Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)

Pre-parliamentary body in China

Advisory Council

資政院

Flag of the Qing Empire

Type
Type|

Unicameral

History
Founded| 6 November 1906 (1906-11-06)
Disbanded| 12 February 1912 (1912-02-12)
Succeeded by| Provisional Senate
Leadership

President

Xu Dinglin
since 26 January 1912

Vice President

Dashou
since 30 October 1911

Secretary General

Jin Bangping
since 3 October 1910

Structure
Seats| 200

Political groups

| Election result

*   Constitutionalists (116)
*   Revolutionaries (8)
*   Independents (72)
*   Vacant (4)

Length of term

| 3 years
Elections

Voting system

* Indirect elections by provincial assemblies;
* Appointed by Emperor

Last election

| October 1909
Meeting place
Advisory Council Building, Beijing
Constitution
Principles of the Constitution (1908–12)
Nineteen Articles (1911–12)
Rules
Charter of Advisory Council
Advisory Council

Traditional Chinese| 資政院
Simplified Chinese| 资政院
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zī Zhèng Yuàn
Wade–Giles| Tzu1 Cheng4 Yüan4

The Advisory Council (Chinese: 資政院), also known as the Government Advisory Council,[1] Political Advisory Council,[2] or Political Advisory Board,[3] was a preparatory body for the parliament established in 1910. It was part of the New Policies in the late Qing dynasty, of which the Qing court was moving toward the implementation of a constitution. In September 1907, the Guangxu Emperor promulgated a decree on the setting up of the Advisory Council, following by the provincial Consultative Bureaus in October.

The Advisory Council was established on 6 November 1906, and formally opened on 10 October 1910, after the first parliamentary election in last October. The council was dissolved on 12 February 1912 along with the end of the Qing dynasty, and was replaced by the Provisional Senate of the Republic of China.[4][5][6]

## History

[edit]

After the Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901, the Qing court returned to its capital of Beijing eager to reform the realm's governance. In around August 1906, the Guangxu Emperor declared the start of preparative constitutionalism after the study by the Constitutionalism Commission on foreign politics. Two months later, Yikuang, Prince Qing, recommended forming an Advisory Council to prepare for the institution of a parliament.[7] On 6 November 1906, the Emperor issued an edict to revamp the governmental institutions, including the establishment of Advisory Council.[8]

On 20 September 1907, the Emperor appointed Pulun and Sun Jialun as joint Presidents of the council,[8] and delegated to them the writing of its charter. In August 1908, the electoral system of the Council and the Provincial Assemblies were approved and governors of provinces were asked to hold relevant elections within a year. Half of the Council members were elected by members of the Assemblies, while the other half were appointed by the imperial court.[7]

The Council and the Commission further jointly agreed to a nine-year plan for installing constitutionalism. Provincial Assemblies were formed in 1908, with elections of the Assemblies and the Council to be held a year later. The council was to be convened and formally opened in 1910. The constitution of the state, Parliamentary Law, Parliamentary Election Law, and election of the bicameral members were expected in 1916. By then constitutional monarchy would have formally replaced absolute monarchy.[7]

The elections of the Council and Provincial Assemblies held as laid down in the plan. The bicameral parliament, however, did not come into existence as Qing dynasty was overthrown and Emperor Puyi forced to abdicate in 1912.

## Session

[edit]

The Council convened for the first time on 3 October 1910, with the President declaring it as "the unprecedented grand ceremony" in the Chinese history. All 196 members of the council were divided evenly in 6 divisions, followed by election of division head (股長) and director (理事).[9]

The second meeting marked the state opening of the council, attending by the regent and virtually all ministers of the court. Attendants first kowtowed to the throne. The regent then announced the edict and addressed the council. The Council agreed the President and the Vice President to present a humble address to thank His Majesty on behalf of the members. The meeting subsequently ended.[10]

A total of 42 meetings were held, 9 of which was after the extension of the council's session.

