Adaptive equalizer

An adaptive equalizer is an equalizer that automatically adapts to time-varying properties of the communication channel.[1] It is frequently used with coherent modulations such as phase-shift keying, mitigating the effects of multipath propagation and Doppler spreading.

Adaptive equalizers are a subclass of adaptive filters. The central idea is altering the filter's coefficients to optimize a filter characteristic. For example, in case of linear discrete-time filters, the following equation can be used:[2]

w o p t = R − 1 p {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} _{opt}=\mathbf {R} ^{-1}\mathbf {p} }

where  w o p t {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} _{opt}} is the vector of the filter's coefficients,  R {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} } is the received signal covariance matrix and  p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } is the cross-correlation vector between the tap-input vector and the desired response. In practice, the last quantities are not known and, if necessary, must be estimated during the equalization procedure either explicitly or implicitly.

Many adaptation strategies exist. They include, e.g.:

* Least mean squares filter (LMS) Note that the receiver does not have access to the transmitted signal  x {\displaystyle x} when it is not in training mode. If the probability that the equalizer makes a mistake is sufficiently small, the symbol decisions  d ( n ) {\displaystyle d(n)} made by the equalizer may be substituted for  x {\displaystyle x} .[3]
* Stochastic gradient descent (SG)
* Recursive least squares filter (RLS)

The mean square error performance of LMS, SG and RLS in dependence of training symbols. Parameter  μ {\displaystyle \mu } denotes step size, and  λ {\displaystyle \lambda } means forgetting factor. | The mean square error performance of LMS, SG and RLS in dependence of training symbols in case of changed during the training procedure channel. Signal power is 1 W, noise power is 0.01 W.

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A well-known example is the decision feedback equalizer,[4][5] a filter that uses feedback of detected symbols in addition to conventional equalization of future symbols.[6] Some systems use predefined training sequences to provide reference points for the adaptation process.

## See also

[edit]

* Equalizer
* Intersymbol interference

## References

[edit]

1. ^ S. Haykin. (1996). Adaptive Filter Theory. (3rd edition). Prentice Hall.
2. ^ Haykin, Simon S. (2008). Adaptive filter theory. Pearson Education India. p. 118.
3. ^ Tutorial on the LMS algorithm
4. ^ Decision Feedback Equalizer
5. ^ Warwick, Colin (March 28, 2012). "For Decision Feedback Equalizers, Beauty is in the Eye". Signal Integrity. Agilent Technologies.
6. ^ Stevens, Ransom. "Equalization: The Correction and Analysis of Degraded Signals" (PDF). Keysight.com.

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