ADX Florence

Federal supermax prison located in Fremont County, Colorado, US

United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility

Location in Colorado

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ADX Florence (the United States)

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Location| Fremont County, near Florence, Colorado
Coordinates| 38°21′23″N 105°05′43″W﻿ / ﻿38.35639°N 105.09528°W﻿ / 38.35639; -105.09528
Status| Operational
Security class| Administrative Maximum; colloquially Supermax
Population| 322 inmates (April 2024)[1][2]
Opened| November 1994 (soft opening)
January 1995 (full opening)
Managed by| Federal Bureau of Prisons
Warden| Andrew Ciolli
Website| www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/

The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (USP Florence ADMAX), commonly known as ADX Florence or the Florence Supermax, is an American federal prison in Fremont County to the south of Florence, Colorado, operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. ADX Florence, constructed in 1994 and opened one year later, is classed as a supermax or "control unit" prison, that provides a higher, more controlled level of custody than a regular maximum security prison (or "high security", as it is called in the federal prison system).[3] ADX Florence forms part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence (FCC Florence), which is situated on 49 acres (20 hectares) of land and houses different facilities with varying degrees of security, including the adjacent United States Penitentiary, Florence High.

ADX Florence was commissioned when the Federal Bureau of Prisons needed a unit designed specifically for the secure housing of those prisoners most capable of extreme violence toward staff or other inmates, as well as inmates deemed too high-profile or too great of a security risk for even a maximum security prison. The inmates are confined for the most part of the day in single cells with facilities made of poured, reinforced concrete to deter self-harm, and are under 24-hour supervision, carried out intensively with high staff–inmate ratios.

## Function[edit]

The institution is unofficially known as ADX Florence or "the Alcatraz of the Rockies".[4] It is part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence, run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons under the United States Department of Justice. The complex includes a minimum-security camp that, as of February 2019,[update] held more prisoners than the supermax unit. The number of inmates has declined, and as of 2021, two housing units have closed due to low population.[5]

Florence houses male inmates in the federal prison system deemed the most dangerous and in need of the tightest control, including prisoners whose escape would pose a serious threat to national security.

Women classified as a "special management concern" due to violence or escape attempts are confined at Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas.[6]

## History[edit]

On October 22, 1983, Thomas Silverstein and Clayton Fountain, members of the Aryan Brotherhood, fatally stabbed correctional officers Merle Clutts and Robert Hoffman at the United States Penitentiary, Marion. The stabbings took place only a few hours apart and were blamed on inadequate prison design.[7]

Federal Bureau of Prisons director Norman Carlson proposed a new facility to isolate the most dangerous, uncontrollable inmates for security and safety. Under his leadership, USP Marion was operated in permanent lockdown for 23 years, serving as a model for ADX as a control unit prison.[8][9] Carlson believed that the prison would hold criminals who were desperate enough to murder corrections officers or other inmates in the hopes of being sentenced to death. He argued that as draconian as these measures were, they were the only way to deal with inmates who have "absolutely no concern for human life".[7]

Florence opened on January 10, 1995.[10] The county already had nine prisons, but the lure of 750 to 900 permanent jobs (plus temporary jobs during the prison's construction) led residents to raise $160,000 to purchase 600 acres (240 ha) for the new prison. Hundreds of people attended the groundbreaking for the facility, which was designed by two leading architecture firms in Colorado Springs and cost $60 million to build.[11]

## Inmate population[edit]

The supermax unit at Florence houses 322 male inmates as of April 15, 2024,[12] each assigned to one of six security levels.[13] It is designed for 474 inmates[3] but has never been at full capacity.[14][15]

The facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile, or too great a security risk for even maximum-security prisons. For example, Joseph Romano was sentenced to life in federal prison for plotting to murder the judge and federal prosecutor who helped sentence him to 15 years in prison for masterminding a coin fraud operation. While in prison, he plotted to murder an undercover officer who had taken part in the investigation. When this came to light, Romano was transferred to Florence.[16]

The majority of current inmates, however, have been placed there because each has an extensive history in other prisons of committing violent crimes, including murder, against corrections officers and fellow inmates. These inmates are kept in administrative segregation; they are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.[17] During their hour outside the cell, which can occur at any time of day or night, they are kept under restraint (handcuffed, shackled, or both). The hour outside of the cell is for exercise and a phone call if they have earned the privilege. Their diet is restricted to ensure that the food cannot be used to harm themselves or to create unhygienic conditions in their cell. Some cells have showers which further reduces the amount of handling of inmates that correctional officers have to perform.[14]

After at least one year, depending on their conduct, inmates are gradually allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to keep them at Florence for no more than three years and then to transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the San Francisco Chronicle, Florence's main purpose is to "try and extract reasonably peaceful behavior from extremely violent career prisoners".[18]

One cell block at Florence was once known as "Bombers Row" because five notable terrorists, four of whom are/were domestic terrorists, were held there: Timothy McVeigh, Terry Nichols, Ramzi Yousef, Eric Rudolph, and Ted Kaczynski.[19]