On 18 December, the Council presented humble address (palace memorial) to the court over forming cabinet as responsibilities of Grand Council were unclear, which the court denounced as "interference by councillors" and insisted the court shall decide on matters of such. On 30 December, the Council presented another address to urge ending the policy of Manchu hairstyle and clothing.[11]

According to the records of proceedings, the council was closed on 11 January 1911 without the attendance of the regent. The edict was announced and the President kowtowed to the throne, marking the end of the first session of the council.[12]

List of meetings in the first session with excerpted part of issues discussed:

1. 23 September 1910, preparatory meeting and election of division heads and directors.
2. 3 October 1910, state opening of the Council.
3. 4 October 1910
4. 6 October 1910
5. 7 October 1910
6. 14 October 1910
7. 17 October 1910
8. 19 October 1910
9. 22 October 1910, adopted Motion on Petition for Expeditious Establishment of Parliament (陳情速開國會議案) with unanimous support.
10. 26 October 1910
11. 28 October 1910
12. 31 October 1910
13. 3 November 1910
14. 7 November 1910
15. 9 November 1910, meeting ended without agendum proceeded as Grand Councillors did not attend questioning session over not penalising Governor of Hunan for bypassing provincial assembly.
16. 12 November 1910
17. 15 November 1910
18. 17 November 1910
19. 18 November 1910
20. 22 November 1910, agreed to draft a palace memorial on impeaching Grand Councillors for violating separation of powers after resolutions of the Council vetted by executive departments.
21. 25 November 1910, impeachment attempt ended after agreed to draft another palace memorial on establishing cabinet.
22. 30 November 1910
23. 2 December 1910
24. 10 December 1910, adopted Palace Memorial Draft on Demarcation of Responsibilities of Privy Councillors and Expeditious Establishment of Responsible Cabinet (明定樞臣責任並速設責任內閣具奏案折稿) with 129 ayes out of 151 members.
25. 13 December 1910
26. 15 December 1910, adopted Motion on Shaving hair and Changing Costume (剪髮易服議案) with 101 ayes, 27 noes, and 6 invalid ballots; division marred by irregularities after a ballot of an absent member was cast.
27. 19 December 1910, agreed to draft another palace memorial on demarcation of responsibilities of Grand Councillors (synonym of Privy Councillors) with 102 ayes out of around 127 members; discussed requesting the palace to dissolve the Council after earlier Memorial was rejected by regent Tsai Feng.
28. 21 December 1910, agreed to amend the drafted palace memorial over Grand Councillors with 86 ayes out of 127 members after the original draft defeated with only 63 ayes.
29. 24 December 1910, adopted Palace Memorial Draft on Expeditious Establishment of Responsible Cabinet (速設責任內閣具奏案折稿) with 86 ayes out of around 142 members.
30. 26 December 1910, revoked decision on presenting Palace Memorial to the Emperor over establishing cabinet with 85 ayes out of around 129 members after the court directed the Constitutionalism Commission to formulate structure of the cabinet; discussed the repeal of Company Law over alleged embezzlement in Sichuan Railway which would evolve into Railway Protection Movement.
31. 28 December 1910, agreed to draft another palace memorial over impeachment of Grand Councillors without opposition.
32. 29 December 1910, adopted palace memorial draft on extending meeting session for 10 days after 1 January 1911; meeting adjourned after one member short of two-third quorum.
33. 30 December 1910, adopted written statement draft to the Constitutionalism Commission over cabinet set-up, palace memorial draft over impeachment with 88 ayes out of ~132 members, palace memorial draft over Sichuan Railway.
34. 3 January 1911, agreed to draft the final palace memorial to explain the role of the Council after the palace memorial was ignored without reply from the Emperor.
35. 4 January 1911, agreed to recommend the Ministry of Civil Affairs to ban the newspaper which insulted members of the Council as "homeless dog".
36. 5 January 1911, adopted the final part of the budget.
37. 6 January 1911
38. 7 January 1911
39. 8 January 1911
40. 9 January 1911, meeting started late and adjourned as quorum not met.
41. 10 January 1911, final day of meeting, adopted amendments to Assembly and Association Law including repealing restraints on size of assembly, which would encourage the emergency of political parties in the late Qing.
42. 11 January 1911, closing of the Council.

