AbbVie

American pharmaceutical company

42°20′12″N 87°50′04″W﻿ / ﻿42.33679°N 87.83432°W﻿ / 42.33679; -87.83432﻿ (Headquarters Site)

AbbVie Inc.

Headquarters

Company type| Public

Traded as

* NYSE: ABBV
* S&P 100 component
* S&P 500 component

Industry| Biopharmaceutical
Founded| April 10, 2012; 13 years ago (2012-04-10)
Headquarters| 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, United States

Area served

| 170+ countries worldwide

Key people

* Richard A. Gonzalez (chairman)
* Robert Michael (CEO)

Products|

* Humira
* Imbruvica
* Kaletra
* Mavyret/Maviret
* Norvir
* Skyrizi
* Venclexta
* Zinbryta

Revenue|  US$56.33 billion (2024)

Operating income

|  US$9.137 billion (2024)

Net income

|  US$4.278 billion (2024)
Total assets|  US$135.2 billion (2024)
Total equity|  US$3.325 billion (2024)

Number of employees

| 55,000 (2024)
Website| abbvie.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

AbbVie Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company headquartered in North Chicago, Illinois. It is ranked sixth on the list of largest biomedical companies by revenue. In 2023, the company's seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 74,[2] and rank 89 on the 2024 list.[3] The company's primary product is Humira (adalimumab) ($14 billion in 2023 revenues, 27 percent of total), administered via injection. It is approved to treat autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, plaque psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis.

It developed Skyrizi ($7.8 billion in 2023 revenues), an interleukin-23 (IL-23) inhibitor also used to treat autoimmune diseases. Its other major products include Botox ($5.7 billion in 2023 revenues), Imbruvica to treat cancer ($3.6 billion in 2023 revenues), Rinvoq to treat arthritis ($4 billion in 2023 revenues), Venclexta to treat leukemia and lymphoma ($2.3 billion in 2023 revenues), Vraylar to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder ($2.7 billion in 2023 revenues), and Mavyret to treat Hepatitis C ($1.4 billion in 2023 revenues).[4]: 39–40 The company is also committed to product development for other treatments of cancer, neurologic diseases, eye care, and cystic fibrosis.[4]: 34 [5]

In 2023, Humira began facing competition from a biosimilar developed by Amgen. The company is also developing a drug for Parkinson's disease that could be a blockbuster drug in 2027 and is awaiting approval from the Food and Drug Administration for epcoritamab, a blood-cancer therapy under development in partnership with Genmab.[6]

The name "AbbVie" is derived from a combination of "Abbott", the name of its former parent company, with "vie", intended as a reference to a Latin root meaning 'life'.[7]

## History

[edit]

On October 19, 2011, Abbott Laboratories announced its plan to separate into two publicly traded companies, spinning off its research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer division.[8] This spin-off company, named AbbVie, was formed on April 10, 2012.[9] The separation was fully effective January 1, 2013, and AbbVie was officially listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ABBV) on January 2, 2013.[10][11]

In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Israeli government announced that it would force AbbVie to license its patents for Kaletra, the brand name of lopinavir/ritonavir, a fixed dose combination medication for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS which was also thought to have some applicability to fighting COVID-19. In response, AbbVie announced that it would cease enforcing its patents on the drug entirely.[12]

## Acquisitions

[edit]

In January 2014, the company acquired ImmuVen.[13] On September 3, 2014, AbbVie and Infinity Pharmaceuticals entered into a global collaboration to develop and commercialize duvelisib, Infinity's PI3K inhibitor for the treatment of patients with cancer. On the same day, AbbVie and Calico entered into a R&D collaboration intended to discover, develop and bring to market new therapies for patients with diseases of aging including neurodegeneration and cancer. California Life Company, operating as Calico, is an Alphabet Inc. subsidiary focused on aging and age-related diseases, and led by former Genentech chairman and CEO of Arthur D. Levinson and former Genentech EVP and chief medical officer Hal V. Barron (who subsequently left the company).[14]

