7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel

This article is about 2023 attacks on Israel from Gaza. For the war initiated by the attack, see Israel–Hamas war.

"7 October attacks" redirects here. For 6 October 1973 Egyptian attack on Israeli forces, see Operation Badr (1973).

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel

Part of the Israel–Hamas war

Satellite view of fires in the Gaza envelope on 7 October 2023[6]
| Date| 7–8 October 2023[1]

|

Location|

Gaza Envelope, Southern District, Israel

Result|

Israeli defensive failure[7]

* Start of the Israel–Hamas war

Belligerents
Hamas[1]

Allied political factions:

* Palestinian Islamic Jihad
* Popular Resistance Committees[2]
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine[3]
* Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine[4][5]
* Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[2]
* Palestinian Freedom Movement[2]
* Palestinian Mujahideen Movement[2]

|  Israel[1]
Commanders and leaders

*     * Yahya Sinwar[a]
* Mohammed Deif[a]
* Marwan Issa[8]
* Wissam Farhat

*     * Benjamin Natanyahu
* Yoav Gallant
* Herzi Halevi
* Yaron Finkelman
* Avi Rosenfeld
* Roi Levy †
* Asaf Hamami †
* Yonatan Steinberg †
* Salman Habaka

Units involved

Palestinian Joint Operations Room

* al-Qassam Brigades
* Al-Quds Brigades[9]
* Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades[2]
* Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades[10]
* National Resistance Brigades[5]
* Al-Ansar Brigades[2]
* Mujahideen Brigades[2]

* * *

Per Israel:
Hamas Al-Nukhba Force|

Israel Defense Forces

* Golani Brigade[11]
* 13th Battalion
* 51st Battalion
* Nahal Brigade[12]
* Gaza Division
* Multidimensional Unit
* Caracal Battalion
* Home Front Command
* Israeli Navy
* Shayetet 13
* 916th Patrol Squadron (Ashdod)[13]
* Snapir unit[13]
* Air Defense Command
* Israel Police[14]
* Shin Bet[14]
* Armed Israeli civilians[15][16]

Strength

Per Israel:

* ~6,000 entered Israel (3,800 Nukhba fighters, 2,200 civilians and other fighters)[17]
* 1,000 rocket launch crews inside Gaza[17]

Israel Defense Forces

* 600 soldiers[18]
* 12 tanks[18]

Casualties and losses
* 1,609 militants killed[18] (per Israel)
* ~200 militants captured[b]

* 1,180 killed[20][c][d]

* 797 civilians,[e] including 36 children[f]
* 379 security forces[21]

* 3,400 civilians and soldiers wounded[23]
* 251 civilians and soldiers taken captive[24] (65 later died or were confirmed dead)[25]

* v
* t
* e

7 October attack on Israel

Groups involved

* Palestinian Joint Operations Room
* Qassam Brigades
* Saraya Al-Quds
* National Resistance Brigades
* Mujahideen Brigades
* Maglan

Leaders and spokespersons

* Mohammed Deif
* Abu Obaida
* Yahya Sinwar (alleged)
* Yoav Gallant

Israeli fighters

* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Sagi Golan †
* Tank Girls

Locations

* Negev Desert
* Gaza Envelope
* Military Bases
* Gaza–Israel barrier
* Occupied Gaza Strip

Military and security targets

* Erez crossing
* Kerem Shalom crossing
* Sderot police station
* Paga Outpost [he]
* Nahal Oz
* Observers' Warnings [he]
* outpost
* Battle of Zikim
* Bahad 4
* Sufa
* tank girls
* Re'im

Towns

* Sderot
* Battle of Sderot
* Ofakim
* Battle of Ofakim
* Rahat
* Rahat incursion

* Kibbutzim
* Be'eri
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Alumim
* Holit
* Nahal Oz
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim
* Zikim

* Moshavs
* Netiv HaAsara

Outdoor events

* Nova music festival massacre
* Death Shelters
* Psyduck massacre
* Zikim Beach massacre

Hostages, POWs, and casualties

* Casualties
* Hostage crisis
* Alex Dancyg
* Noa Argamani
* Bibas family
* Oded Lifshitz
* Killing of Shani Louk
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* POW interrogations
* Sde Teiman

On the same day

* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* targeting

Background

* History of the Gaza Strip
* History of Hamas
* Far-right politics
* Palestinian Nationalism
* Political violence
* Right of armed resistance

Prior attacks

* Deif family killings
* 2014 Zikim attack
* 2014 Nahal Oz attack
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli attacks on Gaza
* 1979 Nahariya attack

Allegations and propaganda

* Bearing Witness
* Interrogation videos
* Sexual violence
* Screams Without Words
* Screams Before Silence
* UNRWA and Israel
* October 7 Genocide
* Gaza genocide
* Iron Sword War Memorial Day
* October 7 Denial
* Nakba denial
* Temple denial
* Kan 7.10.360
* Hurricane (Eden Golan song)
* Nova Festival Victims Memorial
* Hamas most wanted playing cards
* Later: Red triangle

Israel–Hamas war

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

* * *

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel
Military engagements

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Nahal Oz
* Ofakim
* Zikim

Civilian attacks

* Nova music festival massacre
* Killing of Shani Louk
* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim

* * *

Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Military engagements

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Jabalia I
* Khan Yunis
* Al-Qarara
* Shuja'iyya
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Shuja'iyya II
* Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip
* Hamad
* Zana
* Rafah
* Khan Yunis II
* Khan Yunis III
* North Gaza
* West Bank
* Israeli incursions
* Tulkarm I
* Operation Summer Camps
* Tulkarm II

Civilian attacks

* Gaza genocide
* Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Refugee camps
* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Fakhoora school
* Al-Shati refugee camp
* Al-Maghazi
* Schools
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza
* Health facilities
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Ambulance
* Nasser Hospital
* Attacks on religious sites
* Rafah strikes
* Flour massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout
* Attack on journalists in Lebanon
* Friendly fire
* IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya
* Tel al-Sultan
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Al-Sardi school
* Nuseirat
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati and Tuffah
* 9 July 2024 attacks
* Al-Awda school
* Al-Mawasi (July)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Khan Yunis (July)
* Khadija school
* Hamama school
* Al-Tabaeen school
* Deir al-Balah
* Al-Mawasi (September)
* Al-Jawni school
* Tulkarm Camp
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Rufaida school
* Al-Aqsa hospital (Killing of Shaban al-Dalou)
* Abu Hussein school
* Beit Lahia (19 October)
* Beit Lahia (29 October)
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting

* * *

Other theaters
Red Sea crisis

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Operation Aspides
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attacks on the MV Tutor
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* Attacks on the Sounion
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan

* Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Israeli invasion of Lebanon

* Odaisseh
* Maroun al-Ras
* Ayta ash-Shab
* Kafr Kila
* Ramyah

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
* April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
* October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran

Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Marwan Issa
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Hashem Safieddine
* Yahya Sinwar

* * *

See also

* Background
* Diplomatic impact
* Economic impact
* Impacts
* Gaza humanitarian crisis
* Healthcare collapse
* Children
* Premature babies
* Famine
* Hostage crisis
* Prisoner exchange
* Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Israeli blockade of Gaza
* Israeli public diplomacy
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* South Africa v. Israel
* War crimes and crimes against humanity report
* Torture
* Executions and assassinations
* Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war
* List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war
* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Wider regional conflict
* 2023 ceasefire
* Calls for a ceasefire
* Three-phase proposal
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Mass detentions
* Misinformation
* Protests
* university campuses
* Killing of Ayşenur Eygi
* Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war
* AI-assisted targeting
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* All Eyes on Rafah
* Israeli document leak scandal
* ICC arrest warrants

On 7 October 2023, Hamas and several other Palestinian nationalist militant groups launched coordinated armed incursions from the Gaza Strip into the Gaza Envelope of southern Israel, the first invasion of Israeli territory since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The attack coincided with the Jewish religious holiday Simchat Torah. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood,[g][1] while in Israel they are referred to as Black Saturday[h][26] or the Simchat Torah Massacre,[i][27] and internationally as the 7 October attacks.[28][29][30] The attacks initiated the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.

The attacks began early on 7 October with a barrage of at least 4,300 rockets launched into Israel[31][32][33] and vehicle-transported and powered paraglider incursions into Israel.[34][35] Hamas fighters breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring civilians in 21 communities, including Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, Netiv Haasara, and Alumim. According to an IDF report that revised the estimate on the number of attackers, 6,000 Gazans breached the border in 119 locations into Israel, including 3,800 from the "elite Nukhba forces" and 2,200 civilians and other militants.[36][31][32] Additionally, the IDF report estimated 1,000 Gazans fired rockets from the Gaza Strip, bringing the total number of participants on Hamas's side to 7,000.[36][31][32]

In total, 1,139 people were killed:[j] 695 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),[41] 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the security forces.[k][42] 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded while attending the Nova music festival.[43][44] At least 14 Israeli civilians were killed by the IDF's use of the Hannibal Directive.[45] About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip, alive or dead, and including 30 children, with the stated goal to force Israel to exchange them for imprisoned Palestinians, including women and children.[33][46][47][48] Dozens of cases of rape and sexual assault reportedly occurred, but Hamas officials denied the involvement of their fighters.[49]

The governments of 44 countries denounced the attack and described it as terrorism, while some Arab and Muslim-majority countries blamed Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories as the root cause of the attack.[50][51][52] Hamas said its attack was in response to the continued Israeli occupation, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence, and recent escalations.[53][54][55] The day was labeled the bloodiest in Israel's history and the "deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust" by many figures and media outlets in the West, including US president Joe Biden.[56][57][58] Some have called the attack a genocidal massacre against Israelis.[59][60][61]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Background to the Israel–Hamas war and Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, since the Six-Day War in 1967.[l][64][65]

The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), are a Palestinian nationalist[66] Islamist movement. They formed in 1987, and are the largest Islamist movement in the Palestinian territories.[67] It maintains an uncompromising stance on the "complete liberation of Palestine", often using political violence to achieve its goals.[67] Recent statements suggest a shift in focus toward ending the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and establishing a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders. Hamas has been responsible for numerous suicide bombings[68][69] and rocket attacks targeting Israeli civilians.[70] Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, and the UK have designated Hamas a "terrorist organisation". In 2010 it attempted to derail the peace talks between Israel and the PA. In 2017, it adopted a new charter, removing antisemitic language and shifting focus from Jews to Zionists.[71] Scholars differ on Hamas' objectives, with some saying it seeks a Palestinian state within 1967 borders[72] while others believe Hamas still seeks the destruction of Israel.[73][m]

### Warnings

[edit]

Before the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,[74] Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,[75] and Palestinian Authority officials gave similar warnings.[75] Less than two months before the attacks, King Abdullah II of Jordan lamented that Palestinians had "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".[75]

### Events leading to the attack

[edit]

See also: Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023

Over the course of 2023, there were clashes between Israel and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in May 2023, increased settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and clashes around the Al-Aqsa Mosque, a contested holy site in Jerusalem.[76]

Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and The Washington Post wrote that the two were "on the brink of war".[77] On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border.[n] Israel said it found explosives hidden in a shipment and halted all exports from Gaza;[77] Hamas denied Israel's claims.[79] Reuters quoted Palestinians who said that the several-day ban affected thousands of families.[79] In response to the ban, Hamas put its forces on high alert and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements.[77] Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the Gaza–Israel barrier.[77] On 29 September, Qatar, the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israeli and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions;[80] the total number of Gazans with work permits in Israel stood at 17,000.[81]

Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack that "an explosion of the situation [was] coming, and very soon, and it would be big."[82] Israel denied receiving such a warning,[83] although Michael McCaul, Chairman of the US House Foreign Relations Committee, said that warnings were given three days before the attack.[84]

### Operational planning

[edit]

For two years, Hamas used hardwired phone lines within Gaza's tunnel network, nicknamed the "Gaza metro", to covertly communicate, evade Israeli intelligence, and plan Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.

