Abortion law by country

Laws that allow, prohibit, or regulate abortion

Legality of abortion by country, state or territory

Legal on request:

| No gestational limit
| Gestational limit greater than 17 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP)
| Gestational limit between 7 and 17 weeks from LMP
| Gestational limit less than 7 weeks from LMP
| Unclear gestational limit
Legally restricted to cases of:
| Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape*, fetal impairment*, socioeconomic factors, or failure of contraception*
| Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment
| Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment
| Risk to woman's life*, to her health*, or rape
| Risk to woman's life or to her health
| Risk to woman's life
| Illegal with no exceptions
| No information
* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category
Note: In some countries or territories, abortion laws are modified by other laws, regulations, legal principles or judicial decisions. This map shows their combined effect as implemented by the authorities.

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2025, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population. In 2024, France became the first country to explicitly protect abortion rights in its constitution,[1] while Yugoslavia implicitly inscribed abortion rights in its constitution in 1974.[2]

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization, abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,[3][4] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.[5] Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.[3][4]

## History

[edit]

Main articles: History of abortion and History of abortion law debate

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|

Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt.[6] Early texts contain little mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 19th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the first half of the 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country.[7][8] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920, the Soviet government legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.[9][page needed] In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.[10][11][8] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In Japan, abortion was legalized in 1948 by the Eugenic Protection Law,[12] amended in May 1949 to allow abortions for economic reasons.[13] Abortion was legalized in 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis[which?]), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.[how?][14][additional citation(s) needed]

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. ... The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."[15]

## Timeline of abortion on request

[edit]

See also: Timeline of reproductive rights legislation

The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of 2025, 67 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.

Notes

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included, leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Countries where abortion on request was once legalized nationwide but has since been prohibited in at least part of the country, such as the United States and Poland, are also excluded. Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalized  | Countries  | CpY | CC

|
|
|

1955  | ( Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)  | 15 | 15
1957  |  China[16][a][b] ( Czech Republic Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia)[c] | 3 | 18
1965  |  Cuba | 1 | 19
1973  |  Denmark Tunisia[22] | 2 | 21
1974  |  Singapore Sweden | 2 | 23
1975  |  Austria France[d] Vietnam[e] | 3 | 26
1977  | ( Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)  | 6 | 32
1978  |  Italy Luxembourg | 2 | 34
1979  |  Norway[f] | 1 | 35
1983  |  Turkey | 1 | 36
1984  |  Netherlands[g] | 1 | 37
1986  |  Cape Verde Greece | 2 | 39
1988  |  Canada | 1 | 40
1989  |  Mongolia[29] | 1 | 41
1990  |  Belgium Bulgaria Romania | 3 | 44
1992  |  Germany[h] | 1 | 45
1993  |  Guinea-Bissau[30][31] | 1 | 46
1995  |  Guyana | 1 | 47
1996  |  Albania[i] | 1 | 48
1997  |  Cambodia South Africa | 2 | 50
2002  |  Nepal Switzerland | 2 | 52
2007  |  Portugal | 1 | 53
2010  |  Spain | 1 | 54
2012  |  São Tomé and Príncipe[33] Uruguay | 2 | 56
2015  |  Mozambique[j] | 1 | 57
2018  |  Cyprus | 1 | 58
2019  |  Iceland Ireland[k] | 2 | 60
2020  |  New Zealand | 1 | 61
2021  |  Argentina[l] South Korea Thailand | 3 | 64
2022  |  Colombia San Marino | 2 | 66
2023  |  Finland[m] | 1 | 67

## International law

[edit]

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and international criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.[37]

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.[38] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),[39] Argentina (2021),[36] Colombia (2022)[40] and in parts of Mexico.[41][42] Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.[38]

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.[43] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.[43] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

## National laws

[edit]

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019,[44] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in Canada, most European countries and China.[44]

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.[44]: 26

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.[45]

### Summary tables

[edit]

Legend  permitted | In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age.
If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".

|

permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited, with complex legality or practice
prohibited
unknown or unclear

#### Countries

[edit]

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,[46] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries  Country  | Risk to life  | Risk to health  | Rape  | Fetal impairment  | Economic or social  | On request

