28th Canadian Parliament

Parliamentary term of the Parliament of Canada

28th Parliament of Canada

Majority parliament
Error: Invalid time. - Error: Invalid time.
Parliament leaders
Prime
Minister| Rt. Hon. Pierre Trudeau
20 Apr 1968 - 4 Jun 1979
Cabinet| 20th Canadian Ministry
Leader of the
Opposition| Hon. Robert Stanfield
November 6, 1967 (1967-11-06) - November 21, 1976 (1976-11-21)
Party caucuses
Government| Liberal Party
Opposition| Progressive Conservative Party
Recognized| New Democratic Party
| Ralliement créditiste
House of Commons

Seating arrangements of the House of Commons
Speaker of the
Commons| Hon. Lucien Lamoureux
January 18, 1966 (1966-01-18) - September 29, 1974 (1974-09-29)
Government
House Leader| Hon. Donald MacDonald
July 6, 1968 (1968-07-06) - September 23, 1970 (1970-09-23)
| Hon. Allan MacEachen
September 24, 1970 (1970-09-24) - May 9, 1974 (1974-05-09)
Opposition
House Leader| Hon. Ged Baldwin
July 27, 1968 (1968-07-27) - September 20, 1973 (1973-09-20)
Members| 264 MP seats
List of members
Senate
Speaker of the
Senate| Hon. Jean-Paul Deschatelets
September 5, 1968 (1968-09-05) - December 13, 1972 (1972-12-13)
Government
Senate Leader| Vacant
April 20, 1968 (1968-04-20) - March 31, 1969 (1969-03-31)
| Hon. Paul Martin Sr.
April 1, 1969 (1969-04-01) - August 7, 1974 (1974-08-07)
Opposition
Senate Leader| Hon. Jacques Flynn
October 31, 1967 (1967-10-31) - May 22, 1979 (1979-05-22)
Senators| 102 senator seats
List of senators
Sessions
1st session
September 12, 1968 (1968-09-12) – October 22, 1969 (1969-10-22)
2nd session
October 23, 1969 (1969-10-23) – October 7, 1970 (1970-10-07)
3rd session
October 8, 1970 (1970-10-08) – February 16, 1972 (1972-02-16)
4th session
February 17, 1972 (1972-02-17) – September 1, 1972 (1972-09-01)
| ← 27th | → 29th

|

The 28th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 12, 1968, until September 1, 1972. The membership was set by the 1968 federal election on June 25, 1968, and it changed only slightly due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1972 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party led by Robert Stanfield.

The Speaker was Lucien Lamoureux. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1966-1976 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were four sessions of the 28th Parliament:

Session  | Start  | End

|
|

1st  | September 12, 1968  | October 22, 1969
2nd  | October 23, 1969  | October 7, 1970
3rd  | October 8, 1970  | February 16, 1972
4th  | February 17, 1972  | September 1, 1972

## Members of the House of Commons

[edit]

Members of the House of Commons in the 28th parliament arranged by province.

### Newfoundland

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Bonavista—Trinity—Conception | Frank Moores | Progressive Conservative
| Burin—Burgeo | Donald Jamieson | Liberal
| Gander—Twillingate | John Lundrigan | Progressive Conservative
| Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador | Ambrose Peddle | Progressive Conservative
| Humber—St. George's—St. Barbe | Jack Marshall | Progressive Conservative
| St. John's East | James McGrath | Progressive Conservative
| St. John's West | Walter Carter | Progressive Conservative

### Prince Edward Island

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Cardigan | Melvin McQuaid | Progressive Conservative
| Egmont | David MacDonald | Progressive Conservative
| Hillsborough | Heath MacQuarrie | Progressive Conservative
| Malpeque | John Angus MacLean | Progressive Conservative

