Abdominal exercise

Exercise strengthening the abdominal muscles

Abdominal exercises are a type of strength exercise that affect the abdominal muscles (colloquially known as the stomach muscles or "abs"). Human abdominal consist of four muscles which are the rectus abdomens, internal oblique, external oblique, and transversus abdominis.[1] When performing abdominal exercises it is important to understand the effects, functions, the types of exercises, and think about how to perform this exercise safely.

## Effects

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Abdominal exercises are useful for building abdominal muscles. This is useful for improving performance with certain sports, back pain, and for withstanding abdominal impacts (e.g., taking punches). According to a 2011 study, abdominal muscle exercises are known to increase the strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles.[2]

It has been highly disputed whether or not abdominal exercises have any reducing effect on abdominal fat. The aforementioned 2011 study found that abdominal exercise does not reduce abdominal fat; to achieve that, a deficit in energy expenditure and caloric intake must be created—abdominal exercises alone are not enough to reduce abdominal fat and the girth of the abdomen.[2] Early results from a 2006 study found that walking exercise (not abdominal exercise specifically) reduced the size of subcutaneous abdominal fat cells; cell size predicts type 2 diabetes according to a lead author. Moderate exercise reduced cell size by about 18% in 45 obese women over 20 weeks; diet alone did not appear to affect cell size.[3]

## Functions of abdominal muscles

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Abdominal muscles have many important functions, including breathing, coughing, and sneezing, and maintaining posture and speech in a number of species.[4] Other abdominal functions are that it helps "in the function of support, containment of viscera, and help in the process of expiration, defecation, urination, vomiting, and also at the time of childbirth."[5][6] The anterior abdominal wall is made up of four muscles—the rectus abdominis muscle, the internal and external obliques, and the transversus abdominis."The two internal muscles, the internal oblique, and the transverse abdominis, respond more to increases in chemical or volume-related drive than the two external muscles, the rectus abdominis and external oblique; the basis for this differential sensitivity is unknown".[4]

## Core training

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Further information on Core: Core (anatomy)

Not only can a one-sided preference for abdominal muscles (lack of exercise focused on other core muscles) result in creating muscle imbalances, but the effectiveness of exercise is also far from what could be achieved with a balanced workout planning. Core training frequently utilizes balance exercises, such as training of transverse abdomens and multifidus, training of diaphragm, and training of pelvic floor muscles.[7] Core strength exercises that are performed are to help influence core stability.

The goal of core training is definitely not to develop muscle hypertrophy but to improve functional predispositions of physical activity. This particularly involves improving intermuscular coordination or synchronization of participating muscles.[8]

The involvement of the core means more than just compressing abdominal muscles when in crouching or seated position. The role of the core muscles is to stabilize the spine. Resisting expansion or rotation is as important as the ability to execute the movement.

## Abdominal exercises

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This image shows an abdominal exercise crunch using a stability ball.

There are multiple ways to work on our abdominals but here are various abdominal exercises someone can do that are effective.

One of the most popular exercise is what is known as the abdominal crunch. It activates the four abdominal muscles because it flexes the spine while laying down with their feet on the ground while raising their upper body up and then back down. For those who are new to this exercise, it can help perform this exercise by crossing their arms and putting them crossed on their chest. Another effective exercise is an abdominal plank because it is used when strengthening their trunk and their inner and outer oblique of their core. This exercise is performed by being facedown, legs straight with their elbows bent, and holding the exercise in place by putting their weight on their forearms.[9]

Moving forward, another exercise people can begin doing is to lie on their back and putting their feet at a 45° angle while moving their legs as if they were riding a bicycle. In addition, people can lay down with their hands on their side of their body and position a book on their stomach while raising their stomach up and down to feel the burn in their core. People may also lay down and position their feet at a 45° angle and lift them straight and bend them back down to the 45° angle then repeat. Once people have completed those they can stand straight with both of their arms opened and straight and bend down to the left then to the right by using one hand at a time. While standing people can also stand straight and position their hands on their hips and rotate their bodies from right to left and vice versa while bending forward and backward. Another way someone can work on their abdominals is by sitting on top of their legs in a bed while bending their chest forward until it touches the bed then coming back up to their normal position. Also, people can sit down on a bed with their legs straight and they will lie back and come back up without using their hands. While using a chair they can place their arms on the side of a chair and with their legs backward they will push down until their abdominal touches the chair. Finally, people can lay down with their feet straight and raise their legs to a right angle and then back down. For a better visual understanding, all these exercises were obtained from an Abdominal Exercise Journal.[10]

### Momentaneous activity

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One way to estimate the effectiveness of any abdominal exercise is in measuring the momentaneous activity by electromyography (EMG), with the activity generally being compared to that of the traditional crunch. However, an exercise of lower activity performed during a long time can give at least as much exercise as a high-activity exercise, with the main difference being that a prolonged duration results in more in aerobic exercise than strength training.