|
|
|
|
|
|

Abkhazia[47] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Afghanistan | permitted[n] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited[n] | prohibited[n] | prohibited
Albania[32] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Algeria[54] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Andorra | prohibited[o] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Angola[p] | permitted | permitted | 16 weeks | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Antigua and Barbuda[59] | permitted[q] | prohibited[r] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Argentina[36][62] | permitted | permitted | permitted | 14 weeks | permitted | 14 weeks
Armenia[63] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Australia [subdivisions] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | varies[s]
Australian Capital Territory[66][67] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Christmas Island[t] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks
Cocos Islands[u] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks
Jervis Bay Territory[v] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
New South Wales[71] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks
Norfolk Island[w] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Northern Territory[75] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | prohibited[x]
Queensland[76] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks
South Australia[77] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks and 6 days
Tasmania[78] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks
Victoria[79] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks
Western Australia[80] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks
Austria[81] | no limit | no limit  | 3 months[y] | no limit  | 3 months[y] | 3 months[y]
Azerbaijan[82] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Bahamas[83] | permitted | permitted[z] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Bahrain | permitted | prohibited[aa] | prohibited[aa] | prohibited[aa] | prohibited[aa] | prohibited[aa]
Bangladesh | no limit | prohibited[ab] | prohibited[ab] | prohibited[ab] | prohibited[ab] | prohibited[ab]
Barbados[86] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | prohibited
Belarus[ac] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Belgium[90] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks[ad] | no limit | 14 weeks[ad] | 14 weeks[ad]
Belize[92] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | no limit | permitted | prohibited
Benin[93] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 12 weeks | prohibited
Bhutan[ae] | 180 days  | 180 days[af] | 180 days  | 180 days[af] | prohibited | prohibited
Bolivia | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks[ag] | prohibited | prohibited
Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | permitted | 10 weeks
Brčko District[ah] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina[ah] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Republika Srpska[99] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks
Botswana[100] | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Brazil[101][102] | no limit | prohibited | no limit | prohibited[ai] | prohibited | prohibited
Brunei[105] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Bulgaria[106] | no limit | 20 weeks | permitted | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Burkina Faso[107] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Burundi | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited[aj] | prohibited
Cambodia[109] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Cameroon[110] | permitted | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Canada[ak] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Cape Verde[114] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | permitted | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Central African Republic | 8 weeks | prohibited[al] | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Chad[116][117] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Chile[118] | no limit | prohibited | 12 weeks[am] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
China [subdivisions] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | varies[an] | varies[ao]
Mainland China[119][120][b] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted
Hong Kong[121] | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | prohibited
Macau[122] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Colombia | no limit[ap] | no limit[ap] | no limit[ap] | no limit[ap] | 24 weeks[ap] | 24 weeks[ap]
Comoros[125] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Congo | permitted[aq] | prohibited[aq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Costa Rica | permitted | permitted | prohibited[ar] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Croatia[129] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Cuba[130][131] | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 35 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Cyprus[132] | permitted | permitted | 19 weeks | permitted | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Czech Republic[133][134] | no limit | permitted[as] | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo | permitted[at] | permitted[au] | permitted[au] | permitted[au] | prohibited | prohibited
Denmark[138] | no limit | no limit | viability | no limit | viability | 18 weeks[av]
Djibouti[139][140][141] | permitted | permitted[z] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Dominica[142] | permitted | prohibited[aw] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Dominican Republic[144] | prohibited[ax] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
East Timor[ay] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Ecuador | permitted | permitted | permitted[az] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Egypt[152][153] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
El Salvador[154] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Equatorial Guinea[155] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Eritrea[156] | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited[ba] | prohibited[ba] | prohibited[ba]
Estonia[157] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks[bb] | 22 weeks | 12 weeks[bb] | 12 weeks[bb]
Eswatini[158] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Ethiopia[159][160][161] | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | prohibited[bc] | prohibited
Fiji[162] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Finland[m][164] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 24 weeks | 20 weeks | 12 weeks
France[165][bd] | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks[be] | no limit | 16 weeks[be] | 16 weeks[be]
Gabon[168] | 10 weeks | prohibited[bf] | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Gambia[169][170][171] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Georgia[172][173] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Germany | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks[bg] | 12 weeks[bg] | 12 weeks[bg]
Ghana | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Greece[176] | no limit | no limit | 19 weeks | 24 weeks | 12 weeks[bh] | 12 weeks[bh]
Grenada[177] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Guatemala[178][179] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Guinea | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Guinea-Bissau | permitted[bi] | permitted[bi] | permitted[bi] | permitted[bi] | permitted[bi] | permitted[bi]
Guyana[184] | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | 8 weeks[bj] | 8 weeks[bj]
Haiti[bk] | permitted[bl] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Honduras[186] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Hungary | no limit | 12 weeks[bm] | 12 weeks[bm] | 20 weeks[bn] | 12 weeks[bm] | prohibited
Iceland[188] | no limit | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 22 weeks
India[189][190] | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks[bo] | 24 weeks[bp] | prohibited
Indonesia[191][192] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Iran[193][194][195] | 4 months  | 4 months | prohibited[bq] | 4 months | prohibited | prohibited
Iraq | permitted[br] | prohibited[bs] | prohibited | prohibited[bs] | prohibited | prohibited
Ireland[201] | viability[bt] | viability[bt] | 12 weeks | permitted | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Israel | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted[bu] | prohibited[bu]
Italy[203] | no limit | viability  | 90 days  | 90 days  | 90 days  | 90 days
Ivory Coast[204] | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited[bv] | prohibited | prohibited
Jamaica | permitted[bw] | permitted[bx] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Japan[209] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | prohibited | 22 weeks | prohibited
Jordan[210] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kazakhstan[211][212] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Kenya[213][214] | permitted | permitted | permitted[by] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kiribati[217] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kosovo[218] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Kuwait[219] | permitted  | 4 months | prohibited  | 4 months | prohibited | prohibited
Kyrgyzstan[220][221] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Laos | permitted[bz] | 28 weeks[bz] | 28 weeks[bz] | 28 weeks[bz] | 28 weeks[bz] | prohibited[bz]
Latvia[225][226] | permitted | 24 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Lebanon[227] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Lesotho[228] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Liberia[229] | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Libya[230][231] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Liechtenstein[232] | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Lithuania[233] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks[ca] | no limit | 12 weeks[ca] | 12 weeks[ca]
Luxembourg[234] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks | no limit | 14 weeks | 14 weeks
Madagascar | prohibited[cb] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Malawi[238] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Malaysia[239] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Maldives[cc] | no limit | prohibited  | 120 days  | 120 days[cd] | prohibited | prohibited
Mali[244][245] | permitted | permitted[z] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Malta[246] | viability | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Marshall Islands | permitted[bl] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Mauritania | permitted[ce] | prohibited[ce] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Mauritius[251] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Mexico [subdivisions] | varies[cf] | varies[cg] | permitted[ch] | varies[cg] | varies[cg] | varies[cg]
Aguascalientes[256] | 6 weeks | 6 weeks | no limit | no limit | 6 weeks | 6 weeks
Baja California[257] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Baja California Sur[258] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Campeche[259] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks
Chiapas[260] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Chihuahua[261] | no limit | no limit | 90 days[ch] | permitted[ci] | permitted[ci] | permitted[ci]
Coahuila[263] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks[ch] | no limit | permitted[cj] | permitted[cj]
Colima[264] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Durango[265] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Guanajuato[266] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Guerrero[267] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Hidalgo[268] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Jalisco[269] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Mexico City[270] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Mexico State[271] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Michoacán[272] | no limit | permitted | no limit | permitted | no limit | 12 weeks
Morelos[273] | no limit | permitted[ck] | no limit | no limit | permitted[ck] | permitted[ck]
Nayarit[275] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Nuevo León[276] | no limit | no limit | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Oaxaca[277] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Puebla[278] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Querétaro[279] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Quintana Roo[280] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
San Luis Potosí[281] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Sinaloa[282] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 13 weeks | 13 weeks
Sonora[283] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Tabasco[284] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Tamaulipas[285] | no limit | no limit | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Tlaxcala[286] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | prohibited[cg] | prohibited[cg]
Veracruz[287] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Yucatán[288] | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks
Zacatecas[289] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Micronesia | permitted[bl] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Moldova[290] | 21 weeks | 21 weeks | 21 weeks | 21 weeks | 21 weeks | 12 weeks[cl]
Monaco[291] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Mongolia | 23 weeks | 23 weeks | permitted | permitted | 14 weeks | 14 weeks
Montenegro[292] | 32 weeks | 32 weeks | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Morocco[cm] | no limit | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Mozambique | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks | 24 weeks[cn] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Myanmar[298][299] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Namibia | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Nauru[300] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Nepal[301][302] | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 18 weeks | 28 weeks | 12 weeks[co] | 12 weeks[co]
