Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Ongoing accession process of Montenegro to the EU

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Status| Candidate negotiating (screening complete)
Earliest possible entry| 2028

Application

European perspective| December 2002
Potential candidate| December 2002
Membership application| 15 December 2008
Candidate status| 17 December 2010
Screening| 29 June 2012
Screened & negotiations commence| 27 June 2013

Negotiations

Clusters open| 6
Chapters open| 26
Clusters closed| 0
Chapters closed| 7  | 21.2% complete

| |

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Memberships & Treaties

Association Agreement
1 May 2010
Economic and monetary policy
EU Free Trade Agreement| part of the SAA
World Trade Organization (WTO)| Member since 29 April 2012
Euro & the Eurozone| Euro has de facto been used since 1 January 2002

Main article: Montenegro and the euro

Travel
Schengen visa liberalisation| 19 December 2009
Energy
Energy Community| 15 December 2006
Euratom| There are no nuclear power plants or research reactors in Montenegro.
ENTSO-E| Crnogorski Elektroprenosni Sistem is a member
Foreign and military policy
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)| 5 June 2017
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)| 10 September 2000 (as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
Human rights and international courts
Council of Europe (CoE)| Member since 11 May 2007
International Criminal Court (ICC)| Member since 3 June 2006
International Court of Justice (ICJ)| Entitled to appear since 28 June 2006; there are no cases

Impact (27+1)

| Population| 446,828,803| 447,461,961
0.14%

|
|

Area| 4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2| 4,247,074 km2
1,639,805 mi2
0.3%
HDI| 0.896| 0.893
0.1%
GDP (PPP)| $25.399 trillion| $25.416 trillion
0.07%
GDP per capita (PPP)| $56,928| $56,605
0.5%
GDP| $17.818 trillion| $17.825 trillion
0.03%
GDP per capita| $39,940| $39,699
0.6%
Gini| 30.0| 30.1
0.1%
Official Languages| 24| 25
Montenegrin +1

Politics of Montenegro

Constitution

Executive

* President (list)

Jakov Milatović
* Prime Minister

Milojko Spajić
* Government

Legislative

* Parliament

President: Andrija Mandić

Judiciary

* Supreme Court
* Constitutional Court

Political parties

* Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS)
* Democrats (DCG)
* New Serb Democracy (NOVA)
* Movement for Changes (PzP)
* Social Democratic Party (SDP)
* Democratic People's Party (DNP)
* Socialist People's Party (SNP)
* United Reform Action (URA)
* Democratic Alliance (Demos)
* United Montenegro (UCG)
* Bosniak Party (BS)
* Social Democrats (SD)
* New Democratic Power (FORCA)
* Croatian Civic Initiative (HGI)
* Workers' Party (RP)
* Liberal Party (LP)

Recent elections

*     * Presidential: 2018
* 2023

*     * Parliamentary: 2023
* next

*     * Local: 2022
* 2024

Administrative divisions

* Municipalities

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Ranko Krivokapić

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Montenegro

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* European Union
* NATO
* Croatia
* Serbia

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

After voting for independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006, Montenegro began the process of accession to the European Union by agreeing to a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, which officially came into force on 1 May 2010. Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008. Membership negotiations began on 29 June 2012.[1] As of 2024, Montenegro's goal is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028,[2][3][4] and the European Commissioner for Enlargement Marta Kos stated that Montenegro could complete the negotiation process needed to join the EU by the end of 2026 or 2027.[5][6]

It is one of 9 current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Among the 6 candidates with open negotiations (Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Moldova and Ukraine), the most advanced stage of the negotiations—defined as meeting the interim benchmarks for negotiation chapter 23 and 24 which allow the closing process of all negotiation chapters to start—has so far only been reached by Montenegro.[7] As of June 2025, 26 out of 33 chapters remain to be closed.

## History

[edit]

### Since Montenegro's potential candidate status was granted

[edit]

Main article: Montenegro–European Union relations

President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker with Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović in Brussels, Belgium on 5 June 2018

### Identification

[edit]

Montenegro was granted potential candidate status in December 2002, when it was still in a union with Serbia. The EU recognized the new and independent country's European Perspective on 21 June 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit. The adoption of the Thessaloniki Declaration of 2003 was a promise by the EU that the former Yugoslav republics along with Albania have "unequivocal support for future integration and full membership of these states in the Union".[8]

### Recommendation

[edit]

The European Commission recommended Montenegro as a candidate country on 9 November 2010. Montenegro officially was granted candidate status on 17 December 2010.[9]

### Candidacy

[edit]

### Membership application

[edit]

Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008.

