Aboriginal Protection Board

Historical Australian government bodies for regulating the lives of Aboriginals

Not to be confused with New South Wales Aborigines Protection Association.

Aboriginal Protection Board, also known as Aborigines Protection Board, Board for the Protection of Aborigines, Aborigines Welfare Board (and in later sources, incorrectly as Aboriginal Welfare Board), and similar names, refers to a number of historical Australian state-run institutions with the function of regulating the lives of Aboriginal Australians. They were also responsible for administering the various half-caste acts where these existed and had a key role in the Stolen Generations. The boards had nearly ultimate control over Aboriginal people's lives.

Protectors of Aborigines were appointed by the Board under the conditions laid down in the various Acts. In theory, protectors of Aborigines were often empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginals. The exact powers varied over time and by jurisdiction.

As the boards had limited funds, protectors received very limited remuneration. A range of people were appointed as local protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, justices of the peace and, in some cases ministers of religion, though most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the boards show they mostly dealt with matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from resident or police magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction.

Aboriginal protection boards also issued permits to allow Aboriginal people the right to leave their respective missions and reserves and enter the mainstream society for a set period of time.

## History

[edit]

### Victoria

[edit]

The Central Board Appointed to Watch Over the Interests of the Aborigines was established in 1860. This was replaced by the Victorian Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines in 1869 (via the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869),[1][2] making Victoria the first colony to enact comprehensive regulations on the lives of Aboriginal Victorians. The board exerted an extraordinary level of control over people's lives including regulation of residence, slavery as employment, marriage, social life and other aspects of daily life.

The Victorian Half-Caste Act of 1886 gave the Board extensive new powers over the lives of Aboriginal people, including regulation of residence, employment and marriage.[3]

In particular, the 1886 Act started to remove Aboriginal people of mixed descent, known as "half-castes", from Aboriginal stations or reserves to force them to assimilate into European society. These expulsions separated families and communities, causing distress and leading to protest. Nevertheless, the board refused to assist the expelled people. It was assumed that the expulsions would lead to the decline in the population of the reserves and their eventual closure.

The Aborigines Act 1910 increased the rights of Aboriginal people in Victoria.[4]

The board was abolished in 1957 by the Aborigines Act 1957.[5]

The Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 gave recognition of Aboriginal people's right to land. Under this Act the deeds of land at the Lake Tyers Mission and Framlingham reserves were transferred to the communities.[6]

### New South Wales

[edit]

Further information: Aboriginal Affairs NSW § Early administrative period

The New South Wales Board for the Protection of Aborigines was established in 1883 and was reconstituted under the Aborigines Protection Act 1909 with wide-ranging control over the lives of Aboriginal people. That included the power to remove children from families because, as stated in many of the files, their parents were Aboriginals, and the power to dictate where Aboriginal people lived, to ensure protection from violent colonialists and provide education in the face of European opposition (McCallum, 2008). The Board also controlled their freedom of movement and personal finances. In particular, Aboriginal children could be removed from their homes and families and taken into care to be raised like white children, becoming the Stolen Generations. The 1911 amendment to the Aboriginal Protection Act established the Kinchela Aboriginal Boys' Training Home and the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls. Aboriginal children were removed from their families for various welfare reasons and transported to Kinchela and Cootamundra, where they were often abused and neglected while being taught farm labouring and domestic work, many of them ending up as servants in the homes of wealthy Sydney residents.[citation needed]

In 1915, the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915[7] gave the Board authority to remove Aboriginal children "without having to establish in court that they were neglected."[8][9]

The Board was renamed the Aborigines Welfare Board (which was frequently referred to as the Aboriginal Welfare Board in later sources[10]) in 1940 by the Aborigines Protection (Amendment) Act 1940,[11] which stipulated that Aboriginal people should be assimilated into mainstream white society. It intended that Aboriginal culture would evaporate, and Aboriginal people would eventually become indistinguishable from Europeans. The Board consisted of 11 members, including two Aboriginal people, one "full-blood" and one having "a mixture of Aboriginal blood". It was abolished under the Aborigines Act 1969 (NSW).[12]

After its abolition, the NSW Aboriginal Advisory Council was formed, which advised the NSW Minister for Aboriginal Affairs directly.[10]

### Western Australia

[edit]

The Western Australian Aborigines Protection Board operated between 1 January 1886 and 1 April 1898 as a statutory authority. It was created by the Aborigines Protection Act, 1886 (WA), also known as the Half-Caste Act, described as An Act to provide for the better protection and management of the Aboriginal Natives of Western Australia, and to amend the Law relating to certain Contracts with such Aboriginal Natives (statute 25/1886), and The Aborigines Act, 1889 (statute 24/1889).[13][14]

