Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems

Nanokernel and hypervisor

Original author(s)| Karim Yaghmour,
Philippe Gerum

|

Initial release| 3 June 2002; 23 years ago (2002-06-03)
Operating system| Linux
Platform| IA-32
Available in| English
Type| Nanokernel hardware abstraction layer (HAL), hypervisor
License| GPL
Website| www.opersys.com/adeos

Adeos (Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems) is a nanokernel hardware abstraction layer (HAL), or hypervisor, that operates between computer hardware and the operating system (OS) that runs on it.[1][2] It is distinct from other nanokernels in that it is not only a low level layer for an outer kernel. Instead, it is intended to run several kernels together, which makes it similar to full virtualization technologies. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU General Public License (GPL).

Adeos provides a flexible environment for sharing hardware resources among multiple operating systems, or among multiple instances of one OS, thereby enabling multiple prioritized domains to exist simultaneously on the same hardware.

Adeos has been successfully inserted beneath the Linux kernel, opening a range of possibilities, such as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) clustering, more efficient virtualization, patchless kernel debugging, and real-time computing (RT) systems for Linux.

Unusually among HALs, Adeos can be loaded as a Linux loadable kernel module to allow another OS to run along with it. Adeos was developed in the context of real-time application interface (RTAI) to modularize it and separate the HAL from the real-time kernel.

## Prior work

[edit]

Two categories of methods exist to enable multiple operating systems to run on the same system. The first is simulation-based and provides a virtual environment for which to run additional operating systems. The second suggests the use of a nanokernel layer to enable hardware sharing.[1]

In the simulation category, there are tools such as Xen, VMware, Virtual PC and SimOS. There is also Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) which is more similar to Adeos [citation needed], but is not RT and requires specific virtualization hardware support. These methods are used for users who desire to run applications foreign to their base OS, they provide no control over the base OS to the user. Simulation was never meant to be used in a production environment. In the nanokernel category there are tools such as SPACE, cache kernel and Exokernel. All of these suggest building miniature hardware management facilities which can thereafter be used to build production operating systems [citation needed]. The problem of this approach is that it does not address the issue of extant operating systems and their user base.[1]

Adeos addresses the requirements of both categories of application by providing a simple layer that is inserted under an unmodified running OS and thereafter provides the required primitives and mechanisms to allow multiple OSes to share the same hardware environment. Adeos does not attempt to impose any restrictions on the hardware’s use, by the different OSes, more than is necessary for Adeos’ own operation. Instead, such restriction is to be imposed by the system administrator or the system programmer. This exposes the system to mismanagement, but the idea behind Adeos is to give back control to system administrators and programmers.[1]

## Architecture

[edit]

Adeos architecture.

Adeos implements a queue of signals. Each time that a peripheral sends a signal, the different operating systems that are running in the machine are awakened, in turn, and must decide if they will accept (handle), ignore, discard, or terminate the signal. Signals not handled (or discarded) by an OS are passed to the next OS in the chain. Signals that are terminated are not propagated to latter stages.[1]

As Adeos has to ensure equal and trusted access to the hardware, it takes control of some hardware commands issued by the different OSes; but, it also must not intrude too much on the different OSes’ normal behavior. Each OS is encompassed in a domain over which it has total control. This domain may include a private address space and software abstractions such as process, virtual memory, file-systems, etc. Adeos does not attempt to impose any policy of use of the hardware except as needed for its operation. The task of determining policy is left to the system architect.[1]

### Adeos interrupt pipe

[edit]

Adeos interrupt pipe.

Adeos uses an interrupt pipe to propagate interrupts through the different domains running on the hardware. As some domains may prefer to be the first to receive hardware interrupts, Adeos provides a mechanism for domains to have access to priority interrupt dispatching. In effect, Adeos places the requesting domain's interrupt handler and accompanying tables, which may be called as an interrupt mechanism in SPACE terminology, at the first stages of the interrupt pipeline. Domains can control whether they accept, ignore, discard or terminate interrupts. Each of these has a different effect and is controlled differently.[1]

Accepting interrupts is the normal state of a domain's interrupt mechanism. When Adeos encounters a domain that is accepting interrupts it summons its interrupt handler after having set the required CPU environment and stack content for the interrupt handler to operate correctly. The OS then may decide to operate any number of operations including task scheduling. Once the OS is done, the pipeline proceeds as planned by propagating interrupts down the pipeline.[1]