### Questionnaire

[edit]

On 23 April 2009, the Council invited the European Commission to submit its opinion on the application. The Commission presented Montenegro with a questionnaire to assess its application on 22 July 2009.[10] On 9 December 2009, Montenegro delivered its answers to the EC questionnaire.[11] In 2010, the Commission issued a favourable opinion on Montenegro's application, identifying seven key priorities that would need to be addressed for negotiations to begin.

## Treaties

[edit]

### Stabilisation and Association Agreement

[edit]

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. The EU concluded such agreements with states that wish to become members. In exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in the country, tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance may be offered by the EU.

In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum, and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing SAA negotiations, and separate negotiations were launched with Montenegro in September 2006.[12][13][14]

The Agreement was initiated on 15 March 2007 and signed on 15 October 2007. After all the 27 member-states of EU had ratified the SAA, it came into force on 1 May 2010.[15][16]

Status of SAA ratification  | Event | North Macedonia [17] | Croatia [18] | Albania [19] | Montenegro [20][Note 1] | Bosnia and
Herzegovina [22] | Serbia [23][Note 2] | Kosovo [24][Note 3]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

SAA negotiations start | 2000-04-05  | 2000-11-24  | 2003-01-31  | 2005-10-10  | 2005-11-25  | 2005-10-10  | 2013-10-28[26]
SAA initialled | 2000-11-24  | 2001-05-14  | 2006-02-28  | 2007-03-15  | 2007-12-04  | 2007-11-07  | 2014-07-25[27]
SAA/IA signature | 2001-04-09  | 2001-10-29  | 2006-06-12  | 2007-10-15  | 2008-06-16  | 2008-04-29  | 2015-10-27[28]
Interim Agreement:
EC ratification  | 2001-04-27  | 2002-01-30  | 2006-06-12  | 2007-10-15  | 2008-06-16  | 2009-12-08  | N/A [Note 4]
SAP state ratification  | 2001-04-27  | 2002-01-30  | 2006-10-09  | 2007-11-14  | 2008-06-20  | 2008-09-22  | N/A [Note 4]
entry into force  | 2001-06-01  | 2002-03-01  | 2006-12-01  | 2008-01-01  | 2008-07-01  | 2010-02-01  | N/A [Note 4]
Deposit of the instrument of ratification:
SAP state  | 2001-04-27  | 2002-01-30  | 2006-11-09  | 2007-11-13  | 2009-02-26  | 2008-09-22  | 2016-02-26
Austria | 2002-09-06  | 2002-03-15  | 2008-05-21  | 2008-07-04  | 2009-09-04  | 2011-01-13  | N/A
Belgium | 2003-12-29  | 2003-12-17  | 2008-10-22  | 2010-03-29  | 2010-03-29  | 2012-03-20  | N/A
Bulgaria | joined the EU later  | 2008-05-30  | 2009-03-13  | 2010-08-12  | N/A
Croatia | joined the EU later  | N/A
Cyprus | joined the EU later  | 2008-05-30  | 2008-11-20  | 2009-07-02  | 2010-11-26  | N/A
Czech Republic | joined the EU later  | 2008-05-07  | 2009-02-19  | 2009-07-23  | 2011-01-28  | N/A
Denmark | 2002-04-10  | 2002-05-08  | 2008-04-24  | 2008-06-25  | 2009-05-26  | 2011-03-04  | N/A
Estonia | joined the EU later  | 2007-10-17  | 2007-11-22  | 2008-09-11  | 2010-08-19  | N/A
Finland | 2004-01-06  | 2004-01-06  | 2007-11-29  | 2009-03-18  | 2009-04-07  | 2011-10-21  | N/A
France | 2003-06-04  | 2003-06-04  | 2009-02-12  | 2009-07-30  | 2011-02-10  | 2012-01-16  | N/A
Germany | 2002-06-20  | 2002-10-18  | 2009-02-19  | 2009-11-16  | 2009-08-14  | 2012-02-24  | N/A
Greece | 2003-08-27  | 2003-08-27  | 2009-02-26  | 2010-03-04  | 2010-09-20  | 2011-03-10  | N/A
Hungary | joined the EU later  | 2007-04-23  | 2008-05-14  | 2008-10-22  | 2010-11-16  | N/A
Ireland | 2002-05-06  | 2002-05-06  | 2007-06-11  | 2009-06-04  | 2009-06-04  | 2011-09-29  | N/A
Italy | 2003-10-30  | 2004-10-06  | 2008-01-07  | 2009-10-13  | 2010-09-08  | 2011-01-06  | N/A
Latvia | joined the EU later  | 2006-12-19  | 2008-10-17  | 2009-11-12  | 2011-05-30  | N/A
Lithuania | joined the EU later  | 2007-05-17  | 2009-03-04  | 2009-05-04  | 2013-06-26  | N/A
Luxembourg | 2003-07-28  | 2003-08-01  | 2007-07-04  | 2009-06-11  | 2010-12-22  | 2011-01-21  | N/A
Malta | joined the EU later  | 2008-04-21  | 2008-12-11  | 2010-01-07  | 2010-07-06  | N/A
Netherlands | 2002-09-09  | 2004-04-30  | 2007-12-10  | 2009-01-29  | 2009-09-30  | 2012-02-27  | N/A
Poland | joined the EU later  | 2007-04-14  | 2009-02-06  | 2010-04-07  | 2012-01-13  | N/A
Portugal | 2003-07-14  | 2003-07-14  | 2008-07-11  | 2008-09-23  | 2009-06-29  | 2011-03-04  | N/A
Romania | joined the EU later  | 2009-01-15  | 2010-01-08  | 2012-05-22  | N/A
Slovakia | joined the EU later  | 2007-07-20  | 2008-07-29  | 2009-03-17  | 2010-11-11  | N/A
Slovenia | joined the EU later  | 2007-01-18  | 2008-02-07  | 2009-03-10  | 2010-12-07  | N/A
Spain | 2002-10-04  | 2002-10-04  | 2007-05-03  | 2009-03-12  | 2010-06-15  | 2010-06-21  | N/A
Sweden | 2002-06-25  | 2003-03-27  | 2007-03-21  | 2009-03-11  | 2009-09-14  | 2011-04-15  | N/A
United Kingdom | 2002-12-17  | 2004-09-03  | 2007-10-16  | 2010-01-12  | 2010-04-20  | 2011-08-11  | N/A
European Communities or
European Union and Euratom | 2004-02-25  | 2004-12-21  | 2009-02-26  | 2010-03-29  | 2015-04-30  | 2013-07-22  | 2016-02-24 [Note 5]
SAA entry into force | 2004-04-01  | 2005-02-01  | 2009-04-01  | 2010-05-01  | 2015-06-01  | 2013-09-01  | 2016-04-01[32]
EU membership (SAA lapsed) | (TBD)  | 2013-07-01  | (TBD)  | (TBD)  | (TBD)  | (TBD)  | (TBD)