In October 2014, AbbVie ended its efforts to acquire Shire, which would have been one of the largest M&A deals of that year and one of the largest tax inversions in history, due to changes in the US tax code by the US Treasury; AbbVie had to pay a $1.6 billion breakup fee.[15]

On March 4, 2015, AbbVie announced its agreement to acquire oncology firm Pharmacyclics and its treatment for blood cancers, ibrutinib; AstraZeneca had also been bidding to acquire Pharmacyclics.[16][17] Under the terms of the transaction, AbbVie agreed to pay $261.25 per share as a mix of cash and AbbVie equity. The acquisition valued at approximately $21 billion was completed on May 26, 2015.[18] The Pharmacyclics name was retained, and it operated as a subsidiary of AbbVie from its previous Sunnyvale, California headquarters until the consolidation of AbbVie Bay Area sites in a new building in South San Francisco.[19] On June 3, 2015, AbbVie and Halozyme Therapeutics announced that they had entered into a global collaboration and licensing agreement to develop and commercialize products that combine AbbVie's treatments and Halozyme's ENHANZE drug-delivery technology, this was terminated in November 2016.[20]

On 28 April 2016, the company announced it would acquire Stemcentrx for up to $9.8 billion.[21] A day later, the company announced an expansion of a two and a half-year-old cystic fibrosis deal with Galapagos NV, potentially doubling milestone payments to $600 million.[22][23]

On 25 June 2019, AbbVie announced it would acquire Irish-based Allergan plc for about $63 billion; however the transaction would not be structured as a tax inversion, and that post the transaction, AbbVie would remain legally domiciled in the U.S. for tax purposes.[24][25] The company divested certain assets to gain FTC approval.[26][27]

In July 2019, the company announced it would acquire Mavupharma, boosting its cancer drug pipeline.[28][29]

In May 2021, Allergan Aesthetics announced the acquisition of Soliton.[30] In June, Abbvie acquired TeneoOne and its lead compound TNB-383B. The compound is a BCMA-targeting immunotherapeutic for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.[31]

In March 2022, AbbVie acquired Syndesi Therapeutics for up to $1 billion and its portfolio of novel modulators of the synaptic vesicle protein 2A and lead compound SDI-118.[32][33] In October, the company acquired DJS Antibodies for $225 million, giving it access to an experimental drug for an aggressive lung disease as well as technology to develop certain antibody medicines.[34]

In November 2023, AbbVie announced it would be buying ImmunoGen for $10.1 billion, aiming to expedite its entry into the ovarian cancer treatment market with ImmunoGen's drug Elahere. The deal, which is subject to approval by ImmunoGen shareholders and regulators, was finalized in February 2024.[35][36]

In December 2023, AbbVie announced that it will acquire neuroscience drugmaker Cerevel Therapeutics for $8.7 billion, in an attempt to expand its drug pipeline.[37] The acquisition was completed in August 2024.[38]

On June 1, 2024, AbbVie's current President and Chief Operating Officer (COO) Robert Michael replaced Richard Gonzalez as CEO of AbbVie. Gonzalez will be the executive chairman.[39]

In February 2024, AbbVie Inc. and Tentarix Biotherapeutics announced the beginning of a long-term collaboration in the discovery and development of opportunistic, multi-specific biological candidates in oncology and immunology. AbbVie provides expertise in these areas, and will also provide Tentarix with option advances worth $64 million for two programs, and Tentarix will provide its patented Tentarix Tentacles™platform. AbbVie will receive an exclusive option to purchase the software in full, but the amount of the additional payment is not disclosed.[40] In March of the same year the company announced it would acquire Landos Biopharma for over $200 million.[41]

On Sept 9, 2024 AbbVie has filed a lawsuit against cancer treatment maker BeiGene alleging that it had encouraged their former scientist Huaqing Liu’s trade secrets.The company had spent years of research and investments to develop a compound that could have treated a certain type of blood and bone marrow cancers related to the growth of “B cells”.[42]