### Nova Scotia

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Annapolis Valley | Pat Nowlan | Progressive Conservative
| Cape Breton Highlands—Canso | Allan MacEachen | Liberal
| Cape Breton—East Richmond | Donald MacInnis | Progressive Conservative
| Cape Breton—The Sydneys | Robert Muir | Progressive Conservative
| Central Nova | Howard Russell Macewan then Elmer MacKay*  | Both Progressive Conservative
| Cumberland—Colchester North | Robert Coates | Progressive Conservative
| Dartmouth—Halifax East | Michael Forrestall | Progressive Conservative
| Halifax | Robert Stanfield | Progressive Conservative
| Halifax—East Hants | Robert Jardine McCleave | Progressive Conservative
| South Shore | Lloyd Crouse | Progressive Conservative
| South Western Nova | Louis-Roland Comeau | Progressive Conservative

* Russell MacEwan resigned and was replaced by Elmer MacKay in a May 31, 1971 by-election.

### New Brunswick

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Carleton—Charlotte | Hugh Flemming | Progressive Conservative
| Fundy—Royal | Gordon Fairweather | Progressive Conservative
| Gloucester | Herb Breau | Liberal
| Madawaska—Victoria | Eymard Corbin | Liberal
| Moncton | Charlie Thomas | Progressive Conservative
| Northumberland—Miramichi | Percy Smith | Liberal
| Restigouche | Jean-Eudes Dubé | Liberal
| Saint John—Lancaster | Thomas Miller Bell | Progressive Conservative
| Westmorland—Kent | Guy F. Crossman | Liberal
| York—Sunbury | John Chester MacRae | Progressive Conservative

### Quebec

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Abitibi | Gérard Laprise | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Ahuntsic | Jean-Léo Rochon | Liberal
| Argenteuil | Robert Major | Liberal
| Beauce | Romuald Rodrigue | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Beauharnois | Gérald Laniel | Liberal
| Bellechasse | Joseph Lambert | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Berthier | Antonio Yanakis | Liberal
| Bonaventure | Albert Béchard | Liberal
| Bourassa | Jacques Trudel | Liberal
| Chambly | Bernard Pilon then Yvon L'Heureux**  | Both Liberal
| Champlain | René Matte | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Charlevoix | Martial Asselin | Progressive Conservative
| Chicoutimi | Paul Langlois | Liberal
| Compton | Henry Latulippe | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Dollard | Jean-Pierre Goyer | Liberal
| Drummond | Jean-Luc Pépin | Liberal
| Duvernay | Eric Kierans | Liberal
| Frontenac | Bernard Dumont then Léopold Corriveau***  | Ralliement Créditiste then Liberal
| Gamelin | Arthur Portelance | Liberal
| Gaspé | Alexander Cyr | Liberal
| Gatineau | Gaston Clermont | Liberal
| Hochelaga | Gérard Pelletier | Liberal
| Hull | Joseph Isabelle | Liberal
| Joliette | Roch La Salle | Progressive Conservative then independent****
| Kamouraska | Charles-Eugène Dionne | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Labelle | Léo Cadieux then Maurice Dupras†  | Liberal
| Lapointe | Gilles Marceau | Liberal
| La Prairie | Ian Watson | Liberal
| Lac-Saint-Jean | Marcel Lessard | Liberal
| Lachine—Lac-Saint-Louis | Raymond Rock | Liberal then Progressive Conservative††
| Lafontaine | Georges-C. Lachance | Liberal
| Langelier | Jean Marchand | Liberal
| Lasalle | Pit Lessard | Liberal
| Laurier | Fernand Leblanc | Liberal
| Laval | Marcel-Claude Roy | Liberal
| Lévis | Raynald Guay | Liberal
| Longueuil | Jean-Pierre Côté | Liberal
| Lotbiniere | André-Gilles Fortin | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Louis-Hébert | Jean-Charles Cantin | Liberal
| Maisonneuve | J. Antonio Thomas | Liberal
| Manicouagan | Gustave Blouin | Liberal
| Matane | Pierre de Bané | Liberal
| Mercier | Prosper Boulanger | Liberal
| Missisquoi | Yves Forest | Liberal
| Montmorency | Ovide Laflamme | Liberal
| Mount Royal | Pierre Trudeau | Liberal
| Notre-Dame-de-Grâce | Warren Allmand | Liberal
| Outremont | Aurélien Noël | Liberal
| Papineau | André Ouellet | Liberal
| Pontiac | Thomas Lefebvre | Liberal
| Portneuf | Roland Godin | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Quebec East | Gérard Duquet | Liberal
| Richelieu | Florian Côté | Liberal
| Richmond | Léonel Beaudoin | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Rimouski | Louis Guy LeBlanc | Liberal
| Roberval | Charles-Arthur Gauthier | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Saint-Denis | Marcel Prud'homme | Liberal
| Saint-Henri | Gérard Loiselle | Liberal
| Saint-Hyacinthe | Théogène Ricard | Progressive Conservative
| Saint-Jacques | Jacques Guilbault | Liberal
| Saint-Jean | Walter Smith | Liberal
| Saint-Maurice | Jean Chrétien | Liberal
| Saint-Michel | Victor Forget | Liberal
| Sainte-Marie | Georges Valade | Progressive Conservative
| Shefford | Gilbert Rondeau | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Sherbrooke | Paul Mullins Gervais | Liberal
| Témiscamingue | Réal Caouette | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Témiscouata | Rosaire Gendron | Liberal
| Terrebonne | Joseph-Roland Comtois | Liberal
| Trois-Rivières | Joseph-Alfred Mongrain then Claude G. Lajoie†††  | Liberal
| Vaudreuil | René Emard | Liberal
| Verdun | Bryce Mackasey | Liberal
| Villeneuve | Oza Tétrault | Ralliement Créditiste then Social Credit*
| Westmount | Bud Drury | Liberal