N/A: Not applicable.

1. ^ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro. Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006.[21]
2. ^ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of Serbia and Montenegro, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
3. ^ Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but is still claimed by Serbia as part of its territory. The European Union remains divided, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo] on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement.[25]
4. ^ a b c No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded.[29]
5. ^ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently.[26][30][31]

## EU programs and organisations

[edit]

* Eastern Partnership: 22 January 2007
* Energy Community: joined 15 December 2006
* European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity:
* Southeast Europe Transport Community: since establishment in 2017

## Public opinion

[edit]

Montenegro's population is overwhelmingly pro-EU, with 76.2% being in favor according to polling and only 9.8% against, in October 2009.[33]

As of May 2023, the support of the citizens of Montenegro for the country's membership in the European Union reached a record high of 79.3%, according to a survey commissioned by the EU Delegation to Montenegro. The survey reported 75.9% of citizens believe that Montenegro will become a member of the EU. Over 90% of citizens would vote in the referendum, and 81.1% of those voting would support Montenegro's membership in the EU.[34]

## Negotiations and conditions

[edit]

Montenegro signed an agreement with the Bulgarian government in December 2007 in which Bulgaria would assist Montenegro with its Euro-Atlantic and EU integration for the following three years.[35] Reports at that time indicated Montenegro had ecological, judicial, and crime-related problems that may hinder its accession bid.[36]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro has a special agency dedicated to accession to the EU, the Office for Assistance to the Chief Negotiator. The office's goal is to support the task of the Chief Negotiator for Montenegro's Accession to the EU, Zorka Kordić. On 27 July 2010, the Parliament passed a non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. This was one of the requirements the country had to meet for EU membership.[37]

In December 2011, the Council agreed to launch the accession process, with negotiations beginning on 29 June 2012.

The 2015 European Commission Progress Report on Montenegro noted that the country had made good progress toward meeting the benchmarks to join the EU, but the nation needed to address institutional frameworks, including competition policy, fighting against corruption and organized crime, and work in the areas of the environment and climate change.[38][39] A 2015 study of the readiness to join the EU by using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey collected from enterprise owners and management indicated that Montenegro passed three out of six business dimensions: basic infrastructure, goods delivery, and secure legal secure environment, but was lower than four other candidate nations in resources, technology support, and regulations.[39]

In its 2016 assessment of the accession progress, the European Parliament identified Montenegro as having the highest level of preparation for membership among the negotiating candidate nations.[40]

From 2014 through 2020, Montenegro received €279.1 million of developmental aid (not including the allocation for Cross-border Cooperation) from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.[41] The priority areas for these funds include: democracy and governance, rule of law and fundamental rights, environment and climate action, transport, competitiveness and innovation, education, employment and social policies, agriculture and rural development, regional and territorial cooperation.[41]

With all the negotiating chapters opened as of 2021, Montenegro had widespread support among EU members' officials with possible accession to the EU considered by 2025.[1]

There are twenty-six open chapters, seven have been provisionally closed, and two in which there is nothing to adopt.