In October 2024, AbbVie acquired Aliada Therapeutics for $1.4bn to expand its neuroscience pipeline.[43]

In December 2024, AbbVie bought Nimble Therapeutics, a Roche spinout working to develop oral peptide treatments in the autoimmune area, for $200 million.[44]

## Acquisition history

[edit]

The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):

* Abbvie (Spin off from Abbott Laboratories)
* Pharmacyclics (Acq 2015)
* Stemcentrx (Acq 2016)
* Venice Subsidiary LLC[45]
* Allergan, plc (Acq 2019)
* Allergan, inc
* MAP Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2013)
* Kythera Biopharmaceuticals (Acq 2015)
* Actavis plc
* Eden Biodesign
* Watson Pharmaceuticals
* Warner Chilcott Plc (Acq 2000)
* Andrx Corporation (Acq 2006)
* Procter & Gamble (Prescription drug div, Acq 2009)
* Arrow Group (Acq 2009)
* Specifar Pharmaceuticals S.A. (Acq 2011)
* Ascent Pharmahealth Ltd (Acq 2012)
* Actavis Group (Acq 2012)
* Galen (Acq 2013)
* Uteron Pharma, S.A. (Acq 2013)
* Durata Therapeutics (Acq 2014)
* Silom Medical Company (Acq 2014)
* Forest Laboratories (Acq 2014)
* Aptalis Pharma
* Axcan Pharma
* Eurand Pharmaceuticals
* Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2014)
* Auden Mckenzie Holdings Limited (Acq 2015)
* Oculeve, Inc (Acq 2015)
* Naurex Inc (Acq 2015)
* AqueSys (Acq 2015)
* Northwood Medical Innovation Ltd (Acq 2015)
* Topokine Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
* Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Acq 2016)
* Tobira Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
* ForSight VISION5 (Acq 2016)
* RetroSense Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
* Akarna Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
* Motus Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
* Chase Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2016)
* LifeCell (Acq 2016)
* Zeltiq Aesthetics Inc. (Acq 2017)
* Keller Medical, Inc (Acq 2017)
* Repros Therapeutics (Acq 2017)
* Envy Medical, Inc. (Acq 2019)
* Mavupharma (Acq 2019)
* Soliton (Acq 2021)
* TeneoOne (Acq 2021)
* Syndesi Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
* DJS Antibodies (Acq 2022)
* Landos Biopharma (Acq 2024)
* ImmunoGen (Acq 2024)
* Cerevel Therapeutics (Acq 2024)
* Aliada Therapeutic (Acq 2024)
* Nimble Therapeutics (Acq 2024)

## Collaborations and partnerships

[edit]

On February 10, 2016, AbbVie and Cambridge, Massachusetts-based Synlogic announced a multi-year R&D collaboration. Synlogic is a synthetic biology company built on research from the labs of James Collins and Tim Lu at MIT. As part of the collaboration, AbbVie is getting worldwide rights to Synlogic's probiotic-based technology for treating inflammatory bowel disease, and the research teams will focus on Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.[46] In April 2016, the company partnered with the University of Chicago to investigate a number of areas of oncology: breast, lung, prostate, colorectal and hematological cancers.[47] In the same month the company announced it would co-commercialize Argenx's preclinical immunotherapy, ARGX-115. ARGX-115 is a first-in-class immunotherapy targeting GARP (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant), a membrane protein believed to enhance the immunosuppressive effects of T cells.[48] The company also announced a deal to co-develop/commercialize at least one of CytomX Probody's conjugates against CD71 (transferrin receptor 1).[49]

In March 2020, AbbVie announced plans to evaluate the Kaletra/Aluvia HIV medicine as possible COVID-19 treatment. The company entered into various partnerships with health authorities in different countries to investigate the efficacy of the medication.[50] However, the first non-blinded, randomized trial found the drug not useful to treat severe COVID-19.[51]

In January 2025, AbbVie announced a $1.64bn partnership with Neomorph aimed at developing new molecular glue degraders for multiple targets across oncology and immunology.[52] In the same month, it announced a $1bn partnership with Simcere Zaiming to develop an investigational drug candidate for multiple myeloma.[53]