* On April 1, 1971 all members of the Ralliement Créditiste rejoined to the Social Credit.
** Bernard Pilon died in office on November 17, 1970. He was replaced by Yvon Heureux in a 1971 by-election
*** Bernard Dumont resigned from parliament and was replaced by Léopold Corriveau in a 1970 by-election
**** Roch La Salle quit the Tory party on May 5, 1971, when leader Robert Stanfield rejected a proposal to recognize Canada as being made up of two nations
† Léo Cadieux left parliament to become ambassador to France and was replaced by Maurice Dupras in a 1970 by-election
†† Raymond Rock crossed the floor on March 12, 1972, over protests that the government gave backbenchers too little influence
††† Joseph-Alfred Mongrain died in office on December 23, 1970, and was replaced by Claude G. Lajoie in a 1971 by-election

### Ontario

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Algoma | Maurice Foster | Liberal
| Brant | James E. Brown then Derek Blackburn*  | Liberal then NDP
| Broadview | John Gilbert | New Democrat
| Bruce | Ross Whicher | Liberal
| Cochrane | Ralph Stewart | Liberal
| Davenport | Charles Caccia | Liberal
| Don Valley | Bob Kaplan | Liberal
| Eglinton | Mitchell Sharp | Liberal
| Elgin | Harold Stafford | Liberal
| Essex | Eugene Whelan | Liberal
| Etobicoke | Alastair Gillespie | Liberal
| Fort William | Hubert Badanai | Liberal
| Frontenac—Lennox and Addington | Douglas Alkenbrack | Progressive Conservative
| Glengarry—Prescott | Viateur Éthier | Liberal
| Greenwood | Andrew Brewin | New Democrat
| Grenville—Carleton | Gordon Blair | Liberal
| Grey—Simcoe | Percy Noble | Progressive Conservative
| Halton | Rutherford Lester Whiting | Liberal
| Halton—Wentworth | John B. Morison | Liberal
| Hamilton East | John Carr Munro | Liberal
| Hamilton Mountain | Gordon J. Sullivan | Liberal
| Hamilton—Wentworth | Colin Gibson | Liberal
| Hamilton West | Lincoln Alexander | Progressive Conservative
| Hastings | Lee Grills | Progressive Conservative
| High Park | Walter Deakon | Liberal
| Huron | Robert McKinley | Progressive Conservative
| Kenora—Rainy River | John Mercer Reid | Liberal-Labour
| Kent—Essex | Harold Danforth | Progressive Conservative
| Kingston and the Islands | Edgar Benson | Liberal
| Kitchener | Keith Hymmen | Liberal
| Lakeshore | Ken Robinson | Liberal
| Lambton—Kent | Mac McCutcheon | Progressive Conservative
| Lanark and Renfrew | Murray McBride | Liberal
| Leeds | Desmond Code | Progressive Conservative
| Lincoln | H. Gordon Barrett | Liberal
| London East | Charles Turner | Liberal
| London West | Judd Buchanan | Liberal
| Middlesex | Jim Lind | Liberal
| Niagara Falls | Joe Greene | Liberal
| Nickel Belt | Gaetan Serré | Liberal