Despite the extreme security measures to deter disruptive, violent, and dangerous behavior among inmates, there have been murders at ADX. Silvestre Mayorqui Rivera and Richard Santiago were both charged with the first-degree murder of Manuel Torres, a high-level member of the Mexican Mafia. Left alone with no guard supervision in the prison yard on the morning of April 21, 2005, Rivera and Santiago were videotaped brutally beating and stomping Torres to death. Rivera pled not guilty due to self-defense. Prosecutors intended to seek the death penalty against Rivera and Santiago, but they were both given life sentences for the murders. Today, both Rivera and Santiago remain at ADX.[20]

## Prison facility[edit]

Design of a cell at Florence Artist's view of the cell

ADX Florence is a 37-acre (15 ha) complex located at 5880 Highway 67, in an unincorporated area,[21] with a Florence, Colorado, postal address. It is located about 100 miles (160 km) south of Denver and 40 miles (64 km) south of Colorado Springs.[22] It is part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence (FCC Florence) which consists of three correctional facilities, each with a different security rating.[23]

The majority of the facility is above ground, with the exception of a subterranean corridor that links cellblocks to the lobby. Each cell contains a desk, stool, and bed, constructed almost entirely of poured concrete, as well as a toilet that shuts off if blocked, a shower that runs on a timer to prevent flooding, and a sink lacking a potentially dangerous tap. Cells are also fitted with polished steel mirrors bolted to the wall, electric lights that can be shut off or dimmed by the inmate,[24] a radio, and a television that shows recreational, educational, and religious programming, along with 50 mainstream channels and Netflix content.[25]

The 4-inch-by-4-foot (10 cm × 1.2 m) windows are designed to prevent inmates from knowing their specific location within the complex. They can see only the sky and roof through them, so it is virtually impossible to plan an escape. Inmates exercise in a concrete pit resembling an empty swimming pool, also designed to prevent them from knowing their location in the facility.[26] The pit is large enough only for a prisoner to walk ten steps in a straight line or thirty-one steps in a circle. Correctional officers generally deliver food to the cells. Inmates transferred to Florence from other prisons may be allowed to eat in a shared dining room.[18]

The prison as a whole contains a multitude of motion detectors, cameras, and 1,400 remote-controlled steel doors. Officers in the prison's control center monitor inmates twenty-four hours a day and can activate a "panic button", which immediately closes every door in the facility, should an escape attempt be suspected. Pressure pads and 12-foot (3.7 m) razor-wire fences surround the perimeter, which is patrolled by heavily armed officers.[citation needed]

* The facility houses inmates at six differing security levels: General Population Units ("Delta", "Echo", "Fox", and "Golf" Units), the Special Housing Unit (SHU), the Special Security Unit ("H" Unit), the Control Unit, Intermediate/Transitional Units ("Kilo" and "Joker" Units), and Range 13.[27] Many of the security levels at ADX have special purposes or missions for the inmates who occupy them. The Control Unit houses inmates who have committed serious conduct violations or acts of violence at other institutions. It also houses high-level members of organizations deemed as threats, such as prison gangs. "H" Unit houses inmates who are members of terror groups so designated by the Department of Justice or who have had special administrative measures (SAMs) placed on them.[28] Range 13 is a special four-cell wing within the Special Housing Unit for inmates in need of the tightest control. As of 2022, the only inmates publicly known to have been incarcerated in this unit are Thomas Silverstein, Ramzi Yousef, and Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán.[29] The two Intermediate Units house "step-down" inmates, who can earn transfer to another institution if they remain incident-free while housed in the unit. This is the only unit in ADX where inmates secure themselves in their own cells, can walk freely in their range, and associate with other inmates. From there, inmates will typically be transferred to the supermax step-down unit in USP Florence High.[30]

The Bureau of Prisons allowed the media to take a guided tour of Florence on September 14, 2007. Attending reporters remarked on "an astonishing and eerie quiet" within the prison, as well as a sense of safety due to the rigorous security measures.[31] 60 Minutes producer Henry Schuster said, "A few minutes inside that cell and two hours inside Supermax were enough to remind me why I left high school a year early. The walls close in very fast."[32]

The prison has received far less criticism than comparable facilities at the state level (such as California's Pelican Bay State Prison) which tend to suffer from over-population, low staff-to-inmate ratios, and security issues. Jamie Fellner of Human Rights Watch said after a tour of the facility in 1998, "The Bureau of Prisons has taken a harsh punitive model and implemented it as well as anybody I know."[18]

## Controversies[edit]

In 2012, eleven inmates filed a federal class-action suit against the Bureau of Prisons in Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons.[33][34] The suit alleged chronic abuse and failure to properly diagnose prisoners who are seriously mentally ill. At the time of the lawsuit, at least six inmates had allegedly committed suicide; a seventh did so after the original lawsuit was filed, and an amended filing added him to the case.[35]