In May 2025, AbbVie announced it was entering a collaboration and license option deal with ADARx Pharmaceuticals to develop a new type of RNA technology for disease areas like neuroscience, immunology and oncology.[54]

## Controversies

[edit]

### Drug pricing

[edit]

First released in 2003, AbbVie has since raised the price of Humira by more than 470%, culminating in an annual supply costing about $77,000. It has increased the price of Imbruvica, a drug used to treat mantle cell lymphoma and other cancers, by 82% since it launched in 2013. In 2022, it was priced at $181,529. For patients taking four pills each day, the cost was $242,039.[55]

According to the Wall Street Journal, as of January 2016 ibrutinib, a specialty drug, cost US$116,600 to $155,400 a year wholesale in the United States. In spite of discounts and medical insurance, the prohibitive price causes some patients to not fill their prescriptions.[56] AbbVie estimated global sales of the drug at $1 billion in 2016 and $5 billion in 2020.[56]

### Anti-competitive practices

[edit]

AbbVie has been accused of using anti-competitive patent thickets to prevent potentially cheaper biosimilars from entering the market. It is currently caught up in a legislative battle against Icelandic Alvotech, which is trying to bring a Humira biosimilar to market.[57][58] Forest Laboratories, a subsidiary of AbbVie, has been accused of using unlawful deals to prevent generic versions of its Alzheimer's disease drug, Namenda, from entering the market.[59][60]

In 2018, AbbVie agreed to pay $25 million to resolve allegations that it made use of kickback schemes to promote its cholesterol drug Tricor.[61] In 2020, AbbVie agreed to pay $24M to resolve allegations that it made use of kickback schemes to promote its rheumatoid arthritis drug Humira using "nurse ambassadors".[62][63]

### Tax avoidance

[edit]

In June 2021, the United States Senate Finance Committee, under Chair Ron Wyden (D-OR), began an investigation to determine if the company used the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 to buy back its own stock using income saved by the tax law.[64] In a letter to AbbVie CEO Richard Gonzalez, Wyden noted the company suffered a 2020 pretax loss in the US of $4.5 billion and an overseas pretax profit of $7.9 billion the same year. Wyden accused the company of shifting revenue to avoid US taxes.[65]

### Marketing of opioid painkillers

[edit]

In July 2022 the company agreed to pay up to $2.37 billion to settle U.S. lawsuits against its Allergan unit over the marketing of opioid painkillers. As part of the settlement, AbbVie, denied any wrongdoing. The company's stock fell 6 percent following an earnings report that included a $2.2 billion charge related to the opioid deal.[66]

### Litigation by the company against the NHS

[edit]

In 2018, it started litigation against NHS England in the Technology and Construction Court claiming that the agency breached procurement rules and had not treated the company fairly during what was described as "the single largest medicines procurement ever done by the NHS" when seeking suppliers for hepatitis C treatments.[67] In 2019, a UK court dismissed AbbVie's case against the NHS.[68]

## Carbon footprint

[edit]

AbbVie reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 508 Kt (−57 /-10.1% y-o-y).[69] and plans to reduce emissions 25% by 2025 from a 2015 base year.[70]

AbbVie's annual Total CO2e Emissions – Market-Based Scope 1 + Scope 2 (in kilotonnes)  Dec 2014 | Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020

|
|
|
|
|
|

679[71] | 654[72] | 610[73] | 583[74] | 585[75] | 565[76] | 508[69]

## References

[edit]