| Nipissing | Carl Legault | Liberal
| Norfolk—Haldimand | William David Knowles | Progressive Conservative
| Northumberland—Durham | Russell Honey | Liberal
| Ontario | Norman Cafik | Liberal
| Oshawa—Whitby | Ed Broadbent | New Democrat
| Ottawa—Carleton | John Turner | Liberal
| Ottawa Centre | George McIlraith | Liberal
| Ottawa East | Jean-Thomas Richard | Liberal
| Ottawa West | Cyril Lloyd Francis | Liberal
| Oxford | Wally Nesbitt | Progressive Conservative
| Parkdale | Stanley Haidasz | Liberal
| Parry Sound—Muskoka | Gordon Aiken | Progressive Conservative
| Peel—Dufferin—Simcoe | Bruce Beer | Liberal
| Peel South | Hyliard Chappel | Liberal
| Perth | Jay Monteith | Progressive Conservative
| Peterborough | Hugh Faulkner | Liberal
| Port Arthur | Robert Andras | Liberal
| Prince Edward—Hastings | George Hees | Progressive Conservative
| Renfrew North | Len Hopkins | Liberal
| Rosedale | Donald Stovel Macdonald | Liberal
| Sarnia | Bud Cullen | Liberal
| Sault Ste. Marie | Terrence Murphy | Liberal
| Scarborough East | Martin O'Connell | Liberal
| Scarborough West | David Weatherhead | Liberal
| Simcoe North | Philip Rynard | Progressive Conservative
| Spadina | Perry Ryan | Liberal then Independent then Progressive Conservative**
| St. Catharines | James McNulty | Liberal
| St. Paul's | Ian Wahn | Liberal
| Stormont—Dundas | Lucien Lamoureux | Independent
| Sudbury | James Jerome | Liberal
| Thunder Bay | Keith Penner | Liberal
| Timiskaming | Arnold Peters | New Democrat
| Timmins | Jean Roy | Liberal
| Trinity | Paul Hellyer | Liberal then Independent Liberal then Progressive Conservative***
| Victoria—Haliburton | William Scott | Progressive Conservative
| Waterloo | Max Saltsman | New Democrat
| Welland | Donald Tolmie | Liberal
| Wellington | Alfred Hales | Progressive Conservative
| Wellington—Grey | Marvin Howe | Progressive Conservative
| Windsor West | Herb Gray | Liberal
| Windsor—Walkerville | Mark MacGuigan | Liberal
| York Centre | James E. Walker | Liberal
| York East | Steven Otto | Liberal
| York North | Barney Danson | Liberal
| York—Scarborough | Robert Stanbury | Liberal
| York—Simcoe | John Roberts | Liberal
| York South | David Lewis | New Democrat
| York West | Philip Givens | Liberal

* James E. Brown was appointed ambassador and was replaced by Derek Blackburn in a 1971 by-election
** On December 3, 1969, Sylvester Perry Ryan left the Liberal Party to sit as an independent, uncomfortable with Trudeau's policies. On September 11, 1970, he joined the Progressive Conservatives.
*** On May 21, 1971, Paul Hellyer left the Liberal Party to sit as an independent, protesting the government's economic policies. On July 25, 1972, he joined the Progressive Conservatives.