Critics claim that the use of extended confinement in solitary cells severely affects prisoners' mental health, a conclusion supported by numerous studies.[36][37][38] As of March 2015,[update] settlement negotiations were underway with the help of a federal magistrate. Some changes have already been made by the Bureau of Prisons.[39]

Prisoners held in Unit H are subject to special administrative measures that prevent them from communicating with journalists or privately with their own lawyers or family members.[28]

In 2020, a British magistrate refused to extradite Julian Assange to the United States on espionage charges in part because he would possibly be subjected to solitary confinement and special administrative measures at ADX. On July 7, 2021, the High Court of Justice for England and Wales agreed to allow the United States to appeal this decision with the understanding that Assange "will not be subject to SAMs or imprisoned at ADX" if he is extradited.[40]

## Suicides at the prison[edit]

At least eight inmates have died, or are suspected of having died, by suicide at the facility.

Inmate  | Register number | Date of death | Age  | Status upon suicide  | Details | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|

Kevin Lee Wilson  | 57468-097 | June 17, 1999 | 37  | Was serving a 66-year and 10-month sentence.  | Bank robber from Glendale, California convicted of multiple counts of armed bank robbery, carrying a firearm during a crime of violence, and felon in possession of a firearm. |
Gregory Britt  | 12546-083 | December 9, 1999 | 43  | Was serving a life sentence.  | Inmate convicted of the murder of a fellow inmate at the Lorton Correctional Complex in Lorton, Virginia on June 19, 1983.[41] |
Lawrence Klaker  | Unlisted | November 18, 2002 | 45  | Was serving a life sentence plus five years.  | Convicted in 1986 for escaping a jail in New Orleans, then kidnapping a school teacher in Alabama; later became an enforcer for the Aryan Brotherhood in federal prison.[42] |
Lance Vanderstappen  | 11099-081 | April 17, 2006 | 26  | Was serving a 25-year sentence.  | Member of the Soldiers of Aryan Culture who committed various violent assaults in prison, including stabbing a fellow inmate in a courthouse holding cell.[43] |
John Frierson  | 99917-555 | May 27, 2008 | 35  | Was serving four consecutive life sentences.  | Sentenced in Mississippi Circuit Court after he went on a shooting rampage at the age of 17 that killed his grandparents, brother, and aunt. Frierson was transferred to ADX after killing a fellow inmate at the Mississippi State Penitentiary.[44] |
Jose Martin Vega  | 45189-053 | May 1, 2010 | 35  | Was serving four consecutive life sentences plus 190 years.  | Gang member from New York convicted of multiple counts of racketeering and armed drug trafficking.[45] | [46]
Robert Gerald Knott  | 17508-086 | September 7, 2013 | 48  | Was serving a life sentence.  | Convicted of carrying out a nine-day crime spree across multiple states that included several kidnappings and resulted in the death of a hostage and his accomplice in 1988.[47] | [48]
Jamie Jarold McMahan  | 05327-030 | November 13, 2017 | 42  | Was serving a life sentence.  | Sentenced to life in prison alongside his stepbrother, Christopher Kauffman, after they committed a methamphetamine-induced rampage that included two homicides and a bank robbery in Oskaloosa, Iowa, before fleeing with two women to Florida.[49] | [50]

## Notable current inmates[edit]

This section is about notable inmates who are currently held at ADX Florence. For a list of notable former inmates, see List of former inmates at ADX Florence.

### Foreign terrorists[edit]

This list contains foreign citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests. All sentences are without parole.