In the months preceding the attack, Hamas publicly released videos of its militants preparing to attack Israel. A video released in December 2022 showed Hamas training to take hostages, while another video showed Hamas practicing paragliding.[85] On 12 September, Hamas posted a video of its fighters training to blast through the border.[86] After the attack, the IDF said that Hamas had extensively studied the military bases and settlements near the border.[87][88]

The Wall Street Journal has accused Iran of being behind the attack.[89] U.S. officials[90] and Iran have denied this.[91]

The IDF has reported seizing over 10,000 weapons following the attack. The arsenal included RPGs, mines, sniper rifles, drones, thermobaric rockets, and other advanced weapons. According to Israeli sources, documents and maps seized from Hamas militants indicated that Hamas intended a coordinated, month-long operation to invade and occupy Israeli towns, cities, and kibbutzim, including attacking Ashkelon by sea and reaching Kiryat Gat, 20 miles into Israel. The scale of weapons, supplies, and plans indicated, according to Israel, that Hamas intended to inflict mass casualties on Israeli civilians and military forces over an extended period.[92][93] Western and Middle Eastern security officials gathered evidence suggesting that Hamas intended to invade as far as the West Bank, had the initial attack been more successful.[94]

The National Resistance Center of Ukraine alleged that the Russian Wagner Group trained Hamas militants ahead of the attack, specifically on attack methods and using drones to drop explosives. The National Resistance Center, citing intelligence from Belarusian partisans, said that Wagner mercenaries provided Hamas with drones during exercises in Africa.[95]

### Israeli intelligence failure

[edit]

According to The New York Times, Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year before the attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel about how Hamas learned these details. The document provided a plan that included a large-scale rocket assault before an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and automated guns that Israel has stationed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with paragliders. The Times reported, "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to The Times, the document was widely circulated among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as beyond Hamas's capabilities, though it was unclear whether the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying, "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.[96]

According to Haaretz, Israel's domestic intelligence agency, Shin Bet, and IDF military commanders discussed a possible threat to the Nova music festival near kibbutz Re'im just hours before the attack, but the festival's organizers were not warned.[97][98]

According to a BBC investigation, surveillance reports suggested that Hamas was planning a significant operation against Israel, but senior IDF officers repeatedly ignored the warnings.[99]

A Ha'aretz investigation found that incompetence in the IDF's higher ranks, including refusal to acknowledge Hamas's preparations for the attacks, was a major cause of the October attacks. The IDF had reduced funding and manpower dedicated to observing Hamas, focusing primarily on rocket sites and ignoring Hamas training and troop movements as well as the activities of the Hamas military leadership. Simulated exercises of Hamas attacks found the Gaza division's response lacking. Cultural conformity was fostered among officers and dissent discouraged. Officers often silenced subordinates to maintain their positions, contributing to a toxic atmosphere where questioning higher-ups' decisions about Hamas was met with apprehension, resulting in most junior officers giving up.[100]

## Attacks

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war.

At around 6:30 a.m. Israel Summer Time (UTC+3) on Saturday, 7 October 2023, Hamas announced the start of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.[101] Qassam commander Mohammed Deif gave a speech mentioning Israel's 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli incursions in West Bank cities, violence at Al-Aqsa mosque, Israeli settler violence with the army's support, the confiscation of property and demolition of homes, arbitrarily detaining Palestinians for years until "they wither from cancer and disease", Israel's neglect for international law, American-Western support, and international silence. He then described the operation, that they had drawn the line, and that it was to end "the last occupation on Earth".[102][101] Shortly thereafter, Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh made a similar announcement in a televised address.[103]

### Participating and supporting organizations

[edit]

In addition to Hamas, several Palestinian militant groups voiced support for the operation and participated in it to some extent. The National Resistance Brigades, the armed wing of the Maoist Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), confirmed their participation in the operation through their military spokesman Abu Khaled,[104] saying it had lost three fighters in combat with the IDF.[105] The PFLP (a Palestinian Marxist–Leninist / Secular Nationalist political party)[106] and the Lions' Den group (a nonpartisan militant group based in the West Bank) voiced support for the operation and declared maximum alertness and general mobilization among their troops. Nine individuals employed by UNRWA were accused by Israel of participation, and after a months-long internal investigation, were fired for possible involvement.[107]

### Rocket fire

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023.

Aftermath of Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center, a hospital in southern Israel, during the Hamas-led attack on Israel[108]

Deif said more than 5,000 rockets had been fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel in a span of 20 minutes at the start of the operation. Israeli sources reported the launch of 4,300 projectiles from Gaza,[31][32] killing twelve and injuring dozens, most of them from the Bedouin community.[35][109][47] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding Gaza and in the Sharon Plain, including Gedera, Herzliyya, Beersheba Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon.[6][110] Air raid sirens were activated in Beer Sheva, Jerusalem, Rehovot, Rishon Lezion, and Palmachim Airbase.[111][112] Hamas issued a call to arms, with Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack".[47] In the evening Hamas launched another barrage of about 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in Yavne, Givatayim, Bat Yam, Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.[109]

### Incursions into southern Israel

[edit]

Approximate situation on 7–8 October

Militants shoot at the occupants of a car in Sderot. Militants killing Israelis in kibbutz Mefalsim. An Israeli tank set on fire by Palestinian militants.

Simultaneously, around 6,000 Palestinian militants and civilians infiltrated Israel from Gaza breaching the border in 119 places.[113][31][32] The infiltration was executed using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and powered paragliders.[114][101][115]

The Sderot police station was reported to have come under Hamas control, with militants killing 30 Israelis, including policemen and civilians.[116] Early in the attack they deliberately destroyed the computer systems at the police station. This disabled communication and delayed the response to the attacks.[117][118][119]

Images and videos appeared to show heavily armed and masked militants dressed in black fatigues riding pickup trucks[110][112] and opening fire in Sderot, killing dozens of Israeli civilians and soldiers and setting homes on fire.[120] Other videos appeared to show Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,[121][47] and militants driving Israeli military vehicles.[110] Israeli first responders reportedly recovered documents from killed militants' bodies with instructions to attack civilians, including elementary schools and a youth center, to "kill as many people as possible", and to take hostages for use in future negotiations.[122][123][124] The UN's Pramila Patten and Commission of Inquiry concluded in their reports that the authenticity of these alleged instruction documents claimed to have been retrieved from Hamas militants could not be substantiated.[125][126] Some of the militants wore body cameras to record the acts, presumably for propaganda purposes.[127]

According to news reports, Hamas militants were taking Captagon—a highly addictive stimulant made in Syria and reportedly used by terrorist organization throughout the Middle East—during the attacks.[128]

The morning of the attack, an Israeli military spokesman said that the militants from Gaza had entered Israel through at least seven locations[114] and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of Sderot, and two military bases from both land and sea.[115] Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including Nahal Oz, Kfar Aza, Magen, Be'eri, and Sufa.[129] The Erez Crossing was reported to have come under Hamas control, enabling militants to enter Israel from Gaza.[109] Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai said there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.[130]

The New York Times reported that an Israeli intelligence document prepared weeks after the attack found that Hamas had breached the border fence in over 30 separate locations.[131]

Starting at 6.30 a.m. the same day, a massacre unfolded at an outdoor music festival near Re'im, resulting in at least 360 dead and many others missing. Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on fleeing participants, who were already dispersing due to rocket fire that had wounded some attendees; some were also taken hostage.[132][133][134] Militants killed civilians at Nir Oz,[112][135] Be'eri, and Netiv HaAsara, where they took hostages[136][137] and set fire to homes,[138] as well as in kibbutzim around the Gaza Strip.[138] Around 50 civilians were killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, 108 in the Be'eri massacre, and 15 people in the Netiv HaAsara massacre.[139][140] Militants killed 16 or 17 Thai and Nepalese employees during the Kibbutz Alumim massacre.[141][142]

Other militants carried out an amphibious landing in Zikim.[110][143] Palestinian sources claim that the local Israeli army base was stormed.[144] The IDF said it had killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats. Militants also attacked a military base outside Nahal Oz, leaving 66 soldiers dead[145] and taking seven hostage.[146][147] An IDF fire investigation found that the militants had "ignited substances... that contain toxic gasses which can cause suffocation within minutes, or even less" both at the base and in civilian locations.[147]

Attack  | Location  | Israelis and foreign nationals  | Destruction in the area  | Militants from Gaza  | Start time[o] | End date

|
|
|
|
|
|

Name  | Pop.[A] | Total killed  | Civilians killed [B] | Combatants killed[C] | Hostages and POWs  | Number  | Killed  | POWs
7 October attacks on Israel[19][151] | Gaza envelope and southern Israel | total pop. =  | total =  | total =  | total =  | total =  | Gaza–Israel barrier \+ military bases \+ kibbutzim \+ moshavs | total ≈  | total ≈  | total =  | 06:29  |
Erez Crossing attack[152][153][154] | Military: Erez crossing |  |  |  |  |  | crossing allegedly made unusable.  |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Sderot[117][118][119] | Police station in Sderot |  |  |  |  |  | computer server and connections[D] |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Sderot[155] | The town of Sderot | 33,002  |  | 15+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nova music festival massacre[156][157][158] | Music festival near Re'im | ~3500[E] | 357+  |  |  | 40  | cars  |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Re'im[162][163][164] | Military: Re'im headquarters[F] | 422 (nearby)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10:00  |
Be'eri massacre[165] | Kibbutz Be'eri | 1,071  | 117+  |  |  |  | Surveillance tower[166] |  |  |  |  |
Nahal Oz attack[167] | Military: Nahal Oz lookout base  | 100+ [168] | 66[167] | none  | 15+  |  | Base set on fire.  |  |  |  |  |
Nahal Oz attack[169] | Kibbutz Nahal Oz | 479  |  | 12+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kfar Aza massacre[170][171] | Kibbutz Kfar Aza | 787  | 52+  |  |  |  | Weapons tower destroyed with a drone[166] |  |  |  |  |
Zikim attack[172][173] | Military: Zikim Training Base |  |  |  | 7[G] |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Zikim attack[174][175] | Zikim beach  |  | 35+  | 19  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Zikim attack | Kibbutz Zikim | 918  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nir Oz attack[176] | Kibbutz Nir Oz | 380  | 27+  |  |  | [H] |  |  |  |  | 09:45[I] |
Psyduck music festival massacre[138] | Music festival between Nir Oz and Nirim | ~100[J] | 17  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nirim attack[177][178] | Kibbutz Nirim | 416  | 5+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Netiv HaAsara massacre[179][180] | Moshav Netiv HaAsara |  | 21+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alumim massacre[181][182] | Kibbutz Alumim | 531  | 19+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kissufim massacre[183][184] | Kibbutz Kissufim | 294  | 16+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Attack on Holit[185] | Kibbutz Holit | 210  | 13+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ein HaShlosha attack[186] | Kibbutz Ein HaShlosha | 353  | 5+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nir Yitzhak attack[186] | Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak | 633  | 5+  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Nir Am [he][187] | Kibbutz Nir Am | 726  | none  | none  | none  | none  |  |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Ofakim | The town of Ofakim | 35,506  | 47  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Battle of Sufa | Kibbutz Sufa | 233  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Table Footnotes:

1. ^ Population data from 2022 unless otherwise stated.[148][149]
2. ^ Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.[150]
3. ^ Usually includes only on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces.
4. ^ The militants destroyed the computer system and communications in the Sderot police station, which disabled emergency services communications for the region.[117][118][119]
5. ^ Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.[159] After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.[160] Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.[160] An emergency medic who responded to the massacre at the festival placed attendance at 3,000.[161]
6. ^ Headquarters of the Gaza Division.[162]
7. ^ Six officers and one recruit were killed in the fighting before the militants withdrew.[173]
8. ^ including the Bibas family
9. ^ Rockets were heard at 6:30 am and the militants entered the Bibas home at 9:45am [1]
10. ^ Approximately 100 people took part in the event.[138]

#### Nova music festival

[edit]

Main article: Nova music festival massacre

Militant abducting a man during the Re'im music festival massacre that left at least 360 people dead and others taken hostage

As part of the Hamas-led attack, 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, an open-air music festival celebrating the Jewish holiday of Sukkot near kibbutz Re'im. At least 40 hostages were also taken.[188][161][189] This mass killing had the largest number of casualties out of a number of massacres targeting Israeli civilians in communities adjacent to Gaza that were part of the 7 October attack, alongside those at the communities of Netiv HaAsara, Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, and Holit.[190]

At 6:30 a.m., around sunrise, rockets were noticed in the sky. Around 7:00 a.m., a siren warned of an incoming rocket attack, prompting festival-goers to flee.[191] Subsequently, armed militants, dressed in military attire and using motorcycles, trucks and powered paragliders, surrounded the festival grounds and indiscriminately fired on people attempting to escape. Attendees seeking refuge nearby, in bomb shelters, bushes, and orchards, were killed while in hiding. Those who reached the road and parking lot were trapped in a traffic jam as militants fired at vehicles. The militants executed some wounded people at point-blank range as they crouched on the ground.[192][193]

The details of the hostages' whereabouts and conditions are not publicly known.[161][189][194] The massacre at the festival has been described as the largest terror attack in Israel's history[195][196][193] and the worst Israeli civilian massacre ever.[197]

#### Kfar Aza

[edit]

Main article: Kfar Aza massacre

During the Hamas-led attack, around 70 Hamas militants attacked Kfar Aza, a kibbutz about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the border with the Gaza Strip, massacring residents and abducting several hostages.

