Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

Ongoing process of Ukraine joining the EU

For a broader perspective on relations between the European Union and Ukraine, see Ukraine–European Union relations.

See also: Russo-Ukrainian War

Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

Status| Candidate negotiating

Application

European perspective| 18 April 2014[1]
Membership application| 28 February 2022
Candidate status| 23 June 2022
Screened & negotiations commence| 25 June 2024

Negotiations

Chapters open| 0
Chapters closed| 0

Memberships & Treaties

Association Agreement
Economic and monetary policy
Travel
Energy
Foreign and military policy
Human rights and international courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)|

Impact (27+1)

| Population| 446,828,803| 480,261,258

|
|

Area| 4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2| 4,717,762 km2
1,867,534 mi2
HDI| 0.896|
GDP (PPP)| $25.399 trillion|
GDP per capita (PPP)| $56,928|
GDP| $17.818 trillion| $20.477 trillion[a]
GDP per capita| $39,940|
Gini| 30.0|
Official Languages| 24| Ukrainian

On 28 February 2022, four days after it was invaded by Russia, Ukraine applied for membership of the European Union (EU). Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy requested immediate admission under a "new special procedure",[2] and the presidents of eight EU states called for an accelerated accession process.[3] European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen stated that she supports Ukrainian accession, but that the process would take time.[2] On 10 March 2022, the Council of the European Union asked the commission for its opinion on the application.[4] On 8 April 2022, von der Leyen presented Zelenskyy with a legislative questionnaire,[5] which Ukraine responded to on 9 May.[6]

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission recommended that the European Council grant Ukraine candidate status for accession to the EU.[7][8] On 23 June 2022, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for EU membership to Ukraine.[9][10] On the same day, the European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the EU.[11] It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey.

On 14 December 2023, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Ukraine.[12] Accession negotiations officially opened on 25 June 2024, at the same time as those with Moldova.[13][14] This signified another milestone in this country's ongoing efforts to align more closely with Western nations and diminish Russia's influence.[15] If Ukraine becomes a member of the EU, it will be another former Soviet country after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which all joined the EU in 2004.

In June 2025, Hungary has blocked the opening of EU accession talks, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán says it would mean "integrating war" into the European Union.[16][17] German Chancellor Friedrich Merz cast doubt on the possibility of Ukraine joining the European Union by 2034.[18]

In July 2025, Ukrainian lawmakers voted to scuttle the independence of anti-corruption agencies in the country.[19] The European Commission warned Ukraine that this move will have consequences for EU accession.[20][21] On 31 July, President Volodymyr Zelenskiy restored the independence of Ukraine's two main anti-corruption agencies hours after lawmakers approved the bill 331 to 0, saying the legislation "guarantees the absence of any kind of outside influence (or) interference".[22]

## Chronology of relations

[edit]

Main article: Ukraine–European Union relations

The flag used by activists in the Euromaidan protests

The European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement was signed in 2014 after a series of events that had stalled its ratification culminated in a revolution in Ukraine and overthrow of the then incumbent President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych.[23] The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with Ukraine came into force on 1 September 2017 after being provisionally applied since 1 January 2016,[24] and the Association Agreement fully came into force on 1 September 2017.[25] On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, leading to the membership application.