Netherlands[cp] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
New Zealand[303] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | permitted | 20 weeks
Nicaragua | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Niger | permitted | permitted | prohibited | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Nigeria [subdivisions] | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Abia | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Adamawa | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Akwa Ibom | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Anambra | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Bauchi | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Bayelsa | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Benue | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Borno | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Cross River | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Delta | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Ebonyi | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Edo | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Ekiti | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Enugu | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Federal Capital Territory | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Gombe | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Imo | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Jigawa | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kaduna | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kano | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Katsina | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kebbi | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kogi | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Kwara | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Lagos | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Nasarawa | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Niger | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Ogun | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Ondo | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Osun | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Oyo | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Plateau | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Rivers | permitted | prohibited[cq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Sokoto | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Taraba | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Yobe | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Zamfara | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Northern Cyprus[306] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 10 weeks
North Korea | permitted[cr] | permitted[cr] | unclear[cr] | permitted[cr] | unclear[cr] | unclear[cr]
North Macedonia | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks[cs] | 22 weeks[cs] | 22 weeks[cs] | 12 weeks
Norway[314] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | 22 weeks[ct] | 22 weeks | 18 weeks
Oman | permitted[cu] | permitted[cu] | prohibited  | 120 days[cu] | prohibited | prohibited
Pakistan[317][318] | no limit | organ formation[cv] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Palau | permitted[cw] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Palestine | permitted[cx] | prohibited[cx] | prohibited[cx] | prohibited[cx] | prohibited | prohibited
Panama[327][328] | no limit | prohibited  | 2 months | 24 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Papua New Guinea[329] | permitted | prohibited[cy] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Paraguay[333] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Peru[334] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Philippines[335] | prohibited[cz] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Poland[338] | no limit | no limit | 13 weeks | prohibited[da] | prohibited[db] | prohibited
Portugal[341] | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks | 24 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Qatar[342][343] | no limit  | 4 months | prohibited  | 4 months | prohibited | prohibited
Romania[344] | no limit | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 14 weeks
Russia[345][346][347] | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Rwanda[348] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | prohibited | prohibited
Saint Kitts and Nevis | permitted | permitted[dc] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Saint Lucia[351] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[352] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited
Samoa[353] | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
San Marino[354] | viability[dd] | viability | viability | 12 weeks[de] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
São Tomé and Príncipe[33] | no limit | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Saudi Arabia[355] | no limit | 4 months | 40 days[df] | 40 days[df] | prohibited | prohibited
Senegal | permitted[dg] | prohibited[dg] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Serbia[362][363] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Seychelles | 12 weeks[dh] | 12 weeks[dh] | 12 weeks[dh] | 12 weeks[dh] | prohibited | prohibited
Sierra Leone | permitted[di] | permitted[di] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Singapore[373] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
Slovakia[374][375] | no limit | permitted[dj] | 12 weeks | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Slovenia[376] | no limit | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Solomon Islands[377] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Somalia[378][379][dk] | permitted[dl] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
South Africa | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | no limit | 20 weeks | 12 weeks
South Korea[dm] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted[dn] | permitted[dn]
South Ossetia[385] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
South Sudan[386] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Spain[387] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 14 weeks | 22 weeks[do] | 14 weeks | 14 weeks
Sri Lanka[388] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Sudan[389] | no limit | prohibited  | 90 days[dp] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Suriname | permitted[dq] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Sweden[391] | no limit | no limit | 18 weeks | 18 weeks | 18 weeks | 18 weeks
Switzerland[392] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Syria[393] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Taiwan[394][395] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | no limit | 24 weeks | prohibited
Tajikistan[396] | permitted | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Tanzania[dr] | no limit | permitted[ds] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Thailand[400][401] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 20 weeks
Togo[402] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
Tonga | permitted[dt] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Transnistria[405][406] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | no limit | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Trinidad and Tobago | permitted[du] | permitted[du] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Tunisia[22] | no limit | no limit  | 3 months | no limit  | 3 months  | 3 months
Turkey[410][411][412] | no limit | 10 weeks | 20 weeks | no limit | 10 weeks | 10 weeks
Turkmenistan[413] | no limit | no limit | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks | 5 weeks
Tuvalu[414] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Uganda | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Ukraine[415] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks[dv] | 12 weeks[dv]
United Arab Emirates[418][419] | no limit | 120 days[dw] | 120 days | no limit | prohibited[dw] | prohibited[dw]
United Kingdom [subdivisions] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | varies[dy]
England[426] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | prohibited
Northern Ireland[425] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | 12 weeks
Scotland[426] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | prohibited
Wales[426] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | prohibited
United States[427] [subdivisions] | no limit | varies[dz] | varies[dz] | varies[dz] | varies[dz] | varies[dz]
Alabama[428] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | prohibited[ea] | prohibited | prohibited
Alaska | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Arizona[eb][430][431][432] | no limit | no limit | viability[ec] | viability[ec] | viability[ec] | viability[ec]
Arkansas[433][434] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
California[eb] | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
Colorado[eb] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Connecticut | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
Delaware | no limit | no limit | viability | no limit | viability | viability
District of Columbia | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Florida[435] | no limit | no limit | 15 weeks | 6 weeks[ed] | 6 weeks | 6 weeks
Georgia[436][437][438] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks[ee] | no limit | heartbeat[ef] | heartbeat[ef]
Hawaii | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
Idaho[439] | no limit | no limit[eg] | 15 weeks[eh] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Illinois | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
Indiana[442][443] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks[ei] | prohibited[ej] | prohibited | prohibited
Iowa[444][445][446] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks[ee] | heartbeat[ef][ek] | heartbeat[ef] | heartbeat[ef]
Kansas | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks
Kentucky[447][448] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Louisiana[449] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | prohibited[el] | prohibited | prohibited
Maine[451] | no limit | no limit | viability[em] | viability[em] | viability[em] | viability
Maryland[eb][452][453] | no limit | no limit | viability[en] | no limit | viability[en] | viability[en]
Massachusetts | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
Michigan[eb][455] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Minnesota[456][457] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Mississippi[458][459][460] | no limit | prohibited | 20 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Missouri[eb][461][462][463] | no limit | no limit | viability[eo] | viability[eo] | viability[eo] | viability[eo]
Montana[eb] | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
Nebraska[464][465] | no limit | no limit | 22 weeks[ee] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Nevada | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
New Hampshire[466] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
New Jersey | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
New Mexico[467] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
New York[eb] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks[ep] | 24 weeks[ep] | 24 weeks[ep] | 24 weeks[ep]
North Carolina[469] | no limit | no limit | 20 weeks | 12 weeks[eq] | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
North Dakota[470][471] | no limit | no limit | viability[er] | viability[er] | viability[er] | viability[er]
Ohio[eb][472][473] | no limit | no limit | viability[es] | viability[es] | viability[es] | viability[es]
Oklahoma[474][475] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Oregon | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Pennsylvania | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks
Rhode Island | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
South Carolina[476][477][478] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | no limit | heartbeat[ef] | heartbeat[ef]
South Dakota[479] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Tennessee[480] | no limit | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Texas[481][482] | no limit | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Utah[483][484][485] | no limit | no limit | no limit | 18 weeks[et][er] | 18 weeks[er] | 18 weeks[er]
Vermont[eb] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit
Virginia | no limit | no limit  | 6 months | 6 months  | 6 months  | 6 months
Washington[486] | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability | viability
West Virginia[487] | no limit | no limit | 11 weeks[eu] | prohibited[ev] | prohibited | prohibited
Wisconsin[488][489][490] | no limit | no limit[er] | 22 weeks[ee][er] | 22 weeks[ee][er] | 22 weeks[ee][er] | 22 weeks[ee][er]
Wyoming[491][492][493] | no limit | no limit | viability | viability | viability[er] | viability[er]
Uruguay[494][495] | no limit | no limit | 14 weeks[ew] | no limit | 12 weeks[ew] | 12 weeks
Uzbekistan[497] | permitted | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 12 weeks
Vanuatu[498] | permitted | permitted[ex] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Vatican City | prohibited[ey] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Venezuela[506][507] | 22 weeks | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Vietnam[508][509] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | 22 weeks[ez]
Yemen[513] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Zambia[514] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited
Zimbabwe[515][516] | 22 weeks | 22 weeks | 22 weeks[fa] | 22 weeks | prohibited[fb] | prohibited[fb]