### Current chapter status tables

[edit]

Clusters of negotiating chapters  Clusters | Acquis Chapter | Status[42]

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Overview | Overview | 26 out of 33 | 6 out of 6  | 0 out of 6
Fundamentals  | 23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | Opened | Opened | –
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security | Opened
Economic criteria  | –
Functioning of democratic institutions  | –
Public administration reform  | –
5\. Public Procurement | Closed
18\. Statistics | Opened
32\. Financial Control | Opened
Internal Market  | 1\. Free Movement of Goods | Opened | Opened | –
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers | Opened
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | Opened
4\. Free Movement of Capital | Opened
6\. Company Law | Opened
7\. Intellectual Property Law | Closed
8\. Competition Policy | Opened
9\. Financial Services | Opened
28\. Consumer & Health Protection | Opened
Competitiveness

and inclusive growth

| 10\. Information Society & Media | Closed | Opened | –
16\. Taxation | Opened
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy | Opened
19\. Social Policy & Employment | Opened
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | Closed
25\. Science & Research | Closed
26\. Education & Culture | Closed
29\. Customs Union | Opened
Green agenda

and sustainable connectivity

| 14\. Transport Policy | Opened | Opened | –
15\. Energy | Opened
21\. Trans-European Networks | Opened
27\. Environment | Opened
Resources, agriculture

and cohesion

| 11\. Agriculture & Rural Development | Opened | Opened | –
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | Opened
13\. Fisheries | Opened
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | Opened
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | Opened
External relations  | 30\. External Relations | Closed | Opened | –
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | Opened
| 34\. Institutions | – | – | –
35\. Other Issues | – | –  | –
Screening and Chapter Dates  Progression | 33 / 33 | 100% complete

33 / 33 | 100% complete

33 / 33 | 100% complete

7 / 33 | 21.2% complete

| |

|

Acquis chapter[43] | Screening Started | Screening Completed | Chapter Opened | Chapter Closed
1\. Free Movement of Goods | 2013-01-14 | 2013-03-06 | 2017-06-20 | –
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers | 2013-05-13 | 2013-06-07 | 2017-12-11[45] | –
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | 2012-10-23 | 2012-11-30 | 2017-12-11[45] | –
4\. Free Movement of Capital | 2013-01-18 | 2013-02-21 | 2014-06-24[46] | –
5\. Public Procurement | 2012-09-27 | 2012-11-19 | 2013-12-18 | 2025-06-27[47]
6\. Company Law | 2012-10-02 | 2012-11-22 | 2013-12-18 | –
7\. Intellectual Property Law | 2012-10-11 | 2012-11-21 | 2014-03-31 | 2024-12-16[48]
8\. Competition Policy | 2012-10-03 | 2012-12-04 | 2020-06-30 | –
9\. Financial Services | 2013-04-17 | 2013-06-11 | 2015-06-22[49] | –
10\. Information Society & Media | 2012-12-06 | 2013-01-22 | 2014-03-31 | 2024-12-16[48]
11\. Agriculture & Rural Development | 2012-11-06 | 2012-12-13 | 2016-12-13 | –
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | 2012-10-15 | 2013-02-01 | 2016-06-30 | –
13\. Fisheries | 2013-03-14 | 2013-06-06 | 2016-06-30 | –
14\. Transport Policy | 2013-04-22 | 2013-05-30 | 2015-12-21 | –
15\. Energy | 2013-02-27 | 2013-04-11 | 2015-12-21 | –
16\. Taxation | 2013-04-08 | 2013-04-30 | 2015-03-30 | –
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy | 2013-01-10 | 2013-02-26 | 2018-06-25 | –
18\. Statistics | 2013-06-03 | 2013-06-25 | 2014-12-16[50] | –
19\. Social Policy & Employment | 2013-01-23 | 2013-03-13 | 2016-12-13 | –
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | 2012-10-25 | 2012-11-28 | 2013-12-18 | 2024-12-16[48]
21\. Trans-European Networks | 2013-04-22 | 2013-05-30 | 2015-06-22[49] | –
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | 2012-11-14 | 2012-12-18 | 2017-06-20 | –
23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | 2012-03-26[51] | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-18 | –
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security | 2012-03-28[51] | 2012-05-25 | 2013-12-18 | –
25\. Science & Research | 2012-09-24 | 2012-09-25 | 2012-12-18 | 2012-12-18[52]
26\. Education & Culture | 2012-09-26 | 2012-11-16 | 2013-04-15 | 2013-04-15[53]
27\. Environment & Climate Change | 2013-02-04 | 2013-03-22 | 2018-12-10[54] | –
28\. Consumer & Health Protection | 2013-02-19 | 2013-04-16 | 2014-12-16[50] | –
29\. Customs Union | 2013-05-23 | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-16[50] | –
30\. External Relations | 2013-05-14 | 2013-06-12 | 2015-03-30 | 2017-06-20
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | 2013-05-17 | 2013-06-27 | 2014-06-24[46] | –
32\. Financial Control | 2013-05-16 | 2013-06-19 | 2014-06-24[46] | –
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | 2013-05-15 | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-16[50] | –
34\. Institutions | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A
35\. Other Issues | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A
October 2024 European Commission Report[55] Acquis chapter | Status as of Oct 2024 | Chapter Status as of 2025

