restraint and engage in diplomatic dialogue". Gazeta Uzbekistan. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
413. ^ "Pope Leo XIV calls for peace in Ukraine, Gaza ceasefire; welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire announcement". The Hindu. 11 May 2025.

* v
* t
* e

Kashmir conflict

* Timeline
* 1846–1946
* 1947–present

Wars and conflicts|

* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
* Siachen conflict (1984–2003)
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir (since 1989)
* Kargil War (1999)
* 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff
* 2008 India–Pakistan standoff
* 2025 India–Pakistan crisis

Border skirmishes|

* 2011
* 2013
* 2014–2015
* 2016–2018
* 2019
* media coverage
* 2020–2021
* 2023
* 2025

Military operations|

* 1947 Poonch rebellion
* 1947 Gilgit rebellion
* Battle of Shalateng
* Battle of Thorgo
* Action at Tsari
* Siege of Mirpur
* Battle of Pandu
* Operation Bison
* Operation Eraze
* Battle of Chunj
* Operation Gibraltar
* Operation Grand Slam
* Operation Desert Hawk
* Operation Tupac
* Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir

Airstrikes|

* 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
* 2019 Balakot airstrike
* 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes
* 2025 India–Pakistan strikes

Bombings and massacres|

* 1947 Jammu massacres
* 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre
* 2000 Chittisinghpura massacre
* 2001 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly car bombing
* 2001 Kishtwar massacres
* 2002 Raghunath temple attacks
* 2006 Srinagar bombings
* 2006 Doda massacre
* March 2013 Srinagar attack
* June 2013 Srinagar attack
* 2016 Uri attack
* 2016 Baramulla attack
* 2016 Nagrota army base attack
* 2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre
* 2018 Sunjuwan attack
* 2019 Pulwama attack
* 2022 Srinagar bombing
* 2025 Pahalgam attack

Human rights and peace process|

| Human rights|

* Human rights abuses
* OHCHR reports on Kashmir
* Rape
* Women's rights

|

Peace process|

* 1947: Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
* 1965: Tashkent Declaration
* 1972: Simla Agreement
* 2001: Agra Summit
* Peacebuilding
* UN mediation

Militant organisations|

* Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
* Tehreek-e-Hurriyat
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
* Harkat ul-Ansar
* Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind
* Dukhtaran-e-Millat
* Islamic State – Khorasan Province
* Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir
* United Jihad Council

Observances|

* 19 January: Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day
* 5 February: Kashmir Solidarity Day
* 13 July: Kashmir Martyrs' Day
* 5 August: Youm-e-Istehsal
* 22 October: Jammu and Kashmir Black Day (Invasion Day)
* 24 October: Azad Kashmir Day
* 26 October: Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day

Related|

* Line of Control
* Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
* Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
* Ikhwan
* Crowd control
* Stone pelting
* Over ground workers (OGWs)
* Village Defence Guards
* Kashmir: The Case for Freedom
* Kashmir Black Day
* Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

* v
* t
* e

India–Pakistan relations

Diplomatic posts|

* High Commission of India, Islamabad
* High commissioners of India to Pakistan
* High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi

Diplomacy|

* Karachi Agreement
* Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
* Liaquat–Nehru Pact
* Evacuee Trust Property Board
* Indus Waters Treaty
* Permanent Indus Commission
* Tashkent Declaration
* Simla Agreement
* Delhi Agreement
* Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974
* Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
* Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline
* Lahore Declaration
* Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline
* Agra Summit
* Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee
* India–Pakistan maritime trespassing
* Sir Creek
* Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground

Conflicts|

* Partition of India
* Kashmir conflict
* Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir
* Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
* Annexation of Junagadh
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
* Operation Gibraltar
* Custodian for Enemy Property for India
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
* Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
* Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
* POWs
* Line of Control
* NJ9842
* Siachen conflict
* Operation Tupac
* Kargil War
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir
* 2008 Kashmir unrest
* 2010 Kashmir unrest
* 2016–2017 Kashmir unrest
* 2019–2021 lockdown
* Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India
* 2025 conflict

Incidents|

* 1947 Amritsar train massacre
* Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948
* Sino-Pakistan Agreement
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* 1959 Canberra shootdown
* 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking
* Kashmir Singh
* Samba spy scandal
* Indian Airlines Flight 423
* Ravindra Kaushik
* Pan Am Flight 73
* Operation Brasstacks
* Sarabjit Singh
* Sanaullah Haq
* 1992 India–Pakistan floods
* 1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
* Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar
* 2001 Indian Parliament attack
* 2001–2002 standoff
* 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
* 2008 Mumbai attacks
* 2008 military standoff
* 2011 border skirmishes
* Khaleel Chishty
* 2013 border skirmishes
* 2014–2015 border skirmishes
* 2014 India–Pakistan floods
* 2014 Wagah border suicide attack
* Kulbhushan Jadhav
* 2016 Pathankot attack
* 2016 Uri attack
* 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
* 2016–2018 border skirmishes
* 2019 Pulwama attack
* 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2019 Balakot airstrike
* 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes
* Media coverage
* 2020–2021 skirmishes
* 2021 Lahore bombing
* 2022 missile incident
* 2023 border skirmishes
* 2025 Pahalgam attack
* 2025 crisis
* 2025 conflict

Other military issues|

* Nuclear arms race
* India and weapons of mass destruction
* Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
* Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
* Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
* Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts
* New Concept of War Fighting
* Cold Start