Inmate name  | Register number  | Photo  | Citizenship  | Status  | Details

|
|
|
|
|

Zacarias Moussaoui | 51427-054 |  |  France | Serving six consecutive life sentences.  | French citizen and Al-Qaeda operative, pleaded guilty to terrorism conspiracy charges in 2005 for playing a key role in planning the September 11 attacks by helping the hijackers obtain flight lessons, money and material used in the attacks.[51]
Ramzi Yousef | 03911-000 |  |  Pakistan | Serving a life sentence plus 240 years.  | Convicted in 1994 of terrorism conspiracy and other charges in connection with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed six people and injured more than 1,000. Yousef was also convicted in 1996 of planning Project Bojinka, a foiled plot conceived by senior Al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to bomb twelve planes in a 48-hour period.[52]
Abu Hamza al-Masri | 67495-054 |  |  Egypt | Serving a life sentence under the name Mostafa Kamel Mostafa.  | Egyptian cleric and former associate of the late Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; extradited from the UK in 2012; convicted in 2014 of masterminding the 1998 kidnapping of Westerners in Yemen and conspiring to establish a terrorist training camp in Oregon in 1999.[53]
Richard Reid | 24079-038 |  |  United Kingdom | Serving three consecutive life sentences plus 110 years.  | British national who became an Al-Qaeda operative; pleaded guilty in 2002 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction in connection with his 2001 attempt to detonate explosive devices hidden in his shoes on a Boeing 767 traveling from Paris to Miami; known as the "Shoe Bomber".[54]
Umar Abdulmutallab | 44107-039 |  |  Nigeria | Serving four consecutive life sentences plus 50 years.  | A Nigerian national and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula operative, follower of the late militant cleric Anwar al-Awlaki; pleaded guilty in 2011 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction for trying to blow up Northwest Airlines Flight 253 from Amsterdam to Detroit on Christmas Day 2009. He was nicknamed the "Underwear Bomber" as the bomb was sewn into his underwear.[55]
Ahmed Ressam | 29638-086 |  |  Algeria | Serving a 37-year sentence; scheduled for release on July 1, 2032.[56] | Algerian national convicted in 2001 of terrorism conspiracy for planning to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, in what is known as one of the 2000 millennium attack plots.[57][58]
Simón Trinidad | 27896-016 |  |  Colombia | Serving a 60-year sentence under the name Juvenal Ovidio Palmera Pineda; scheduled for release on February 17, 2055.  | Member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a guerrilla group on the U.S. State Department list of Terrorist Organizations; convicted in 2007 of terrorism conspiracy for his involvement in the 2003 kidnapping of three American military contractors.[59][60][61]
Sulaiman Abu Ghaith | 91969-054 |  |  Kuwait | Serving a life sentence.  | Al-Qaeda spokesman and son-in-law to Osama bin Laden. Convicted in March 2014 for conspiring to kill Americans and providing material support to terrorists.[62]
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim | 42426-054 |  |  Sudan | Serving a life sentence.  | Al-Qaeda co-founder and advisor to Osama bin Laden. Extradited in 1998 for participating in the U.S. Embassy bombings and sentenced to life in prison for attempted murder during an escape attempt in 2000.[63]
Mahmud Abouhalima | 28064-054 |  |  Egypt | Serving a 78-year and four-month sentence (sentence shortened by 30 years from 108 years and four months, which was shortened from an initial 240-year sentence); scheduled for release on March 8, 2060.  | Egyptian terrorist who was one of the men convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. In 1988 he traveled to Afghanistan to receive combat training. He also assisted El Sayyid Nosair in the assassination of far-right rabbi Meir Kahane, acting as the getaway driver.[64]
Mohammed Jabarah | 06909-091 |  |  Canada | Serving a life sentence.  | Canadian citizen convicted of plotting to bomb U.S. embassies in Singapore and the Philippines, he was turned over to U.S. authorities after agreeing to assist them with terror investigations. He was sentenced to life in federal prison in 2008 as a result of violating the terms of his release.[65]
Amor Ftouhi | 55707-039 |  |  Canada
Tunisia | Serving a life sentence.  | Perpetrator of the Bishop International Airport attack in Flint, Michigan in 2017, during which he stabbed an Airport Police Lieutenant in the neck; convicted in 2018 of committing an act of terrorism transcending national boundaries.[66]
Abdulrahman El Bahnasawy | 75868-054 |  |  Canada | Serving a 40-year sentence; scheduled for release on June 7, 2051.  | Plotted to carry out bombing attacks at Times Square and on the New York City Subway. Convicted of material support and conspiracy to commit terror acts transcending national boundaries in 2016 and sentenced to 40 years in federal prison in 2018.[67] El Bahnasawy was sent to ADX after he committed the stabbing of corrections officer Dale Franquet Jr at United States Penitentiary, Allenwood on December 7, 2020. Franquet lost an eye in the attack.[68]
Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali |

42371-054

|  |  United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia | Serving a life sentence.  | Al-Qaeda operative; convicted of murder, conspiracy to commit murder and conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, in relation to his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya. Sentenced to life in prison in 2001. Transferred to ADX in February 2022 from Marion CMU.[69][70]
Akayed Ullah | 79827-054 |  |  Bangladesh | Serving a life sentence plus 30 years.  | Bangladeshi national who partially detonated a pipe bomb between the Times Square–42nd Street and 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal stations of the New York City Subway. The blast injured three bystanders and the perpetrator. Ullah was convicted of possessing a criminal weapon, making terroristic threats and supporting an act of terrorism in 2018 and sentenced to life in prison plus 30 years in 2021.[71][72]
Ahmed Abu Khattala | 33405-016 |  |  Libya | Serving a 22-year sentence; scheduled for release on March 14, 2033.  | Libyan national and leader of Ansar al-Sharia, led the Benghazi attacks against two United States government facilities in September 2012. Ansar al-Sharia members attacked a diplomatic compound on September 11, 2012, that resulted in the deaths of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens, and U.S. Foreign Service Information Management Officer Sean Smith. Additionally, a mortar attack was carried out against a CIA annex that resulted in the death of two more U.S. diplomats. Abu Khatalla was convicted of conspiracy to provide material support for terrorism, maliciously destroying and injuring dwellings and property as well as using and carrying a semi-automatic weapon during a crime of violence. Another participant in the attack, Mustafa Al-Imam was also charged and convicted of offences related to the attack and was sentenced to 19 years in prison in 2020.[73][74][75]
Irek Hamidullin | 84991-083 |  |  Russia | Serving a life sentence plus 30 years.  | A former member of the Russian army, Hamidullin eventually traveled to Afghanistan where he was discovered fighting for the Taliban after he led insurgents to attack Camp Leyza, a military installation where U.S. and Afghan forces were stationed. Hamidullin was held in extrajudicial detention before being tried in federal court where he was convicted on 15 counts including material support, attempted murder of U.S. military personnel, conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction and possession of a firearm in connection with a crime of violence.[76][77]
Ibrahim Suleiman Adnan Harun | 81678-053 |  |  Niger | Serving a life sentence under the name Adnan Ibrahi Harun A. Hausa.  | Al-Qaeda operative from Niger who was convicted of conspiracy to murder American military personnel in Afghanistan, conspiracy to bomb the U.S. Embassy in Nigeria, and providing material support to terror organization. Harun was recruited into Al-Qaeda in the weeks before the September 11 attacks and travelled to Afghanistan to train Al-Qaeda camps. Harun was one of several Al-Qaeda soldiers to ambush a U.S. military patrol on April 25, 2003, killing servicemen Jerod Dennis and Raymond Losano. Harun was also ordered to commit a bombing attack against the U.S. Embassy in Nigeria by Al-Qaeda leaders. Harun was sentenced to life in prison in February 2018.[78][79]
Alexanda Amon Kotey

El Shafee Elsheikh

| 11685-509
11698-509 |  |  United Kingdom
Sudan | Serving eight concurrent life sentences each.  | Former British citizens and members of the 'ISIS Beatles' known as "Jihadi George" and "Jihadi Ringo" respectively, sentenced to eight concurrent life terms without the possibility of parole in April and August 2022 for charges of conspiracy to commit murder, lethal hostage taking, and material support. These charges stemmed from participating in the beheadings of American, British, and Japanese citizens while an active member of the Islamic State.[80][81] Kotey and Elsheikh directly participated in the negotiations and killings of James Foley, Peter Kassig, Steven Sotloff, and Kayla Mueller.[82][83]
Sayfullo Saipov | 79715-054 |  |  Uzbekistan | Serving ten concurrent life sentences plus 260 years.  | Uzbek national who perpetrated of the 2017 New York City truck attack, in which he drove a pickup truck rented from Home Depot and drove it through the protected bike lane of Hudson River Park in Manhattan, killing eight people and injuring eleven others. The incident was considered the deadliest terrorist attack in New York City since the September 11 attacks of 2001. Saipov committed the attack in the name of Islamic State. The death penalty was sought for Saipov; however, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in May 2023, after a jury failed to reach a unanimous decision on the matter.[84][85]

### Domestic terrorists[edit]

This list contains U.S. citizens, regardless of origin, who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests.