The kibbutz had more than 700 residents, and it took the IDF two days to wrest back full control of it.[198][199] While the exact number of Israelis killed is unknown, as of 15 October 2023, 52 were listed as dead and another 20 or more were missing.[200][201]

#### Be'eri

[edit]

Main article: Be'eri massacre

Blood inside a home in Be'eri

On the morning of the attack, around 70 Hamas militants[202][203] carried out a massacre at Be'eri, an Israeli kibbutz near the Gaza Strip. At least 130 people were killed in the attack,[138] including women (such as peace activist Vivian Silver),[204] children, and infants,[205] claiming the lives of 10% of the community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.[206] Several newspapers called the massacre an act of terrorism; some compared the brutality of the atrocities to that of ISIS.[207] Hostages were taken, leading to a standoff with the IDF.[208][209][210] According to survivors, there were also deaths from friendly fire; an Israeli tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them two children, killing all hostages in the house but one.[211]

#### Yakhini

[edit]

A squad of Hamas militants that arrived in a van attacked the moshav of Yakhini.[212][213][214] There were seven casualties in the moshav,[212][215][216] including a border police officer.[217][218] An IDF major in the Maglan unit was also injured.[219] The community's security coordinator was on holiday in Thailand at the time and remotely directed the moshav's 18-person protection team's response.[212] Yamam and Sayeret Matkal IDF units eventually arrived and killed all the attackers.[212]

#### Ein HaShlosha

[edit]

Burned vehicles from Nir Yitzhak kibbutz

Approximately 90 militants infiltrated kibbutz Ein HaShlosha, killing four civilians, looting, shooting, and burning houses.[220][221] An 80-year-old Argentinian-Israeli woman died after her home was set on fire and she was unable to escape.[222] A standoff between the attackers and the residents' security team lasted six hours.[223] The leader of the security team, who was in his sixties, was killed in the firefight.[223] A 63-year-old grandmother was also among those killed in the attack.[224] A 39-year-old Israeli-Chilean woman was shot eight times.[225]

Thirty survivors were discovered in the kibbutz three days after the massacre,[226] 14 of whom were Thai nationals.[227]

#### Psyduck music festival

[edit]

Main article: Psyduck music festival massacre

Psyduck was a small trance music festival that took place in the open fields near kibbutz Nir Oz, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the border of Gaza. The event drew around 100 participants. Hamas militants attacked the festival, killing 17 Israelis. Some were fatally shot at the festival site, while others were killed as they attempted to escape to nearby kibbutzim. Most survivors hid under small bushes until Israel Defense Forces rescued them a few hours later.[138]

#### Re'im military base

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Re'im

At 10 a.m., less than five hours after the attacks began, fighting was reported at Re'im military base, headquarters of the Gaza Division.[162][163] It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive[162] before the IDF regained control later in the day.[228][229] The base was reportedly the location of IDF drone and surveillance operations. Hamas reportedly posted video of dead Israeli soldiers it had killed at the base.[230]

#### Nir Am

[edit]

Nir Am was attacked but no residents were harmed. Inbal Rabin-Lieberman, the 25-year-old security coordinator, alongside her uncle Ami, led a guard detail that killed multiple militants attempting to infiltrate a nearby chicken farm. They successfully deterred the rest of the invading militants from entering the community.[231][232][233]

#### Ofakim

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Ofakim

In the town of Ofakim, 47 were people killed in the 7 October attacks.[234] Ofakim was the furthest point reached by the initial intense attacks on 7 October. A large proportion of the population of the town is working-class Jews of North African descent.[235] Ofakim was one of the first locations where a "hostages situation" was reported.[236] The militants targeted the parts of the town where the housing was older and did not have individual bomb shelters in every home, and locals reported that the invaders had shot people who were trying to get to communal shelters.[237]

#### Rahat

[edit]

A number of Qassam Brigades militants infiltrated the Bedouin city of Rahat, north-east of Ofakim and 30 kilometres from Gaza, representing the furthest extent of the incursions by Palestinian militant groups on 7 October. Over a month after the initial attack, two militants were arrested by Israeli police.[238]

### Failed plans

[edit]

A Hamas group carried intelligence information and maps guiding it to the border of the West Bank.[239] Shikma Prison was among Hamas's targets, but the group that headed there with the aim to free Palestinian inmates could not find it.[240]

### Hostages taken

[edit]

Main article: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis

Hamas gunmen with civilian hostages.

Soon after the start of the Hamas operation, there were reports that many civilians and soldiers had been taken as captives back to the Gaza Strip. Later in the day Hamas announced it had captured enough Israeli soldiers to force a prisoner swap,[241] and Israel confirmed hostages had been taken.[242]

In Be'eri, up to 50 people were taken hostage; after an 18-hour standoff between militants and IDF forces, they were freed.[243] Hostages were also reported taken in Ofakim, where policemen led by Chief Superintendent Jayar Davidov engaged Palestinian militants in a shootout;[when?] Davidov and three of his men were killed, and the IDF later rescued two Israeli hostages in the suburb of Urim.[243] There were reports of militants killing and stealing family pets.[244]

Hamas took many hostages back to Gaza. On 16 October, they said they were holding 250 hostages[245] and that it had done so to force Israel to release its Palestinian prisoners.[246] In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages were foreign nationals or held multiple citizenships.[247] Some hostages were Negev Bedouins.[248] Some of the hostages, including three members of the Bibas family, were subsequently handed over to other militant groups. Palestinian Islamic Jihad ended up holding at least 30 of the hostages, but it is unclear whether they or Hamas originally kidnapped them.

According to Ariel Merari, the raiders "were ordered to kidnap as many [people] as possible... [and] they intentionally kidnapped a populace that is sensitive from the aspect of Israeli public opinion".[249] Merari doubts that Hamas will agree to releasing all of the hostages in "one go" regardless of how many of its prisoners are released, since the hostages are its only guarantee against complete destruction at Israel's hands.[249] He believes Hamas will try to force a ceasefire and protract the release for weeks or months, until an Israeli offensive is no longer seen as viable.[249]

### Contrasting stories about the event

[edit]

The attacks on 7 October included both civilian and military targets.[250] The film Bearing Witness depicts civilian and military casualties. Hamas's propaganda videos posted to Al-Qassam Brigades' Telegram channel and website depict the operation as primarily, or solely, focused on the destruction of the border fence and other military targets.[citation needed] In the months leading up to 7 October, Al-Qassam posted video of themselves and some of their allies training for the attacks against military and ambiguous targets.[251]

## Casualties

[edit]

Further information: Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war

Gender percentage of 7 October deaths  Group | Source | % female | Reference

|
|
|

Total | AOAV[252] | 26.6% | [p]
Civilians | Walla/TOI | 36% | [q]
Civilians | AOAV | 41% | [r]
Military | AOAV | 11% | [s]
Other security forces | AOAV | 15% | [t]

The latest figure on total number killed during the attack, based on social security data, is 1,175,[21] of whom 379 were from Israeli security forces and 796 were civilians (725 Israeli and 71 foreign).[21] 26.6% of those killed were female.[252] Initially up to 1,400 people were reported killed; on 10 November this was revised to 1,200,[254] before being revised further in December. The casualties included 36 children; the youngest person killed was 10 months old, and 25 were people over age 80.[21][253] The attack is considered the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust.[56][57]

Footage of Israeli elite unit clearing after the Re'im music festival massacre

The attack left over 3,400 wounded,[23] and 247 soldiers and civilians were taken hostage.[24] On 19 October, Israeli officials reported an additional 100 to 200 missing.[255] By July 2024, the number of missing was down to 1.[25] Israeli casualties include about 70 Arab Israelis, predominantly from Negev Bedouin communities.[256] The attack affected a province with a population of 4,000,000 Israelis, while the war displaced 300,000 Israelis.[257]

On 7 October, over 100 civilians were killed in the Be'eri massacre, including women and children, and over 270 people were killed at a music festival in Re'im.[132] As of 10 October, over 100 people had been reported killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, with the total death toll unknown.[258] Nine people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot.[114] At least four people were reported killed in Kuseife.[109] At least 400 wounded were treated in Ashkelon,[259][112] while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of whom were in serious condition.[114] In the north, injuries from rocket attacks were reported in Tel Aviv.[260] At least 49 Israeli children and adolescents under the age of 19 were killed in the attack.[261]

Former Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. striker Lior Asulin was among those killed in the Re'im music festival massacre.[262] The head of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Ofir Libstein, was killed in an exchange of fire with the militants.[263] The police commander of Rahat, Jayar Davidov, was also killed.[264] The IDF confirmed that 247 of its soldiers had been killed.[265] Among those confirmed dead were Colonel Yonatan Steinberg, the commander of the Nahal Brigade, who was killed near Kerem Shalom; Colonel Roi Levy, commander of the Multidimensional "Ghost" unit, who was killed near kibbutz Re'im;[266][12] and Lieutenant Colonel Eli Ginsberg, commander of the LOTAR Counter-terrorism Unit School.[267] The Druze deputy commander of the 300th "Baram" Regional Brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Alim Abdallah, was killed in action along with two other soldiers while responding to an infiltration from southern Lebanon on 9 October.[268] Israeli peace activist Hayim Katsman was killed in Holit. Peace activist Vivian Silver, originally thought to be taken hostage,[269] was later confirmed to have been killed during the attack on Be'eri.[270] Israel Hayom photographer Yaniv Zohar was killed in Nahal Oz.[271]

The great number and geographical spread of the victims made locating all of their remains difficult. Several weeks after the massacre, once conventional search techniques had been exhausted, the IDF approached the Israel Nature and Parks Authority for help in tracking the flight paths of vultures, which resulted in the discovery of at least five more bodies.[272] The IDF also enlisted the aid of archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority to help recover remains that were so badly burned as to be indistinguishable from the surrounding rubble; the remains of at least ten victims have been recovered this way.[273][274]