The following tables rank abdominal exercises from highest to lowest in terms of activity as determined by the EMG measures:[11]

Activity in rectus abdominis  | exercise  | mean
activity1

|

Bicycle crunch  | 248%
Captain's chair  | 212%
Exercise ball | 139%
Vertical leg crunch  | 129%
Torso track  | 127%
Long arm crunch  | 119%
Reverse crunch | 109%
Crunch with heel push  | 107%
Ab roller  | 105%
Hover  | 100%
Traditional crunch | 100%
Exercise tubing pull  | 92%
Ab rocker  | 21%
Activity in obliques  | exercise  | mean
activity1

|

Captain's chair  | 310%
Bicycle crunch  | 290%
Reverse crunch | 240%
Hover  | 230%
Vertical leg crunch  | 216%
Exercise ball  | 147%
Torso track  | 145%
Crunch with heel push  | 126%
Long arm crunch  | 126%
Ab roller  | 101%
Traditional crunch  | 100%
Exercise tubing pull  | 77%
Ab rocker  | 74%

1Compared to traditional crunch (100%)

### Bicycle crunch

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The bicycle targets the rectus abdominals and the obliques. Also, the rectus abdominals can be worked out with the basic crunch, the vertical crunch, the reverse crunch, and the full vertical crunch, and when at a low enough body fat percentage (10-12% for males, 15-18% for females) the individual parts of the muscle become visible; many refer to this visible separation as a six-pack. By exercising the internal and external obliques the stomach can be flattened.[12] The long arm crunch, in which arms are straightened behind, adds a longer lever to the move and emphasizes the upper part of the abs. The plank exercise not only strengthens the abs but also the back and stabilizes the muscles.[13]

### Gadgets

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Abdominal exercises can also be performed with the help of some machines and the captain's chair is one of the most popular machines used in gyms and health clubs. Other machines are the Ab Roller, the Ab Rocket Twister, the Chin-up bar in conjunction with Ab Straps, and the Torso Track. An exercise ball is also a tool that helps strengthen the abs. It may be more effective than the crunches on the floor because the abs do more work as the legs are not involved in the exercise.[14] With respect to the Ab-Slide, the study performed by Bird et al. showed greater muscle activation in the upper rectus abdominis, lower rectus abdominis, and external oblique when compared to the standard abdominal crunch. The Ab-Slide has proven to be an effective tool in strengthening the abdominal muscles from a concentric muscle action perspective. However, this research does not support replacing the traditional crunch exercise with the Ab-Slide gadget due to the lack of proven effectiveness in the eccentric loading of the abdominal muscles and the greater postural control.[15][16] Potentially the most effective equipment for abdominal strengthening is those that offer the least stability. Examples include the CoreFitnessRoller, bodyweight suspension training such as TRX, and stability balls with or without the Halo.

## Safety of abdominal exercises

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Abdominal exercises also put some degree of compressive force on the lumbar spine, putting unwanted stress on the lower back. In addition, exaggerated abdominal exercise can cause respiratory problems.[17] A study of twelve exercises concluded that no single exercise covered all abdominal muscles with high intensity and low compression.[18]

* High challenge-to-compression ratio
* Crunch with feet anchored
* Crunch with feet free
* Bicycle crunch
* Hanging straight leg raise

* Low compression, lower challenge
* Crunch with feet anchored
* Crunch with feet free

|

* High challenge, higher compression
* Straight-leg sit-up
* Bent-leg sit-up

* Low challenge-to-compression ratio
(not recommended!)
* Supine straight-leg raise
* Supine bent-leg raise
* Hanging bent-leg raise
* Static cross-knee crunch

The benefit of focused training on the "deep core" muscles such as the transversus abdominis has been disputed, with some experts advocating a more comprehensive training regimen.[19]

## See also

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* Abdominizer
* Abdominal obesity
* Pull-up (exercise)
* Core (anatomy)
* Crunches
* Pilates
* Roman chair
* Sit-ups
* Spot reduction