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* Alkermes (Ireland, 2011)
* Allergan (Ireland, 2015)
* Covidien (Ireland, 2007)
* Endo International (Ireland, 2014)
* Horizon Therapeutics (Ireland, 2014)
* Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Ireland, 2012)
* Mallinckrodt (Ireland, 2013)
* Perrigo (Ireland, 2013)
* Bausch Health (Canada, 2010)

|

Other|

* Alza
* Allergan, Inc.
* Amylin
* ARIAD
* Barr
* Biolex
* Bradley
* CancerVax
* Cephalon
* CoTherix
* Cubist
* Cutter Laboratories
* DNAPrint Genomics
* Epix
* Forest Laboratories
* Genta
* ImClone Systems
* ISTA
* King
* KV
* Leiner Health Products
* Martek Biosciences
* Massengill
* Miles Laboratories
* Mylan
* Naurex
* Nereus
* Nuvelo
* Ortho
* OSI
* Parke-Davis
* Repros Therapeutics
* Qualitest
* Rib-X
* Schering-Plough
* Smith, Kline & French
* Sterling Drug
* Tanox
* TAP
* Trubion
* Upjohn
* Verus
* ViroPharma
* Wyeth
* Zonite

* List of pharmaceutical companies

* v
* t
* e

DJSI World companies

Americas|

* Abbott Laboratories
* AbbVie
* Adobe
* Agilent Technologies
* Alphabet
* American Airlines Group
* Autodesk
* Banco Bradesco
* Banco do Brasil
* Bancolombia
* Biogen
* Canadian National
* CPKC
* Cisco
* Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais - CEMIG
* Cummins
* CVS Health Corporation
* DaVita
* Dow
* eBay
* Ecolab
* Edwards Lifesciences Corporation
* Elevance Health
* Palabella
* Fortinet
* General Mills
* Gilead Sciences
* Grupo Argos
* Grupo Sura
* Grupo Nutresa
* Healthpeak Properties
* Hess Corporation
* Hilton Worldwide
* Host Hotels & Resorts
* HP
* Illumina, Inc.
* Ingersoll Rand
* Itaú Unibanco
* Itaúsa
* Jacobs Solutions
* Kinross Gold Corporation
* Klabin
* Las Vegas Sands
* Lockheed Martin
* Lojas Renner
* Medtronic
* Microsoft
* Mondelez International
* Moody's Corporation
* Newmont
* Northrop Grumman
* Oshkosh Corporation
* Owens Corning
* Philip Morris International
* Prologis
* Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
* Republic Services
* Rumo Logística
* S&P Global
* Salesforce
* ServiceNow
* Snap Inc
* Sociedad Química y Minera
* Spirit AeroSystems
* Teck Resources
* The Cigna Group
* Gap Inc.
* The Williams Companies
* Union Pacific Corporation
* UnitedHealth Group
* Waste Management, Inc.
* Whirlpool Corporation

Europe|

* Aberdeen Group
* Acciona
* AENA
* Allianz
* Alstom
* Amadeus IT Group
* Anglo American plc
* Arkema
* ASML Holding
* ASR Nederland
* Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A.
* Aviva
* Axa
* Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
* Banco Santander
* Bankinter
* Billerud
* bioMérieux
* BNP Paribas SA
* Bureau Veritas
* CaixaBank
* Carrefour SA
* Castellum
* CNH Industrial
* Coca-Cola HBC
* Covivio
* Dassault Systèmes
* Deutsche Börse
* Deutsche Post
* Deutsche Telekom
* Diageo
* EDP Group
* Enagás
* Endesa
* Enel SpA
* Engie
* EQT
* Exxaro
* Ferrovial
* Galp Energia
* GEA Group
* Gold Fields
* Grifols
* GSK
* H&M
* Hera Group
* Hochtief
* Hugo Boss
* Iberdrola
* Indra Sistemas
* Inditex
* Infineon Technologies
* Informa
* International Distributions Services
* Intesa Sanpaolo
* Italgas
* Iveco
* Kering
* Kesko Oyj
* Ahold Delhaize
* Landsec
* Lanxess
* Leonardo (company)
* Linde
* Merlin Properties
* Metro
* Moncler
* Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft
* Neste Oyj
* Nexi
* NN Group
* OMV Aktiengesellschaft
* Partners Group
* Pearson
* Pirelli
* Poste Italiane
* PostNL
* Prysmian
* Publicis Groupe
* Randstad NV
* Reckitt Benckiser Group
* Red Eléctrica Corporación
* Relx
* Rexel
* Roche
* Rolls-Royce Holdings
* Saipem
* Sanofi
* SAP
* Schneider Electric
* SGS
* Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
* Signify
* Snam
* Sodexo
* Sonova
* STMicroelectronics
* Storebrand
* Temenos AG
* Terna Group
* TF1
* TotalEnergies
* Trane Technologies
* UBS Group
* United Utilities
* UPM-Kymmene Oyj
* Valmet Oyj
* Veolia
* Vestas Wind Systems
* Viaplay Group
* Warehouses De Pauw
* Wendel
* WH Smith
* Worldline SA