### Manitoba

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Brandon—Souris | Walter Dinsdale | Progressive Conservative
| Churchill | Robert Simpson | Progressive Conservative
| Dauphin | William Gordon Ritchie | Progressive Conservative
| Lisgar | George Muir then Jack Murta*  | Both Progressive Conservative
| Marquette | Craig Stewart | Progressive Conservative
| Portage | Gerald Cobbe | Liberal
| Provencher | Mark Smerchanski | Liberal
| Selkirk | Edward Schreyer then Doug Rowland**  | Both New Democrat
| St. Boniface | Joseph-Philippe Guay | Liberal
| Winnipeg North | David Orlikow | New Democrat
| Winnipeg North Centre | Stanley Knowles | New Democrat
| Winnipeg South | James Richardson | Liberal
| Winnipeg South Centre | Edmund Boyd Osler | Liberal

* George Muir died in office on August 26, 1970, and was replaced by Jack Murta in a by-election later that year.
** Edward Schreyer left parliament to become leader of the Manitoba NDP and then Premier of Manitoba he was replaced by Doug Rowland in a 1969 by-election.

### Saskatchewan

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Assiniboia | A.B. Douglas then Bill Knight*  | Liberal then NDP
| Battleford—Kindersley | Rod Thomson | New Democrat
| Mackenzie | Stanley Korchinski | Progressive Conservative
| Meadow Lake | Bert Cadieu | Progressive Conservative
| Moose Jaw | John Skoberg | New Democrat
| Prince Albert | John Diefenbaker | Progressive Conservative
| Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain | Richard Southam | Progressive Conservative
| Regina East | John Burton | New Democrat
| Regina—Lake Centre | Les Benjamin | New Democrat
| Saskatoon—Biggar | Alfred Gleave | New Democrat
| Saskatoon—Humboldt | Otto Lang | Liberal
| Swift Current—Maple Creek | Jack McIntosh | Progressive Conservative
| Yorkton—Melville | Lorne Nystrom | New Democrat

* A.B. Douglas died in office and was replaced by Bill Knight in a 1971 by-election

### Alberta

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Athabasca | Paul Yewchuk | Progressive Conservative
| Battle River | Cliff Downey | Progressive Conservative
| Calgary Centre | Douglas Harkness | Progressive Conservative
| Calgary North | Eldon Woolliams | Progressive Conservative
| Calgary South | Patrick Mahoney | Liberal
| Crowfoot | Jack Horner | Progressive Conservative
| Edmonton Centre | Steve Paproski | Progressive Conservative
| Edmonton East | William Skoreyko | Progressive Conservative
| Edmonton West | Marcel Lambert | Progressive Conservative
| Edmonton—Strathcona | Hu Harries | Liberal
| Lethbridge | Deane Gundlock | Progressive Conservative
| Medicine Hat | Bud Olson | Liberal
| Palliser | Stanley Schumacher | Progressive Conservative
| Peace River | Ged Baldwin | Progressive Conservative
| Pembina | Jack Bigg | Progressive Conservative
| Red Deer | Robert N. Thompson | Progressive Conservative
| Rocky Mountain | Allen Sulatycky | Liberal
| Vegreville | Don Mazankowski | Progressive Conservative
| Wetaskiwin | Harry Andrew Moore | Progressive Conservative