Hamas took at least 247 Israelis hostage and transported them to Gaza.[24] On 8 October, Palestinian Islamic Jihad said it was holding at least 30 captives.[275] At least four people were reportedly taken from Kfar Aza.[276] Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies.[115] Four captives were later reported to have been killed in Be'eri,[277] while Hamas said that an IDF airstrike on Gaza on 9 October killed four captives.[278] Yedioth Ahronoth photographer Roy Edan was reported missing and likely captured alongside his child in Kfar Aza. His wife was killed and two of their children were able to hide in a closet until rescued.[279] Edan's body was identified ten days later as one of the casualties of the Kfar Aza massacre.[280] American-Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin was one of the kidnapped. On 11 October, Hamas's Qassam Brigades released a video appearing to show the release of three hostages, a woman and two children, in an open area near a fence. Israel dismissed the video as "theatrics".[281] According to Ynet, there were also casualties from friendly fire on 7 October which the IDF believed "it would not be morally sound to investigate [...] due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time."[37]

### Identification of remains

[edit]

According to Chen Kugel, head of the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, hundreds of bodies arrived at the institute in a state "beyond recognition"

According to Chen Kugel, head of the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, hundreds of bodies arrived at the institute in a state "beyond recognition".[282] Pathologists were required to process, among others, bone fragments recovered from fires; a blood-soaked baby mattress; victims who were tied, then executed; and two victims who were tied, then incinerated alive.[282]

With hundreds missing and bodies burned beyond recognition, Israeli authorities assembled recovery teams from across society. This included archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority, who identified and removed ancient remains in attempts to sift through ash and rubble for bone fragments other forensic teams overlooked.[283]

The sheer number of casualties overwhelmed authorities. Bodies were brought chaotically to the Shura IDF base and Abu Kabir forensic institute. The different military, police, and civilian teams caused confusion. Archeologists systematically searched rooms, dividing them into grids and carefully extracting bone shards. At one house, the archeology team found a bloodstain under ash that it determined was the outline of a body, later identified by DNA analysis as Meni Godard.[283]

### Revision of casualty numbers

[edit]

On 10 November, Israel revised its casualty count from 1,400 to 1,200 after realizing that some bodies that were badly burned[284] were those of Hamas fighters.[285][254] This included 859 civilians,[286] 283 soldiers,[287][288] 58 policemen, and 10 Shin Bet members.[14]

At the end of May 2024, using social security data, this was further revised to 1,175: 725 Israeli civilians (including 36 children), 71 foreign nationals, and 379 security forces.[21] One person, peace activist Bilha Inon, was classed as missing[25] until 6 August 2024, when the IDF confirmed that she died at Netiv Ha'asara, with her husband.[289]

## Reported atrocities

[edit]

See also: Bearing Witness (2023 film) and War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war

### Sexual violence

[edit]

Main article: Sexual violence in the 7 October attack on Israel

Israeli women and girls were reportedly raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants during the incursion, an allegation Hamas denies.[290][291][292] In the months following the attacks, The Wall Street Journal reported on 21 December, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."[293] These acts were denounced as gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, aligning with the International Criminal Court's recognition of sexual violence as such.[294][295][296]

Witnesses described the perpetrators using shovels,[297] beheading victims, engaged in rapes, and even playing with severed body parts. The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."[296] Testimonies from those at the Shura Base where the victims bodies were brought, such as IDF Captain (Res.) Maayan, who is also a dentist, and Shari Mendes, a volunteer, claimed that there were signs of sexual abuse, including mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises.[298][299] Haaretz reported in April 2024 that "[a]ccording to a source knowledgeable about the details, there were no signs on any of those bodies [brought to the Shura Base] attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia."[300] This evidence has prompted scholars and legal experts to conduct investigations, amassing substantial evidence pointing to crimes against humanity and war crimes.[301][302][303] Hamas was accused of employing rape as a weapon of war.[304][305] Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza.[291] Israel accused international women's rights and human rights groups of downplaying the assaults.[306]

Some witness testimony was subsequently discredited, including the claim shared by among others Shari Mendes of the alleged stabbing of a pregnant woman and her fetus and several alleged rapes.[307][308][309]

A two-month New York Times investigation by Jeffrey Gettleman, Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella, Screams Without Words, released in late December 2023, reported finding at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. It concluded that these were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence during the 7 October massacres. The probe was said to have been based on video footage, photographs, GPS data from mobile phones, and interviews with more than 150 people.[290] According to reporting by The Intercept, the New York Times investigation has been criticized, both externally and internally by other employees, for apparent discrepancies in witness accounts and lax evidentiary standards.[310] On 30 December, The Daily Telegraph wrote: "First responders to massacre saw raped and abused bodies, but the rapidity of events—and cultural taboos—may leave the truth uncovered".[311] Al-Jazeera concluded that the "allegations of widespread and systematic rape", allegations it said "were used repeatedly by politicians in Israel and the West to justify the ferocity of the subsequent bombardment of the Gaza Strip", were false.[312] On 25 March 2024, The New York Times reported that new video had surfaced, contradicting the account of an Israeli military paramedic previously interviewed by the Times that two teenagers murdered in Be'eri had also been sexually assaulted.[313]

Pramila Patten, the UN's special envoy on sexual violence in conflict, reported in March 2024 that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe sexual assaults including rape and gang rape took place in multiple locations during the 7 October attacks. Patten also reported receiving "clear and convincing information" that some of the hostages held by Hamas had suffered rape and sexualized torture and that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe such abuses were "ongoing".[314] The report stemmed from an unprecedented "fact-finding mission" to "verify information", and was not a full and legal investigation as Patten's office lacks such a mandate. It was thus unable to establish anything beyond a reasonable doubt.[315] As American journalist Azadeh Moaveni reported: "Her office didn't have a mandate to investigate sexual crimes on the ground and had never undertaken such a mission before. I was told by multiple sources at the UN that her trip was a matter of fierce controversy within the organisation."[316] Patten's report also did not determine that the sexual violence was systematic in nature, did not attribute it to Hamas or other factions, did not find evidence of it being planned, and remained agnostic on its scope. Patten was also unable to find some evidence that Israeli politicians insisted existed, including video and photographic evidence of rape.[315][317]

The UN's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory released an in-depth investigative report on 12 June 2024 which found that both Hamas and Israel had committed sexual violence and torture, along with intentional attacks on civilians.[126][318] The report was created by information compiled from interviews of victims, witnesses, open sourced items, forensic medical reports, and satellite imagery.[318] Israel had previously announced its refusal to cooperate with the inquiry and rejected the allegations.[319] The commission found that Palestinian forces were responsible for incidents "indicative of sexual violence" at the Re'im festival and the Nahal Oz military outpost, as well as several kibbutzim.[319][320] The report concluded there was a "pattern indicative of sexual violence" by Palestinian forces during the attack, and that Hamas and other militant groups were responsible for gender-based violence "by willful killings, abductions, and physical, mental and sexual abuse".[319][126] The commission was unable to independently verify testimony of genital mutilation, sexual torture and rape, citing a lack of access to witnesses and crime scenes, and Israel's obstruction of its investigations.[319] It also found no evidence that Palestinian forces had been ordered to commit sexual violence.[126] In addition, the Commission found some specific allegations to be false or contradictory.[126]

In June 2024 The Times published a detailed investigative report concluding that Israel's claims about the scale and the formally sanctioned, systematic nature of sexual assaults did not stand up to scrutiny.[315]

### Torture and mutilation

[edit]

Dead bodies after the Be'eri massacre

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken described photos that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Israeli government privately showed him: "a baby, an infant, riddled with bullets. Soldiers beheaded. Young people burned alive. I could go on, but it's simply depravity in the worst imaginable way."[321] Israeli forces in Kfar Aza and Be'eri[322] reported that they found bodies of victims mutilated. One IDF commander falsely told an I24NEWS reporter that 40 babies had been killed,[323][324][325] out of what one estimate described as at least 100 civilian victims;[326][258][327] In fact, only two babies are known to have died as a result of the attack, one from a bullet, and one in a hospital shortly after birth.[328][329]

Abandoned and damaged cars after the Re'im music festival massacre

ZAKA volunteers acting as first responders spread other false reports of this type.[328][330] In one, a ZAKA volunteer said groups of children were found tied up and burned alive.[328] Other reported atrocities included sexual assaults, rapes, and mutilations; some victims were reportedly bound, and some victims' bodies desecrated.[328] Graeme Wood reported that the video footage retrieved from body cameras the attackers wore showed several victims who "in the beginning of the footage... are alive, [and] by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."[331] Other videos show attackers shooting at children, executing men in civilian clothing, throwing grenades into civilian shelters, and an attempted decapitation.[332][333][334]

First response personnel recovering the bodies reported being extremely distressed by the atrocities they witnessed, and said they placed the bodies of Hamas militants in body bags marked with an "X" and removed them with a bulldozer.[335]

Israeli security agencies released videos that the Times of Israel described as apparent interrogations of Hamas attackers, in which the subjects said they were ordered to kill, behead, cut off limbs and rape.[336] Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Physicians for Human Rights Israel stated that these alleged confessions were likely extracted under torture, should not be accepted as credible evidence, and called on the Israeli government to cease their production and publication.[337][338]

A former chief rabbi of the Israeli army, part of the team identifying bodies, said there were many instances of rape and torture, and an Israeli reserve warrant officer said that forensic exams had discovered multiple cases of rape, though neither provided forensic evidence to support the claims.[339] Haaretz reported in April 2024 that no such forensic evidence exists.[300] CNN has interviewed several Israelis who witnessed the aftermath of the attack, who reported visible signs of rape and excessive violence on the bodies of women and girls from several sites.[340] The Intercept called into question the credibility of some of these testimonies, also cited in other reports such as the New York Times' Screams Without Words.[307]

A Haaretz investigation into the claims of mutilation and torture found that "Members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as other Gazans who entered Israel, committed war crimes and crimes against humanity." Regarding "testimonies about Hamas' atrocities on October 7", Haaretz found that "Most are supported by extensive evidence, but a few have been proved untrue, providing ammunition to deniers of the historic massacre." Haaretz found several cases where Israeli search and rescue units, the army, and politicians disseminated inaccurate information. An Israeli army officer claimed that babies had been hung on clotheslines; later investigations showed that exactly one infant was killed, alongside her father, and that the reports of groups of children being slaughtered and mutilated were false. A total of five children under age six were killed, and another 14 between ages 12 and 15 were killed in rocket attacks from Gaza. Most of the children were killed alongside family members.[328]

Haaretz reported that "Hamas terrorists did desecrate corpses during the massacre, especially the bodies of soldiers. There were also beheadings and cases of dismemberment" but that "there is no evidence that children from several families were murdered together, rendering inaccurate Netanyahu's remark to U.S. President Joe Biden that Hamas terrorists 'took dozens of children, tied them up, burned them and executed them.'"[328] ZAKA volunteers shared stories of atrocities, with one repeatedly describing 20 children having been bound and burned at a kibbutz; the same volunteer said a pregnant woman had her unborn baby cut from her womb and that he had found the woman next to a murdered child aged six or seven. But the list of dead does not correspond to the claims, and no children of that age were killed in the kibbutz; the kibbutz has denied that the story is related to the kibbutz.[328] Sara Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister's wife, sent U.S. first lady Jill Biden a letter claiming that a heavily pregnant woman was taken hostage to Gaza; the woman was identified as a Thai worker who had been taken hostage and later released. She was not pregnant and had not given birth.[328]

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken also repeated some of the evidence given by the same ZAKA volunteer, describing a scene the volunteer said he found in Be'eri: "a young boy and girl, 6 and 8 years old, and their parents around the breakfast table. The father's eye gouged out in front of his kids. The mother's breast cut off, the girl's foot amputated, the boy's fingers cut off before they were executed."[341][342] Haaretz reported in December 2023 that "no children 6 or 7 or near those ages were killed on Be'eri".[328] The Intercept similarly said no one killed in Be'eri matched this account and expressed mystification that U.S. media kept citing ZAKA, even though their testimony was debunked in Israeli media.[343]