However, the Council continued deliberation. On 25 January 1911, part of the new criminal code was promulgated after adoption by the council. Two days later, the standardised treasury regulation was adopted by the council, along with the 1911 (Xuantong Year 2) budget on the next day. During the Railway Protection protest, the Council passed resolution against government's nationalisation plan, which was in turn rejected.[11]

The second session of the Council started on 22 October 1911, days after outbreak of 1911 revolution. The Council recommended sacking of Sheng Xuanhuai as Minister of Mail for "violating rights, breaking laws, deceiving the Emperor", and calling him as the one "damaging the empire the most", which was agreed by the Emperor. Eight days later, the Council called for replacing the cabinet of Princes and to be completely responsible with non-royals as ministers of state, which was agreed by the court. On 3 November, Nineteen Articles were announced by the court after the Council voiced support for constitutional monarchy. The Charter of the council was amended on 20 November. On 27 October, upon recommendation from the council, the court finally repealed ban on Han hairstyle and costume and replaced lunar calendar with solar calendar.[11]

One of the last acts of the council was the election of Yuan Shikai as the Prime Minister.[11] The council was dissolved upon the end of the Qing dynasty.

## Power

[edit]

According to the Charter of the Council amended on 3 July 1911 –[13]

> Article 14

> Advisory Council shall decide on matters of –

>   1. Financial budgets on income and expenditure of the state;
>   2. Final accounts on income and expenditure of the state;
>   3. Taxation and public debt;
>   4. Legislations and amendments thereof, except constitution; and
>   5. Other issues upon directives by extraordinary edicts.

> Article 15

> Motions under subsection 1 to 4 of the aforesaid article shall be drafted and presented by cabinet ministers, and submit to the Council at meetings. Advisory Council, however, can draft and present motions at its initiative for matters under subsection 3 and subsection 4.

> Article 16

> Resolutions on matters particularised in Article 14 by the Advisory Council shall be presented by President or Vice President upon consultation with cabinet ministers for decisions by the Emperor.

## Members

[edit]

Some members resigned during the session and the vacancies were filled according to the precedence list.

List of senior officials of the Advisory Council[14] Position  | Member  | Portrait  | Term start  | Term end

|
|
|
|

President  | Pulun [zh] |  | 20 September 1907  | 22 March 1911
Sun Jianai |  | 20 September 1907  | 30 November 1909
Shixu [zh] |  | 22 March 1911  | 30 October 1911
Li Jiaju [zh] |  | 30 October 1911  | 26 January 1912
Xu Dinglin [zh] |  | 26 January 1912  | 12 February 1912
Vice President  | Shen Jiaben |  | 15 September 1910  | 28 January 1911
Li Jiaju [zh] |  | 22 March 1911  | 30 October 1911
Dashou [zh] |  | 30 October 1911  | 2 February 1912
Assistant Vice President
(協理)  | Jing Xing [zh] |  | 20 January 1907  | December 1909
Lu Yuanding [zh] |  | 20 January 1907  | 6 July 1908
Ding Zhenduo [zh] |  | 20 January 1907  | 1911
Yu Liansan [zh] |  | 20 January 1907  | 1911
Li Jiaju [zh] |  | 23 September 1909  | 14 April 1910
Cao Hongxun [zh] |  | ?  | ?
Manager
(幫辦)  | Baoxi [zh] |  | 1908  | 1911
Shen Yunpei [zh] |  | 1908  | 1911
Gu Huang [zh] |  | 1908  | 1911
Secretary General  | Jin Bangping [zh] |  | ?  | 2 February 1912
List of members of the Advisory Council[15] No. | Member
Peerage | Portrait  | Constituency  | Party[a] | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