### British Columbia

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Burnaby—Richmond | Tom Goode | Liberal
| Burnaby—Seymour | Ray Perrault | Liberal
| Capilano | Jack Davis | Liberal
| Coast Chilcotin | Paul Saint Pierre | Liberal
| Comox—Alberni | Richard Durante then Thomas Speakman Barnett*  | Liberal then NDP
| Esquimalt—Saanich | David Anderson | Liberal
| Fraser Valley East | Ervin Pringle | Liberal
| Fraser Valley West | Mark Rose | New Democrat
| Kamloops—Cariboo | Leonard Marchand | Liberal
| Kootenay West | Randolph Harding | New Democrat
| Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands | Colin Cameron then Tommy Douglas**  | Both New Democrat
| New Westminster | Douglas Hogarth | Liberal
| Okanagan Boundary | Bruce Howard | Liberal
| Okanagan—Kootenay | William Douglas Stewart | Liberal
| Prince George—Peace River | Robert Borrie | Liberal
| Skeena | Frank Howard | New Democrat
| Surrey | Barry Mather | New Democrat
| Vancouver Centre | Ron Basford | Liberal
| Vancouver East | Harold Winch | New Democrat
| Vancouver Kingsway | Grace MacInnis | New Democrat
| Vancouver Quadra | Grant Deachman | Liberal
| Vancouver South | Arthur Laing | Liberal
| Victoria | David Groos | Liberal

* Richard Durante won in 1968 by only nine votes over Tom Barnett. After several irregularities were found the result was declared void and Tom Barnett won the subsequent redo held on March 8, 1969.
** Colin Cameron died in office and was replaced by Tommy Douglas in a February 10, 1969 by-election

### Northern Territories

[edit]

Riding  | Member  | Political Party

|
|

| Northwest Territories | Robert Orange | Liberal
| Yukon | Erik Nielsen | Progressive Conservative

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## By-elections

[edit]

Main article: By-elections to the 28th Canadian Parliament

By-election | Date | Incumbent | Party | Winner | Party | Cause | Retained

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Assiniboia | November 8, 1971  | Albert B. Douglas |  | Liberal | Bill Knight |  | New Democratic | Death  | No
Central Nova | May 31, 1971  | Russell MacEwan |  | Progressive Conservative | Elmer M. MacKay |  | Progressive Conservative | Resignation  | Yes
Brant | May 31, 1971  | James Elisha Brown |  | Liberal | Derek Blackburn |  | New Democratic | Appointed a judge  | No
Chambly | May 31, 1971  | Bernard Pilon |  | Liberal | Yvon L'Heureux |  | Liberal | Death  | Yes
Trois-Rivières | May 31, 1971  | Joseph-Alfred Mongrain |  | Liberal | Claude Lajoie |  | Liberal | Death  | Yes
Lisgar | November 6, 1970  | George Muir |  | Progressive Conservative | Jack Murta |  | Progressive Conservative | Death  | Yes
Frontenac | November 6, 1970  | Bernard Dumont |  | Ralliement Créditiste | Léopold Corriveau |  | Liberal | Resignation  | No
Labelle | November 6, 1970  | Léo Cadieux |  | Liberal | Maurice Dupras |  | Liberal | Appointed Ambassador to France | Yes
Selkirk | April 13, 1970  | Edward Schreyer |  | New Democratic | Doug Rowland |  | New Democratic | Resignation  | Yes
Comox—Alberni | April 8, 1969  | Richard J. J. Durante |  | Liberal | Thomas Speakman Barnett |  | New Democratic | Election declared void  | No
Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands | February 10, 1969  | Colin Cameron |  | New Democratic | Tommy C. Douglas |  | New Democratic | Death  | Yes

## References

[edit]

* Government of Canada. "20th Ministry". Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Privy Council Office. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
* Government of Canada. "28th Parliament". Members of the House of Commons: 1867 to Date: By Parliament. Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
* Government of Canada. "Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
* Government of Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
* Government of Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
* Government of Canada. "Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
* Government of Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
* Government of Canada. "Speakers". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-09-17. Retrieved 2006-05-12.

## Succession

[edit]

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