Timeline  Date  | Event

|

1991  | Declaration of the European Union on Ukraine.
1992 | The first Ukraine-EU summit.
1993  | An agreement was signed between the European Communities and Ukraine on trade in textile products, the opening of a representative office of the Commission of the European Communities in Ukraine.
1994  | The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ratified the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.
1995  | The first meeting of the Joint Committee Ukraine - EU, the establishment of the Representation of Ukraine to the European Communities.
1996  | The European Union has recognized Ukraine's status as a country in transition. The Council of the European Union has adopted an action plan for Ukraine.
1997  | An agreement on trade in steel products was signed between the European Coal and Steel Community and the Government of Ukraine.
1998 | Entry into force of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, Ukraine has officially declared its desire to become an associate member of the EU, adopted a resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the introduction of a mechanism for adapting Ukrainian legislation to European Union.[26]
1999  | The EU has reaffirmed its intention to facilitate Ukraine's accession to the World Trade Organization and the launch of a free trade area between Ukraine and the EU.
2005  | The Council of the European Union has granted Ukraine the status of a market economy country, another summit.
5 March 2007  | Negotiations have begun to conclude a new enhanced agreement to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.
2008  | Entry into force of visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Ukraine and the EU.
7 May 2009  | Ukraine became a member of the EU's Eastern Partnership initiative
16 June 2009  | During the meeting of the EU-Ukraine Cooperation Council, the "EU-Ukraine Association Agenda" was politically approved.
25 February 2010 | The European Parliament has approved a resolution on the situation in Ukraine, which, in particular, recognizes Ukraine's right to join the European Union. The European Commission is also given a mandate to work on a "road map" for visa-free travel between Ukraine and EU countries.[27]
2013  | A joint statement was adopted at the Brussels summit stating that Ukraine is "determined to comply" with EU conditions so that the parties can sign the Association Agreement and the Free Trade Area.
21 November 2013 | The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has decided to suspend the process of preparation for the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union, as a result of which mass demonstrations began across the country against the suspension of the European integration process — Euromaidan.[28][29] On November 24, a mass protest took place in Kyiv, attended by more than a million people.[30]
21 March 2014 | The political part of the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement was signed in Brussels with the participation of Prime Minister Arsenii Yatseniuk.
27 June 2014 | The fifth President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed the second (economic) part of the Association Agreement with the European Union.
16 September 2014 | The European Parliament ratified the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union simultaneously with the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (via a teleconference via Skype).
1 November 2014  | The provisional application of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union has entered into force.
13 February 2017  | The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ratified the Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the European Union on Ukraine's participation in the COSME program.
13 July 2017 | The Ukraine-EU summit in Kyiv completed the ratification process of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and the entry into force of the visa-free regime between Ukraine and the European Union.[31]
9 July 2018  | The 20th anniversary Ukraine-EU Summit took place.[32]
12 October 2021  | An agreement on the Common Aviation Area was signed at the Ukraine-EU summit in Kyiv.[33]
28 February 2022 | The sixth President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky signed an application for Ukraine's accession to the European Union under the "accelerated procedure".
1 March 2022 | The European Parliament almost unanimously voted in favor of the resolution, which called on the European Union institutions to work to give Ukraine candidate status for membership in the European Union.[34]
16 March 2022  | NPC Ukrenergo, the system operator of the power grid, NPC Ukrenergo together with its European colleagues completed the integration with the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe and became part of ENTSO-E.[35]
25 March 2022 | During the informal summit of the European Union, Member States supported Ukraine's European aspirations and invited the European Commission to provide its conclusions on the application for EU membership.[36]
8 April 2022 | The President of the European Commission handed over a questionnaire to Ukraine to obtain candidate status.
17 April 2022  | Ukraine responded to the first part of the questionnaire.
9 May 2022  | Ukraine responded to the second and final part of the questionnaire.
17 June 2022  | The European Commission recommended granting candidate status to Ukraine.[37]
23 June 2022 | The European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union.[11]
8 November 2023  | The European Commission recommended opening accession negotiations with Ukraine.[38]
14 December 2023 | The European Council has decided to open accession negotiations with Ukraine.[12]
25 January 2024 | Start of screening
21 June 2024 | The European Union has decided to start membership negotiations with Ukraine.[13][39][40]
25 June 2024 | Start of membership negotiations[13]

### 2002–2005

[edit]

On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Ukraine may enter the EU in the future.[41] In 2002, EU Enlargement Commissioner Guenther Verheugen said that "the European perspective for Ukraine does not necessarily mean membership in the next 10-20 years, although it is possible." To join the European Union, the applicant state must meet the political and economic conditions commonly known as the Copenhagen Criteria (adopted at the Copenhagen Summit in 1993), namely a democratic government that recognizes the rule of law and relevant freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current Member State, as well as the European Parliament, must agree on any enlargement.

Obtaining the status of a full member of the EU as a strategic goal of Ukraine was first declared by President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko immediately after his election in early 2005.[42] On 13 January 2005, the European Parliament almost unanimously (467 in favor, 19 against) adopted a resolution on the European Parliament's intentions to converge with Ukraine on membership. The European Commission notes that, although a certain preparatory period has yet to pass, the admission of new members is not ruled out. To which President Yushchenko responded with his intention to apply for membership "in the near future."

Several influential EU leaders at the time expressed support for improving ties with Ukraine. In particular, Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rotfeld stated on 21 March 2005 that Poland would support Ukraine's European integration aspirations under any circumstances. In particular, he said: "At this stage, we should focus on concrete steps of cooperation instead of empty talks about pan-European cooperation." Three days later, a survey in the six largest EU countries showed the commitment of EU citizens to accept Ukraine as a full member in the future.

In October 2005, European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said that "Ukraine's future is in the EU." However, on 9 October 2005, the European Commission, in a new version of the Development Strategy Paper, stated that the implementation of enlargement plans (Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republics) could block the accession of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn said the EU should avoid "too much enlargement", stressing that the current enlargement plan looks complete.[43]

Although Ukrainian officials and political scientists mentioned several specific dates for possible membership, only Ukraine's European Neighborhood Policy has been officially proposed to Ukraine by the EU so far. The presidential administration has been critical of the proposed status of neighborhood relations.