#### Autonomous jurisdictions

[edit]

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions  Jurisdiction  | Risk to life  | Risk to health  | Rape  | Fetal impairment  | Economic or social  | On request

|
|
|
|
|
|

Akrotiri and Dhekelia[520] | permitted | permitted | permitted[fc] | permitted | permitted[fc] | prohibited
American Samoa[521] | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Anguilla[522] | no limit | 28 weeks | prohibited | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Aruba[523] | permitted[fd] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Bermuda[524] | permitted | permitted | permitted | permitted | prohibited | prohibited
British Virgin Islands[525] | no limit | 28 weeks | prohibited | 28 weeks | prohibited | prohibited
Cayman Islands[526] | permitted | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Cook Islands[527][fe] | permitted | permitted[ff] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Curaçao[531] | permitted[fd] | prohibited[fg] | prohibited[fg] | prohibited[fg] | prohibited[fg] | prohibited[fg]
Falkland Islands[533] | no limit | no limit | permitted[fc] | no limit | 24 weeks[fc] | prohibited
Faroe Islands[534] | no limit | no limit | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | prohibited[fh] | prohibited
Gibraltar[535] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks[fi] | no limit | 12 weeks[fc] | prohibited
Greenland[537] | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks
Guam[538][539] | no limit | no limit[fj] | 26 weeks[fj] | 26 weeks[fj] | 13 weeks[fj] | 13 weeks[fj]
Guernsey [subdivisions] | permitted[fk] | permitted[fk] | varies[fl] | varies[fl] | varies[fl] | prohibited
Alderney[542][fm] | permitted[fk] | permitted[fk] | prohibited[fm] | prohibited[fm] | prohibited[fm] | prohibited
Guernsey[543] | no limit | no limit | permitted[fc] | no limit | 24 weeks[fc] | prohibited
Sark[542] | permitted[fk] | permitted[fk] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Isle of Man[546] | no limit | no limit | 23 weeks | no limit | 23 weeks | 14 weeks
Jersey[547] | no limit | no limit | 12 weeks | 24 weeks | 12 weeks | 12 weeks
Montserrat[548] | no limit | viability | prohibited | viability | prohibited | prohibited
Niue | permitted[fn] | permitted[fn] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Northern Mariana Islands[554] | prohibited[fo] | prohibited[fo] | prohibited[fo] | prohibited[fo] | prohibited[fo] | prohibited[fo]
Pitcairn Islands[fp] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | prohibited
Puerto Rico[558] | no limit | no limit | no limit[fq] | no limit[fq] | no limit[fq] | prohibited[fq]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[fr] | no limit | no limit | permitted[dx] | no limit | 24 weeks[dx] | prohibited
Sint Maarten[563] | permitted[fd] | prohibited[fs] | prohibited[fs] | prohibited[fs] | prohibited[fs] | prohibited[fs]
Tokelau[564] | permitted[ft] | permitted[ft] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
Turks and Caicos Islands[566] | permitted[fu] | permitted[fu] | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited | prohibited
United States Virgin Islands[567] | no limit | no limit | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks | 24 weeks

### Comparative limits for countries with elective abortions

[edit]

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Europe and North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Legal limits may not be directly comparable. Limits may be expressed in trimesters, months, weeks of pregnancy (implantation), weeks from fertilization, or weeks from last menstrual period (LMP).