When an OS in a domain does not want to be interrupted, for any reason, it asks Adeos to stall the stage its domain occupies in the interrupt pipeline. By doing so, interrupts go no further in the pipeline and are stalled at the stage occupied by the domain. When the OS is done wanting to be uninterrupted, it asks Adeos to install the pipeline and thereafter all the interrupts that were stalled at the corresponding stage follow their route to the other stages of the pipeline.[1]

When a domain is discarding interrupts, the interrupt passes over the stage occupied by the domain and continues onto the other stages. When a domain terminates interrupts then the interrupts that are terminated by it are not propagated to latter stages. Interrupt discarding and termination is only possible when the OS in a domain recognizes Adeos.

Since some OSes do not recognize Adeos, it is possible to create a domain which only serves as a handler for that OS. Hence, in the interrupt pipeline, this stage always precedes the handled domain's stage and may take actions for that domain with Adeos in order to provide the handled domain's OS with the illusion of normal system operation.

Once Adeos is done traversing the pipeline it checks if all domains are dormant. If that is the case, it then calls on its idle task. This task remains active until the occurrence of the next interrupt. If all the domains aren't dormant it restores the processor to the state it had prior the interrupt entering the pipeline and execution continues where it had left. Since Adeos is very much hardware dependent, many details are specific to one of its particular implementations.[1] [3]

## Applicability

[edit]

### General-purpose operating system resource sharing

[edit]

General-purpose operating system resource sharing is one of the main objectives of Adeos, to provide an environment which enables multiple general purpose OSes to share the same hardware.[1]

### Operating system development

[edit]

Developing OSes is usually a complicated process which sometimes requires extra hardware such as in-circuit emulators to probe the hardware on which an OS is running. Using Adeos, OS development is eased since any undesired behavior may be controlled by an appropriate domain handler. It can also provide a default domain handler for OS development under which developers may have controlled direct access to the hardware they are meant to control. As Adeos is itself a kernel-module, such development domain handlers may be developed independently from Adeos.[1]

### Patchless kernel debuggers and probers

[edit]

Adeos provides for a way for kernel debuggers and probers to take control of Linux without modifying Linux. As with other Adeos domains, these facilities would load as normal kernel modules and would thereafter request a ring-zero domain from Adeos. Once that is done, they may request priority interrupt dispatching in the interrupt pipeline. Hence, before Linux gets to handle any interrupts, they will be able to intercept those interrupts and carry out the requested debugging tasks. This can also be extended to performance profilers and other such development tools.[1]

## See also

[edit]

* Free and open-source software portal

* Xenomai
* Nanokernel
* Hardware abstraction layer
* HAL (software)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems" (PDF). Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems. Opersys. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
2. ^ "Welcome to Adeos". The Adeos Project. The Xenomai Project. Archived from the original on 2004-03-06. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
3. ^ Peter, John. "Guest post marketplace". Retrieved 29 November 2021.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Adeos Workspace

* v
* t
* e

Virtualization software

Comparison of platform virtualization software

Hardware
(hypervisors)|

| Native|

* Adeos
* CP/CMS
* Hyper-V
* KVM
* oVirt
* KubeVirt
* LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC
* Logical partition (LPAR)
* LynxSecure
* PikeOS
* Proxmox VE
* QNX
* SIMMON
* VMware ESXi
* VMware vSphere
* vCloud
* VMware Infrastructure
* Xen
* XenServer
* XCP-ng
* XtratuM
* z/VM

|

Hosted|

| Specialized|

* Basilisk II
* Bochs
* Cooperative Linux
* DOSBox
* DOSEMU
* PCem
* 86Box
* PikeOS
* SheepShaver
* SIMH
* Windows on Windows
* Virtual DOS machine
* Win4Lin

|

Independent|

* bhyve
* Microsoft Virtual Server
* Parallels Workstation (Extreme)
* Parallels Desktop for Mac
* Parallels Server for Mac
* PearPC
* QEMU
* UTM
* VirtualBox
* Virtual Iron
* Virtual PC
* VMware Fusion
* VMware Server
* VMware Workstation (Player)