### 2007–2014

[edit]

In March 2007, Ukraine was offered a Free Trade Agreement with the EU. Although this proposal provoked a much stronger reaction from the Ukrainian state, it did not contain specific plans for Ukraine's accession to the EU in the near future. Some Western European politicians[which?] have spoken of the temporary "fatigue of enlargement" of European institutions.[citation needed] Ukrainian observers identify the so-called "resistance group" of Ukraine's accession to the EU. In particular, when concluding the text of the Enhanced Agreement between Ukraine and the EU in March 2007, references to the prospect of membership were excluded from it. "Any mention of the prospect of Ukraine's accession to the European Union has been excluded from the draft enhanced Ukraine-EU agreement due to France's position," wrote the influential German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Italy's position depends on the domestic political situation of this country. Thus, during the election campaign in this country, the government of Silvio Berlusconi gave diplomatic signals that he was ready to support Ukraine's European integration aspirations. His political opponent Romano Prodi, on the other hand, said that "Ukraine's prospects for joining the EU are the same as in New Zealand."[citation needed]

According to the Eastern Partnership policy, Ukraine can become a member of the European Union.[44] On 27 February 2014 the European Parliament passed a resolution that recognized Ukraine's right to "apply to become a Member of the Union, provided that it adheres to the principles of democracy, respects fundamental freedoms and human and minority rights, and ensures the rule of law".[45][46] The European Parliament notes that in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty with the EU, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, like any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in accordance with the principles of democracy, - said in a resolution of the European Parliament in Brussels, adopted at the last session before the elections to the European Parliament, which took place on 23–25 May 2014.[47] 27 June 2014 The President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso stated that the Association Agreement is the beginning of Ukraine's accession to the EU.[48] On the same day, EU Enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fuele stated that he believed in Ukraine's future membership in the EU.[49]

### 2014–2025

[edit]

In March 2016, President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker stated that it would take at least 20–25 years for Ukraine to join the EU and NATO.[50] In June 2018, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko said he expects Ukraine will join the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation by 2030.

On 21 February 2019, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended to enshrine the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union and NATO in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions.[51][52]

At the X session of the Ukraine–Poland–Lithuania Interparliamentary Assembly, which ended on 8 June 2019 in Kyiv, the parties signed a final document containing an agreement on the strategy of 2025 and 2027 as a period for Ukraine's possible accession to the EU. In 2027, when Lithuania will hold the EU presidency for the second time, the issue of Ukraine will be the main issue on the agenda. If this opportunity is not used, the next "window" will open in 2039, when Poland will preside over the EU and Lithuania will preside only in 2041.[53]

On 23 July 2020, Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine created a tripartite platform for political, economic, cultural and social cooperation - the Lublin Triangle, which aims to support Ukraine's integration into the EU and NATO.

In February 2021, the leader of the presiding Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Armin Laschet, who was considered a likely successor to Angela Merkel as Chancellor of Germany, supported the idea of EU enlargement and giving Ukraine a European perspective:[54]

> "The question of Ukraine's accession to the EU does not arise at the moment, but it will inevitably arise in the future. We must support Ukraine on its difficult path and at the same time open a European perspective."

Quite a few experts believe that in times of deteriorating relations between Russia and the EU,[55] Ukraine has a window of opportunity to join the European Union. Pavlo Klimkin noted that Ukraine still does not meet any criteria for joining the European Union, as it does not have an established democracy, rule of law and a full-fledged market economy. According to him, the first chance was lost in early 2005, when Yushchenko was persuaded not to apply, and in 2014, it was much more difficult to do so.[56]

On 11 February 2021, the European Parliament published a report on Ukraine's success in implementing the Association Agreement with the European Union. The document highlights both the main successes of Ukraine on this path, as well as failures or moments that hinder the reform process in the country. In general, the European Union is not yet ready to officially talk about the prospects of Ukraine's accession to the ranks of member states, but Ukraine's European perspective is recognized.[57] In 2021, Ukraine was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024, in order to join the European Union in the 2030s.[58]

On 13 September 2023, during her State of the European Union address, President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen stated that the future of Ukraine was "in our Union".[59]

On 14 December 2023, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Ukraine.[60]

On 21 June 2024, the European Union agreed to start membership negotiations with Ukraine.[13]

In 2025, deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic integration Olha Stefanishyna announced a roadmap to Ukraine's accession.[61]

## Application

[edit]

Signing of the application for accession to the EU, 28 February 2022

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, there were additional calls to start a formal accession process: Ukraine reiterated its desire to become a member of the union,[62] and European Commission president von der Leyen stated that Ukraine belongs in the European Union.[63] Slovak prime minister Eduard Heger expressed support for an accelerated accession process.[64]

On 26 February 2022, Polish president Andrzej Duda called for Ukraine's accelerated accession to the EU. On 27 February, Slovenian prime minister Janez Janša, together with Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki, proposed a plan for Ukraine's rapid integration into the EU by 2030 in a letter to European Council president Charles Michel. Slovakian prime minister Eduard Heger also proposed to the EU to create a new special procedure for Ukrainian accession, in order to help Ukraine get back on its feet and recover from the war in the future.