|
|

Overview | 5 chapters with some level of preparation,
15 chapters with moderate preparation,
12 chapters with good level of preparation,
1 chapter with advanced level of preparation,
2 chapters with nothing to adopt. | 7 chapters closed,
26 chapters open.
1\. Free Movement of Goods  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers  | Some level of preparation  | Chapter open
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
4\. Free Movement of Capital  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
5\. Public Procurement  | Good level of preparation† | Chapter closed
6\. Company Law  | Good level of preparation  | Chapter open
7\. Intellectual Property Law  | Well advanced‡ | Chapter closed
8\. Competition Policy  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
9\. Financial Services  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
10\. Information Society & Media  | Good level of preparation | Chapter closed
11\. Agriculture & Rural Development  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
13\. Fisheries  | Some level of preparation  | Chapter open
14\. Transport Policy  | Good level of preparation† | Chapter open
15\. Energy  | Good level of preparation  | Chapter open
16\. Taxation  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
18\. Statistics  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
19\. Social Policy & Employment  | Some level of preparation  | Chapter open
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy  | Good level of preparation | Chapter closed
21\. Trans-European Networks  | Good level of preparation† | Chapter open
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security  | Good level of preparation† | Chapter open
25\. Science & Research  | Good level of preparation | Chapter closed
26\. Education & Culture  | Good level of preparation | Chapter closed
27\. Environment & Climate Change  | Some level of preparation  | Chapter open
28\. Consumer & Health Protection  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
29\. Customs Union  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
30\. External Relations  | Good level of preparation | Chapter closed
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy  | Good level of preparation  | Chapter open
32\. Financial Control  | Moderately prepared  | Chapter open
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions  | Some level of preparation  | Chapter open
34\. Institutions  | Nothing to adopt  | Nothing to adopt
35\. Other Issues  | Nothing to adopt  | Nothing to adopt

Legend:

Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.

† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".

‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "good level of preparation" AND "well advanced".

totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

Report History  Acquis chapter | October 2011[56] | October 2012[57] | October 2013[58] | October 2014[59] | November 2015[60] | November 2016[61] | April 2018[62] | May 2019[63] | October 2020[64] | October 2021[65] | October 2022[66] | November 2023[67] | October 2024[55]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1\. Free Movement of Goods | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Considerable efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
4\. Free Movement of Capital | Some level of preparation | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
5\. Public Procurement | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation†
6\. Company Law | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
7\. Intellectual Property Law | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Well advanced‡
8\. Competition Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
9\. Financial Services | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
10\. Information Society & Media | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation
11\. Agriculture & Rural Development | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
13\. Fisheries | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation
14\. Transport Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation†
15\. Energy | Moderately prepared | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
16\. Taxation | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy | Considerable efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
18\. Statistics | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
19\. Social Policy & Employment | Early stage | Considerable efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | Considerable efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation
21\. Trans-European Networks | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation†
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | Early stage | Considerable efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation†
25\. Science & Research | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
26\. Education & Culture | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
27\. Environment & Climate Change | Considerable efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation
28\. Consumer & Health Protection | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
29\. Customs Union | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
30\. External Relations | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation
32\. Financial Control | Some level of preparation | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation
34\. Institutions | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt
35\. Other Issues | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt
Legend:

Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.

† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".