On 20 October, a forensic analysis was presented to the media at Israel's National Center of Forensic Medicine that claimed to show evidence of victims burned alive with bound hands. The analysis suggested that one CT scan of charred remains showed an adult bound to a child at the time of death.[344][345] Many victims were described as having soot in their trachea, indicating that they burned to death.[346]

Two or three decapitations of adults or military-age teenagers have been confirmed, one or two IDF soldiers (beheaded after death in combat) and a foreign worker.[347] Adir Tahar, age 19, from the Golani Brigade, was killed in combat by multiple grenades on 7 October. After his death, his head was removed and taken to the Gaza Strip where it was found later in the freezer of an ice cream store, inspiring speculation about why it had been taken there. His body was identified by DNA and buried incomplete. The IDF tried to hide from his family that there was only an incomplete body to bury.[348][349] A second burial ceremony was held after his head was recovered.[350]

Haaretz reported in April 2024 that "According to a source knowledgeable about the details, there were no signs on any of those bodies [at Shura Base, to which most of the bodies were taken for purposes of identification] attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia."[300]

### Unsubstantiated reports of beheaded babies and children

[edit]

Several Israeli sources said in the aftermath of the attack that there were bodies of multiple beheaded infants in Kfar Aza. Later the Israeli government said it could not confirm the veracity of the claim and several investigations found it to be untrue. In its investigation Le Monde concluded that the unverified claim is false, yet it became a significant element in the information war, with Israeli authorities intentionally maintaining ambiguous messaging that helped spread the narrative despite lack of confirmation. The issue continues to be sensitive, with pro-Palestinian influencers and conspiracists seeing it as "fake news" spread by a "genocidal army of occupation", while on the Israeli side questioning it is likened to Holocaust denial. "Denied internationally, the rumor remains alive and well within Israel."[351]

In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Department Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization ZAKA said on French Israeli TV channel i24news that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.[352][353][198] During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.[354] U.S. President Biden later falsely claimed that he had seen photographic evidence of militants beheading children; the White House subsequently clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence.[199] NBC News called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,[199] adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings".[199] The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X / Twitter accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS's report.[199] As of 12 October, CNN had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.[355]

An Israeli ZAKA volunteer reported on 14 October seeing children's bodies with severe injuries and burns; the volunteer said that some of the bodies appeared to have been decapitated, but the exact circumstances were not clear.[356]

According to The Jerusalem Post, which reprinted an article from the Israeli website The Media Line (whose founder, Felice Friedson, was praised by The Jerusalem Post and is a contributor to it),[357] approximately 200 forensic pathologists and other experts—from Israel, Switzerland, New Zealand, the U.S. and elsewhere—reviewed evidence of the attack at the National Center of Forensic Medicine (Abu Kabir) in Tel Aviv.[358] Chen Kugel, head of the center, said that many bodies, including those of babies, were without heads. When asked whether the bodies had been decapitated, Kugel answered yes.[346] He added that it was difficult to determine whether the dead were decapitated before or after death, or whether their heads had been "cut off by knife or blown off by RPG".[358]

On 4 December, Haaretz reported that "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".[359][360] Haaretz journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false".[359] They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's claims.[359] "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong."[359] Haaretz also reported that some testimony came from reservist officers.[359] Haaretz further reported that "according to sources including Israel's National Insurance Institute, kibbutz leaders and the police", one baby was killed on 7 October, who was killed with her father in Kibbutz Be'eri.[359] Al Jazeera reported that the claims of babies being beheaded and killed en masse were false.[312]

### Use of hostages as human shields

[edit]

During the 7 October assault, Human Rights Watch reported two instances where Palestinian militants used Israeli civilians as human shields. In Be'eri, fighters held civilians in a home and threatened to kill them if Israeli forces attacked. When the Israelis did fire, it led to the deaths of militants and hostages. In Nahal Oz, a fighter used 17-year-old Tomer Arava Eliaz to move between homes and potentially block attacks, and Tomer was later found dead. A purported "hostage detention plan" suggested using hostages as human shields, but its authenticity could not be verified by Human Rights Watch.[361]

## Israeli counterattack

[edit]

After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants and civilians,[31][32] it took hours for the Israeli military to respond by sending troops to counterattack.[362] The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived in Gaza an hour after fighting began.[363] Israel had difficulty determining which outposts and communities were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.[363]

The Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip began at 9:45am, and at 10:00am Israel claimed responsibility for the attacks.[364]

### Friendly fire and use of the Hannibal Directive

[edit]

Main article: Hannibal Directive

According to a December 2023 Ynet article, there was also an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack.[37][38] In January 2024, an investigation by Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth concluded that the IDF had in practice applied the Hannibal Directive, ordering all combat units to stop "at all costs" any attempt by Hamas militants to return to Gaza, even if there were hostages with them.[40][39] The directive was first employed at 7:18 AM at the Erez border crossing to prevent soldiers stationed there from being taken captive. At 10:32 AM, an order was issued to all battalions in the area to fire mortars in the direction of Gaza. Documents obtained by Haaretz and the testimonies of soldiers show that use of the Hannibal Directive was "widespread" after an order was issued to the Gaza Division at 11:22 AM that "Not a single vehicle can return to Gaza." At 2:00 p.m., all units were instructed not to leave border communities or chase anyone into Gaza, as the border was under heavy, indiscriminate fire. At 6:40 p.m., the army launched artillery raids at the border area "very close" to Kibbutz Be'eri and Kfar Azza.[365] It is unclear how many hostages were killed by friendly fire as a result of the order.[40][39] According to Yedioth Ahronoth, around 70 burnt-out vehicles on roads leading to Gaza had been fired on by helicopters or tanks, killing all occupants in at least some cases.[40][39]

Helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, attacking about 300 targets in four hours. Later, the crews began to slow their attacks and carefully select targets.[363] According to Haaretz journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation found that an IDF helicopter that had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in the Nova music festival massacre.[366] The Israeli police denied Haaretz's report.[367] In the aftermath of the attack, Israel buried hundreds of burned cars that were present at the scene of the attacks "To preserve the sanctity of those murdered by Hamas."[368] Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.[363] This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9 a.m., amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.[363]

A report by a UN Commission published in June 2024 found that the Israeli security forces used the Hannibal Directive in several instances on 7 October. In one example, a tank crew confirmed that they had applied the directive when they shot at a vehicle suspected of carrying kidnapped Israeli soldiers. The report also said that in two instances, Israeli forces "had likely applied the Hannibal Directive," resulting in the killing of up to 14 Israeli civilians.[369][370]

A July 2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, adding: "Haaretz does not know whether or how many civilians and soldiers were hit due to these procedures, but the cumulative data indicates that many of the kidnapped people were at risk, exposed to Israeli gunfire, even if they were not the target."[45] One of these decisions was made at 7:18 A.M., when an observation post reported someone had been kidnapped at the Erez crossing, close to the IDF's liaison office. "Hannibal at Erez" came the command from divisional headquarters, "dispatch a Zik." The Zik is an unmanned assault drone, and the meaning of this command was clear, Haaretz reported.[45]

A source in the Southern Command of the IDF told Haaretz: "Everyone knew by then that such vehicles could be carrying kidnapped civilians or soldiers...There was no case in which a vehicle carrying kidnapped people was knowingly attacked, but you couldn't really know if there were any such people in a vehicle. I can't say there was a clear instruction, but everyone knew what it meant to not let any vehicles return to Gaza."[45] The same source stated that on 2:00 P.M. a new instruction was given that "was meant to turn the area around the border fence into a killing zone, closing it off toward the west."[45]

Haaretz further reported that at at 6:40 P.M. military intelligence believed militants were intending to flee back to Gaza in an organized manner from near Kibbutz Be'eri, Kfar Azza and Kissufim. In response the army launched artillery at the border fence area, very close to some of these communities. Shells were also fired at the Erez border crossing shortly thereafter. The IDF says it is not aware of any civilians being hurt in these bombardments.[45]

Haaretz notes one case in which it is known that civilians were hit, which took place in the house of Pessi Cohen at Kibbutz Be'eri. 14 hostages were in the house as the IDF attacked it, with 13 of them killed.[45]

A September 2024 report by Australia's ABC News covers the use of the Hannibal Directive.[371] The report quotes former Israeli officer, Air Force Colonel Nof Erez as saying: "This was a mass Hannibal. It was tons and tons of openings in the fence, and thousands of people in every type of vehicle, some with hostages and some without." The report also notes Tank officers confirming their interpretation of the Directive, firing on vehicles returning to Gaza, potentially with Israelis on board. "My gut feeling told me that they [soldiers from another tank] could be on them," tank captain Bar Zonshein told Israel's Channel 13. Captain Zonshein is asked: "So you might be killing them with that action? They are your soldiers."[371] ABC News adds that it was not only soldiers but also Israeli civilians who were targeted.[371]

### Operation Swords of Iron

[edit]

Further information: 2023–2024 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, Gaza Strip evacuations, Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, and Siege of Gaza City

The IDF declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of the Gaza border. The IDF additionally began targeted actions in Gaza under what it called "Operation Swords of Iron" (or "Iron Swords") (Hebrew: מבצע חרבות ברזל, romanized: Mivtsá charvót barzél).[372][373][63]

In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said: "We are at war."[115] He also said that the IDF would reinforce its border deployments to deter others from "making the mistake of joining this war".[374] In a later address, he threatened to "turn Gaza into a deserted island" and urged its residents to "leave now".[53] Israel's Security Cabinet voted to undertake a series of actions to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad", according to a statement by the Prime Minister's Office.[375] The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies up to 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut off power to the area.[110] As a result, Gaza's power supply was reduced from 120 MW to 20 MW, forcing it to rely on power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.

## Reactions

[edit]

### Allegations of genocide

[edit]

Main article: Allegations of genocide in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel

According to several international law and genocide studies experts, Hamas' assault amounted to genocide.[59][60][61] Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack,[376][377] saying it represents a serious violation of international law. They argue that Hamas carried out these actions with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.[61][60][378] Some commentators point to Hamas's founding charter, which advocates for the destruction of Israel, contains antisemitic language, and, according to certain researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the 7 October attacks were an effort to fulfill this agenda.[379]

### Palestinian response

[edit]

#### Hamas

[edit]

Khaled Mashal lauded the Hamas attack, calling it legitimate resistance to Israeli occupation. He said, "We know very well the consequences of our operation on Oct. 7", emphasizing that Palestinian lives must be sacrificed in the quest for liberation.[380]

Khalil al-Hayya, a senior member of Hamas, said the action was necessary to "change the entire equation and not just have a clash... We succeeded in putting the Palestinian issue back on the table, and now no one in the region is experiencing calm."[381]

Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, said that he hoped "that the state of war with Israel will become permanent on all the borders, and that the Arab world will stand with [Hamas]".[381]

Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, said in an interview: "We must teach Israel a lesson, and we will do this again and again. The Al-Aqsa Flood is just the first time, and there will be a second, a third, a fourth. Because we have the determination...to fight."[382] He emphasized Hamas's willingness to "pay a price", concluding with a call for the elimination of Israel: "We must remove that country because it constitutes a security, military and political catastrophe to the Arab and Islamic nations".[383] These comments came after an incident where Hamad abruptly left a BBC interview when asked about Hamas's killing of civilians in Israel on 7 October.[382]

Hamas denied killing any children in the attack.[384] Its official announcement referring to the event rejected the "falsehood of the fabricated allegations" promoted by some Western media outlets, which unprofessionally adopt the "Zionist narrative full of lies and slander against our Palestinian people and their resistance, the latest of which was the claim of killing children, beheading them, and targeting civilians".[384] When asked about the Re'im music festival massacre, where 260 civilians were murdered, Hamas official Mousa Abu Marzook replied that it was a "coincidence", and that the attackers may have thought these were soldiers "resting".[385][386]