* v
* t
* e

Color-coded map illustrating the term limits of elective abortion in Europe (in weeks from last menstrual period, fertilization or implantation)

Illegal

Legal but generally unavailable (Northern Ireland)

Legal first 5 weeks (Turkmenistan)

Legal first 10 weeks

Legal first 11 weeks (Estonia)

Legal first 12 weeks

Legal first 13 weeks (3 months, Austria, Tunisia)

Legal first 14 weeks

Legal first 18 weeks

Legal first 22 weeks (Iceland)

Legal first 24 weeks

Technically illegal, but generally available through 12 weeks (Finland)

Technically illegal, but generally available through 24 weeks (Great Britain)

Technically 12 weeks, but generally available through 22 weeks (ex-USSR)

Technically 12 weeks, but generally available through 28 weeks (ex-USSR)

Legal if the pregnancy is not from marriage; generally available under exemptions (Israel)

Status of elective abortion in the United States

Illegal, limited exceptions[fv]

* v
* t
* e

Legal, but no providers

Legal before cardiac-cell activity[fw]

Legal through 12th week LMP*

Legal through 18th week LMP*

Legal through 22nd week LMP* (5 months)

Legal before fetal viability[fx]

Legal through 24th week LMP* (5½ months)

Legal through second trimester[fy]

Legal at any stage

*LMP is the time since the last menstrual period began.

This color-coded map illustrates the current legal status of elective-specific abortion procedures in each of the individual states, U.S. territories, and federal district.[fv] State supreme courts and other high courts may mandate that abortions either are able or are not able to be performed, even if law allows or does not allow it. A colored border indicates a more stringent restriction or ban that is blocked by legal injunction.

* v
* t
* e

Color-coded map illustrating availability of abortion in Canada, in weeks of embryonic age (from fertilization). Abortion is legal at all stages in Canada, but availability is subject to medical guidelines.

Available first 12 weeks (PEI)

Available first 13 weeks

Available first 16 weeks

Available first 19 weeks

Available first 20 weeks

Available first 24 weeks

Available first 25 weeks

* v
* t
* e

Colour-coded map illustrating accessibility of abortion in Australia, in weeks of embryonic age (from fertilization). Beyond the limits it is legal with two doctors' approval.

Available first 16 weeks

Available first 22 weeks

Available first 23 weeks

Available first 24 weeks

Legal at any stage if provided by medical doctor.

### Countries with more restrictive laws

[edit]

Supporter of legalized abortion at a rally in Paraná, Argentina. Argentina had restrictive laws until 2021.

According to a report by Women on Waves,[better source needed] approximately 25% of the world's population[as of?] lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as Andorra and Malta in Europe.[568] The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."[569]

Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.[570][571][572]

El Salvador has some of the strictest abortion laws of any country. Abortion under all circumstances, including rape, incest, and risk to the mother's health, is illegal. Women can be criminalized and penalized to up to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of an abortion. El Salvador's abortion laws are so severe that miscarriages and stillbirths can sometimes be enough for conviction. The Inter-American Court has already ruled that El Salvador was responsible for the death of Manuela, who was sentenced to 30 years in prison in 2008 for aggravated homicide after suffering an obstetric emergency that resulted in her losing her pregnancy.[573]

### Beginning of pregnancy controversy

[edit]

Main article: Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.[fz] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, and Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.[ga]

## Exceptions in abortion law

[edit]

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example, if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.[579]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.[580]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.[581]

Many[vague] countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

## Other related laws

[edit]

Main article: Legal protection of access to abortion

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.[582] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act[583]).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.[584]

## Judicial decisions

[edit]

This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)

This section is in a table format that may be better if supplemented with prose. You can help by adding a prose summary of the table(s). Editing help is available. (October 2021)

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This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (September 2022)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Year  | Jurisdiction  | Description  | Abortion access affirmed or expanded?

|
|
|

1879  |  Canada | Abortion trial of Emily Stowe |
1938  |  United Kingdom | Rex v Bourne
Abortion in case of risk to physical or mental health included in risk to life. The decision was also implemented by some British territories and their successors.[368] | Yes
1952  |  Canada | Azoulay v R[585] |
1969  |  Victoria (Australia) | R v Davidson[gb]
Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, and physical or mental health.[586] | Yes
1971  |  United States | United States v. Vuitch | Restrictions upheld
New South Wales (Australia) | R v Wald
Abortion in case of socioeconomic reasons included in risk to physical or mental health. | Yes
1973  |  United States | Doe v. Bolton
Abortion allowed after viability if necessary to protect her health.
Roe v. Wade
Abortion allowed on demand in the entire country.
1975  |  Germany | German Federal Constitutional Court abortion decision | Law restricted
1976  |  Canada | Morgentaler v R | Restrictions upheld
United States | Planned Parenthood v. Danforth | Legalization upheld
1979  | Maher v. Roe |
Colautti v. Franklin |
1980  |  Puerto Rico | Pueblo v. Duarte
Application of Roe v. Wade to Puerto Rico.[558] | Yes
United States | Harris v. McRae |
1981  | H. L. v. Matheson | Restrictions upheld
Israel | A. v. B.
Paternal consent not required. | Yes
1983  |  United States | City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1986  | Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |
1988  |  Canada | R v Morgentaler | Yes
1989  | Borowski v Canada (AG) |
United States | Webster v. Reproductive Health Services | Restrictions upheld
Canada | Tremblay v Daigle | Yes
1990  |  United States | Hodgson v. Minnesota
1991  | Rust v. Sullivan |
1992  |  Ireland | Attorney General v X
Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, including risk of suicide. | Yes
United States | Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1993  | Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic |
Germany | 2 BvF 2/90[174] |
Canada | R v Morgentaler | Yes
1995  |  New South Wales (Australia) | CES v. Superclinics
Physical or mental health should be considered not only during the pregnancy but also after the birth.
1997  |  Poland | K 26/96
Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.[340] | Law restricted
United States | Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |
1998  |  South Africa | Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health
Law allowing abortion on demand ruled constitutional. | Legalization upheld
2000  |  United States | Hill v. Colorado |
Stenberg v. Carhart
Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban. | Yes
2001  |  Argentina | T., S. v. Government of Buenos Aires City[587]
2003  |  United States | Scheidler v. National Organization for Women |
2006  | Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England |
Scheidler v. National Organization for Women |
Gonzales v. Carhart
Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. | Restrictions upheld
Colombia | Constitutional Court allowed abortion in case of danger to woman's life or health, rape, and fetal deformation.[124] | Yes
Council of Europe | D v Ireland |
New South Wales (Australia) | R v Sood[588] |
2007  |  Council of Europe | Tysiąc v Poland[589] |
Slovakia | Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.[590] | Legalization upheld
2008  |  Nepal | Achyut Kharel v. Government of Nepal [591] |
2009  |  Council of Europe | A, B and C v Ireland
The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion. | Yes
Nepal | Lakshmi v. Government of Nepal
Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.[592]
2011  |  United Kingdom | British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health[593] |
2012  |  Argentina | F., A. L.
Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.[594] | Yes
Brazil | ADPF 54
Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.[595]
Council of Europe | P. and S. v. Poland[596] |
2013  |  El Salvador | Case of "Beatriz"[597] |
2014  |  Bolivia | Ruling 0206/2014[598] |
Ireland | P.P. v. Health Service Executive |
2015  |  Dominican Republic | Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.[599] | Law restricted
Rwanda | RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG[600] |
2016  |  United States | Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt | Yes
United Nations | Mellet v Ireland |
2017  |  Chile | Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.[118] | Yes
Croatia | Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.[601] | Legalization upheld
2018  |  United Kingdom | Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice[602] |
2019  |  South Korea | Abortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.[383] | Yes
Australia | Clubb v Edwards |
Kenya | FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others
Abortion allowed in case of rape.[215] | Yes
2020  |  Poland | K 1/20
Abortion in case of fetal deformity ruled unconstitutional. The decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.[339] | Law restricted
Thailand | Ruling No. 4/2563[603] |
Colombia | Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.[604] | Law upheld
2021  |  Ecuador | Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.[151] | Yes
Mexico | Deadlines in case of pregnancy after rape ruled unconstitutional.[254][255]
Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.[41][42]
[605]
[606][607] |
Inter-American Court of Human Rights | Manuela and Others v. El Salvador[608] |
United States | United States v. Texas | Restrictions upheld
Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson
2022  |  Colombia | Constitutional Court decriminalized abortion up to 24 weeks of gestation.[40] | Yes
United States | Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