‡ indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "good level of preparation" AND "well advanced".

totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

## Economy

[edit]

### Developmental Aid

[edit]

Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

IPA I
€236 M
(2007-2013)

IPA II
€271 M
(2014-2020)

IPA III
c. €300 M
(2021-2027)

### Unilateral euro adoption

[edit]

Main article: Montenegro and the euro

Montenegro has no currency of its own. As a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following World War II, and later of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro used the Yugoslav dinar as its official currency. In November 1999, the government of Montenegro unilaterally designated the Deutsche Mark as its co-official currency with the dinar, and on 1 January 2001 the dinar officially ceased to be a legal tender in Montenegro.[68][69] When the euro was introduced and the Deutsche Mark yielded in 2002, Montenegro followed suit and began using the euro as well, with no objection from the European Central Bank (ECB).[70][71]

The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions.[72] A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: "unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty."[73] The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria (such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system) which are not negotiable before euro adoption, but have not intervened to stop the unilateral adoption of the euro by Montenegro in 2002.[72][74] The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process.[72] The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption "would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession."[73]

Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country.[70][73] Radoje Žugić, Montenegro's Minister of Finance, has stated that "it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our currency and then later to again go back to the euro."[75] Instead, he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised "the government of Montenegro, will adopt some certain elements, which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro; such as adopting fiscal rules."[75]

## Travel

[edit]

### Schengen Visa liberalisation process

[edit]

On 1 January 2008, the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Montenegro and the EU entered into force.[76] Montenegro was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa when traveling with biometric passports.[77] The visa liberalisation process does not include travels to Ireland which, with the United Kingdom which left the EU during Montenegro's accession process, operate the Common Travel Area for visas outside of the Schengen Area.[78]

From October 2026 citizens of Montenegro will be required to register on the EU's ETIAS before entering the Schengen area.[79]

## Montenegro's foreign relations with EU member states

[edit]

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland

* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg

* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

|
|

## See also

[edit]

* Accession of Albania to the European Union
* Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
* Accession of Kosovo to the European Union
* Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union
* Accession of Serbia to the European Union
* Montenegro–NATO relations
* Yugoslavia–European Communities relations

