ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)

Three Dutch-ruled islands in the Leeward Antilles

12°16′N 69°05′W﻿ / ﻿12.27°N 69.08°W﻿ / 12.27; -69.08

ABC Islands

* ABC-Eilanden (Dutch)
* Islanan ABC (Papiamento)

From left to right, Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire

Location of ABC islands in the Leeward Antilles

Capitals|

3 capitals

* Oranjestad
* Kralendijk
* Willemstad

Languages|

3 languages

* Dutch
* English
* Papiamento

Demonym(s)|

List

* Aruban
* Bonairean
* Curaçaoan

Islands|

Countries/territory

* * * *

2 constituent countries

* * *

*  Aruba
*  Curaçao
* * * *

1 Special municipality

* * *

*  Bonaire

Area

• Total

| 912 km2 (352 sq mi)
Population

• 2022 estimate

| 300,000

• Density

| 298/km2 (771.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)| estimate

• Total

| $15.977 billion

• Per capita

| $47,683
GDP (nominal)| estimate

• Total

| $18.852 billion

• Per capita

| $47,113
HDI| 0.833
very high
Currency|

3 currencies

* Aruban florin
* United States dollar
* Caribbean guilder

Today part of| Kingdom of the Netherlands

The ABC islands is the physical group of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, the three westernmost islands of the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. These islands have a shared political history and a status of Dutch underlying ownership, since the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ceded them back to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Curaçao and Dependencies from 1815. They are a short distance north of the Falcón State, Venezuela.[1] Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous, self governing constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire is a special municipality of the Netherlands. Territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the countries, and its special municipalities, are outside the European Union; citizens have Dutch nationality and the former colonial power benefits from preferential trade, mineral and natural resource rights, particularly offshore.

## History

[edit]

Arawakan people such as the Caquetio are indigenous to the ABC islands.[2] According to the disputed letters of Amerigo Vespucci, the first European to explore the ABC islands was one of Christopher Columbus' captains, Alonso de Ojeda, who landed on Curaçao in 1499.[3] He is said to have called the islands Las islas de los Gigantes or Islands of the Giants due to the native inhabitants, the Caiquetio Indians. The first known European exploration was by Amerigo Vespucci, whose cartographer Juan de la Cosa first described the islands. By 1527 the Spanish had formed a government and established Catholicism on the islands.

In 1634, the Netherlands fought Spain over control of the islands. The Dutch won, (although Spain won them back before abandoning them due to them being of little value to the Spanish[citation needed]) and the islands were then administered by the Netherlands. The Dutch West India Company established a major port on Curaçao and began importing West-African slaves to the island and to nearby Bonaire. On Aruba however, slavery was not as widespread due to island being considered too dry by the Dutch and Spanish for large plantations.

The abolition of the slave trade in 1863 had a devastating impact on the plantation-driven economies of Curaçao and Bonaire. The ABC islands gained newfound economic importance when oil was discovered in Venezuela during the early 20th century, the islands became sites of major oil refineries. Oil refining on the islands aided heavily in the Allied war effort during World War II.

From 1815 until 1954 the three islands were known as the Colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. This colony at various times also included Netherlands Suriname and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies. In 1954, the ABC islands were grouped together and became part of the Netherlands Antilles, which gave the islands political autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Although within The Netherlands Antilles, political power was largely dominated and held by Curaçao.

In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles after a 30-year political battle for separation, becoming a separate country within the kingdom.[4] Upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, Curaçao gained a similar status to Aruba. Bonaire became a special municipality of the Netherlands proper, although it maintains its status of an overseas territory of the European Union.

## Geography and climate

[edit]

See also: Geography of Aruba, Geology of Bonaire, and Geography of Curaçao

Flag of Aruba Flag of Bonaire Flag of Curaçao

The ABC islands are part of the Leeward Antilles, which is the westernmost area of the Lesser Antilles. They lie immediately to the north of Falcón State, Venezuela. Due to their political history, they are sometimes considered to be part of North America along with the other Caribbean islands, but are on South America's geographical plate and continental shelf as with Trinidad and Tobago.