1  | Kuibin [zh]
Prince Rui |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
2  | Zaigong [zh]
Prince Zhuang |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
3  | Nelehe
Prince Shuncheng |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
4  | Zaiying [zh]
Venerable Prince |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
5  | Zairun [zh]
Venerable Prince |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
6  | Puyu [zh]
Defender Duke by Grace |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
7  | Quanrong [zh]
Defender Duke by Grace |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
8  | Shouquan [zh]
Bulwark Duke by Grace |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
9  | Zaikai [zh]
Duke |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
10  | Zaizhen
Banner Prince,
Defender General |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
11  | Yuying [zh]
Defender General |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
12  | Zaiyan [zh]
Supporter General |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
13  | Sheng Kun [zh]
Defender General |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Nonpartisan  |
14  | Shengkun [zh]
General |  | Princes of Imperial Family  |  Continuous  |
15  | Nayantu [zh]
Prince of the Blood |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
16  | Sodnomjamtsoi [zh]
Prince of the Blood |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
17  | Dorjpalam [zh]
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
18  | Gungsangnorbu
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Science  |
19  | 色凌敦魯布
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
20  | 色隆托濟勒
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
21  | 勒旺諾爾布
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
22  | 特古斯阿勒坦呼雅克圖
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
23  | 巴勒珠爾那布坦
Prince of Commandery |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
24  | 綳楚克車林
Banner Prince |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  | Resigned
Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj
Prince of the Blood |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 27th meeting
25  | 博迪蘇
Bulwark Duke |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
26  | 達木黨蘇倫
Defender Duke |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
27  | 司迪克
Bulwark Duke |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
28  | 那木濟勒錯布丹
Bulwark Duke |  | Princes of Feudatories  |  Nonpartisan  |
29  | 希璋
Duke |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Continuous  |
30  | 黃懋澄
Duke |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
31  | 志鈞
Duke |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
32  | 榮泉
Duke |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
33  | 榮墪
Duke |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
34  | 延秀
Marquess |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
35  | 曾廣鑾
Marquess |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
36  | 存興
Marquess |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
37  | 李長祿
Viscount  |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Continuous  |
38  | 敬昌
Viscount |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
39  | 劉能紀
Baron |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Nonpartisan  |
40  | 胡祖蔭
Baron |  | Nobilities of Manchu and Han  |  Continuous  |
41  | 定秀
Uksun |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Continuous  |
42  | 世珣
Uksun |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Nonpartisan  |
43  | 榮普
Uksun |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Continuous  |
44  | 成善
Uksun |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Nonpartisan  |
45  | 景安
Gioro |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Continuous  |
46  | 宜純
Gioro |  | Descendants of Emperor  |  Nonpartisan  |
47  | 奎濂  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
48  | 陳懋鼎  |  | Government Officials  |  Xinhai  |
49  | 趙椿年  |  | Government Officials  |  Xinhai  |
50  | 錫嘏  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
51  | 榮凱  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
52  | 毓善  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
53  | 劉道仁  |  | Government Officials  |  Tongmenghui
Xinhai  (1911–)  |
54  | 文哲琿  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