In January 2024, Hamas released a report titled "Our Narrative", which accepted "some faults" but continued to deny having intentionally targeted civilians, blamed Israel for deaths, and justified the attacks as "a necessary step and a normal response to confront all Israeli conspiracies against the Palestinian people".[387]

#### Palestinian Authority

[edit]

On the eve of the Hamas attack at the emergency meeting in Ramallah, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people had the right to defend themselves against the terror of settlers and occupation troops.[388] According to Palestinian government agency WAFA, Abbas also ordered the government and relevant authorities to immediately send all available resources to alleviate the suffering of Palestinians in Gaza under Israeli aggression.[389] On 16 October, he declared that "Hamas' actions don't represent the Palestinians".[390][391]

On 30 October, Hanan Ashrawi, a Palestinian Christian official, said the attacks were an act of resistance launched against the IDF.[392]

In March 2024, Fatah– the party that controls the Palestinian Authority– released a statement accusing Hamas of "having caused the return of the Israeli occupation of Gaza" by "undertaking the October 7 adventure". The Fatah comments came in response to criticism by Hamas and its allies over Abbas' appointment of Mohammed Mustafa as the new PA prime minister following the resignation of Mohammed Shtayyeh.[393]

On 16 May 2024, Mahmoud Abbas said that Hamas's unilateral military action on 7 October provided Israel with justification for attacks in the Gaza Strip. He emphasized opposition to harming civilians. In response, Hamas expressed regret for the remarks, asserting that the attack elevated the Palestinian cause and yielded strategic gains.[394]

#### Palestinian public opinion

[edit]

In November 2023, as a result of Israeli actions in Gaza following the 7 October attacks, Hamas' popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased significantly.[395] In a survey conducted on 14 November by the Arab World for Research and Development (AWRAD), a research, consulting and development firm based in Ramallah,[396] Palestinians showed overwhelming support for the attack. It said, "Palestinians living in the West Bank overwhelmingly answered that they supported the attack to either an extreme or 'somewhat' extent (83.1%)."[397][398][399]

In Gaza, Palestinians exhibited lesser consensus, with only 63.6% "extremely" or "somewhat" supporting the attack. 14.4% answered they neither opposed or supported the attack, and 20.9% opposed the attack to some degree.[397][398][399]

Only 10% of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they believed Hamas committed war crimes during the attack on Israel, and a large majority of Palestinians said they had not seen any videos showing Hamas atrocities in Israel.

By 2024 support for the attacks had significantly dropped. According to a poll published in September by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR) 57% in the Gaza Strip saying the decision to launch the offensive was incorrect, while 39% said it was correct. In the West Bank however most still considered the attacks the correct decision despite a decline in support.[400]

### Israeli response

[edit]

Main article: Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

Posters calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza The line in black represents the IDF's boundary at Wadi Gaza for evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip

Israel said that Hamas "made a grave mistake" in launching its attack and pledged that "Israel will win".[114] The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[109] adding that reservists were to be deployed not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank and along the borders with Lebanon and Syria.[401] Residents in areas near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[110] Roads around Gaza were closed by the IDF.[114] Tel Aviv's streets were also locked down.[110]

After the attack, Israel declared a heightened state of preparedness for potential conflict.[402] The IDF declared a state of readiness for war, and Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities. Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai announced that a "state of war" existed, following what he called "a massive attack from the Gaza Strip".[403] He also announced the closure of all of southern Israel to "civilian movement" and the Yamam counterterrorism unit's deployment to the area.[130] The IDF's chief spokesperson, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, said four divisions were deployed to the area, augmenting 31 preexisting battalions.[114]

Israeli President Isaac Herzog said the country was facing "a very difficult moment", and offered strength and encouragement to the IDF, other security forces, rescue services, and residents who were under attack.[112]

Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, but multiple airlines canceled flights to and from Israel.[404] Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,[405][406] and cruise ships removed the ports of Ashdod and Haifa from their itineraries.[407]

#### Capture and interrogation of militants

[edit]

Main article: Interrogation of militants in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war

Following the attack, more than 600 militants were captured in Israel. Israel has claimed the interrogation of suspects revealed significant insights into the group's strategies, ideologies, and operational methods that played a crucial role in its military response and in shaping the global understanding of the conflict.[408][409][410] Israel's aim was to support its narrative and counter Hamas narratives.[410]

However, a number of sources have questioned if Israel forced Palestinians to make confessions. Some of the militants in the videos appear to be bloodied and wincing in pain.[411] On 14 November, AP News analyzed that a confession video Israel released showed the captured militant was speaking "clearly under duress".[412] Palestinians detainees released after 7 October have reported that Israeli authorities order them to make statements, beat them severely, and sometimes ask them to make statements with a gun pointed to their face.[413][414] The UN and reports by human rights organizations such as B'Tselem and media outlets have confirmed Israeli systematic use of torture during the Israel-Hamas War, including rape, gang-rape, sexualized torture and mutilation of detained Palestinian men, women and children by Israeli guards, including during interrogations.[415]

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International stated that taped alleged confessions released by the Israeli military were likely extracted under torture, violate international law and basic human rights, and should be considered inadmissible as credible evidence.[416] They also called on the Israeli government to cease publishing such taped "confessions".[416] Physicians for Human Rights Israel also denounced alleged taped confessions, citing "severe concern that the interrogations included the use of torture."[417]

#### Arab Israelis

[edit]

Israeli President Isaac Herzog in the city of Rahat with the heads of the Bedouin community and the families of kidnapped and murdered Bedouins, 26 October 2023

Arab Israeli politicians, including the United Arab List leader Mansour Abbas and Arab Knesset member Ayman Odeh, condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel.[418][419] Israel's Social Equality Minister Amichai Chikli said, "the Arab population has shown much solidarity and responsibility, and this is especially true for the Bedouin population in the Negev."[418]

### International

[edit]

See also: International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war

Celebrations in Iran, 7 October 2023

At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct as terrorism, including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. In contrast, Arab and Muslim countries including Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Iran and Iraq blamed Israel's policy of occupying the Palestinians for the attack. The UAE, Bahrain, and China have amended their initial declarations to expressly denounce the killing and abduction of Israeli civilians.[50][51][52] According to a poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between 14 November and 6 December 2023, 95% of Saudis did not believe that Hamas had killed civilians in its attack on Israel.[420]

Over 680 legal experts and 128 human rights experts from Israel and around the world have signed an appeal for the immediate release of all hostages kidnapped by Hamas, and for the end of the "vicious and inhumane capture, violence, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of women and girls, children and infants." According to the appeal, "the abductees are defined according to international law as victims of enforced disappearance... [which makes these acts] blatant violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity."[421]

The United Nations, particularly the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), faced criticism for failing to condemn Hamas's actions against women and failing to voice disapproval of reports of sexual and gender-based violence against Israeli women and girls.[422][423][316]

In response Sarah Hendrik, an official from UN Women, one of the UN agencies subject to these criticisms, stated that "within the UN family, these investigations are led by the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights", and that her agency did not have the legal competence to determine culpability: 'The Independent International Commission of Inquiry has the mandate to investigate all alleged violations."[316] Azadeh Moaveni reported that claims of double standards or lack of condemnation by UN Women were incorrect, as "UN Women has not inveighed against conflict-related sexual violence in Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Libya, Colombia or Mali, and its condemnations of rape in the DRC, Central African Republic, Syria and Iraq came years after the events themselves. Where it has responded more swiftly (and then only within months), it has done so in places where the UN had teams on the ground investigating and documenting abuses, or as a result of UN-wide appeals. UN Women has never named a specific group or perpetrator. According to its own protocols, it has been vociferous in responding to 7 October – as many as eight times in the first two months – through statements, social media posts and session remarks."[316] Moaveni also notes that what was demanded of UN Women was to go beyond its mandate and name in an unprecedented way before a proper investigation by the mandated UN bodies had been carried out, and that if it had done so it would have significantly damaged its relationships with grassroots women's groups. A UN official told her that "[t]he call to condemn Hamas 'was a trap, like the one laid out for the university presidents."[316]

The US House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed a bill to amend the US immigration code and ban people associated with Hamas, PIJ, and other perpetrators of the 7 October attacks from seeking immigration-related relief or protections in the United States.[424][425]

After the attacks, the Shoah Foundation said it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."[426] Shoah Foundation founder Steven Spielberg said of the attacks, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project would ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."[427]

## See also

[edit]