## References

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1. ^ Norris, C M (March 1993). "Abdominal muscle training in sport". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 27 (1): 19–27\. doi:10.1136/bjsm.27.1.19. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 1332101. PMID 8457806.
2. ^ a b Vispute, Sachin S; Smith, John D; Lecheminant, James D; Hurley, Kimberly S (2011). "The Effect of Abdominal Exercise on Abdominal Fat". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25 (9): 2559–64\. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4a46. PMID 21804427. S2CID 207503551.
3. ^ You, T; Murphy, K M; Lyles, M F; Demons, J L; Lenchik, L; Nicklas, B J (2006). "Addition of aerobic exercise to dietary weight loss preferentially reduces abdominal adipocyte size". International Journal of Obesity. 30 (8): 1211–6\. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803245. PMID 16446745.
* Lay summary in: "Exercise Important In Reducing Size Of Abdominal Fat Cells". ScienceDaily. August 7, 2006.
4. ^ a b Iscoe, S (1998). "Control of abdominal muscles". Progress in Neurobiology. 56 (4): 433–506\. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00046-X. PMID 9775401. S2CID 34220852.
5. ^ Fidale, Thiago Montes; Borges, Felipe Farnesi Ribeiro; Roever, Leonardo; Souza, Gilmar da Cunha; Gonçalves, Alexandre; Chacur, Eduardo Paul; Pimenta, Cristhyano; Haddad, Eduardo Gasparetto; de Agostini, Guilherme Gularte; Gregório, Fábio Clemente; Guimarães, Fabrício Cardoso Ribeiro (2018-04-27). "Eletromyography of abdominal muscles in different physical exercises". Medicine. 97 (17): e0395. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010395. ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 5944552. PMID 29702987.
6. ^ Di Dio, Liberato John A. (September 1999). "The Importance of Anatomy". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 181 (5): 455–465\. doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80024-7. ISSN 0940-9602. PMID 10560011.
7. ^ Hsu, Shih-Lin; Oda, Harumi; Shirahata, Saya; Watanabe, Mana; Sasaki, Makoto (August 2018). "Effects of core strength training on core stability". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 30 (8): 1014–1018\. doi:10.1589/jpts.30.1014. ISSN 0915-5287. PMC 6110226. PMID 30154592.
8. ^ American College of Sports Medicine (2017). ACSM's Complete Guide to Fitness & Health, 2E. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-1-4925-4888-1. OCLC 972290029.
9. ^ "Abdominal Exercises: A Review Study For Training Prescription". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
10. ^ Mayers, May R. (1928). "Abdominal Exercises". The American Journal of Nursing. 28 (4): 363–364\. doi:10.2307/3409357. ISSN 0002-936X. JSTOR 3409357.
11. ^ Anders, Mark (2001). "New Study Puts the Crunch on Ineffective Ab Exercises" (PDF). ACE Fitnessmatters: 9–11\. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2007.
12. ^ "Abdominal Muscle Anatomy". Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
13. ^ "Top 10 Most Effective Ab Exercises". Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
14. ^ "Top 10 Most Effective Ab Exercises". Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
15. ^ Michael Bird, Kate M. Fletcher, and Alex J. Koch. Electromyographic Comparison of the Ab-Slide and Crunch Exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 20(2), 436–440, 2006.
16. ^ "Top 10 Most Effective Ab Exercises". Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
17. ^ Verges, Samuel; Lenherr, Oliver; Haner, Andrea C.; Schulz, Christian; Spengler, Christina M. (2006). "Increased fatigue resistance of respiratory muscles during exercise after respiratory muscle endurance training" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 292 (3): R1246–53. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2006. PMID 17068160. INIST 18626671. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
18. ^ CT Axler; SM McGill (1997). "Low back loads over a variety of abdominal exercises: Searching for the safest abdominal challenge". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 29 (6): 804–810\. doi:10.1097/00005768-199706000-00011. PMID 9219209.
19. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (2009-06-17). "Is Your Ab Workout Hurting Your Back?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-19.

* v
* t
* e

Strength training exercises

Pectorals (chest)|

* Bench press (c)
* Chest fly (i)
* Dip (c)
* Machine fly (i)
* Push-up (c)

Lats and trapezius (upper back)|

* Bent-over row (c)
* Chin-up (c)
* Muscle-up (c)
* Pull-down (c)
* Pull-up (c)
* Seated row (c)
* Shoulder shrug (i)
* Supine row (c)
* Face pull (c)

Deltoids (shoulders)|

* Bridge (c)
* Face pull (c)
* Front raise (i)
* Headstand into handstand push-up (c)
* Lateral raise (i)
* Rear delt raise (i)
* Shoulder press (c)
* Upright row (c)

Biceps (front of arms)|

* Bicep curl (i)
* Chin-up (c)
* Reverse grip push-up (c)

Triceps (back of arms)|

* Close-grip bench press (c)
* Close grip push-up (c)
* Dip (c)
* Push-down (i)
* Triceps extension (i)

Forearms|

* Wrist curl (i)

Abdomen and obliques (abdomen)|

* Crunch (i)
* Leg raise (c)
* Russian twist (c)
* Sit-up (c)
* Squat (c)

Lower back|

* Bridge (c)
* Deadlift (c)
* Good-morning (c)
* Hyperextension (c)
* Pelvic lift (c)

Hips and buttocks|

* Bridge (c)
* Deadlift (c)
* Dirty dog exercise (c)
* Leg press (c)
* Lunge (c)
* Squat (c)

Quadriceps (front of thighs)|

* Bridge (c)
* Deadlift (c)
* Leg extension (i)
* Leg press (c)
* Lunge (c)
* Squat (c)

Hamstrings (back of thighs)|

* Bridge (c)
* Deadlift (c)
* Good-morning (c)
* Leg curl (i)
* Leg press (c)
* Lunge (c)
* Squat (c)

Adductors (inside of thighs)|

* Side-lying leg raise (i)

Calves|

* Calf raise (i)

See also
Bodybuilding
Bodyweight exercise
Calisthenics
Muscle hypertrophy
Weightlifting
Plyometrics
Weight training (List of exercises)
Flywheel training
Gym

Legend
(c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise
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