55  | ~~張緝光~~ |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  | Resigned in 7th meeting
崇芳  |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 17th meeting
56  | 李經畬  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
57  | 林炳章  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
58  | 慶蕃  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
59  | 顧棟臣  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
60  | 何藻翔  |  | Government Officials  |  Xinhai  |
61  | 陳善同  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
62  | 劉澤熙  |  | Government Officials  |  Xinhai  | "Leading member of appointed members"
63  | 魏聯奎  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
64  | 趙炳麟  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
65  | 儼忠  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
66  | 胡駿  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous
Xinhai  (1911–)  |
67  | 王璟芳  |  | Government Officials  |  Xinhai  |
68  | 文溥  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
69  | 吳敬修  |  | Government Officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
70  | Ke Shaomin |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
71  | 榮厚  |  | Government Officials  |  Continuous  |
72  | 胡礽泰  |  | Government Officials  |  Science  |
73  | 汪榮寶  |  | Government Officials  |  Science  |
74  | ~~劉華~~ |  | Government officials  |  Nonpartisan  | Resigned
Lu Zongyu |  |  Science  | Succeeded in 17th meeting
75  | Changfu [zh] |  | Government officials  |  Xinhai  |
76  | Cao Yuanzhong [zh] |  | Government officials  |  Continuous  |
77  | Wu Weibing [zh] |  | Government officials  |  Nonpartisan  |
78  | Guo Jiaji [zh] |  | Government officials  |  Continuous  |
79  | Wu Shijian (吳士鑒)  |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  |
80  | Lao Naixuan [zh] |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  |
81  | Zhang Zongyuan [zh] |  | Scholars  |  Science  |
82  | Chen Baochen |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  |
83  | ~~Shen Jiaben~~ |  | Scholars  |  Preparative  | Appointed as Vice President of the Council
84  | Yen Fu |  | Scholars  |  Preparative  |
85  | ~~Jiang Han  [zh]~~ |  | Scholars  |  Nonpartisan  | Resigned
Wu Tingxie [zh] |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 17th meeting
86  | Yu Changlin [zh] |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  |
87  | Shen Linyi [zh] |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  (Conservative)  |
88  | Tao Baolian [zh] |  | Scholars  |  Continuous  |
89  | Sun Yifu [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Nonpartisan  |
90  | Li Shiyu [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
91  | Zhou Shunqing [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
92  | Lin Shaoji [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Nonpartisan  |
93  | Xi Shou [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Tongmenghui
Xinhai  (1911–)  |
94  | Wang Zuoliang [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
95  | Song Zhensheng [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
96  | Li Zhanyang [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Tongmenghui
Continuous  (1911–)  |
97  | Luo Naixin [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
98  | Wang Hongtu [zh] |  | Large Taxpayers  |  Continuous  |
99  | Chen Yingzhou [zh] |  | Fengtian  |  Continuous  |
100  | Wang Yuquan [zh] |  | Fengtian  |  Nonpartisan  |
101  | Shuming (書銘)  |  | Fengtian  |  Nonpartisan  |
102  | Qing Shan (慶山)  |  | Jilin  |  Continuous  |
103  | Xu Muru [zh] |  | Jilin  |  Continuous  |
104  | Gui Shan (桂山)  |  | Heilongjiang  |  Nonpartisan  |
105  | Dahanga [zh] |  | Heilongjiang  |  Nonpartisan  |
106  | Qi Shukai [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
107  | Li Ju [zh] |  | Zhili  |  CERA  |
108  | Liu Chunlin [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
109  | Ji Zhongyin [zh] |  | Zhili  |  CERA  |
110  | Yu Banghua [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
111  | Wu Dezhen [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
112  | Chen Shukai [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
113  | Li Yirong [zh] |  | Zhili  |  Continuous  |
114  | Hu Jiaqi |  | Zhili  |  Preparative  |
115  | ~~Xu Dinglin  [zh]~~ |  | Jiangsu  |  Continuous  (Moderate)  | Later appointed as President
116  | Meng Zhaochang [zh] |  | Jiangsu  |  Science