The 1886 act was enacted following the furore over the Fairburn Report (which revealed slavery conditions among Aboriginal farm workers) and the work of the Rev. John Gribble. The Act introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 Act for contracts to include wages, but employees were to be provided with "substantial, good and sufficient rations", clothing and blankets. The 1886 act provided a resident magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children, from a suitable age, until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it mainly succeeded in putting them under tighter government control. It was intended to enforce contracts, employment of prisoners and apprenticeships, but there was not sufficient power to enforce clauses in the north, and they were openly flouted. The Act defined as "Aboriginal" as "every Aboriginal native of Australia, every Aboriginal half-caste, or child of a half-caste". Governor Broome insisted that the act contain within it a clause permitting traditional owners to continue hunting on their tribal lands.

The effect of the act was to give increasing power to the board over Aboriginal people, rather than setting up a system to punish whites for wrongdoing in relation to Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Department was set up, under the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. Nearly half of the Legislative Council voted to amend the act for contract labour as low as age 10 but it was defeated. McKenzie Grant, the member for The North, claimed that child labour of age six or seven was a necessary commonplace, as "in this way they gradually become domesticated". The attorney general Septimus Burt, in debate on the 2nd reading speech, claimed that contracts were being issued, not for current work, but to hold Aboriginal people as slaves on stations for potential future work, and so prevent them from being free to leave.

In 1898, the board was replaced by the Aborigines Department.

### Queensland

[edit]

The Queensland Aboriginal Protection Board was established by the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897.[citation needed]

### South Australia

[edit]

The Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1939 created the Aborigines Protection Board in South Australia, which was "charged with the duty of controlling and promoting the welfare" of Aboriginal people (which included anyone descended from an Aboriginal person). Charles Duguid was a founding board member; other board members included J. B. Cleland and Constance Cooke.[15]

### Decline

[edit]

By the late 1960s, all states and territories had repealed the legislation allowing for the removal of Aboriginal children under the policy of 'protection'.

## See also

[edit]

* Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
* Aboriginal reserves
* Bringing them home report (1997)
* British Indian Department
* Wage theft from Indigenous Australians

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Broome, Richard (2005). Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800. Allen & Unwin. pp. 130–131\. ISBN 978-1-74114-569-4.
2. ^ O'Neill, Cate (28 October 2011). "Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines - Organisation". Find & Connect - Victoria/Public Record Office Victoria/National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
3. ^ "Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)". Documenting A Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
4. ^ "Aborigines Act 1910 (Vic)". Documenting A Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
5. ^ Project, Find & Connect (15 September 2009). "Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines - Organisation - Victoria". Find & Connect. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
6. ^ "Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 (Vic)". Documenting A Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
7. ^ New South Wales. Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 No 2, retrieved 29 June 2021
8. ^ "Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 (1915 - 1969)". Find and Connect. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
9. ^ "National Museum of Australia - Aborigines Protection Act". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
10. ^ a b "Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior". Aboriginal Affairs. 17 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
11. ^ "Aborigines Protection (Amendment) Act 1940 No 12". classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
12. ^ "About DAA >> Aboriginal Affairs in NSW >> A Short History". NSW Dept of Aboriginal Affairs. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
13. ^ Aboriginal Protection Board Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the State Records Office of Western Australia, accessed 20 March 2008
14. ^ For records relating to the WA Aboriginal Protection Board see the WA States Records Office accessed 20 March 2008 Archived 29 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Aborigines Protection Board". SA History Hub. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

## Further reading

[edit]

### NSW

[edit]

* "Aboriginal Resources: Administrative History". NSW State Archives. 13 April 2016.
* Aboriginal Affairs in NSW: A Short History (NSW Govt Dept of Communities. Aboriginal Affairs, archived March 2012.)

### South Australia

[edit]

* Aborigines Protection Board (South Australia) (1955). "Report of the Aborigines Protection Board for the Year ended 30th June, 1954" (PDF) – via AIATSIS.

### Victoria

[edit]

* "Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)". Documenting Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy.