ABC does not indicate the geographical order to each other; from west to east the islands are Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire. Aruba is a flat island, much coastal land being exposed to tidal storm surges. Bonaire and Curaçao are surrounded by reefs, and so are much more sheltered from this. Bonaire's and Curaçao's reefs are popular tourist destinations.

The ABC islands have an atypical hot desert climate seen in hot pockets of Australia, Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk, with some notable rain but an excess of evaporation over precipitation. Surfaces on these islands hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. In addition, Aruba–Curaçao–Bonaire cactus scrub is the most common vegetation on these islands. Furthermore, the ABC islands are very dry as they lie north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Only in their short rainy season from October to December or January are they exposed to showers or storms formed from the northeast trade winds. The rainy season is powerfully influenced by the Southern Oscillation resulting in very high variability.[5] During strong El Niño years like 1911/1912, 1930/1931, 1982/1983, and 1997/1998, annual (fiscal year) rainfall can be less than 200 millimetres or 8 inches, and even under 100 millimetres or 4 inches in Curação in 1911/1912. As much as 1,100 millimetres or 43 inches fell during strong La Niña northern hemisphere winters: 1933/1934, 1970/1971, 1988/1989, 1999/2000, 2010/2011, and 2020/2021, with the highest monthly totals being over 350 millimetres or 14 inches.

Temperatures in the ABC islands are uniformly hot, averaging around 28 to 37 °C (82.4 to 98.6 °F) year-round, with comfortable humidity and minima rarely falling below 25 °C or 77 °F even on the mildest mornings, although afternoons rarely top 38 °C or 100 °F.

### Environment

[edit]

Bonaire is known for being a "diving paradise", with ecotourism playing a large part in its economy. The islands have a huge variety of wildlife, including flamingos and four species of sea turtle.[4]

Aruba set aside 20% of its land for a National Park to protect and conserve its wildlife, known as Arikok National Park. The island is widely known for its beaches and low amounts of rainfall (even less rainfall than Curaçao and Bonaire).[6][7]

## Demographics

[edit]

People of African descent make up the majorities of Curaçao and Bonaire's populations,[8] while people of Mestizo and European descent make up the majority of Aruba's population.[9] Inhabitants of other descent and various nationalities are also present on each island.

The islands have received substantial immigration in recent decades, namely from South America, other Caribbean islands, Europe, Asia and North America. Significant numbers of Venezuelan refugees also reside on the ABC islands.[10]

### Language

[edit]

Multilingualism is prevalent in the ABC Islands,[11] with most inhabitants speaking multiple languages.

Dutch has been the official language of the islands for most of their history since European contact, it is the language of education and government. However Dutch is not the common language on any of the ABC Islands.

Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba), a Portuguese creole language, is the most widely spoken language on all three ABC islands.[12] There are two main dialects of the language, Papiamentu (Curaçao, Bonaire) and Papiamento (Aruba). Unlike many other creole languages, Papiamento/u has and is not decreasing in usage. It has been made an official language on Aruba since 2003 and later official on in Curaçao and Bonaire since 2007.[13] Papiamento/u is based on Portuguese/Spanish with significant influences from Dutch, English, French, West African and Amerindian languages.[14]

Spanish and English are also widely known and spoken on the ABC islands. Spanish due to historical ties and proximity to Latin America, and English due to North American tourism.

Other languages brought over by immigrants such as Chinese, Portuguese, French, Italian, Sranan Tongo and others are also spoken by smaller communities of speakers on the islands.

## Politics

[edit]

Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which have their own parliament and prime minister. Bonaire is a "special municipality" of the Netherlands proper, and subject to Dutch law.

Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao are constitutional parts of the European Union, meaning that all three islands are special member state territories. Citizens of these islands hold European passports and can vote in European parliament elections. In addition, the islands get European development funds and students on the islands can also apply for Erasmus program from the islands. However, the islands are not in the Schengen area of the European Union.