Inmate name  | Register number  | Photo  | Status  | Details

|
|
|
|

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev | 95079-038

Archived July 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

|  | Originally sentenced to death on June 24, 2015. Sentence overturned by a federal appeals court on July 31, 2020,[86] but re-imposed by Supreme Court on March 4, 2022.[87] | Dzhokhar, along with his older brother Tamerlan planted a pressure cooker bomb at the finish line of the 2013 Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring over 250. Tamerlan died of injuries sustained in brothers' shootout with police 82 hours later. Dzhokhar escaped, but was found and arrested later that day. He was sentenced to death. He was to be transferred to USP Terre Haute in Indiana when his execution date was set, but the death sentence was vacated in July 2020 due to inadequate screening for potential biases among jury pool. The death sentence was re-imposed by the Supreme Court of the United States on March 4, 2022.
Wadih el-Hage | 42393-054 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Convicted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, Africa, which were conceived by Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; the bombings killed 224 people and injured more than 4,000.[88][89][90][91]
Terry Nichols | 08157-031 Archived September 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving 161 consecutive life sentences.  | Conspirator in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which killed 168 people. Timothy McVeigh, who planned and carried out the bombing, was executed in 2001.[92][93]
José Padilla | 20796-424 Archived September 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a 21-year sentence; scheduled for release on July 27, 2026.[94][95] | Al-Qaeda operative and one of the first U.S. citizens to be designated as an enemy combatant after the September 11 attacks; convicted in 2007 of terrorism conspiracy for traveling overseas to attend an Al-Qaeda training camp and providing material support to terrorists.[96][97]
Eric Rudolph | 18282-058 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving four consecutive life sentences.  | Member of the Christian extremist group Army of God; pleaded guilty in 2005 to carrying out four bombings between 1996 and 1998, including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta; he killed three people during the bombing spree.[98][99]
Faisal Shahzad | 63510-054 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Tehrik-i-Taliban operative; pleaded guilty to attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction and other charges in connection with the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt; received explosives training in 2009 from the terrorist organization Tehrik-i-Taliban in Pakistan.[100][101]
Naser Jason Abdo | 80882-280 |  | Serving two consecutive life sentences plus 60 years.  | U.S. Army private who refused to deploy to Afghanistan and went AWOL; convicted in 2012 of attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction for plotting to detonate a bomb in 2011 at a restaurant near Fort Hood in Killeen, Texas, when it was filled with soldiers.[102][103]
Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh | 85795-053 |  | Serving a 45-year sentence; scheduled for release on August 5, 2053.  | Houston man who was convicted of terrorism-related charges in 2017 after he attended an Al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. He was charged with material support of terrorism for a planning role in a 2009 attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman in Khost. He had reportedly been radicalized by Zarein Ahmedzay, one of the men charged with the 2009 New York City Subway bombing plot.
Ahmad Khan Rahimi | 78312-054 |  | Serving two consecutive life sentences.  | American-Afghan man from Elizabeth, New Jersey, who was convicted in U.S. District Court and New Jersey state court for use of weapons of mass destruction, bombing a place of public use, attempted murder of law enforcement officers and various other charges. On September 17, 2016, Rahimi planted and detonated explosives in Seaside Park, New Jersey, and Manhattan, New York, that injured 35 people. Another explosive was discovered in a backpack in Elizabeth, New Jersey, two days later. After Linden police attempted to apprehend Rahimi, he engaged in a shootout with members of police and shot an officer in the abdomen. Additionally, as a pre-trial detainee at Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York, he was accused of distributing terrorist propaganda and bomb-making instructions to inmates alongside fellow would-be terrorist, Sajmir Alimehmeti. Rahimi was sentenced to life in prison in 2018.[104][105][106]
Glendon Scott Crawford | 20658-052 |  | Serving a 30-year sentence; scheduled for release on January 9, 2038.  | Former U.S. Navy seaman, Ku Klux Klan member and resident of Galway, New York. In 2015, he was the first U.S. citizen ever convicted of attempting to acquire a radiological weapon. Crawford and a co-defendant attempted to construct a radiation dispersal device to be used outside of Mosques, Islamic schools, and to kill former President Barack Obama.[107][108]
Adam Fox

Barry Croft

| 11843-509
11796-509 |  | Adam Fox is serving a 16-year sentence; scheduled for release on May 26, 2034.

Barry Croft is serving a 19-year and 7-month sentence; scheduled for release on June 15, 2037.

| Adam Fox of Wyoming, Michigan, and Barry Croft of Bear, Delaware, masterminded the Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot. Fox and Croft were affiliated with far-right militia groups and the Boogaloo movement. In late 2022, both men were convicted of kidnapping conspiracy and conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction for plotting to kidnapping Whitmer and to eventually violently overthrow the state government. Croft was also convicted possessing an unregistered destructive device.[109][110]

### Espionage[edit]

Inmate name  | Register number  | Photo  | Status  | Details

|
|
|
|

Noshir Gowadia | 95518-022 |  | Serving a 32-year sentence; scheduled for release on February 1, 2032.  | Former engineer for the U.S. Department of Defense and one of the principal designers of the B-2 stealth bomber; convicted in 2011 of using classified information to assist the People's Republic of China in producing cruise missiles with stealth technology.[111]
Walter Myers | 29796-016 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Former intelligence analyst for the U.S. State Department; pleaded guilty in 2009 to conspiracy to commit espionage for providing classified U.S. national defense information to Cuba over a period of 30 years. His wife, Gwendolyn Myers, was sentenced to six years.[112][113]
Peter Debbins | 05852-509 |  | Serving a 15-year and eight-month sentence; scheduled for release on December 28, 2033.  | Former United States Army Special Forces officer; convicted in 2021 of conspiring to provide Russian intelligence operatives with U.S. national defense information. Between 1996 and 2011, Debbins periodically travelled to Russia and supplied intelligence agents with the information.[114][115]

### Organized crime figures[edit]

Inmate name  | Register number  | Photo  | Status  | Details

|
|
|
|

James Marcello | 99076-012 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | "Front Boss" of the Chicago Outfit; convicted of racketeering, conspiracy for participating in 18 murders, and directing criminal activities including extortion, illegal gambling, loan sharking, and bribery.[116][117]
Luis Felipe | 14067-074 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  |  | Serving a life sentence plus 45 years.  | Leader of the New York chapter of the Latin Kings gang; convicted in 1996 of murder conspiracy and racketeering for running a criminal enterprise whose members engage in murder, assault, armed robbery, and drug trafficking; Felipe is known as "King Blood".[118][119]
Tyler Bingham | 03325-091 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Aryan Brotherhood prison gang founder; was transferred to ADX in 2006 after being connected to violent gang activities in prison; convicted of murder, murder conspiracy, and racketeering for ordering the killing of two inmates at USP Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.[120][121]
Larry Hoover | 86063-024 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving six consecutive life sentences.  | Leader of the Gangster Disciples in Chicago; sentenced to life in state prison in 1973 for murder; convicted in 1997 of drug conspiracy, extortion, money laundering, and running a continuing criminal enterprise for leading the gang from state prison.[122][123]
Jeff Fort | 92298-024 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a 68-year sentence; scheduled for release on October 14, 2044.  | Founder of the El-Rukn (Black P. Stones) gang in Chicago; convicted of drug trafficking in 1983; convicted of terrorism conspiracy in 1987 for plotting to commit attacks inside the U.S. in exchange for weapons and $2.5 million from Libya.[124][125]
Gerald Rubalcaba