Preparative  | "Leading member amongst elected members"
117  | Lei Fen [zh] |  | Jiangsu  |  CERA  | "Leading member of the Council"
118  | Xia Yinguan [zh] |  | Jiangsu  |  CERA  |
119  | Ma Shijie [zh] |  | Jiangsu  |  Continuous  |
120  | Pan Hongding [zh] |  | Jiangsu  |  Continuous  |
121  | Fang Huan (方还)  |  | Jiangsu  |  Continuous  |
122  | Jiang Qian |  | Anhui  |  Continuous  |
123  | Jiang Xin |  | Anhui  |  CERA  |
124  | Liu Rushi |  | Anhui  |  Nonpartisan  |
125  | Li Guoyun [zh] |  | Anhui  |  Nonpartisan  |
126  | Tao Rong [zh] |  | Anhui  |  Petition
Tongmenghui  (1911–)  |
127  | 閔荷生  |  | Kiangsi  |  Petition  (Conservative)  |
128  | 鄒國瑋  |  | Kiangsi  |  Continuous  |
129  | 汪龍光  |  | Kiangsi  |  Continuous  |
130  | 劉景烈  |  | Kiangsi  |  Preparative  |
131  | ~~喻兆蕃~~ |  | Kiangsi  |  Nonpartisan  | Resigned
黃象熙  |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
132  | 文龢  |  | Kiangsi  |  Nonpartisan  |
133  | 陳敬第  |  | Chekiang  |  CERA  |
134  | 余鏡清  |  | Chekiang  |  Preparative  |
135  | 鄭際平  |  | Chekiang  |  Xinhai  |
136  | 王廷揚  |  | Chekiang  |  Tongmenghui  |
137  | 邵羲  |  | Chekiang  |  CERA
Preparative  |
138  | 王佐  |  | Chekiang  |  Nonpartisan  |
139  | 陶葆霖  |  | Chekiang  |  Continuous  |
140  | 康詠  |  | Fukien  |  Continuous  |
141  | 楊廷綸  |  | Fukien  |  Continuous  |
142  | 張選青  |  | Fukien  |  Continuous  |
143  | 李慕韓  |  | Fukien  |  Continuous  |
144  | 胡柏年  |  | Hupeh  |  Continuous  |
145  | 陳國瓚  |  | Hupeh  |  Continuous  |
146  | 鄭潢  |  | Hupeh  |  Continuous  |
147  | 談鉞  |  | Hupeh  |  Continuous  |
148  | ~~黃文潤~~ |  | Hupeh  |  Nonpartisan  | Charged and resigned
陶峻  |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
149  | 羅傑  |  | Hunan  |  Xinhai  |
150  | 湯魯璠  |  | Hunan  |  Nonpartisan  |
151  | ~~馮錫仁~~ |  | Hunan  |  Nonpartisan  | Died in office
黎尚雯  |  |  Tongmenghui
Xinhai  (1911–)  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
152  | 唐右楨  |  | Hunan  |  Nonpartisan  |
153  | 易宗夔  |  | Hunan  |  Xinhai  (Radical)  | Spoken the most in first session
154  | 陳命官  |  | Shantung  |  Tongmenghui  |
155  | 王昱祥  |  | Shantung  |  Nonpartisan  |
156  | 彭占元  |  | Shantung  |  Tongmenghui
Friends  (1911–)  |
157  | 尹祚章  |  | Shantung  |  Continuous  |
158  | 鄭熙嘏  |  | Shantung  |  Continuous  |
159  | 蔣鴻斌  |  | Shantung  |  Joint Assemblies  |
160  | 王紹勛  |  | Honan  |  Continuous  |
161  | 張之銳  |  | Honan  |  Nonpartisan  |
162  | 彭運斌  |  | Honan  |  Petition  |
163  | 李時燦  |  | Honan  |  Nonpartisan  |
164  | 陶毓瑞  |  | Honan  |  Continuous  |
165  | ~~渠本翹~~ |  | Shansi  |  Petition  | Resigned in 12th meeting
劉懋賞  |  |  Tongmenghui  | Succeeded in 14th meeting
166  | 李華炳  |  | Shansi  |  CERA  |
167  | ~~解榮輅~~ |  | Shansi  |  Nonpartisan  | Charged and resigned
王用霖  |  |  CERA  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
168  | ~~劉緜訓~~ |  | Shansi  |  Tongmenghui  | Charged and resigned
李素  |  |  Tongmenghui
Friends  (1911–)  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
169  | 劉志詹  |  | Shansi  |  CERA  |
170  | 周鏞  |  | Shensi  |  Nonpartisan  |
171  | 吳懷清  |  | Shensi  |  Nonpartisan  |
172  | 盧潤瀛  |  | Shensi  |  Continuous  |
173  | 梁守典  |  | Shensi  |  Continuous  |
174  | 王曜南  |  | Kansu  |  Continuous  |
175  | 楊錫田  |  | Kansu  |  Continuous  |
176  | 羅其光  |  | Kansu  |  Continuous  |
177  | 李文熙  |  | Sichuan  |  Joint Assemblies
Friends  (1911–)  |
178  | 高凌霄  |  | Sichuan  |  Continuous  |
179  | 張政  |  | Sichuan  |  Continuous  |
180  | 劉緯  |  | Sichuan  |  Nonpartisan  |
181  | 郭策勳  |  | Sichuan  |  Joint Assemblies  |
182  | 萬慎  |  | Sichuan  |  Continuous  |
183  | 劉曜垣  |  | Kwangtung  |  Nonpartisan  |
184  | 周廷勵  |  | Kwangtung  |  Nonpartisan  |
185  | 王廷獻  |  | Kwangtung  |  Kwangtung Autonomy  |
186  | 黃毓棠  |  | Kwangtung  |  Nonpartisan  |
187  | 劉述堯  |  | Kwangtung  |  Nonpartisan  |
188  | ~~黃廼昌~~ |  | Kwangsi  |  Nonpartisan  | Died in office
黃晉蒲  |  |  Nonpartisan  | Succeeded in 3rd meeting
189  | 馮汝梅  |  | Kwangsi  |  Nonpartisan  |
190  | 吳賜齡  |  | Kwangsi  |  CERA  (Radical)  |
191  | ~~陳榮昌~~ |  | Yunnan  |  Tongmenghui  | Resigned before 3rd meeting
192  | 張之霖  |  | Yunnan  |  Continuous  |
193  | 顧視高  |  | Yunnan  |  Xinhai  |
194  | 范彭齡  |  | Yunnan  |  Nonpartisan  |
195  | ~~鍾振玉~~ |  | Kweichow  |  Kweichow Autonomy  | Died
劉榮勛  |  |  Kweichow Autonomy  | Succeeded
196  | 牟琳  |  | Kweichow  |  Kweichow Preparative
Xinhai  (1911–)  |