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Kajosevic, Samir (26 March 2021). "Montenegro Targets 2025 to be Ready for EU Accession". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
2. ^ "The EU-Montenegro Joint Consultative Committee: Montenegro is advancing in the EU accession path". European Economic and Social Committee. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
3. ^ Tatiana Marinova; Simona-Alex Mihaleva (17 June 2024). "President Radev: Bulgaria Supports Montenegro's European Integration". BTA. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
4. ^ Milojko Spajić (16 December 2024). "Press conference - Part 2 - Preliminary remarks by Milojko Spajić, Prime Minister of Montenegro, during the press conference following the EU-Montenegro Intergovernmental Conference on 16 December 2024 in Brussels" (video). Consilium. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
5. ^ "Kos: Crna Gora bi mogla da završi pregovarački proces do kraja 2026. ili 2027". Portal Analitika (in Serbian). Retrieved 4 June 2025.
6. ^ "Kos: Crna Gora bi mogla da završi pregovarački proces do kraja 2026. ili 2027". RTCG - Radio Televizija Crne Gore - Nacionalni javni servis. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
7. ^ Council of the European Union (26 June 2024). "Sixteenth meeting of the Accession Conference with Montenegro at Ministerial level (press release by the Council of the EU)". Consilium. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
8. ^ "Twenty years since the Thessaloniki promise of the European perspective of the Western Balkans". europeanwesternbalkans.com. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
9. ^ "Commission Opinion on Montenegro's application for membership of the European Union". European Commission. 9 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
10. ^ "EC questionnaire to Montenegro" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
11. ^ "Montenegro delivers answers to EC questionnaire". SETimes. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
12. ^ "Montenegro Key Events". European Commission - Enlargement. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
13. ^ "Germany prepares to take over EU presidency". Southeast European Times. 28 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
14. ^ "Montenegro". European Commission. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
15. ^ "SAA comes into force for Montenegro". Archived from the original on 3 May 2010.
16. ^ "Montenegro: Stabilisation and Association Agreement comes into force". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
17. ^ "SAA Agreement with Macedonia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
18. ^ "SAA Agreement with Croatia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
19. ^ "SAA Agreement with Albania". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
20. ^ "SAA Agreement with Montenegro". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
21. ^ "EU, Montenegro complete negotiations on pre-membership deal to bring country closer to bloc". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
22. ^ "SAA Agreement with Bosnia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
23. ^ "SAA Agreement with Serbia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
24. ^ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
25. ^ "Feasibility Study for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo*" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
26. ^ a b "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
27. ^ "Stabilization and Association Agreement is initialled". Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
28. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed". European Commission. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
29. ^ "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
30. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
31. ^ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
32. ^ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". EUR-Lex. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
33. ^ "Političko javno mnjenje Crne Gore" (PDF). Centar Za Demokratiju i Ljudska Prava. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
34. ^ "Record high public support for Montenegro's EU membership". Delegation of the European Union to Montenegro. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
35. ^ "Новини от България и света, актуална информация 24 часа в денонощието". News.bg. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
36. ^ "Ren: Kriminal prepreka Crnoj Gori". 28 November 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
37. ^ ILGA Europe:Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination. 19 August 2010.
38. ^ "Key findings of the 2015 report on Montenegro". European Commission. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
39. ^ a b Bahhouth, Victor; Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2019). "Meeting the global challenges of doing business in the five candidate countries on the road to join the European Union". Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 10 (3): 1297–1318\. doi:10.1007/s13132-018-0531-3.
40. ^ "Report on the 2016 Commission Report on Montenegro". Committee on Foreign Affairs European Parliament. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
41. ^ a b "Montenegro - financial assistance under IPA". European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) European Commission. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
42. ^ "Application of the revised enlargement methodology to the accession negotiations with Montenegro and Serbia". Brussels: General Secretariat of the Council. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
43. ^ "Montenegro - European Commission". neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
44. ^ a b "EU Accession Negotiations". 21 December 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. "As of 21 December 2015, twenty-two negotiating Chapters, including the rule of law Chapters, 23 – Judiciary and fundamental rights and 24 – Justice, freedom and security, have been opened, out which two Chapters (25 – Science and research and 26 – Education and culture) have been provisionally closed."
45. ^ a b "EU advances membership talks for Montenegro, Serbia". euractiv.com. AFP. 12 December 2017.
46. ^ a b c "EU otvorila još tri poglavlja u pregovorima s Crnom Gorom". 26 November 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
47. ^ "23rd Accession Conference with Montenegro, 27 June 2025". Consilium. Retrieved 27 June 2025.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
48. ^ a b c "Seventeenth Accession Conference with Montenegro, 16 December 2024". Consilium. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
49. ^ a b "Sixth meeting of the Accession Conference with Montenegro at Ministerial level - 2 new chapters opened" (Press release). Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. 22 June 2015.
50. ^ a b c d "Potpredsjednik Vlade Igor Lukšić na Međuvladinoj konferenciji o pristupanju Crne Gore EU" [Deputy Prime Minister Igor Luksic at the Intergovernmental Conference on Montenegro's Accession to the EU]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European integration (in Montenegrin). 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
51. ^ a b "EU 'Screening' of Montenegro Starts in Brussels". 28 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
52. ^ "Montenegro - Membership status". 27 June 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
53. ^ "EU-Montenegro promote accession talks". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
54. ^ "MNE Chapter 27".
55. ^ a b "Montenegro Report 2024". European Commission. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
56. ^ "Montenegro 2011 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
57. ^ "Montenegro 2012 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
58. ^ "Montengero 2013 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
59. ^ "Montenegro 2014 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
60. ^ "Montenegro 2015 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
61. ^ "Montenegro 2016 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
62. ^ "Montenegro 2018 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
63. ^ Montenegro 2019 Report (PDF). European Commission (Report). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
64. ^ Montenegro 2020 Report (PDF). European Commission (Report). 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
65. ^ Montenegro 2021 Report. European Commission (Report). 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
66. ^ "Montenegro Report 2022" (PDF). European Commission. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
67. ^ "Montenegro Report 2023". European Commission. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
68. ^ Amerini, Amerini (2004). "Exchange rates in Western Balkan countries" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2006.
69. ^ Republic of Montenegro: Selected Issues. International Monetary Fund. February 2008. p. 34\. ISBN 9781451826715.
70. ^ a b "EU to question Montenegro's use of euro". 8 October 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
71. ^ "Montenegro's euro challenge". BBC. 3 January 2002. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
72. ^ a b c "EU warns Montenegro over Euro". b92.net. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
73. ^ a b c "Montenegro heading for EU membership". 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
74. ^ "EU prijeti Crnoj Gori ukidanjem eura: Niste sposobni za našu valutu" [EU threatens revoking the euro from Montenegro: You're not capable enough for our currency]. Index.hr (in Croatian). 1 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
75. ^ a b "Montenegro's peculiar path to EU membership". 7 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
76. ^ "Montenegro - EU-Montenegro relations". European Commission. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
77. ^ "EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia". 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
78. ^ "The British-Irish Visa Scheme" (PDF). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
79. ^ "Schengen Visa Fees from Montenegro". Retrieved 3 August 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Enlargement and partners of the European Union

Previous enlargements|

* 1973 (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)
* 1981 (Greece)
* 1986 (Portugal, Spain)
* 1995 (Austria, Finland, Sweden)
* 2004 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)
* 2007 (Bulgaria, Romania)
* 2013 (Croatia)
* Statistics