States may now ban or restrict abortion before viability, Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned.

| Law restricted
India | Abortion allowed under the same criteria regardless of marital status.[609] | Yes
2023  |  Mexico | Abortion allowed at federal health facilities anywhere in the country.[252][253]

## See also

[edit]

* Category:Abortion by country
* Medical law
* Waiting period

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Mainland China.
2. ^ a b In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".[17] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.[18][19]
3. ^ The law from 1957 legalizing the abortion on request was limited in 1962 when additional approval for each abortion had to be obtained from so called Abort Commission (which rejected about 15% of the requests). The Abort Commissions were abolished by law in 1986. Until 1993 each approved abortion was paid by state.[20][21]
4. ^ In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.[23][24][25]
5. ^ Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
6. ^ Including Svalbard. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.[26]
7. ^ In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.[27][28]
8. ^ After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
9. ^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.[32]
10. ^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.[34]
11. ^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.[35]
12. ^ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.[36]
13. ^ a b Including Åland.[163]
14. ^ a b c The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.[48] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,[49][50] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,[51] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.[52] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.[53]
15. ^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[55] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.[56]
16. ^ The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.[57] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.[58]
17. ^ A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.[60]
18. ^ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.[60][61]: 14
19. ^ Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.[64][65]
20. ^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.[68]
21. ^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.[69]
22. ^ Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.[70]
23. ^ Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to Norfolk Island after 2026.[72][73] The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.[74]
24. ^ Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.[75] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.[64][65]
25. ^ a b c If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
26. ^ a b c The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
27. ^ a b c d e The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.[84] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.[85]
28. ^ a b c d e The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."[46]
29. ^ The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.[87] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,[88] and rape is included as a social reason.[89]
30. ^ a b c Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.[91]
31. ^ The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.[94] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.[95]
32. ^ a b This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.[94][95]
33. ^ This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.[96]
34. ^ a b Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[97][98]
35. ^ The penal code criminalizes abortion except if done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.[101] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.[102][103][104]
36. ^ The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.[108] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
37. ^ There is no abortion law in Canada, but medical guidelines of its subdivisions and individual providers may limit the abortion services that they offer depending on gestational age and medical reasons.[111][112][113]
38. ^ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.[115]
39. ^ If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
40. ^ Abortion for this ground is permitted in mainland China and Hong Kong, but not in Macau.
41. ^ Abortion for this ground is permitted in mainland China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau.
42. ^ a b c d e f This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[123][124][40]
43. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[126] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."[127] It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general legal principle.[44]
44. ^ A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.[128]
45. ^ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
46. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.[135][136]
47. ^ a b c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.[135][137]
48. ^ If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability.[138]
49. ^ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.[143]
50. ^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.[145][146]
51. ^ The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.[147][148] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.[149][148][150]
52. ^ This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.[151]
53. ^ a b c Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.
54. ^ a b c If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
55. ^ Permitted up to 28 weeks of gestation if the woman is unfit to raise the child due to a physical or mental disability or for being under age 18. The penalty for abortion may be mitigated in case of extreme poverty.[159][160]
56. ^ Including Overseas France.[166]
57. ^ a b c Defined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.[167]
58. ^ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.
59. ^ a b c The criminal code specifies that abortion is not deemed an offence if the woman requests it, she has obtained counselling, and it is done by a physician within 12 weeks from conception. (Also, the woman is not punished for an abortion within 22 weeks if the other conditions are fulfilled.) The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.[174][175]
60. ^ a b If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
61. ^ a b c d e f The penal code prohibits abortion only if done without the woman's consent, outside health care facilities or without professional qualification.[30][180] The law on reproductive health and family planning says that voluntary interruption of pregnancy is authorized according to the law on abortion,[181] but no specific law on abortion exists as of 2022.[182] A report by the Ministry of Public Health mentioned a gestational limit of 12 weeks.[183]
62. ^ a b If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.
63. ^ A new penal code changing the legal grounds for abortion is set to enter into force in 2026.[185]
64. ^ a b c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
65. ^ a b c Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.[187]
66. ^ Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.[187]
67. ^ No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".[189]
68. ^ Including the failure of contraception.[189]
69. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,[196] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.[197][better source needed]
70. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[198][199]
71. ^ a b This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.[200]
72. ^ a b If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
73. ^ a b Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.[202]
74. ^ The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only mentioned by treaty, not implemented in the law.[204]
75. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.[205][206][207][208]
76. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[205][206][207][208]
77. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[215] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.[216]
78. ^ a b c d e f The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.[222] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.[223] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,[224] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
79. ^ a b c If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
80. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[235] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,[44] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.[236][237]
81. ^ The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.[240] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.[241] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.[242][243]
82. ^ Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.[242][243]
83. ^ a b The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,[247] but the UN source says that abortion to save the woman's life is permitted as a general legal principle.[44] The law on child protection prohibits abortion except for a "proven medical need",[248] and the law on reproductive health prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life.[249] The government has stated that the law of the country permits abortion on therapeutic grounds.[250]
84. ^ Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,[252][253] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[41][42]
85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,[252][253] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[41][42]
86. ^ a b c The penal codes of some states specify a gestational limit for abortion in case of rape. However, in July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion on this ground.[254][255]
87. ^ a b c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[262]
88. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[41][42]
89. ^ a b c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[274]
90. ^ If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.
91. ^ In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,[293][294] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.[295][296]
92. ^ May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.[297]
93. ^ a b Up to 28 weeks if the woman has HIV or a similar incurable disease.[301][302]
94. ^ Including the Caribbean Netherlands.[27][28]
95. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[304][305]
96. ^ a b c d e f The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.[307][308] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.[309] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.[310] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.[311][312]
97. ^ a b c May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.[313]
98. ^ No limit if it is clear that the fetus will die during pregnancy or shortly after birth.[314]
99. ^ a b c The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.[315] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.[316]
100. ^ Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.[319][320]
101. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[321] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[citation needed]
102. ^ a b c d The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[322] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,[323][324][325] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.[326]
103. ^ The law prohibits abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and it explicitly permits abortion to preserve the woman's life.[329] An opinion of the State Solicitor in 1982, based on court decisions on identical laws in the former parent country, considered that preservation of the woman's health was also a legal ground for abortion.[330][331] However, in 2018, in the case of a woman who had aborted at four months of pregnancy due to risk to health, the Supreme Court acquitted her because she had been wrongly charged for the crime of killing an unborn child, which only applies shortly before birth (section 312), but ruled that she should have still been charged for the crime of abortion (section 225).[332]
104. ^ The law prohibits abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception,[335] but in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect.[336][337]
105. ^ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.[339]
106. ^ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.[340]
107. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[349][350][61]: 14
108. ^ In case of risk to the woman's life after fetal viability, the pregnancy may also be interrupted by attempting a live birth.
109. ^ Permitted until fetal viability in case of a fetal anomaly that poses a risk to the woman's health.
110. ^ a b Abortion may also permitted up to 40 days of gestation for other reasons that are not economic or social concerns.[355][356][357]
111. ^ a b The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,[358] but the code of medical ethics permits abortion to save the woman's life.[359][44][360] The government has stated that abortion is authorized in case of risk to the woman's health.[361]
112. ^ a b c d In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.[364][365]
113. ^ a b Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.[366] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.[367] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[368] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.[369][370] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.[371][372]
114. ^ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.
115. ^ Including Somaliland.[380][381]
116. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[clarification needed]
117. ^ The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.[382] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.[383] As of 2025, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.[384]
118. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[383]
119. ^ In case of a fatal anomaly, no limit is specified.
120. ^ From conception.
121. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[390] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[citation needed]
122. ^ In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.[397] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.[398]
123. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.[399]
124. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[403] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[404]
125. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[407] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.[clarification needed][408][409]
126. ^ a b If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.[416][417]
127. ^ a b c A Cabinet resolution on abortion, issued under the law on medical liability, permits abortion "based on the request of the spouses, after the approval of the committee", "and with the approval of the treating physician for the medical condition justifying the abortion", in the first 120 days of pregnancy.[419] These provisions are considered to permit abortion in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, and may also include other cases.[420][421]
128. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[422][423][424]
129. ^ Abortion for this ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.[425]
130. ^ a b c d e Abortion for this ground is not permitted in some states.
131. ^ Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[429][428]
132. ^ a b c d e f g h i j This U.S. state has explicitly amended its constitution to guarantee the right to an abortion to its residents.
133. ^ a b c d The law sets a gestational limit of 15 weeks for abortion on this ground,[431] but the constitution invalidates its enforcement before fetal viability.[432]
134. ^ Permitted in the first 23 weeks of gestation if the fetus has a fatal abnormality.[435]
135. ^ a b c d e f g Defined as 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[427]
136. ^ a b c d e f g Prohibited after embryonic or fetal cardiac activity is detected, which is possible after approximately 6 weeks of gestation.
137. ^ This ground is not mentioned in the state law but it is established by judicial decision based on federal law.[440]
138. ^ Defined as 13 weeks from fertilization, considered as 15 weeks from the last menstrual period.[439][441]
139. ^ Defined as 10 weeks from fertilization, considered as 12 weeks from the last menstrual period.[442]
140. ^ Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[442]
141. ^ Permitted in case of a fetal abnormality incompatible with life up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[445]
142. ^ Permitted in certain cases of fatal anomalies.[449][450]
143. ^ a b c Abortion after viability is allowed if a physician judges it "necessary" under the "applicable standard of care".[451]
144. ^ a b c Criminal law prohibits abortion after fetal viability except as stated in health law,[452] and health law states that "the State may not interfere" with abortion on this ground before viability.[453] Sources disagree whether it is actually prohibited after viability.[454][427]
145. ^ a b c d The law prohibits abortion on this ground,[462] but the constitution invalidates its enforcement before fetal viability.[463]
146. ^ a b c d Also allowed after this period if there is an absence of fetal viability.[468]
147. ^ Permitted up to 24 weeks of gestation in case of a life-limiting anomaly.[469]
148. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n A law prohibits abortion on this ground or sets a lower gestational limit but it is suspended by judicial decision.
149. ^ a b c d The law prohibits abortion on this ground after embryonic or fetal cardiac activity is detected,[472] which is possible after approximately 6 weeks of gestation, but the constitution invalidates its enforcement before fetal viability.[473]
150. ^ In case of a lethal anomaly or a severe brain abnormality, no limit is specified.
151. ^ Defined as 8 weeks from implantation, approximately 11 weeks from the last menstrual period. If the patient is a minor or an incompetent or incapacitated adult, abortion in case of rape is permitted in the first 14 weeks from implantation, approximately 17 weeks from the last menstrual period.[487]
152. ^ Permitted with no gestational limit if the fetus has a lethal anomaly.[487]
153. ^ a b A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.[496]
154. ^ The penal code says that abortion is permitted for "good medical reasons"[498] but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
155. ^ The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.[499] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.[500][501] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,[502][503] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.[504][505]
156. ^ Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.[510][511][512]
157. ^ The law prohibits abortion in case of rape within marriage or under age 18,[517] but it is invalidated by judicial decision.[518]
158. ^ a b The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."[519]
159. ^ a b c d e f g This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but the identical text in the law of the parent country is considered to include this ground in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[422][423][424]
160. ^ a b c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[61]
161. ^ The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,[528] but it has not yet been approved.[529]
162. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.[530]
163. ^ a b c d e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[532]
164. ^ Permitted up to 16 weeks of gestation if medical circumstances make the woman unfit to care for her child.[534]
165. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.[535][536]
166. ^ a b c d e Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.[540][541]
167. ^ a b c d e f In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[542] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[368] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
168. ^ a b c Abortion for this ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.[542][543]
169. ^ a b c d Although not allowed by Alderney law, abortions are provided in Alderney under the same conditions as in Guernsey, as health services in Alderney operate under Guernsey law.[544] To resolve the legal contradiction, in 2022 the States of Alderney passed an abortion law identical to the one in Guernsey, and it awaits a regulation to establish the effective date.[545]
170. ^ a b A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,[549] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.[550] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,[551] but they remain in force in Niue[552] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.[553]
171. ^ a b c d e f The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.[554] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.[555] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.[556] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.[554]
172. ^ Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.[557]
173. ^ a b c d The penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.[558] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.[559][560]
174. ^ Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.[561] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.[562]
175. ^ a b c d e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[61]
176. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.[565]
177. ^ a b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[368] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
178. ^ a b All states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life.
• Additional allowance for risk to the woman's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for risk to the woman's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
• Allowance for pregnancy due to rape or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
• Allowance for lethal fetal abnormality: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah.
Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same state.
179. ^ Cardiac-cell activity is generally detectable in the 6th week LMP.
Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed above.
180. ^ Typically, fetal viability begins in the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
181. ^ The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.
182. ^ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:[574][575][576][577][578][excessive citations]
183. ^ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée ...", which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".[234]
184. ^ Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