Tools|

* Ganeti
* System Center Virtual Machine Manager
* Virt-manager

Operating
system|

| OS containers|

* FreeBSD jail
* iCore Virtual Accounts
* Linux-VServer
* Linux Containers
* OpenVZ
* Solaris Containers
* Virtuozzo
* Workload Partitions

|

Application containers|

* Docker
* Podman
* lmctfy
* rkt

Virtual kernel architectures|

* Rump kernel
* User-mode Linux
* vkernel

Related kernel features|

* BrandZ
* cgroups
* chroot
* namespaces
* eBPF
* seccomp

Orchestration|

* Amazon ECS
* Kubernetes
* OpenShift

Desktop|

* Citrix Virtual Apps
* Citrix Virtual Desktops
* Remote Desktop Services
* VMware Horizon

Application|

* Ceedo
* Citrix Virtual Apps
* Dalvik
* InstallFree
* Microsoft App-V
* Remote Desktop Services
* Symantec Workspace Virtualization
* Turbo
* VMware ThinApp
* ZeroVM

Network|

* Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet (DOVE)
* Ethernet VPN (EVPN)
* NVGRE
* Open vSwitch
* Virtual security switch
* Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN)
* Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (GENEVE)

See also|

* BlueStacks

See also: List of emulators, List of computer system emulators

* v
* t
* e

Microkernels-nanokernels

Kernels|

| L4 family|

* Eumel → L3 → L4°
* OKL4°

|

Macintosh hosted|

* Mac OS nanokernel
* NuKernel

Psion|

* EKA1 → EKA2^°

Amiga-type|

* Exec
* ExecSG
* Quark
* WarpOS

* ADEOS°
* EROS^°
* K42°
* Little Kernel
* Mach°
* GNU Mach°
* MicroEmpix
* µ-velOSity^
* nucleus
* Off++ → Plan B
* Opus
* PowerUP
* RTLinux°
* TI-RTOS kernel^°
* Vanguard

Operating
systems|

| POSIX support|

| Unix-like|

* ARX
* GNU Hurd°
* Lites
* MeikOS
* Minix°

* Minix-vmd°
* Minix 3°

* MkLinux°
* Multi-Environment Real-Time^ (MERT – Unix-RT)
* OS2000
* QNX^
* Redox°
* Spring
* Tinix
* UNICOS
* VSTa

|

Partial|

* ChorusOS^
* Integrity^
* Nucleus RTOS^
* NuttX^°
* OSE^
* RIOT^°

Capability-based|

* GNOSIS → KeyKOS → EROS → CapROS
* Hydra
* seL4^°
* Midori
* NLTSS
* HarmonyOS NEXT (OpenHarmony, Oniro OS) → HarmonyOS

L4 kernel|

* L4Linux^°
* PikeOS^
* REX OS^
* Wombat^°

Java virtual machine|

* JavaOS (Chorus/Jazz^ integrates ChorusOS^)
* JX°

Macintosh hosted|

| Unix-like|

* MachTen
* MacMach

|

* Copland
* Classic Mac OS (PowerPC kernel)

Psion|

* EPOC → Symbian OS^°

Amiga-type|

* AmigaOS
* AROS°
* AspireOS°
* Broadway°
* Icaros Desktop°
* MorphOS

Microsoft|

* Singularity
* ThreadX^°
* Verve

AIM alliance|

* Pink → Taligent OS → Workplace OS

* Amoeba°
* BeRTOS^°
* ChibiOS/RT^°
* FreeRTOS^°
* HelenOS°
* µC/OS^°
* MQX^
* OpenComRTOS^
* Phantom OS^°
* RC 4000
* SharpOS°
* SPIN°
* Thoth^ → Harmony^ → V
* VRTX^

Frameworks, kits|

* Cosmos°
* Genode°
* TI-RTOS^°

Developers|

* Gordon Bell
* Thomas Bushnell
* David Cheriton
* Dan Dodge
* Per Brinch Hansen
* Gernot Heiser
* Jochen Liedtke
* James G. Mitchell
* Ike Nassi
* Richard Rashid
* Andrew S. Tanenbaum
* Avie Tevanian
* William Wulf

* Italics = discontinued
* ^ = Real-time
* ° = Open-source software
Category: Microkernel-based operating systems Category: Microkernels

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