* Denial of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel
* List of major terrorist incidents
* List of massacres in Israel
* Outline of the Israel–Hamas war
* Ramadan Offensive (2003)
* September 11 attacks
* Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Israel has identified Yahya Sinwar and Mohammed Deif as the key individuals in planning the attacks, the leadership abroad and the rest of the political wing were not directly involved.[428][429]
2. ^ According to Israeli sources[19]
3. ^ 1,175 according to Israeli social security data[21][verification needed]
4. ^ Includes the remains for the last victim which were not found until 6 August 2024[22]
5. ^ 71 foreign nationals[21]
6. ^ including 20 under 15[21]
7. ^ or Deluge; Arabic: عملية طوفان الأقصى, romanized: ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā, usually romanized as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa".
8. ^ Hebrew: השבת השחורה
9. ^ הטבח בשמחת תורה
10. ^ It is unclear how many of them were killed by friendly fire or as a result of the Hannibal Directive. A Ynet article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack.[37][38][39][40]
11. ^ This excludes the invading Palestinian militants who died in the subsequent fighting with Israeli armed personnel.
12. ^ Although Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005, most of the international community still regards Gaza as being occupied due to Israel's effective military control over the territory.[62][63]
13. ^ Sources that say Hamas calls for Israel's destruction cite the 1988 Hamas charter, while sources that say Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders cite the 2017 Hamas charter, 2005 Palestinian Cairo Declaration and 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document.
14. ^ The Washington Post said the Palestinians were trying to explode the device,[77] while Al-Jazeera said that a Palestinian Explosives Engineering Unit was trying to defuse the device.[78]
15. ^ When militants arrived.
16. ^ "Of the total of 1,004 victims whose gender is identified, 735 (73.4%) of these were male, and 278 (26.6%) female."[252]
17. ^ "But the Walla news site has published data by age and gender for 756 of the murdered civilians for which information is available...two girls...11 female...162 women...59 women...69 women...seven women."[253] That totals 272 female killed out of 756 total civilians dead.
18. ^ "Civilians has 217 male and 153 female killed.[252]
19. ^ "Military has 298 male and 38 female killed.[252]
20. ^ "Police and rescue" has 22 male and 4 female killed.[252]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d From the United Nations:
* United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (9 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations (UN). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. "On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel."
* United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) (7 October 2023). "UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip" (Situation Report). United Nations. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023. "At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel."
* United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (20 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023. "On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel."
2. ^ a b c d e f g Guy Van Vlierden (14 October 2023). "HLN ONDERZOEK. Van jihadisten tot communisten: zeker 10 groeperingen deden mee met actie Palestijnse terroristen (HLN RESEARCH. From jihadists to communists: at least 10 groups participated in Palestinian terrorist action)". Het Laatste Nieuws. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023.
3. ^ "الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى" [Popular Front: The US Administration's Decision to Provide Support to the Entity [Israel] Aims to Contain the Strategic Outcomes of the Battle of the Al-Aqsa Flood]. alahednews.com.lb (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
4. ^ "خلال بيان لها قبل قليل.. كتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية". Alhourriah. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
5. ^ a b الانترنت, الحرية-مجلة التقدميين العرب على. "khilal bayan laha qabl qalilin.. katayib almuqawamat alwatania (quaat alshahid eumar alqasuma) aljanah aleaskarii liljabhat aldiymuqratia" خلال بيان لها قبل قليل.. كتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) الجناح العسكري للجبهة الديمقراطية [During a statement a short while ago...the National Resistance Brigades (Forces of the Martyr Omar Al-Qasim), the military wing of the Democratic Front] (in Arabic). مجلة التقدميين العرب على الانترنت. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
6. ^ a b "Netanyahu: 'We are at war'". Ynetnews. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
7. ^ Morris, Loveday; Suliman, Adela (11 July 2024). "Israeli military says it failed to protect Gaza border town on Oct. 7". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
8. ^ Halabi, Einav (25 October 2023). "Most wanted: Key Hamas figures in Israel's crosshairs". Ynetnews. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
9. ^ "Palestinian Al Quds Brigades claim responsibility for attack at Lebanon-Israel border". Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
10. ^ "Hamide Rencüs: İsrail ilk defa Gazze sınırındaki kontrolü kaybetmiş durumda" [Hamide Rencüs: Israel has lost control over the Gaza border for the first time]. bianet.org (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
11. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (17 October 2023). "Overwhelmed: The IDF's first hours fighting the terror waves on Oct 7". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. "Golani soldiers from the 51st and 13th battalions fought along 30km of the border at numerous points and took heavy casualties between October 7 and 9."
12. ^ a b "Commander of IDF's Nahal Brigade killed in clashes with Hamas on Gaza border". The Times of Israel. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
13. ^ a b "New footage shows harbor security unit foiling Hamas naval infiltration on October 7". The Times of Israel. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
14. ^ a b c Fabian, Emanuel. "Authorities name 682 soldiers, 63 police officers killed in Gaza war". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
15. ^ Duro, Israel (11 October 2023). "Heroes of Israel: Armed members of several kibbutzim managed to fight off terrorists". VOZ. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
16. ^ Ghert-Zand, Enee. "Young dad of 6 absorbed blast to protect family in attack on Kerem Shalom". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
17. ^ a b Report: New IDF assessment shows some 6,000 Gazans invaded Israel on Oct. 7 Archived 20 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Times of Israel, posted & retrieved 31 August 2024.
18. ^ a b c "הבקשה של פיקוד הדרום בלילה שלפני הטבח – והסירוב | פרסום ראשון". 26 February 2024. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
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383. ^ Pacchiani, Gianluca; Bachner, Michael. "Hamas official says group aims to repeat Oct. 7 onslaught many times to destroy Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
384. ^ a b "Hamas denies it killed children in fight with Israel". Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
385. ^ "A Hamas leader refuses to admit his group planned to kill civilians". The Economist. 11 October 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
386. ^ "Hamas says October 7 attack was a 'necessary step', admits to 'some faults'". aljazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
387. ^ "Hamas says October 7 attack on Israel was a 'necessary step'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
388. ^ "Abbas: Palestinian people have the right to defend themselves". Reuters. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
389. ^ "President Abbas orders immediate dispatch of aid to Gaza amidst Israeli aggression".
390. ^ "Abbas says Hamas actions 'don't represent Palestinians,' then seems to backtrack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
391. ^ "President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians". Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
392. ^ Gilani, Iftikhar (30 October 2023). "'This was an act of resistance against the occupation army': Hanan Ashrawi". Frontline.
393. ^ "Fatah hits back at criticism of new PM by Hamas, other Palestinian groups". France 24. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
394. ^ "PA's Abbas accuses Hamas of giving Israel 'pretexts' for Gaza war with Oct. 7 attack". Times of Israel. 17 May 2024.
395. ^ "Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace". The Daily Beast. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
396. ^ AWRAD profile Archived 19 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine at devex.com. Accessed 19 November 2023.
397. ^ a b "Palestinians in Gaza, West Bank strongly support Hamas, October 7 attack". The Jerusalem Post. 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
398. ^ a b Koningsveld, Akiva Van (17 November 2023). "Three in four Palestinians support Hamas's massacre". JNS.org. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
399. ^ a b "Survey finds majority in the West Bank support the Oct 7 massacre". I24news. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
400. ^ "Hamas faces dissent in Gaza as heavy toll weakens support for war, a year on". Retrieved 8 October 2024.
401. ^ "Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air". Al Arabiya. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
402. ^ "Netanyahu says 'we are at war' after major Hamas attack". The Washington Post. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
403. ^ "Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war". JordanNews. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
404. ^ "Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights". Globes. 10 August 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
405. ^ "Page Capture" עדכונים ושינויים בתנועת הרכבות, עד להודעה חדשה [Updates and changes in train traffic until further notice]. רַכֶּבֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל [Israel Railways] (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
406. ^ Goldberg, Jeremaya (10 October 2023). "War with Gaza cuts train services in Israel". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
407. ^ Saunders, Aaron (10 October 2023). "Cruise Lines Change, Cancel Itineraries Following Israel Attack". Cruise Critic. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
408. ^ Ilnai, Itay (5 November 2023). "Detained terrorists: 'Hamas has become akin to animals; they've become ISIS'". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
409. ^ Zitun, Yoav (23 October 2023). "An apartment and $10K promised for each Israeli captive, captured terrorist says". Ynetnews. Event occurs at 23:06 IST. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
410. ^ a b Sanchez, Raf (19 November 2023). "Inside Shin Bet's interrogation of 50 Hamas fighters". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
411. ^ "UN's António Guterres calls for immediate ceasefire to end 'epic suffering' in Gaza". The Guardian.
412. ^ "Is Hamas hiding in Gaza's main hospital? Israel's claim is now a focal point in a dayslong stalemate". AP News. 13 November 2023.
413. ^ Mehul Srivastava. "The Palestinian teenagers suddenly freed from jail in Hamas hostage deal".
414. ^ "Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests". Amnesty International. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
415. ^
* Borger, Julian (5 March 2024). "Palestinians 'beaten and sexually assaulted' at Israeli detention centres, UN report claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
* "Palestinians recount deadly abuse in Israeli prisons: 'It is Guantánamo'". Washington Post. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
* Graham-Harrison, Emma; Taha, Sufian; McKernan, Bethan; Kierszenbaum, Quique (5 August 2024). "Torture, abuse and humiliation: Palestinians on Israeli prison 'hell'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
* "'Raped by female soldiers': Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
* "Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out". Middle East Eye. 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
* "Welcome to Hell: The Israeli Prison System as a Network of Torture Camps". B'Tselem. 5 August 2024.
416. ^ a b Hearst, Katherine (29 March 2024). "War on Gaza: Israel likely tortured Palestinian to record rape confession, say rights groups". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
417. ^ "Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War during the October 7 Hamas Attacks". Physicians for Human Rights – Israel. 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
418. ^ a b "The Arab Israeli community stands in solidarity against Hamas – opinion". The Jerusalem Post. 24 October 2023. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
419. ^ "Arab Israeli Lawmaker Abbas Denounces Hamas Attack, Says the Massacre Does Not 'Represent Our Arab Society'". Haaretz. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
420. ^ "Saudis Overwhelmingly Oppose Ties With Israel, Poll Finds". The New York Times. 22 December 2023.
421. ^ "Law Professors and Human Rights Experts: Holding Hostages in Gaza is a Crime Against Humanity". The Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy (in Hebrew). 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
422. ^ "United Nations slammed for silence over Hamas rapes, mutilation and murder of Israeli women, critics say". Yahoo News. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
423. ^ BOTBOL, AMELIE (23 November 2023). "Global women's rights groups silent as Israeli women testify about rapes by Hamas". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
424. ^ "US House passes bill to ban Hamas, other perpetrators of OCtober 7". I24news. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
425. ^ "US Reps Bush, Tlaib vote no on 'redundant' bill to ban Oct. 7 terrorists". The Jerusalem Post. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
426. ^ "Shoah Foundation launches project to document 'unspeakable barbarity' of October 7". The Times of Israel.
427. ^ Rosenbloom, Alli (6 December 2023). "Steven Spielberg comments on 'unspeakable barbarity against Jews' in Oct. 7 attacks". CNN. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
428. ^ "Hamas masterminds top Israel's 'dead man walking' hit list". France 24. 19 October 2023.
429. ^ "Report details Hamas's secret buildup to Oct 7, terror group's isolation in its wake". The Times of Israel.

## External links

[edit]

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote

* Crowd-sourced documentation of massacres
* Mapping the massacres
* Saturday October Seven (Documentation of massacres)

* v
* t
* e

Prominent terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2020s

2021|

* Jerusalem Old City shooting (21 November)

2022|

* Arnona stabbing (21 March)
* Beersheba attack (22 March)
* Hadera shooting (27 March)
* Bnei Brak shootings (29 March)
* Tel Aviv shooting (7 April)
* El'ad stabbing (5 May)
* Kiryat Arba attack (29 October)
* Ariel attack (15 November)
* Jerusalem bombings (23 November)
* Tiran Fero kidnapping (23 November)

2023|

* Neve Yaakov shooting (27 January)
* Ramot Junction attack (10 February)
* Huwara shooting (26 February)
* Hamra junction shooting (7 April)
* Egypt–Israel border shooting incident (2 June)
* Eli shooting (20 June)
* Tel Aviv attack (4 July)
* Hamas attack (7 October)‡
* Alexandria shooting (8 October)
* Givat Shaul shooting (30 November)

2024|

* Ra'anana attack (15 January)
* Kiryat Malakhi attack (16 February)
* Eli shooting (29 February)
* Holon stabbing (6 August)
* Allenby Bridge shooting (8 September)
* Jaffa shooting (1 October)
* Beersheva bus station shooting (6 October)
* Hadera stabbing (9 October)
* Highway 4 shooting (15 October)
* Tel Aviv truck attack (27 October)

Attacks launched by Palestinians from the West Bank Attacks launched by Palestinians from the Gaza Strip Attacks launched from Egypt Attacks carried out by Arab citizens of Israel
‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest number of Israeli casualties

* Rocket attacks
* Lebanese

2010s

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on
Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Death Shelters
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Death Shelters
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* "Screams Without Words"
* Bearing Witness
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli
invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Rafah
* Background

Attacks on
refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan attack
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Nuseirat refugee camp massacre
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Deir el-Balah (August)
* Al-Mawasi (September)

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Fakhoora
* Shadia Abu Ghazala
* Al-Sardi
* Al-Awda
* Khadija
* Hamama
* Al-Tabaeen
* Al-Jawni
* Rufaida
* Abu Hussein

Attacks on
health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* ambulance airstrike
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves
* 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Attacks on religious sites
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Rafah strikes
* Flour massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout mass killings
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack
* 9 July 2024 attacks
* 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack
* Khan Yunis
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Beit Lahia attacks
* Beit Lahia airstrike
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war
* Gaza genocide
* Israeli generals' plan
* Torture

Other
theaters|

* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* 2024 Israeli military operation
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* Lehi Street bombing
* Givat Shaul shooting
* Majdal Shams attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Israeli incursions in Tulkarm
* 2024 Masyaf raid
* 2024 Jaffa shooting
* 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike

Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* Iranian strikes in Israel
* April 2024
* October 2024
* Israeli strikes on Iran
* April 2024
* October 2024
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Israel–Hezbollah conflict
(Timeline)|

* Attacks on journalists
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassinations
* Hezbollah headquarters
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Saleh al-Arouri
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* ceasefire

Red Sea crisis
(Timeline)|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* 2024 missile strikes in Yemen
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)

Hostages|

* Hostage–prisoner exchange
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

Captive|

* Bibas family
* Oded Lifshitz
* Naama Levy

Rescued|

* Operation Golden Hand
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani
* Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi

Released|

* Rachel Edry
* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem

Deceased|

* Alex Dancyg
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka

General
topics|

* Ceasefire
* COGAT
* Dahiya doctrine
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Hannibal Directive
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of the State of Palestine
* Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)
* Israeli interrogations
* Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war
* Women
* Wikipedia

Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* International law
* Background to the Israel–Hamas war
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human rights violations
* Human shields
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Israeli settlement
* Legality of Israeli settlements
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Israeli assassinations
* Women