On 28 February, Ukraine officially submitted a letter of application for membership.[2] Due to the ongoing crisis, President Zelenskyy requested immediate admission to the European Union under a special procedure.[2][65] On the same day, eight EU states signed a letter supporting an accelerated accession process for Ukraine,[66] and on 1 March, Hungarian foreign minister Péter Szijjártó stated his country would also support an accelerated process.[67] On 1 March, the European Parliament, following a debate in which the President of Ukraine addressed and received applause, recommended that Ukraine be made an official candidate for EU membership.[68] The European Parliament voted to advance Ukraine's membership with 637 in favour, 13 against, and 26 abstained.[69][70]

On 1 March, the presidents of eight EU member states (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) signed an open letter calling on Ukraine to be given the prospect of EU membership and start the process of negotiations immediately.[71] On the same day, Hungarian foreign minister Péter Szijjártó called for Ukraine's accelerated accession to the European Union.

On 2 March, Spanish foreign minister José Manuel Albares stated that "belonging to the EU is not a capricious process or one that can be done by a mere political decision", reminding that the candidate country "must meet certain social, political and economic standards".[72]

On 7 March, the EU said it will formally assess Ukraine's application[73] and on 10 March, the Council of the European Union asked the commission for its opinion on the application.[4]

On 9 March, the Polish Senate adopted a resolution calling on the countries of the European Union to support the accelerated process of Ukraine's accession to the EU with 93 votes in favor. "Ukrainian society has undoubtedly proved that it is ready to be part of a united Europe and ready to pay with blood for devotion to European values. Ukrainian soldiers, defending the borders of their country, protect the whole of Europe," the document reads.

Presentation of the EU membership questionnaire on 8 April 2022, by the President of the European Commission von der Leyen and the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

On 8 April, Commission President von der Leyen, after visiting Bucha in the aftermath of a massacre there, visited Kyiv and met with President Zelenskyy. Von der Leyen presented Zelenskyy with the legislative questionnaire to begin Ukraine's application and offered to fast-track the process.[5] Borrell announced that the EU delegation to Ukraine, headed by Matti Maasikas, will return to Kyiv after it was evacuated at the outbreak of war.[74] On 17 April, Ukraine responded to the first part of the legislative questionnaire,[75] while it responded to the second and final part on 9 May.[6]

### Candidacy

[edit]

According to Olha Stefanishyna, the Ukrainian Deputy Prime Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration, three EU countries opposed granting candidate status to Ukraine; according to Bloomberg, the Netherlands and Denmark were two of them. Germany offered to give Ukraine a conditional status, under promises to fulfill certain requirements.[76]

On 29 May, in order to support Ukraine's accession to the EU, in particular to obtain the status of a candidate for membership in the European Union,[77] the Government of Ukraine launched a communication campaign "Embrace Ukraine. Strengthen the Union" set for 25–26 June.[78][79]

After a meeting with Volodymyr Zelenskyy on 16 June in Kyiv, the leaders of Germany, Italy, Romania and France called for immediate candidate status for EU membership for Ukraine.[80] Federal Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz noted that Ukraine's further movement into the EU, if all countries agree to grant it candidate status, depends on its own efforts.[81] Separately, French President Emmanuel Macron explained that the visit to Ukraine of the leaders of the three largest EU economies - Germany, Italy and France, as well as the President of Romania was aimed at creating unanimity in the European Union regarding Ukraine's first step towards accession, which is the granting of candidate status: it was accepted the decision to grant Ukraine candidate status without additional conditions, but then to impose conditions on reforms at all subsequent stages.[82]

On 17 June, Foreign Minister Jeppe Kofod said that the Danish government is ready to support granting Ukraine candidate status for EU accession if the European Commission provides a positive recommendation.[83] The Netherlands on the same day appealed to the European Commission with a call to carefully prescribe the conditions for Ukraine's further approach to EU membership. In particular, the European Commission is called upon to prescribe in its conclusion what reforms Ukraine will have to implement in the future. The Netherlands provided a detailed description of what they consider to be the essential criteria.[84][85]

The flag of Europe being brought into the hall of the Verkhovna Rada on 1 July 2022. The event shares similar connotations with the introduction of the flag of Ukraine after the country's declaration of independence.