## See also

[edit]

* BES islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba)
* Dutch Empire
* SSS islands (Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Miller, Debra (2005). Caribbean Islands (Lonely Planet) (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 723\. ISBN 978-1-74104-055-5.
2. ^ Brushaber, Susan; Greenberg, Arnold (October 2001). Aruba, Bonaire & Curacao Alive!. ISBN 9781588432599.
3. ^ Konetzke, Richard (1963). Entdecker und Eroberer Amerikas; von Christoph Kolumbus bis Hernán Cortés. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei. pp. 54–55.
4. ^ a b Sullivan, Lynne M. (2006). Adventure Guide to Aruba, Bonaire & -Curaçao. Edison, New Jersey: Hunter Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58843-572-9. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
5. ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; 'Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach'; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457–3466
6. ^ "Arikok National Park Aruba - Wildlife, Hiking & More". www.aruba.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
7. ^ "Aruba weather forecast & average temperatures | Aruba". www.aruba.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
8. ^ West-Duran, Alan (2003). "The Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, Saba), Aruba, and St. Maarten". African Caribbeans: 141–156\. doi:10.5040/9798400608056.ch-011.
9. ^ ""The_People_of_Aruba_Continuity_and_Change.pdf"" (PDF).
10. ^ Yayboke, Erol; Zúñiga, Ángeles (2023-05-03). "Forgotten Frontlines: Aruba, Curaçao, and the Venezuelan Displacement Crisis". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
11. ^ "Multilingualism in the Dutch Caribbean (NL)" (PDF).
12. ^ Narin, Attila (29 September 2003). "Papiamentu is the local language of the ABC Islands – Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao". narin.com. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
13. ^ "Aruba Language". arubavisit.info. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
14. ^ "Papiamentu - A linguistic treasure".

## External links

[edit]

* Government of Aruba
* Government of Bonaire
* Government of Curaçao
* Map of the region
* Map of the islands

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^These three form the SSS islands that with the ABC islands comprise the Dutch Caribbean, of which *the BES islands are not direct Kingdom constituents but subsumed with the country of the Netherlands.

†Physiographically, these continental islands are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically.

ǂDisputed territories administered by Guyana. ~Disputed territories administered by Colombia.

#Bermuda is an isolated North Atlantic oceanic island, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the Northern American region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.

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West
Indies|

| Antilles|

| Greater
Antilles|

* Cayman Islands
* Cuba
* Jamaica
* Navassa Island
* Puerto Rico

| Hispaniola|

* Dominican Republic
* Haiti

|

Lesser
Antilles|

| Leeward
Islands|

* Anguilla
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Guadeloupe
* La Désirade
* Les Saintes
* Marie-Galante
* Montserrat
* Saba^*
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
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| Saint Martin^|

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|

Virgin Islands|

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Southern
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|

Windward
Islands|

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* Carriacou and Petite Martinique
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* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

*  Barbados†
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Lucayan
Archipelago|

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* Turks and Caicos Islands

Caribbean
Sea|

* Aves Island
* San Andrés and Providencia
* Bajo Nuevo Bank~
* Serranilla Bank~

Caribbean
continental
zone|

* Quintana Roo
* Cozumel

| Central America|

* Belize
* Honduras
* Bay Islands
* Izabal
* Limón
* Corn Islands
* North Caribbean Coast
* South Caribbean Coast
* Panama

|

South America|

* Colombian Caribbean
* Venezuelan Caribbean

Wider
groupings
may include:|

* Bermuda#
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Nicaragua

| Yucatán Peninsula|

* Campeche
* Petén
* Yucatán

|

The Guianas|

* Amapá
* French Guiana
* Venezuelan Guayana
* Guyana
* Guayana Esequibaǂ
* Tigri Areaǂ
* Suriname

N.B.: Territories in italics are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies.

^These three form the SSS islands that with the ABC islands comprise the Dutch Caribbean, of which *the BES islands are not direct Kingdom constituents but subsumed with the country of the Netherlands.

†Physiographically, these continental islands are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically.

ǂDisputed territories administered by Guyana. ~Disputed territories administered by Colombia.

#Bermuda is an isolated North Atlantic oceanic island, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the Northern American region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.
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