Joseph Hernandez

Cornelio Tristan

| 02552-748

02837-748

02550-748

|  | Serving life sentences.  | Leaders of the Nuestra Familia gang, which engages in drug trafficking, extortion and murder inside and outside of prisons in California; arrested as part of Operation Black Widow in 2001; pleaded guilty to racketeering charges in 2004.[126]
Omar Portee | 30063-037 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a 50-year sentence; scheduled for release on May 23, 2044.  | Founder of the United Blood Nation gang and also known as "O.G. Mack"; convicted in 2002 of racketeering and murder conspiracy, as well as narcotics and weapons charges.[127]
Kaboni Savage | 58232-066 |  | Sentenced to death on June 3, 2013; awaiting execution.[128] | Philadelphia drug kingpin; convicted in 2013 of 12 counts of murder in aid of racketeering for ordering six drug-related homicides, as well as fire bombing the home of a federal witness, which killed two adults and four children.[129][130] He will be transferred to United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute in Indiana when an execution date is set.
Ronald Herron | 78527-053 |  | Serving 12 consecutive life sentences plus 105 years.[131] | One-time Brooklyn rapper, Ronald Herron AKA Ra Diggs was tried and convicted in 2014 for 21 counts, including three murders, racketeering and drug trafficking in connection to running a violent drug gang in New York.
Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán | 89914-053 |  | Serving a life sentence plus 30 years.  | Former leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. Guzmán was extradited from Mexico to the United States in January 2017, where he pleaded not guilty to all counts in Brooklyn, New York.[132] His charges included drug trafficking, money laundering, and murder. His defense asserted that he was not the organized crime leader that the prosecution claimed. The trial, often characterized as a trial of the century, began on November 5, 2018, and lasted until February 12, 2019, when the jury found him guilty of all counts. He was sentenced on July 17, 2019, to life imprisonment without parole.
Alfredo "El Mochomo" Beltrán-Leyva | 58525-007 |  | Serving a life sentence plus 50 years.  | Cousin and former business partner of Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, Beltran Leyva was the leader of the Beltran-Leyva Organization that operated out of Sinaloa, Mexico. Between the 1990s and 2000s, Beltran Leyva was responsible for the wholesale shipment of cocaine and methamphetamine between the United States, Mexico, and South America. On November 15, 2014, Beltran Leyva was extradited to the United States to face trial for shipping at least 27.9 tons of narcotics into the US. On February 23, 2016, Beltran Leyva pled guilty to charges of international narcotics trafficking conspiracy and was sentenced to life imprisonment plus 50 years in 2017. Beltran Leyva was also ordered to forfeit US$529 million in profits made from his organization.[133][134]
Pedro Gutierrez | 33580-058 |  | Serving a 20-year sentence, scheduled for release on October 16, 2034.  | Leader of the Nine Trey Gangsters Bloods gang in New York, convicted of racketeering conspiracy charges for controlling the gang from various New York state prisons.[135]
Peter Rollock | 12874-058 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Peter Rollock also known as "Pistol Pete" was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole in 2000 for six murders he committed while operating the Sex Money Murda (S.M.M.) street gang in the Bronx, New York. The S.M.M. gang became one of the largest street gangs involved in drug-trafficking in the New York area during the mid-1990s.[136][137]
José Antonio Acosta Hernández | 92043-280 |  | Serving three consecutive life sentences plus 20 years.  | Former leader of La Línea, the leading faction of the Juarez Cartel, Acosta Hernandez was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2012 after he was convicted of multiple counts of murder, racketeering, narcotics trafficking and money laundering. Acosta Hernandez admitted to directing or participating in the murders of more than 1,500 people between 2008 and 2012, including the 2010 murder of three U.S. Consulate employees.[138]
Perry Roark | 53975-037 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | One of the founders of the Dead Man Incorporated prison gang. In 2013, Roark pleaded guilty to a racketeering conspiracy, murder and trafficking charges related to running the gang alongside members Bryan Jordan and James Sweeney. Roark and Sweeney were subsequently sentenced to life in prison.[139]
Dario Antonio Úsuga | 99420-509 |  | Serving a 45 year sentence under his misspelled name Dairo; scheduled for release on February 27, 2060.  | Former leader of the Golf Clan, he was one of the most wanted drug lords in Colombia before he was captured on October 23rd, 2021, and later extradited to the United States in May 2022. He was convicted of drug trafficking and sentenced to 45 years in prison, in addition to being fined $216 million. US Attorney General Merrick Garland said Úsuga "ordered the reckless execution of Colombian police officers, soldiers, and civilians" during his time as leader of the Golf Clan.[140][141][142]
Fotios "Freddy" Geas | 05244-748 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Former mafia hitman for the Genovese crime family who operated out of Springfield, Massachusetts. In 2011, Geas was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of Gary Westerman and Adolfo Bruno, hits that were carried out on the orders of the Genovese family. In 2022, Geas was indicted for the murder of James "Whitey" Bulger, former leader of the Winter Hill Gang. Bulger was severely beaten with his eyes gouged out and tongue nearly cut off in the early morning hours of October 30, 2018, at United States Penitentiary, Hazleton.[143][144]