Also on 17 June, the European Commission recommended that the European Council grant Ukraine the perspective to become a member of the European Union and candidate status for accession.[7][8][37] Simultaneously with the recommendation to approve the candidate status, the Commission listed seven required reforms to be implemented by Ukraine:[86]

1. Reform of the Constitutional Court;
2. Continuation of judicial reform;
3. Anti-corruption, including the appointment of the head of the SAPO;
4. Anti-money laundering;
5. Implementation of the anti-oligarchic law, including recommendations of the Venice Commission;
6. Harmonization of audio-visual media legislation with that of the European Union;
7. Change in legislation on national minorities.

On 23 June, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for membership of the European Union to Ukraine and Moldova, as well as to support the European perspective for Georgia.[9][10] On the same day, the European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union,[11] contingent on meeting the seven required reforms.[87]

Progress on seven required reforms  Criterion  | Jun 2023[88] | Nov 2023[89]: 9–11 | Nov 2024[90]: 4–8

|
|
|

1\. Constitutional Court  | Good progress  | Completed  | Completed
2\. Judicial governance  | Completed  | Completed  | Completed
3\. Anti-corruption  | Some progress  | Good progress  | Completed
4\. Anti-money laundering  | Some progress  | Completed  | Completed
5\. De-oligarchisation  | Some progress  | Good progress  | Completed
6\. Media legislation  | Completed  | Completed  | Completed
7\. National minorities  | Some progress  | Good progress  | Completed

At first, the European Commission committed to assess completion of the seven criteria at the end of 2022, after which the next steps will be defined. The Ukrainian government pledged that it would complete the seven requirements by the end of autumn 2022. However, the European Council indicated this assessment would be considered at the next annual enlargement package in October 2023. By November 2022, the commission had still not started its assessment of the criteria. The second independent Candidate Check assessment, by a group including the New Europe Center and European Pravda, assessed progress at 4.7/10.[91][92] In December, the Commission agreed to present a "preliminary assessment" of the seven requirements by spring 2023.[93]

In his speech in Moldova on 28 March 2023, Charles Michel, President of the European Council, stated that he hoped they would be able to open accession negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova by the end of the year.[94]

On 22 June, EU Neighbourhood and Enlargement Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi provided an oral update on Ukraine's progress toward the seven reforms.[88][95] On 22 September, the fifth Candidate Check assessment was released, rating Ukraine's progress on the seven reforms at 8.1/10.[96] The 2023 enlargement package report, released by the European Commission on 8 November, provided another update on Ukraine's progress towards these reforms, with four of the seven criteria assessed as having been completed.[89] The 2024 enlargement package report, released on 30 October, provided 'some progress' assessment on Ukraine's progress towards these reforms with only one completed.[90]

## Negotiations

[edit]

On 2 February 2023, the European Commission published an analytical report on Ukraine's alignment with the EU acquis, "complet[ing] the Commission's Opinion on Ukraine's application for membership of the EU adopted on 17 June 2022".[97]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended opening accession negotiations with Ukraine.[38] On 14 December 2023, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Ukraine.[12] On 21 June 2024, the European Union agreed to start membership negotiations with Ukraine.[13][15] Accession negotiations began on 25 June 2024, at the same time as those with Moldova.[13][98]

On 13 November 2024, the Ukrainian Government announced the completion of the screening of the first cluster of negotiation chapters.[99]

On 16 January 2025, the European Commission submitted its first screening report to the European Council.[100] European Pravda also reported that the screening process will last until autumn 2025, according to a European Commission spokesperson.

On 13 March 2025, the Ukrainian Government announced the completion of the screening of the second cluster of negotiation chapters.[101]

Report history  Cluster  | Chapter  | Level of preparation

|
|

2022[note 1][97] | 2023[89] | 2024[90][b]
1\. Fundamentals  | Public administration reform  | —  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights  | —[note 2] | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
The existence of a functioning market economy  | —  | Early stage / Some  | Early stage / Some
The capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union  | —  | Early stage  | Early stage
5\. Public Procurement  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
18\. Statistics  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
32\. Financial Control  | Early stage  | Early stage  | Early stage
2\. Internal Market  | 1\. Free Movement of Goods  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers  | Early stage  | Early stage  | Early stage
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
4\. Free Movement of Capital  | Some level of preparation  | Some / Moderate  | Some / Moderate
6\. Company Law  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
7\. Intellectual Property Law  | Early stage  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
8\. Competition Policy  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
9\. Financial Services  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
28\. Consumer & Health Protection  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
3\. Competitiveness
and inclusive growth  | 10\. Digital transformation & Media  | Moderately prepared  | Moderate / Good  | Moderate / Good
16\. Taxation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared
19\. Social Policy & Employment  | Early stage  | Early stage  | Early stage
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some / Moderate
25\. Science & Research  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared
26\. Education & Culture  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
29\. Customs Union  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation
4\. Green agenda and
sustainable connectivity  | 14\. Transport  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
15\. Energy  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation
21\. Trans-European Networks  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
27\. Environment & Climate Change  | Early stage  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
5\. Resources, agriculture
and cohesion  | 11\. Agriculture & Rural Development  | Early stage  | Early stage  | Early stage
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared  | Moderately prepared
13\. Fisheries  | Early stage  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation  | Some level of preparation
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions  | Early stage  | Early stage  | Early stage
6\. External relations  | 30\. External Relations  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation  | Good level of preparation
Legend:

Well advanced

Good / Well advanced

Good level of preparation

Moderate / Good

Moderately prepared

Some / Moderate

Some level of preparation

Early stage / Some

Early stage

Notes:

1. ^ Published February 2023.
2. ^ "The substance of this chapter was covered in the Commission Opinion."[97]: 3

Chapter and screening dates  Cluster  | Acquis chapter[102] | 28 / 33 | 84.8% complete

| |

|

28 / 33 | 84.8% complete

| |

|

0 / 33 | 0% complete

0 / 33 | 0% complete

Screening started | Screening completed | Chapter opened | Chapter closed
1\. Fundamentals  | 23\. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | 2024-09-17[103] | 2024-09-17[103] |  |
24\. Justice, Freedom & Security | 2024-10-23[104] | 2024-10-25[104] |  |
5\. Public Procurement | 2024-07-08[105] | 2024-07-09[105] |  |
18\. Statistics | 2024-11-11[106] | 2024-11-12[99] |  |
32\. Financial Control | 2024-10-08[107] | 2024-10-10[107] |  |
2\. Internal Market  | 1\. Free Movement of Goods | 2025-03-03[108] | 2025-03-06[108] |  |
2\. Freedom of Movement For Workers | 2024-11-19[109] | 2024-11-19[109] |  |
3\. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | 2024-11-21[109] | 2024-11-22[109] |  |
4\. Free Movement of Capital | 2024-11-20[109] | 2024-11-20[109] |  |
6\. Company Law | 2025-03-13[110] | 2025-03-13[110] |  |
7\. Intellectual Property Law | 2024-12-10[111] | 2024-12-11[111] |  |
8\. Competition Policy | 2025-01-27[112] | 2025-01-29[112] |  |
9\. Financial Services | 2025-02-13[113] | 2025-02-14[113] |  |
28\. Consumer & Health Protection | 2025-02-10[114] | 2025-02-12[114] |  |
3\. Competitiveness
and inclusive growth  | 10\. Digital transformation & Media | 2025-03-31[115] | 2025-04-01[115] |  |
16\. Taxation | 2025-06-05[116] | 2025-06-06[116] |  |
17\. Economic & Monetary Policy | 2025-06-04[117] | 2025-06-04[117] |  |
19\. Social Policy & Employment | 2025-03-24[118] | 2025-03-25[119] |  |
20\. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | 2025-04-28[120] | 2025-04-29[121] |  |
25\. Science & Research | 2025-03-14[110] | 2025-03-14[110] |  |
26\. Education & Culture | 2025-04-30[122] | 2025-04-30[122] |  |
29\. Customs Union | 2025-04-10[123] | 2025-04-11[123] |  |
4\. Green agenda and
sustainable connectivity  | 14\. Transport | 2025-06-24[124] | 2025-06-27[124] |  |
15\. Energy |  |  |  |
21\. Trans-European Networks | 2025-06-24[124] |  |  |
27\. Environment & Climate Change | 2025-06-16[125] | 2025-06-20[125] |  |
5\. Resources, agriculture
and cohesion  | 11\. Agriculture & Rural Development |  |  |  |
12\. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy |  |  |  |
13\. Fisheries |  |  |  |
22\. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments |  |  |  |
33\. Financial & Budgetary Provisions |  |  |  |
6\. External relations  | 30\. External Relations | 2025-01-30[112] | 2025-01-30[112] |  |
31\. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | 2025-03-07[126] | 2025-03-07[126] |  |

## Public opinion

[edit]

### In Ukraine

[edit]

Main article: Ukraine–European Union relations § Popular support of Ukraine's integration with the European Union

The flag of Europe flying on the tower in Vinnytsia

#### 2010s

[edit]

Traditionally, Western Ukraine is found to be generally more enthusiastic about EU membership than Eastern Ukraine. In July 2012 and in May 2014, residents of West Ukraine (74% in July 2012 and 81% in May 2014), Central Ukraine (59% and 64%) and North Ukraine (56% and 71%) were the biggest supporters for EU membership. A June 2013 poll, on behalf of Deutsche Welle, found that 52% of Eastern Ukraine was in favor of joining the EU.[127] But in a poll by ComRes (for CNN) in May 2014 only 19% of Eastern Ukraine considered Ukraine joining the European Union "Good". The May 2014 ComRes poll found out that in the three easternmost oblasts of Ukraine, Kharkiv Oblast, Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, 37% favored an alliance with Russia, 14% backed an alliance with the European Union and 49% stated Ukraine would be better off if it did not ally with either.