## References

[edit]

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22. ^ a b Penal Code, 2012. Article 214 (in French).
23. ^ Law no. 2001-588 of 4 July 2001 regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy and contraception, Légifrance (in French).
24. ^ Voluntary interruption of pregnancy legal in Polynesia since 2001, Tahiti Infos, 4 September 2017 (in French).
25. ^ 26 years after the Veil Act, New Caledonia legalized abortion, France TV, 27 November 2014 (in French).
26. ^ "Lov om svangerskapsavbrudd (abortloven)" [Law on termination of pregnancy (abortion law)] (in Norwegian). Lovdata. Article 15. "[A]mending law of 16 June 1978 no. 66 from 1 January 1979 according to resolution of 1 December 1978."
27. ^ a b Abortion permit for hospital in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal, 16 June 2012.
28. ^ a b Termination of pregnancy law, Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch).
29. ^ Tsogt, Bazarragchaa; Seded, Khishgee; Johnson, Brooke R.; Strategic Assessment Team (2 September 2008). "Applying the WHO Strategic Approach to Strengthening First and Second Trimester Abortion Services in Mongolia". Reproductive Health Matters. 16 (31 Suppl): 127–134\. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31383-4. eISSN 1460-9576. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 18772093. S2CID 206112339 - via Taylor & Francis Group.
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31. ^ Portuguese Penal Code of 1886, University of Coimbra, 1919. Article 358 (in Portuguese).
32. ^ a b "Për ndërprerjen e shtatëzënësisë" [On the Interruption of Pregnancy]. Law No. 8045 of 7 December 1995 (in Albanian). Parliament of Albania.
33. ^ a b Penal Code, Government of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2012. Book II, title I, chapter II (in Portuguese).
34. ^ Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)
35. ^ Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (Commencement) Order 2018 (PDF) (S.I. 594). 2018.
36. ^ a b c "Acceso a la Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo" [Access to Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy]. Law No. 27.610 of 30 December 2020 (in Spanish). National Congress of Argentina.
37. ^ Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals (PDF). Vol. XIII. London: United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
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42. ^ a b c d e Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)
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46. ^ a b Table 2: Countries by legal grounds for abortion (recoded), United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Policies 2017: Abortion laws and policies.
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48. ^ Afghanistan's Constitution of 2004, Constitute.
49. ^ Penal Code, Government of the Republic of Afghanistan, 7 October 1976.
50. ^ Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 15 May 2017 (in Pashto and Dari).
51. ^ Hasrat-Nazimi, Waslat (5 May 2012). "Afghan women use abortion as a way out". Deutsche Welle.
52. ^ Engel Rasmussen, Sune; Faizi, Fatima (26 April 2017). "'I am a criminal. What is my crime?': the human toll of abortion in Afghanistan". The Guardian.
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54. ^ Collection of Regulatory Texts relative to the Management of Health Establishments, Med Ould-Kada, December 2020. Law 85-05 of 16 February 1985 regarding the protection and promotion of health. Article 72 (in French).
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56. ^ Bernhard, Meg (22 October 2019). "Andorra's abortion rights revolution". Politico Europe. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
57. ^ Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).
58. ^ Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020. Articles 154–158 (in Portuguese).
59. ^ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.
60. ^ a b Antigua and Barbuda, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
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63. ^ Law of Armenia on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights, Government of Armenia (in Armenian).
64. ^ a b Abortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018), New South Wales (2019) and South Australia (2022). The abortion law in the Northern Territory was amended in 2021 but still requires approval by a medical professional based on the same criteria as in 2017, thus it is still not considered as allowing abortion on request.
65. ^ a b Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
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69. ^ Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.
70. ^ Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.
71. ^ Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.
72. ^ Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016, Federal Register of Legislation.
73. ^ Norfolk Island Applied Laws and Service Delivery (Queensland) Ordinance 2021, Federal Register of Legislation.
74. ^ Criminal Code 2007 (NI), Federal Register of Legislation.
75. ^ a b Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.
76. ^ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.
77. ^ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021, South Australian Legislation.
78. ^ Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.
79. ^ Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.
80. ^ Public Health Act 2016, Western Australian Legislation. Sections 202MC to 202ME.
81. ^ Criminal Code, Federal Legal Information System of Austria. Sections 96–98 (in German).
82. ^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health (in Azerbaijani).
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89. ^ Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
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94. ^ a b Penal Code of Bhutan Archived 3 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Judiciary of Bhutan.
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100. ^ Penal Code, Government of Botswana. Article 160.
101. ^ a b Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil. Articles 124 to 128 (in Portuguese).
102. ^ a b Reproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, December 2023 (in Portuguese).
103. ^ Malformation that renders baby's life inviable justifies authorization for abortion, judge decides, Consultor Jurídico, 20 January 2020 (in Portuguese).
104. ^ Woman obtains judicial authorization to interrupt risky pregnancy, Brazilian Family Law Institute, 11 August 2020 (in Portuguese).
105. ^ Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013, Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 22 October 2013. Articles 158–164.
106. ^ Ordinance no. 2 of 1 February 1990 on the conditions and procedure for artificial termination of pregnancy, Lex.bg (in Bulgarian).
107. ^ Law no. 025-018/AN bearing the penal code, Police Academy of Burkina Faso. Articles 513-10 to 513–19 (in French).
108. ^ Law no. 1/27 of 29 December 2017 bearing revision of the penal code, President of the Republic of Burundi. Article 534 (in French).
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110. ^ Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 (in French).
111. ^ "Abortion in Canada". Government of Canada. 26 September 2024.
112. ^ Abortion Coverage by Region, National Abortion Federation Canada.
113. ^ "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights.
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145. ^ The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
146. ^ Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
147. ^ Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
148. ^ a b Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
149. ^ Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55–64, November 2009.
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254. ^ a b The Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
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317. ^ Pakistan's Abortion Provisions, Center for Reproductive Rights.
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325. ^ Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2018. "In practice, authorities may allow abortions in the first four months of pregnancy in situations of rape or incest, or if the mother has a disability or her life is at risk. However, Sufan, the shelter director in Nablus, said, 'it is difficult, the mufti [religious jurist], hospital, and court all have to agree to allow the abortion.' Salhieh, the chief prosecutor, said that prosecutors obtained permission for seven women to have abortions in 2017, all in cases in which the women alleged that the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest and they were in the early stages of pregnancy."
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425. ^ a b The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.
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428. ^ a b Alabama Human Life Protection Act, Alabama Legislature, 2019.
429. ^ Section 26-23B-5, Alabama Legislature.
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433. ^ SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
434. ^ SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
435. ^ a b "Chapter 390, Termination of pregnancies". Florida Statutes. Florida Legislature.
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437. ^ Georgia Code section 31-9B-1, Justia.
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439. ^ a b Section 18-622, Idaho Legislature, 2023.
440. ^ "Supreme Court allows emergency abortions in Idaho for now". NBC. 27 June 2024.
441. ^ Section 18-604, Idaho Legislature, 2023.
442. ^ a b c Senate Bill 1, Indiana General Assembly, 2022.
443. ^ Indiana's near-total abortion ban goes into effect after Supreme Court decision, WTHR, 21 August 2023.
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445. ^ a b "Iowa Code Chapter 146E, Abortion – Fetal heartbeat" (PDF). Iowa Legislature.
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449. ^ a b Act No. 545, Louisiana State Legislature, 2022.
450. ^ List of conditions that shall deem an unborn child "medically futile", Louisiana Department of Health, 2022.
451. ^ a b Title 22 §1598. Abortions, Maine Revised Statutes, Maine Legislature.
452. ^ a b Criminal Law §2–103, Statutes, Maryland General Assembly.
453. ^ a b Health – General §20–209, Statutes, Maryland General Assembly.
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455. ^ Abortion penalties; repeal, Michigan Legislature.
456. ^ 145.412 Repealed, Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.
457. ^ 145.412 Criminal acts, 2022 Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Legislature.
458. ^ House Bill 1400, Mississippi Legislature, 2014.
459. ^ Senate Bill 2391 Mississippi Legislature, 2007.
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462. ^ a b "188.017. Right to Life of the Unborn Child Act". Revised Statutes of Missouri. Missouri Revisor of Statutes.
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466. ^ House bill 1609-FN, General Court of New Hampshire, 2022.
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483. ^ HB136, Utah State Legislature, 2019.
484. ^ SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
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487. ^ a b c House Bill 302, West Virginia Legislature, 2022.
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571. ^ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org. 6 July 2017.
572. ^ "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.
573. ^ "El Salvador: Court Hears Case on Total Abortion Ban". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
574. ^ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire. 17 October 2013.
575. ^ Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.
576. ^ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
577. ^ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
578. ^ "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.
579. ^ "About the Abortion Act". Government.no. 18 May 2000.
580. ^ Kliff, Sarah (15 October 2008). "Abortion: What the 'Health' Exemption Really Means". Newsweek.
581. ^ "States Probe Limits of Abortion Policy". The Pew Charitable Trusts. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
582. ^ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
583. ^ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.
584. ^ Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
585. ^ Azoulay v. The Queen,  1952 CanLII 4, [1952] 2 S.C.R. 495 (11 April 1952), Supreme Court (Canada)
586. ^ R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)
587. ^ T., S. c/ Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires s/ amparo, Supreme Court of Argentina, 11 January 2001 (in Spanish).
588. ^ R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
589. ^ Tysiąc v Poland, Council of Europe, 20 March 2007.
590. ^ Women's Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014.
591. ^ Advocate Achyut Prasad Kharel v. Office of Prime-minister and Council of Ministers, Kathmandu and Ors. (Supreme Court of Nepal 4 August 2008), Text.
592. ^ Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011.
593. ^ "British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health [2011] EWHC 235 (Admin) (14 February 2011)".
594. ^ F., A. L. s/medida autosatisfactiva, Supreme Court of Argentina, 13 March 2012 (in Spanish).
595. ^ "INTERRUPÇÃO DA GRAVIDEZ" [PREGNANCY INTERRUPTION]. Supremo Tribunal Federal - Justice - Brazil (in Portuguese). 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
596. ^ "P. and S. v. Poland" (PDF). Center for Reproductive Rights. 11 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013.
597. ^ "Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia" [Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice] (PDF). Government of San Salvador (in Spanish). 28 May 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021.
598. ^ Sentence 0206/2014, Plurinational Constitutional Court, 5 February 2014 (in Spanish).
599. ^ "Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law". reproductiverights.org. 12 April 2015.
600. ^ "jua_judgment_en, RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG" (PDF). Women's Link Worldwide. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
601. ^ Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. UI-60/1991 and others of 21 February 2017 and Separate opinion, Narodne novine (in Croatian).
602. ^ "In the matter of an application by the NI Human Rights Commission for JR (NI) and Reference by the Court of Appeal in NI pursuant to Paragraph 33 of Schedule 10 to the NI Act 1998 (Abortion) (NI)" (PDF). The Supreme Court (UKSC). 7 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018.
603. ^ Ruling No. 4/2563 (2020), Constitutional Court of Thailand, 19 February B.E. 2563 (2020). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
604. ^ Sentence C-088/20, Constitutional Court of Colombia, 2 March 2020 (in Spanish).
605. ^ Press Release No. 273/2021: SCJN invalidates provision of the Sinaloa Constitution that protected the right to life from conception and limited the right of women to reproductive autonomy, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 9 September 2021 (in Spanish).
606. ^ Manetto, Francesco (21 September 2021). "La Suprema Corte invalida la objeción de conciencia médica e insta al Congreso a revisar la ley" [The Supreme Court invalidates medical conscientious objection and urges Congress to review the law]. El País (in Spanish).
607. ^ Press Release No. 276/2021: The SCJN invalidates the precept of the general health law that provided for conscious objection of medical and nursing personnel without establishing the necessary safeguards to guarantee the right to health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 20 September 2021 (in Spanish).
608. ^ Manuela and Others v. El Salvador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2 November 2021 (in Spanish).
609. ^ India's top court gives equal abortion access to all women, Associated Press, 29 September 2022.