Candidates|

| Negotiating|

| Screened|

* Albania
* status
* Montenegro
* status
* Moldova
* status
* relations
* North Macedonia
* status
* Serbia
* status
* Ukraine
* status
* relations

|

Pre-negotiations|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* status
* Georgia
* status
* relations

Suspended negotiations|

* Turkey
* status
* relations

Potential candidates|

* Kosovo
* status

Partnerships|

| Eastern Partnership|

* Armenia
* status
* relations
* Azerbaijan
* relations
* Belarus (suspended)
* relations

|

Northern Dimension|

* Iceland
* relations
* Norway
* relations
* Russia
* relations

Customs union|

* Andorra
* relations
* Monaco
* relations
* San Marino
* relations

Free trade agreements|

* Liechtenstein
* relations
*  Switzerland
* relations
* United Kingdom
* relations
* Trade and Cooperation Agreement

Other geographically
European countries|

* Kazakhstan
* relations
* Vatican City
* relations

* Current membership
* Criteria
* Withdrawal
* Brexit

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Montenegro

Americas|

* Argentina
* Canada
* United States

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* China
* India
* Israel
* Japan
* Palestine
* Turkey

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Multilateral|

* European Union
* NATO

Missions|

* Diplomatic missions of Montenegro / in Montenegro
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of the European Union

Bilateral relations

See also: Economic relationships with third countries

Africa|

* Algeria
* Cape Verde
* Egypt
* Libya
* Morocco
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* trade
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Greenland
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine†
* Philippines
* South Korea
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

| Internal|

* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Poland
* Slovenia

|

External|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Accession negotiations
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Faroe Islands
* Georgia
* Accession negotiations
* Iceland
* Kosovo†
* Liechtenstein
* Moldova
* Accession negotiations
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus†
* Norway
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Accession negotiations
* Ukraine
* Accession negotiations
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Micronesia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea

Former|

* Yugoslavia

General|

* Overseas territories of member states
* European microstates
* Largest trading partners
* Association Agreements
* Free trade agreements
* European Union Sanctions

* †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.

Multilateral relations and initiatives

| Organisations|

* Arab League
* ASEAN
* Council of Europe
* ECHR
* G7
* ICC
* IOC
* Mercosur
* NATO
* UN

|

Initiatives|

* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
* Asia–Europe Meeting
* CARIFORUM
* Customs Union
* Eastern Partnership
* Energy Community
* Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
* European Common Aviation Area
* European Economic Area
* Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
* Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
* Euronest
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Northern Dimension
* Mediterranean Union
* Stabilisation and Association Process

Administration and policies

| Foreign and Security Policy|

* Global Strategy
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Enlargement
* Security and Defence Policy

|

Administration|

* Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
* Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
* External Action Service
* Foreign Affairs Council
* High Representative Josep Borrell
* Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
* Foreign Policy Instruments Service
* Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU
* Special Representatives

Funding|

* Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
* Global Europe

* v
* t
* e

Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Leadership|

* High Representative
* Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
* Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
* Chairman of the Military Committee
* European Council
* Foreign Affairs Council

Structure|

| External Action Service|

* Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell)
* Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne)
* Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
* Security & Defence College

|

Agencies|

* Defence Agency
* Institute for Security Studies
* Satellite Centre

Council preparatory bodies|

* Committee of Permanent Representatives
* Political and Security Committee
* Politico-Military Group
* Military Committee
* Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management

European Commission bodies|

* Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space

Funding|

* Defence Fund

Policies|

* Security Strategy
* Everything but Arms
* Annual Review

Equipment|

* Galileo navigation system
* Secure Software-defined Radio (PESCO)

Decorations|

* Service medal
* Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
* Monitor mission medal

Related|

* Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
* Headline Goal 2010
* Military Erasmus
* Military Mobility (PESCO)
* Intelligence School (PESCO)
* Kortenberg building
* NATO relations (Berlin Plus agreement, Joint Declaration)

* v
* t
* e

Berlin Process

Conferences|

* 2014 Berlin
* 2015 Vienna
* 2016 Paris
* 2017 Trieste
* 2018 London
* 2019 Poznań
* 2020 Sofia
* 2021 Berlin
* 2022 Berlin
* 2023 Tirana

Bodies|

* Southeast Europe Transport Community

Non-member states|

| Screened candidates|

* Albania
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia

|

Unscreened candidates|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Ukraine
* Georgia
* Moldova

Unscreened potential candidates

* Kosovo

Member states|

| European Union partner states|

* Austria
* France
* Germany
* Italy

|

Other European Union states involved|

* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Poland
* Slovenia

See Also: Future enlargement of the European Union
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