Related|

* Jinnah House
* Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
* Foodistan
* Border
* Wagah-Attari
* Attari–Wagah border ceremony
* Ganda Singh Wala-Hussainiwala
* Kartarpur Corridor
* Transport
* Delhi–Lahore Bus
* Jammu–Sialkot line
* Poonch-Rawalakot Bus
* Samjhauta Express
* Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus
* Thar Express
* Sind Mail
* Immigration
* Indians in Pakistan
* Pakistanis in India
* Illegal immigration to India
* East Bengali refugees
* Sports rivalries
* Cricket
* Field hockey
* Reconciliation
* Aaghaz-e-Dosti
* Aman ki Asha
* Indian reunification
* India–Pakistan Confederation
* Akhand Bharat
* Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour
* Controversies
* Anti-Indian sentiment
* Anti-Pakistan sentiment
* Hindi–Urdu controversy
* Pakistani textbooks controversy

Category:India–Pakistan relations

* v
* t
* e

Indian Armed Forces

* Indian Army
* Indian Navy
* Indian Air Force

Leadership|

* President
* Prime Minister
* Minister of Defence
* Defence Secretary
* National Security Advisor
* Chief of Defence Staff
* Chief of the Army Staff
* Chief of the Naval Staff
* Chief of the Air Staff
* Vice Chief of Defence Staff
* Director General Armed Forces Medical Services

Organisation|

| Ministry of Defence|

* Defence Production
* Defence Research and Development
* Ex-servicemen Welfare
* Military Affairs

|

Committees|

* Cabinet Committee on Security
* Chiefs of Staff Committee
* Defence Planning Committee
* Integrated Defence Staff
* Nuclear Command Authority
* National Security Council
* Standing Committee on Defence

Organisations|

* Armed Forces Tribunal
* Border Roads Organisation
* Defence Cyber Agency
* Defence Intelligence Agency
* Defence Research and Development Organisation
* Defence Space Agency

Commands|

| Joint|

* Andaman and Nicobar
* Chief
* Integrated Theatre
* Maritime Theatre
* Northern Theatre
* Special Operations
* Strategic Forces
* Chief
* Western Theatre

|

Army|

* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Southern
* South Western
* Training
* Western

Navy|

* Eastern
* Southern
* Western

Air Force|

* Central
* Eastern
* Maintenance
* Southern
* South Western
* Training
* Western

Personnel|

| Ranks and insignia|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Rank flags

|

Serving officers|

* Generals
* Admirals
* Marshals

Related|

* Academies
* Awards and decorations
* Women

Equipment|

| Army|

* Equipment

|

Navy|

* Active Ships
* Future
* Historical Ships
* Weapon Systems

Air Force|

* Active Aircraft
* Aircraft Squadrons
* Future
* Historical Aircraft

Others|

* Missiles
* Radars
* Weapons of mass destruction

Operations|

| Wars|

| Indo-Pakistani|

* 1947–1948
* 1965
* 1971
* Kargil War

|

Indo-China|

* 1962
* 1967

External
conflicts|

| Pakistan|

* Kashmir conflict
* Siachen conflict
* 2001–2002
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2014–2015
* 2016–2018
* 2019
* 2020–2021
* 2025

|

China|

* 1987
* 2017
* 2020–2021

* Congo Crisis
* Korean War
* Kuwait rescue
* Myanmar counter-insurgency
* Operation Cactus
* Operation Raahat
* Operation Devi Shakti
* Piracy off the coast of Somalia
* Sri Lankan Civil War

Annexations|

* Junagadh
* Hyderabad (Operation Polo)
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli
* Goa (Operation Vijay)

Insurgencies|

* Jammu and Kashmir
* Counter-insurgency operations
* 2016 LOC strike
* 2019 Balakot airstrike
* 2025 airstrike
* Northeast India
* Punjab
* Operation Blue Star
* Operation Woodrose

Auxiliary forces|

* Border Security Force
* Central Industrial Security Force
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Indian Coast Guard
* National Cadet Corps
* National Security Guard
* Paramilitary Forces
* Special forces
* Territorial Army

Other topics|

* Amar Jawan Jyoti
* Flag Day
* History
* Maritime Security Strategy
* Military bands
* National War Memorial
* President's Colour Award
* President's fleet review

* Category
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

* v
* t
* e

Pakistan Armed Forces

Military history of Pakistan

Leadership|

* Commander-in-Chief
* President of Pakistan
* Chief Executive
* Prime Minister of Pakistan
* Parliament
* Senate Committee on Defence
* National Assembly Committee on Defence
* Cabinet Committee on National Security
* National Security Council

| Ministers|

* Defence
* Secretary
* Defence Production

|

Joint Chiefs of Staff|

* Chairman
* Chief of Army Staff
* Chief of Air Staff
* Chief of Naval Staff

Services|

* Army
* Navy
* Marines
* Air Force

| Inter-Services|

* Intelligence
* Public Relations
* Selection Board
* National Command Authority
* Nursing Service
* Armed Forces Band

|

Paramilitary|

* Civil Armed Forces
* National Guard
* Strategic Plans Division Force

Personnel|

* Awards and decorations
* Women

| Ranks and insignia|

* Army
* Navy
* Marines
* Air Force

|

Business interests|

* Pakistani Defence Industry
* Defence Housing Authority

| Foundations|

* Fauji (Joint)
* Askari (Army)
* Bahria (Navy)
* Shaheen (Air Force)

|

Criticism|

* Establishment
* Gang of Four
* Bangladesh genocide

Categories (Army • Air Force • Navy)
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