### Other sources

[edit]

* Appel, Jacob M. (August 2005). "Judicial diagnosis 'conscience' vs. care how refusal clauses are reshaping the rights revolution". Medicine and Health. 88 (8): 279–281\. PMID 16273974.
* Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K. (2 June 1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 24 (2): 56–64\. doi:10.2307/2991926. JSTOR 2991926. PMID 14627052.
* Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original[permanent dead link] on 2009-03-27)
* The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
* Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
* United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
* Pollitt, Katha (2014). Pro: Reclaiming Abortion Rights. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-62054-7.

## External links

[edit]

* Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
* The World's Abortion Laws, interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
* Abortion Policies: A Global Review, United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
* Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
* Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response, Congressional Research Service
* "Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. 2014 (1). Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 2014.
* Abortion Laws of the World, Harvard University
* Abortion legislation in Europe Archived 5 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), September 2012
* Abortion Laws, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division for Gender Affairs

* v
* t
* e

Abortion

Main topics|

* Definitions
* History
* Methods
* Abortion debate
* Philosophical aspects
* Abortion law

Movements|

* Abortion-rights movements
* Anti-abortion movements

Issues|

* Abortion and mental health
* Beginning of human personhood
* Beginning of pregnancy controversy
* Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
* Anti-abortion violence
* Abortion under communism
* Birth control
* Crisis pregnancy center
* Ethical aspects of abortion
* Eugenics
* Forced abortion
* Genetics and abortion
* Late-term abortion
* Legal protection of access
* Legalized abortion and crime effect
* Libertarian perspectives on abortion
* Limit of viability
* Malthusianism
* Men's rights
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* Natalism
* One-child policy
* Paternal rights and abortion
* Post-abortion care
* Prenatal development
* Prenatal rights
* Reproductive rights
* Self-induced abortion
* Sex-selective abortion
* Sidewalk counseling
* Societal attitudes towards abortion
* Socialism
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* Women's rights

By country|

| Africa|

* Algeria
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|

Asia|

* Afghanistan
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* Philippines
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* Turkey
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* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
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* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

Oceania|

* Australia
* Micronesia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

South America|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Law|

* Case law
* Constitutional law
* History of abortion law
* Laws by country
* Buffer zones
* Conscientious objection
* Fetal protection
* Six-week bans
* Informed consent
* Late-term restrictions
* Parental involvement
* Spousal consent

Methods|

* Vacuum aspiration
* Dilation and evacuation
* Dilation and curettage
* Intact D&X
* Hysterotomy
* Instillation
* Menstrual extraction
* Medical abortion
* Abortifacient drugs
* Methotrexate
* Mifepristone
* Misoprostol
* Oxytocin
* Self-induced abortion
* Unsafe abortion

Religion|

* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Catholicism
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Judaism
* Scientology

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings

Age of|

* Candidacy for political office
* Consent
* Criminal responsibility
* Drinking
* Smoking
* Gambling
* Driving
* Majority
* Marriage
* in the US
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* School-leaving
* in the US
* Voting
* Suffrage
* Youth suffrage
* Working

Drugs and
alcohol|

* Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
* Alcohol
* Alcohol consumption
* Bath salts
* Legal status of Mephedrone
* Legal status of Methylone
* Legal status of MPDV
* Cocaine use
* Legality
* Methamphetamine
* Legality
* Opiate use
* Psychedelics
* Amanita mushroom
* Legality
* Ayahuasca
* Legality
* Cannabis
* Legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Ibogaine
* Legality
* LSD
* Legality
* Psilocybin mushroom
* Legality
* Salvia divinorum
* Legality

Death|

* Murder
* Intentional homicide
* By gender
* Legality of euthanasia
* Legality of suicide
* Legality of assisted suicide

Weapons and explosives|

* Air guns
* Guns
* Deaths
* Households
* Laws
* Ownership
* Knives
* Pepper spray
* Tasers

Punishment|

* Death penalty
* Incarceration
* Life imprisonment

Policing|

* Crime statistics
* Size of police forces

Obscenity|

* Incest
* Laws
* Pornography
* Child pornography
* Fictional pornography depicting minors
* Simulated child pornography
* Internet pornography
* Prostitution
* Sex trafficking
* Sexual assault
* Child sexual abuse
* Rape
* Sodomy law

Reproduction|

* Abortion law
* Minors and abortion
* Adoption law
* International adoption
* Human cloning
* Sterilization
* Surrogacy

Marriage|

* Marriage law
* Cousin marriage
* in the US)
* Divorce
* Impotence
* Polygamy
* Same-sex marriage

Human rights|

* Children's rights
* Children in the military
* Intersex rights
* Human trafficking
* Women's rights

Freedom of movement|

* By country
* In the air
* Abode

Property and
environment|

* Air
* Estate
* Land
* Minerals
* Mining
* Mortgage
* Water
* Riparian water

Business|

* Competition
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Corporate
* Corporate liability
* Legality of cryptocurrency

Violence|

* Corporal punishment
* At home
* At school
* In court
* LGBT rights
* Police misconduct
* Police accountability
* Police brutality
* Annual rates by country
* Prisoner abuse
* Police body camera
* Alcohol law
* Slavery

International
ownership|

* International waters
* Maritime law
* UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
* Antarctic Treaty System
* World Intellectual Property Organization
* World Intellectual Property Indicators
* Foreign ownership
* International copyright treaties

Censorship|

* Censorship by country
* Book censorship
* by country
* Cartographic censorship
* Film censorship
* by country
* Internet censorship
* by country
* Censorship of LGBT issues
* Political censorship
* Television censorship
* by country
* Video gaming censorship
* by country

Other|

* Animal rights
* Immigration law
* National legal systems
* Religious law
* Separation of church and state
* Sharia
* World Justice Project

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

* v
* t
* e

Sexual revolution

Main topics|

* Birth control
* Male contraceptive
* Free love
* Gay liberation
* Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf

Milestones|

* Abortion law
* Boys in the Sand
* Blue Movie
* Myra Breckinridge
* Deep Throat
* Divorce law by country
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of the press
* Golden Age of Porn
* Loving v. Virginia
* Miller Test
* Obergefell v. Hodges
* "Porno chic"
* Pornography
* Pornography in the United States
* Swinging
* The Pill (1965)

Slogans|

* "Make love, not war"
* "The personal is political"

Events|

* AIDS epidemic
* Kinsey Reports
* Masters and Johnson Institute
* Playboy
* Protests of 1968
* Stonewall riots
* Summer of Love

People|

* Pat Califia
* Marilyn Chambers
* Aleister Crowley
* Gerard Damiano
* Betty Dodson
* Larry Flynt
* Sigmund Freud
* Ralph Ginzburg
* Al Goldstein
* Bob Guccione
* Terri Hall
* Fred Halsted
* Nina Hartley
* Hugh Hefner
* Magnus Hirschfeld
* David Hurles
* Virginia Johnson
* Alfred Kinsey
* Linda Lovelace
* Robert Mapplethorpe
* William Margold
* William Masters
* Radley Metzger
* Bettie Page
* Wilhelm Reich
* Marquis de Sade
* Margaret Sanger
* Annie Sprinkle
* Andy Warhol
* Ruth Westheimer
* Oscar Wilde

Places|

* 55th Street Playhouse
* Caldron (sex club)
* Catacombs (sex club)
* Club Baths
* The Factory
* Gay bathhouse
* LGBT culture
* Dallas-Fort Worth
* Houston
* Miami
* New York City
* San Francisco
* Mineshaft (gay club)
* New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre
* Plato's Retreat
* Sandstone retreat
* South of Market

Related|

* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Feminist views of pornography
* Freudo-Marxism
* Hippie
* Inside Deep Throat (2005 film)
* Kinsey (2004 film)
* LGBT
* Lust
* Lovelace (2013 film)
* Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book)
* The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film)
* Peace movement
* Slut-shaming
* Whatever (1994 novel)

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[CpY]: Countries per year
*[CC]: Cumulative countries
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template