* v
* t
* e

Aboriginal peoples of South Australia

Peoples|

* Adnyamathanha
* Antakirinja
* Arabana
* Barngarla
* Bodaruwitj
* Bungandidj
* Dhirari
* Dieri
* Jarildekald, (including the Mulbarapa)
* Karangura
* Kaurna
* Kokatha
* Kuyani
* Malyangapa
* Maralinga Tjarutja
* Mardidjali
* Meintangk
* Mirning
* Narungga
* Nauo
* Ngaanyatjarra
* Ngadjuri
* Ngayawang
* Ngalia
* Ngameni
* Ngangaruku
* Ngaralda
* Ngarkat
* Ngarrindjeri
* Ngawadj
* Ngintait
* Ngurunta
* Nukunu
* Peramangk
* Pilatapa
* Pitjantjatjara
* Portaulun
* Ramindjeri
* Tanganekald
* Thangkaali
* Wailpi
* Warki
* Western Desert people
* Wirangu
* Wongkanguru
* Yandruwandha
* Yankunytjatjara
* Yardliyawara
* Yarluyandi
* Yawarrawarrka
* Yirawirung

Communities|

| APY Lands:|

* Amaṯa
* Iltur
* Indulkana
* Kalka
* Kaltjiti (Fregon)
* Kaṉpi
* Makiri
* Mimili
* Mintabie
* Nyapaṟi
* Pipalyatjara
* Pukatja (Ernabella)
* Umuwa
* Watarru
* Yunyarinyi

|

Other:|

* Akenta (Poonindie)
* Davenport (Umeewarra)
* Gerard
* Koonibba
* Manunka
* Nepabunna
* Oak Valley
* Point Pearce
* Raukkan (Point McLeay)
* Swan Reach
* Yalata

Former:|

* Colebrook
* Killalpaninna
* Ooldea

Notable people|

* Ian Abdulla
* Josie Agius
* Jimmy Baker
* Maringka Baker
* Poltpalingada Booboorowie (Tom Walker)
* Richie Bray
* Jack Buckskin
* Iris Burgoyne
* Peter Burgoyne
* Shaun Burgoyne
* Hector Burton
* Kevin Buzzacott
* Malcolm Cooper
* Vince Copley
* Nyakul Dawson
* Deadly Nannas
* Gladys Elphick
* Stevie Goldsmith
* Adam Goodes
* Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
* Cecil Graham
* Colin Graham
* Michael Graham
* Ruby Hammond
* Ruby Hunter
* Ivaritji
* Tjungkara Ken
* Kudnarto
* Natascha McNamara
* Patty Mills
* Betty Muffler
* Douglas Nicholls
* Lewis O'Brien
* Lowitja O'Donoghue
* Michael O'Loughlin
* Alitya Rigney
* Frances Rings
* Nura Rupert
* Tauto Sansbury
* Eileen Yaritja Stevens
* Moogy Sumner
* Faith Thomas
* David Unaipon
* James Unaipon
* Gavin Wanganeen
* Natasha Wanganeen
* Ginger Wikilyiri
* Norah Wilson
* Chad Wingard
* Tjayanka Woods

Organisations|

* Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement
* Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
* Aṉangu schools
* Koonibba Football Club
* Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
* Maralinga Tjarutja
* Nunga Court
* Tauondi Aboriginal College
* List of Aboriginal schools

Religion and culture|

* Arkaroo
* Dreamtime (muda, mura-mura, tjukurrpa, etc.)
* Tjilbruke
* Muldjewangk
* Ngiṉṯaka
* Wati-kutjara

Indigenous protected areas:|

* Watarru
* Mount Willoughby

Co-managed protected areas:|

* Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
* Elliot Price Conservation Park
* Gawler Ranges National Park
* Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
* Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
* Lake Gairdner National Park
* Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
* Innamincka Regional Reserve
* Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
* Mamungari Conservation Park
* Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
* Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
* Nullarbor Regional Reserve
* Pureba Conservation Park
* Strzelecki Regional Reserve
* Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
* Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
* Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
* Witjira National Park
* Yumbarra Conservation Park

Languages|

* Adnyamathanha
* Antakirinja
* Arabana
* Barngarla
* Dieri
* Kaurna
* Narungga
* Ngadjuri
* Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
* Ngarrindjeri
* Paakantyi
* Wangkangurru
* Western Desert language (dialects: Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara)
* Wirangu
* Yandruwandha
* Yarli (Malyangapa)
* Yuyu

Language groups:|

* Lower Murray languages
* Thura-Yura languages
* Sign languages

Words:|

* Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
* Nunga (Aboriginal English)

Laws|

* Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
* Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
* Aboriginal Witnesses Act
* Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
* Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
* Letters Patent

Cases:|

* List of native title claims in South Australia

History|

* Aboriginal reserve
* Aborigines' Friends' Association
* Aborigines Protection Board
* Australian frontier wars
* Avenue Range Station massacre
* British colonisation of South Australia
* British nuclear tests at Maralinga (Royal Commission)
* Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy (Royal Commission)
* History of South Australia
* Maria massacre
* Native School
* Protector of Aborigines
* Royal Commission on the Aborigines
* St Francis House
* Stolen Generations (Federal Parliamentary inquiry))
* United Aborigines Mission
* Waterloo Bay massacre

By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template