Citizens aged between 20 and 39 appeared to be the strongest supporters of joining the EU in May 2010 and December 2011 (in December 2011 the opinion of the age group 18–29 did not vary from one region to another).[128][129] In the May 2014 ComRes poll, people aged between 36 and 55 were the strongest supporters of joining the EU. Ukraine's EU ambassador, Kostiantyn Yelisieiev, stated in July 2011 that business tycoons and politicians from Ukraine's Russian speaking east were as much pro-EU as the Ukrainian speaking west of the country: "If any politician today in Ukraine declared himself to be against European integration, he would be politically dead."[130]

#### 2020s

[edit]

91% of Ukrainians support joining the European Union during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[131][132] according to a poll conducted by the Rating Sociological Group on 30–31 March 2022,[133] up from 66.4% in February 2015.[134]

### In the EU

[edit]

#### 2020s

[edit]

According to a survey conducted by Ifop commissioned by the Yalta European Strategy and the Fondation Jean-Jaurès from 3–7 March 2022, Ukraine's accession to the EU is supported by 92% of respondents in Poland, 71% in Italy, 68% in Germany, and 62% in France.[135]

The Flash Eurobarometer survey conducted in April in all EU countries shows the greatest support for Ukraine's accession to the EU in Portugal, where 87% of respondents supported it. This is followed by Estonia (83%), Lithuania (82%), Poland (81%) and Ireland (79%). Hungarians are the most skeptical about Ukraine's accession, with only 48% of respondents supporting the idea and 37% against it. At the same time, Hungary has the highest share of the population who is undecided on this issue - 16% (the same in France and Belgium).[136]

According to a poll commissioned by the New Europe Center, which has European Pravda, among those who have decided on their position, 68% of Germans, 65% of French, and 65% of Dutch people were in favor of granting Ukraine a candidacy. At the same time, 32% of Germans and 35% of the French and the Dutch each oppose such a decision. In general, 46% of German residents support granting Ukraine the status of a candidate for EU membership, 22% are against it, another 25% found it difficult to answer, and 7% found it difficult to answer the question. Among French residents, 42% support granting Ukraine candidate status, 24% do not support it, 26% do not have a clear position, another 9% found it difficult to answer. In the Netherlands, 45% of respondents support Ukraine's candidacy, 24% are opposed, 21% found it difficult to choose an answer, and 10% do not know.

In June 2025, Hungary held a public consultation in which, of the 2 million people who participated, 95% voted against Ukraine joining the EU, while only 5% supported the bid.[137][138] On the other hand, in a major poll conducted in March-April 2025 by Hungary's main opposition party Tisza which included a question on Ukraine's accession, 58.2% (about 662,000 out of 1,137,266 voters) supported Ukraine's future EU membership. [139]

A June 2025, poll in Poland found that support for Ukraine's accession to the EU was at 35% while 42% opposed.[140][141][142]

## Impact

[edit]

Member countries  | Population[143][144] | Area (km2)[145][146] | Population density

(/km2)

| GDP

(billion US$)[143][147]

| GDP per capita (US$)[143] | Languages

|
|
|
|
|
|

Ukraine | 33,443,000  | 603,628  | 55.4  | 190  | 5,759  | Ukrainian
EU27  | 449,206,579  | 4,225,104  | 106.32  | 20,287  | 45,163  | 24
EU27+1  | 482,649,579
(7.44%) | 4,828,732
(14.29%) | 99.95
(5.99%) | 20,477
(0.94%) | 42,427
(6.06%) | 25
(1)

## See also

[edit]

* 2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum
* Accession of Armenia to the European Union
* Accession of Georgia to the European Union
* Accession of Moldova to the European Union
* Enlargement of the European Union
* Potential enlargement of the European Union
* Ukraine–European Union relations
* Ukraine–NATO relations

## Notes and references

[edit]

1. ^ as of 2024 IMF estimate
2. ^ Level of progress on 'some level' of preparation clusters criteria assessed as 'some'.