### Other crimes[edit]

Inmate name  | Register number  | Photo  | Status  | Details

|
|
|
|

Jessie Con-ui | 04287-748 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Already jailed for life for killing a gang rival in Arizona, Con-ui was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of corrections officer Eric Williams at United States Penitentiary, Canaan.[145]
Donald Fell | 05306-010 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Former federal death row inmate convicted of the 2000 kidnapping and murder of Teresca King, a Vermont woman killed in New York. The kidnapping and murder of King took place while Fell and an accomplice fled a double homicide in Vermont, where they killed Fell's mother, Debra Fell, and her friend Charles Conway. In 2018, Fell was re-sentenced to life imprisonment after it was revealed that juror misconduct had taken place during his 2005 trial.[146][147]
Dwight York | 17911-054 Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine |  | Serving a 135-year sentence.  | Founder and leader of the Nuwaubian Nation, a black supremacist cult. Convicted in 2004 of child molestation, racketeering and conspiracy, and fraud.[148][149]
Paul Bergrin | 16235-050 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Attorney convicted of conspiracy to murder a witness and racketeering, cocaine, and prostitution offenses.[150]
Allen Hurley | 28652-037 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | While serving a 37-year sentence for armed bank robbery at United States Penitentiary, Canaan, he stabbed his cellmate Joseph O’Kane, to death with a homemade prison shank. O'Kane was a member of the Gambino crime family serving a life sentence for murder in aid of racketeering.
Dominick Maldonado | 02071-122 |  | Serving a 163-year state sentence.  | Perpetrator of the 2005 Tacoma Mall shooting. Injured six in the mall before committing four armed kidnappings. Transferred out of ADX for a short period of time, but returned in May 2023.
Kevin M. Bellinger | 03532-007 |  | Serving a life sentence.  | Transferred to ADX after he and a co-defendant, Patrick Andrews, murdered inmate Jesse Harris at USP Hazelton in October 2007. After a long and complex investigation, both men were sentenced to life in prison on October 8, 2014.[151]
John Travis Millner | 32011-007 |  | Serving two consecutive life sentences plus 25 years.  | Transferred to ADX from USP Big Sandy after stabbing fellow inmate Vincent Earl Smith Jr. with a prison-made ice pick before strangling him to death in January 2009. Millner has had a long history of violence including a 25-year sentence for stabbing an inmate 27 times at USP Lee, and was already serving a life sentence for shooting and killing a person using a high-powered rifle on New Year's Eve 2002 in Washington D.C.[152]
Michael Swango | 08352-424 |  | Serving three consecutive life sentences.  | Physician and serial killer; pleaded guilty in 2000 to fatally poisoning four patients; has been linked to scores of other deaths.[153][154] Sent to ADX at his own request due to safety concerns.[155]

## In popular culture[edit]

The American crime drama series Better Call Saul features a fictional federal prison based on ADX Florence named "ADX Montrose", located in Montrose, Colorado. Scenes for ADX Montrose were shot at the Penitentiary of New Mexico.[citation needed]

In the 2023 fiction thriller novel Only the Dead by author and retired US Navy SEAL Jack Carr, the protagonist, James Reece, is housed in Range 13 after being suspected of an assassination attempt on a fictitious characterization of the President of the United States.

## See also[edit]

* Law portal
* United States portal
* Colorado portal

* List of U.S. federal prisons
* Federal Medical Center, Carswell, contains an Administrative Unit which is the equivalent to the ADX for federal female inmates. It also houses female federal inmates sentenced to death.
* Special Handling Unit, a supermax prison operated by Corrections Canada
* HM Prison Belmarsh, a UK high security prison operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. A High Security Unit (HSU), akin to a supermax, is contained within the prison grounds.
* List of former inmates at ADX Florence

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## Further reading[edit]

* Vick, Karl. "Isolating the Menace in a Sterile Supermax". The Washington Post. Sunday September 30, 2007.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ADX Florence.

* Official website of Federal Bureau of Prisons and its section on ADX Florence. Information on visiting is on the linked PDF
* "Supermax: A Clean Version of Hell". CBS News. October 14, 2007. Updated on June 19, 2009.