Asia Pacific|

* Advanced Info Service
* Advantech Co
* Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited
* Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
* ANA Holdings
* ANZ Bank
* ASE Group
* Bangkok Dusit Medical Services
* Brambles Limited
* Bridgestone
* CapitaLand
* Cathay United Bank
* Central Pattana
* Central Retail Corporation
* Chailease Holding Company
* Chang Hwa Bank
* KGI Financial Holding
* Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.
* Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.
* CP All
* CTBC Financial Holding
* Delta Electronics (Thailand) Public Company Limited
* Delta Electronics, Inc.
* Dentsu
* Dexus
* Doosan Enerbility
* Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited
* E Ink
* E.SUN Commercial Bank
* Far EasTone
* First Financial
* Fortescue (company)
* Fubon Financial Holding Co., Ltd.
* Fujitsu
* GPT Group
* Hana Financial Group Inc.
* Hindalco Industries
* Honda
* Hyundai Engineering & Construction
* Hyundai Glovis
* Hyundai Mobis
* Hyundai Motor Company
* Hyundai Steel
* Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited
* InnoLux Corporation
* ITOCHU Corporation
* JD.com
* JSW Steel
* Kakao Corp.
* Kanzhun Limited
* Kasikornbank
* KB Financial Group
* Keppel Corporation Limited
* Kia Corporation
* Komatsu Limited
* LG Electronics
* LG Household & Health Care
* Link Real Estate Investment Trust
* Lite-On
* Lixil Group
* LY Corporation
* Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
* Marui
* Mega International Commercial Bank
* Meiji Holdings
* Mirae Asset Securities
* Mitsubishi Chemical Group
* Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
* Mitsui & Co
* Nabtesco Corporation
* Nanya Technology Corporation
* National Australia Bank Limited
* Nikon Corporation
* Nippon Prologis
* Nissin Foods
* Nomura Holdings
* Nomura Research Institute
* NTT Data
* Olympus Corporation
* OMRON Corporation
* Ono Pharmaceutical
* Petronas
* President Chain Store Corporation
* PTT Exploration and Production
* PTT Global Chemical
* PTT Public Company
* Ricoh
* Samsung Biologics
* Samsung C&T Corporation
* Samsung Electro-Mechanics
* Samsung SDI
* Samsung Securities
* Sands China
* Siam Commercial Bank
* Sekisui Chemical
* Sekisui House
* Seven & I Holdings
* Shin Kong Group
* Shinhan Financial Group
* Shiseido
* Siam Cement Group
* Bank SinoPac
* SK Inc.
* SK Telecom
* SoftBank Corporation
* S-Oil
* Sojitz Corporation
* Stockland
* Sumitomo Forestry
* Swire Properties
* Sysmex Corporation
* Taishin Financial Holdings
* Taiwan Cooperative Bank
* Taiwan Mobile
* Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
* Tech Mahindra
* Tencent Holdings
* ThaiBev
* Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank
* Toppan
* Toto
* Transurban
* United Microelectronics Corporation
* UPL Limited
* Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation
* Vedanta Limited
* Vicinity Centres
* Wilmar International
* WIN Semiconductors
* Woodside Energy
* WuXi AppTec
* WuXi Biologics
* Yokogawa Electric Corporation
* Yuanta Securities
* Yum China Holdings

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany

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