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115. ^ a b "Триває інтенсивна підготовка українських команд до скринінгу в межах Кластера 3 «Конкурентоспроможність та інклюзивний ринок»" (in Ukrainian).
116. ^ a b "Руслан Кравченко обговорив з командою Представництва ЄС в Україні підготовку до скринінгу розділу 16 «Оподаткування»".
117. ^ a b "Українські команди завершили підготовку до скринінгу з ЄС щодо оподаткування, економічної та монетарної політики - News - European integration portal". eu-ua.kmu.gov.ua. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
118. ^ "Триває інтенсивна підготовка українських команд до скринінгу в межах Кластера 3 «Конкурентоспроможність та інклюзивний ринок»" (in Ukrainian).
119. ^ "Триває інтенсивна підготовка українських команд до скринінгу в межах Кластера 3 «Конкурентоспроможність та інклюзивний ринок»" (in Ukrainian).
120. ^ Патока, Марія (30 April 2025). "Україна пройшла скринінг ЄС щодо відповідності законів у сфері підприємництва". Суспільне Новини (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 April 2025.
121. ^ "Україна успішно пройшла скринінг ЄС за розділом «Підприємництво та промислова політика» | Міністерство економіки України". me.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 29 May 2025.
122. ^ a b "Українська команда завершила підготовку до скринінгової зустрічі з ЄС щодо освіти та культури". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
123. ^ a b "Українська делегація завершила підготовку до скринінгової зустрічі з ЄС щодо Митного Союзу".
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## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Accession of Ukraine to the European Union at Wikimedia Commons
* Official websites:
* European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations
* EU Solidarity with Ukraine
* Delegation of the European Union to Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Enlargement and partners of the European Union

Previous enlargements|

* 1973 (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)
* 1981 (Greece)
* 1986 (Portugal, Spain)
* 1995 (Austria, Finland, Sweden)
* 2004 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)
* 2007 (Bulgaria, Romania)
* 2013 (Croatia)
* Statistics

Candidates|

| Negotiating|

| Screened|

* Albania
* status
* Montenegro
* status
* Moldova
* status
* relations
* North Macedonia
* status
* Serbia
* status
* Ukraine
* status
* relations

|

Pre-negotiations|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* status
* Georgia
* status
* relations

Suspended negotiations|

* Turkey
* status
* relations

Potential candidates|

* Kosovo
* status

Partnerships|

| Eastern Partnership|

* Armenia
* status
* relations
* Azerbaijan
* relations
* Belarus (suspended)
* relations

|

Northern Dimension|

* Iceland
* relations
* Norway
* relations
* Russia
* relations

Customs union|

* Andorra
* relations
* Monaco
* relations
* San Marino
* relations

Free trade agreements|

* Liechtenstein
* relations
* Switzerland
* relations
* United Kingdom
* relations
* Trade and Cooperation Agreement

Other geographically
European countries|

* Kazakhstan
* relations
* Vatican City
* relations

* Current membership
* Criteria
* Withdrawal
* Brexit

* v
* t
* e

Ukraine–European Union relations

Main topics|

* Eastern Partnership
* Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration of Ukraine
* Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement
* Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

Ukraine topics|

* Constitution of Ukraine
* Economy of Ukraine
* Natural gas in Ukraine
* Ukrainian Parliament

European Union topics|

* Common Security and Defence Policy
* European Defence Agency
* European Investment Bank
* European Parliament
* European Union Association Agreement

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine relations

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb–Apr 2022
* Apr–Aug 2022
* Aug–Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun–Aug 2023
* Sep–Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr–Jul 2024
* Aug–Dec 2024
* Jan–May 2025
* Jun 2025 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Capture of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove
* Dobropillia offensive

Northern
Ukraine|

* Capture of Chernobyl
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Northeastern border skirmishes
* 2025 Sumy offensive

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* Kursk campaign
* occupation
* Battles for Olgovskiy Forest
* Toropets depot explosions

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Huliaipole strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Saky air base attack
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike
* Operation Spider's Web

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarusian and Russian partisans|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry)
* Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (2025, reentry)

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2022)
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Bridge collapses in Russia
* Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2025 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* Human safari (terror campaign)
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike
* November 2024 strikes
* February 2025 Poltava strike
* 2025 Sumy airstrike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression tribunal
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Bring Kids Back UA
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United
States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other
countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex
* 2025 London Summit on Ukraine
* Coalition of the willing

United
Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Resolution ES-11/7
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit
* Weimar+

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* Denys Davydov
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Save Ukraine
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Vyvozhuk
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* 2022 Moldovan energy crisis
* 2022–2023 protests
* 2025 Moldovan energy crisis
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* European re-armament
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms,
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Anatolii Kryvonozhko
* Anatoliy Barhylevych
* Andrii Hnatov
* Andriy Biletsky
* Andriy Yermak
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev X
* Denys Monastyrsky †
* Denys Prokopenko
* Ihor Klymenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykhailo Drapatyi
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vasyl Malyuk
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk
* Yulia Svyrydenko

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin †
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko #
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov †
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin X

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vitaly Ganchev
* Vladimir Saldo
* Yevgeny Balitsky
* Yuriy Barbashov

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* 2025 Putin–Trump call
* Anti-drone mesh
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk Su-30 crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack
* Lady R incident
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Rico Krieger
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan Il-76 crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian-African Renaissance
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
* Voronezh An-26 crash
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Yeysk Su-34 crash
* Yaroslav Hunka scandal
* Time of Heroes

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