1. ^ Key:  Constitutionalist party ;  Revolutionaries party ;  Nonpartisan . Translation for reference only. Party membership from[16]

Supplementary members include:

* 不入八分鎮國公載岐 (27 May 1911 appointed)[17]
* 三等承恩公瑞興 (27 May 1911 appointed)[17]
* 札薩克郡王鞥克濟爾噶勒 (27 May 1911 appointed)[17]
* 札薩克輔國公巴彥濟爾噶勒 (27 May 1911 appointed)[17]
* 黎湛枝 (22 July 1911 appointed)[18]
* 恩華 (22 July 1911 appointed)[18]
* 錢承鋕 (22 July 1911 appointed)[18]
* 范源濂 (22 July 1911 appointed)[18]
* 陳錦濤 (22 July 1911 appointed)[18]
* 奉國將軍溥善 (3 October 1911 appointed)[19]
* 一等侯德啟 (3 October 1911 appointed)[19]
* 彥惠 (3 October 1911 appointed)[19]
* 王季烈 (3 October 1911 appointed)[19]
* 程明超 (3 October 1911 appointed)[19]

## Gallery

[edit]

* The inaugural meeting of the Advisory Council on 3 October 1910.

* The Advisory Council building

## See also

[edit]

* National Assembly (Republic of China)
* National People's Congress

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Xiaoqun Xu (2020). Heaven Has Eyes: A History of Chinese Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-19-006004-6.
2. ^ John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (13 September 2010). Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes. Routledge. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-136-97842-5.
3. ^ Joan Judge (1 March 1997). Print and Politics: 'Shibao' and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China. Stanford University Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-8047-6493-3.
4. ^ Wang Dezhi (2005). Origins of Constitutional Concepts in China. Shandong People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-209-03709-9.
5. ^ Chinese Legal History. Shanghai People's Publishing House. 2003. ISBN 9787208047273.
6. ^ Modern Chinese History Dictionary. Chinese Communist Party History Press. 1992. ISBN 978-7-80023-476-7.
7. ^ a b c "志八十八／選舉八／新選舉" [Chapter of Events 88 / Elections 8 / New elections]. 清史稿 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese). Vol. 113.
8. ^ a b "本紀二十四 德宗本紀二" [Chapter of Historiography 24, Dezong Historiography 2]. 清史稿 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese). Vol. 24.
9. ^ 李 2011, pp. 1–3
10. ^ 李 2011, pp. 4–5
11. ^ a b c d "本紀二十五 宣統皇帝本紀" [Chapter of Historiography 25, Xuantung Historiography]. 清史稿 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese). Vol. 25.
12. ^ 李 2011, pp. 716
13. ^ "改訂資政院院章" [Amended Charter of Advisory Council] (in Chinese). 1911-07-03. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
14. ^ 錢, 實甫 (1980). 清代職官年表. Beijing: 中華書局. p. 3093.
15. ^ 李 2011, pp. 740–778
16. ^ 張, 玉法 (1985). 清季的立憲團體. 中央研究院近代史研究所.
17. ^ a b c d "交旨" (PDF). 政治官報: 3. 1911-05-28.
18. ^ a b c d e "交旨" (PDF). 政治官報: 2. 1911-07-23.
19. ^ a b c d e "北京専電". 時報. 1911-10-05. p. 2.; 內閣官報 of 1911-10-04

## Sources

[edit]

* 李, 啟成 (2011). 資政院議場會議速記錄 [Records of Proceedings on Floor of Advisory Council] (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Shanghai: 上海三聯書店. ISBN 978-7-5426-3462-7.

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