Effects|

* Calls for the destruction of Israel
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Mass detentions
* Economic impact
* Environment impact in Gaza
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Humanitarian crisis
* Gaza floating pier
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature baby crisis
* Famine
* Societal breakdown
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* United States complicity
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

Reactions|

* Calls for a ceasefire
* Three-phase proposal
* September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests
* Diplomatic impact
* University donors
* European Union
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* 2024 Beijing Declaration

Military aid|

* US support for Israel
* UK support for Israel

Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting

Protests|

* University campuses
* Columbia
* Sciences Po
* UCLA
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* Humanitarian aid blockade
* Spain
* 2024 pro-Palestinian strike
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* Pakistan
* D-Chowk Dharna
* 2024 Faizabad sit-in

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728
* A/RES/ES-10/23
* S/RES/2735
* A/RES/ES-10/24

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory
* War crimes and crimes against humanity report

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* ICC investigation in Palestine
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg
* Ehsan Daxa

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Yuval Castleman
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Rafa Salama
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh

|

Other
militants|

* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Jihad Shehadeh

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Majed Abu Maraheel
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Mohammad Bhar
* David Ben Avraham
* Adnan al-Bursh
* Rashid Dabour
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Fathi Ghaben
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Medo Halimy
* Sidra Hassouna
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Mohammad Khdour
* Hani Al-Masdar
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Rashad Abu Sakhila
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard
* Talal Abu Zarifa
* Shaban al-Dalou
* Mahasen al-Khateeb
* Nagham Abu Samra

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Waibhav Anil Kale
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Ali Karaki
* Nabil Qaouk
* Abbas Nilforoushan
* Fatah Sharif
* Hashem Safieddine
* Mohammad Afif

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Ismail al-Ghoul
* Belal Jadallah

General topics|

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Friendly fire

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash

Other
topics|

* 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal
* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* "All Eyes on Rafah"
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war
* Blockout 2024
* Central Archives of Gaza City
* Bearing Witness
* "From the river to the sea"
* Gaza Daily
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* "Hurricane"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Palestine exception
* Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Massacres or pogroms against Jews

1st – 13th century|

| 1–999|

* Alexandrian pogrom (38)
* 2nd Alexandrian pogrom (66)

| Jewish revolts|

* The Great Revolt (66–73)
* Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136)
* Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus (351–352)
* Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617)
* Battle of Khaybar (628 CE)

|

1000–1299|

* Córdoba massacre (1013)
* Fez massacre (1033)
* Granada massacre (1066)

| Rhineland massacres (1096)|

* Worms
* Speyer
* Mainz

|

* Ham massacre (1143)
* Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)
* Rintfleisch massacres (1298)

14th – 19th century|

| 1300–1599|

* Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
* Navarre pogrom (1328)
* Armleder persecutions (1336–1339)

| Persecution of Jews during the Black Death (1348–1350)|

* Erfurt
* Basel
* Speyer
* Strasbourg
* Zurich

|

* Toledo massacre (1355)
* Brussels massacre (1370)
* 1391 pogroms (1391)
* Schaffhausen Massacre (1401)
* Moroccan revolution (1465)
* Córdoba pogrom (1473)
* Massacre of the Assumption (1474)
* Spanish Inquisition (1478)
* Arles pogrom (1484)
* Lisbon massacre (1506)
* Hebron pogrom (1517)
* Safed pogrom (1517)
* Portuguese Inquisition (1536)

1600–1899|

* Chmielnicki massacres (1648–1657)
* Safed massacre (1660)
* Mawza Exile (1679)
* Massacre of Uman (1768)
* Tétouan pogrom (1790)
* Algiers massacre (1805)
* Hep-Hep riots (1819)
* First Odessa pogrom (1821)
* Baghdad massacre (1828)
* Tzfat pogrom (1834)
* Hebron pogrom (1834)
* Safed massacre (1838)
* Allahdad (1839)
* Damascus affair (1840)
* Second Odessa pogrom (1859)
* Third Odessa pogrom (1871)

| Russian Empire (1881–1884)|

* Kiev
* Warsaw
* Fourth Odessa pogrom

|

* Corfu pogrom (1891)
* 1898 Algerian riots (1898)

20th century|

| 1900–1937|

* Częstochowa pogrom (1902)
* First Kishinev pogrom (1903)
* Zablotov pogrom (1903)
* Kiev pogrom (1905)
* Fifth Odessa pogrom (1905)
* Second Kishinev pogrom (1905)
* Białystok pogrom (1906)
* Siedlce pogrom (1906)
* Shiraz pogrom (1910)
* The Tritl (1912)
* Lwów pogrom (1914)
* Skver pogrom (1917)
* Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation (1917)
* Kielce pogrom (1918)
* Lwów pogrom (1918)
* Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
* 1920 Nebi Musa riots

| Russian Civil War (1918–1920)|

* Lida
* Radomyshl
* Justingrad
* Skver
* Zviahel
* Pinsk
* Fastov
* Proskurov
* Kiev

|

* Zavirtcha pogrom (1921)
* Oradea pogrom [hu] (1927)
* Safed massacre (1929)
* Hebron massacre (1929)
* Campbell pogrom (1931)
* Constantine riots (1934)
* Thrace pogroms (1934)
* The Bloody Day in Jaffa (1936)
* Przytyk pogrom (1936)
* Brest pogrom [de; pl] (1937)

1938–1945|

| 1938|

* Tiberias massacre
* Kristallnacht

|

1939|

* Częstochowa massacre
* Dynów massacre
* Silc massacre

|

1940|

* Dorohoi pogrom

|

1941|

* Bucharest
* Antwerp
* Gabès
* Kaunas (June)
* Szczuczyn
* Iași
* Lviv
* Wąsosz
* Jedwabne
* Farhud
* Ponary
* Tykocin
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Babi Yar
* Odessa
* Švenčionėliai
* Kaunas (October)
* Rumbula
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)

|

1942|

* Dünamünde Action
* Dzyatlava massacre
* Sarny massacre

|

1943|

* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
* Kielce cemetery massacre
* Operation Harvest Festival

|

1944|

* Ardeatine massacre
* Luduș massacre
* Sărmașu massacre
* Kremnička and Nemecká massacres (1944–1945)

|

1945|

* Deutsch Schützen
* Topoľčany pogrom
* Kraków pogrom
* Tripolitania pogrom
* Cairo pogrom

|

1946–1999|

| 1946|

* Kielce
* Kunmadaras
* Miskolc

|

1947|

* Fajja bus attacks
* Haifa Oil Refinery
* Aden
* Aleppo
* Manama

|

1948|

* Tripoli
* Djerada
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing
* Cairo bombings
* Kfar Etzion massacre

|

1949|

* Menarsha synagogue attack

|

1950s–1960s|

* Night of the Murdered Poets (1952)
* Scorpion Pass massacre (1954)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Shafrir synagogue shooting (1956)
* Tripoli pogrom (1967)
* Purge of Polish Jews (1968)

|

1970s|

* Avivim school bus bombing (1970)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Kiryat Shmona massacre (1974)
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing (1975)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Nahariya massacre (1979)

|

1980s|

* Paris synagogue bombing (1980)
* Antwerp summer camp attack (1980)
* Antwerp bombing (1981)
* Vienna synagogue attack (1981)
* Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack (1982)
* Ras Burqa massacre (1985)
* Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre (1986)
* Purim stabbing (1989)

|

1990s|

* Cairo bus attack (1990)
* Crown Heights riot (1991)
* AMIA bombing (1994)
* Dizengoff Street bus bombing (1994)
* Beit Lid massacre (1995)
* Purim massacre (1996)
* Island of Peace massacre (1997)
* Mahane Yehuda Market bombings (1997)

|

21st century|

| 2000–2009|

| 2001|

* Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing

|

2002|

* Ghriba synagogue bombing
* Hadera attack
* Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
* Passover massacre
* Matza restaurant suicide bombing
* Hebrew University bombing
* Rishon LeZion bombing
* Matzuva attack
* Hebron ambush

|

2003|

* Istanbul
* Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
* Davidka Square bus bombing
* Café Hillel bombing
* Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
* Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
* Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing

|

2004–2009|

* Beersheba bus bombings (2004)
* Ashdod Port bombings (2004)
* Tel Aviv shawarma bombing (2006)
* Jerusalem yeshiva attack (2008)

|

2010–2019|

* Itamar attack (2011)
* Burgas bus bombing (2012)
* Toulouse and Montauban shootings (2012)
* Jerusalem synagogue massacre (2014)
* Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting (2014)
* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (2014)
* January 2015 Île-de-France attacks (2015)
* Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (2015)
* Tel Aviv shooting (2016)
* Halamish stabbing (2017)
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018)
* Poway synagogue shooting (2019)
* Jersey City shooting (2019)
* Monsey Hanukkah stabbing (2019)

2020–present|

* Israel riots (2021)
* Beersheba attack (2022)

| 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel|

* Be'eri
* Ein HaShlosha
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nahal Oz
* Netiv HaAsara
* Nir Oz
* Nirim
* Re'im
* Yakhini

|

* Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus (2023)
* Dagestan attacks (2024)
* Amsterdam attacks (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Saraya Al-Quds

divisions|

* Political wing: Palestinian Islamic Jihad
* Militant wing: Saraya Al-Quds

people|

* deceased
* Ramadan Shalah
* 2020 in Lebanon
* living
* Ziyad al-Nakhalah

allied groups|

* Palestinian Joint Operations Room
* Al-Qassam Brigades
* Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

events|

* 1989
* Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack
* 2023
* Hamas-led attack on Israel
* Nahal Oz attack
* Israel–Hamas war
* hostage crisis

* v
* t
* e

Hamas

History|

* Hamas Charter (revised)
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Takeover of the Gaza Strip
* 25th anniversary of Hamas (2012)

Political wing|

* List of leaders of Hamas
* Hamas government in the Gaza Strip
* Hamas temporary committee
* Islamic Salvation Party
* Khaled Mashal
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Basem Naim
* Ali Baraka
* Mousa Abu Marzook
* Zaher Jabarin
* Essam al-Da'alis
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* hospital
* Women: Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti
* Umm Nidal

| Elections|

* 2005 presidential
* 2006 legislative

|

Law and order|

* Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Police
* Faiq Mabhouh
* Palestinian Executive Force [ar]
* Said Seyam
* Palestinian lawl
* Executions

Military wing|

* Palestinian Joint Operations Room
* Al-Qassam Brigades
* Nukbha
* Ayman Nofal
* al-Aqsa Flood Vanguards unit

| People|

* Leader: Mohammed Deif
* Spokesperson: Abu Obaida
* Marwan Issa
* Yahya Ayyash
* Adnan al-Ghoul
* Salah Shehade
* Mazen Faqha
* Wa'el Nassar
* Ahmed Jabari
* Imad Abbas
* Emad Akel
* Nidal Farahat
* Yunis Al Astal
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Women
* Reem Riyashi
* Fatma Omar An-Najar

|

Operations|

* Murder of Yaron and Efrat Ungar
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
* 2001 Immanuel bus attack
* 2004 Ashdod Port bombings
* IDF outpost bombing
* 2006 Gaza cross-border raid
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* August 2010 West Bank shooting attack
* 2012 Gaza War
* 2014 Gaza War
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2023 attack on Israel
* Israel–Hamas war

|

Weapons|

* Al-Bana
* Batar
* Qassam rocket
* Yasin (RPG)

|

Social services|

* Islamic University of Gaza
* Mujama al-Islamiya
* Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund

Media|

* Al-Aqsa TV
* Tomorrow's Pioneers
* Al-Aqsa Voice Radio
* Al-Quds TV
* Shehab News Agency
* Al-Watan (defunct)

Foreign relations|

* Support from (Iran
* Israel
* Qatar
* Turkey)
* Russia
* Lebanon

Related articles|

* Criticism of Hamas
* Hamas war crimes
* Hamas most wanted playing cards

Category:Hamas

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef

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