Affirmative Action Around the World

2004 book by Thomas Sowell

Affirmative Action Around the World

First edition

Author| Thomas Sowell
Language| English
Subject| Affirmative action
Publisher| Yale University Press

Publication date

| 2004
Publication place| United States
Media type| Print (Hardcover)
Pages| 239
ISBN| 0300101996

Dewey Decimal

| 331.13/3 21
LC Class| HF5549.5.A34 S684 2004

Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study is a 2004 nonfiction work by economist Thomas Sowell.

## Summary

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Already known as a critic of affirmative action or race-based hiring and promotion, Sowell, himself African-American, analyzes the specific effects of such policies on India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria, four countries with longer multiethnic histories and then compares them with the recent history of the United States in this regard. He finds that "Such programs have at best a negligible impact on the groups they are intended to assist."[1]

A sample of his thinking about perpetual racial preferences is this passage from page 7:

> "People differ—and have for centuries.... Any “temporary” policy whose duration is defined by the goal of achieving something that has never been achieved before, anywhere in the world, could more fittingly be characterized as eternal."

According to Dutch Martin's review of this book:

Among the common consequences of preference policies in the five-country sample are:

* They encourage non-preferred groups to redesignate themselves as members of preferred groups (1) to take advantage of group preference policies;
* They tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g. black millionaires), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g. poor whites);
* They reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best—the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile—thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole.[2]

Sowell concludes: "Despite sweeping claims made for affirmative action programs, an examination of their actual consequences makes it hard to support those claims, or even to say that these programs have been beneficial on net balance."[1]

## Arguments

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First, in repudiating what he refers to as the "myths" surrounding affirmative action, he contends that blacks had both higher rates of labor force participation and higher marriage rates before the 1960s' large-scale institution of civil rights laws and policies countering discrimination. Much of the economic upturn, which Sowell attributes entirely to personal initiative, must be put in the context of the postwar economic boom, which was accompanied by the widespread availability of manual jobs requiring little education. The post-civil rights period coincided with an economy that was experiencing steady de-industrialization. Significantly, manufacturing jobs that had been stepping-stones into the middle class for blacks from the U.S. South and immigrants from southern, eastern, and central Europe in the past, were fast eroding.[citation needed]

Second, he questions the conventional wisdom that has evolved around affirmative action. He claims that there is nothing beyond assertions and anecdotes to prove that diversity enhances the college experience for all students; that there is no systematic evidence that black "role models" are essential to the education of black students; that a "critical mass" of black students in the academic setting might actually be detrimental to the education of black students; and finally that black studies programs are "ideological crusades" which provide sanctuary for intellectual lightweights. It is this last point which makes up the bulk of his discussion on how affirmative action has led to a mismatch between minority students and the institutions they attend, setting them up either for failure or turning them out to be bad doctors and lawyers. Sowell asserts that colleges and universities which pledge to "develop minds and skills that serve society at large cannot be subordinated to the impossible task of equalizing probabilities of academic success for people born and raised in circumstances which have handicapped their development, even if for reasons that are not their fault and are beyond their control" (p. 153).[citation needed]

Third, Sowell is highly critical of William Bowen and Derek Bok, former university presidents of Princeton and Harvard, whose 1998 book The Shape of the River caused quite a stir when it revealed how race-sensitive admissions policies increased the likelihood that blacks would be admitted to selective universities and that upon graduation these students were more likely to become leaders of community and social service organizations.[citation needed]

Fourth, he argues that in the United States as in other countries, the original rationale for affirmative action has little to do with how it actually is practiced. The disproportionate benefit that well-placed, affluent blacks receive, with little if any going to those who continue to suffer the most, has discredited the ethos of affirmative action more than anything. On this last point, few disagree.[3]

## Critical reception

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The Economist magazine praised the book as "terse, well argued and utterly convincing" and "crammed with striking anecdotes and statistics."[4]

Economic historian Stuart Jones called the book a "brilliant empirical study of affirmative action" and stated that it "deserves to be read widely, especially by politicians and development economists."[5]

A review in the International Journal of Legal Information wrote that "Affirmative Action around the World is an informative, well-written book. The author cogently presents his arguments against group preferences and does not attempt to provide a comprehensive global analysis." The review also notes that there "is no single study that incorporates the five profiled counties or studies the aspects of affirmative action raised by Sowell for each country. The book does not contain the graphs, charts, or variable equations one might expect in a scientific paper."[6]

A review in The Yale Journal of International Law wrote that the book is "an extensively researched, accessibly written, and refreshingly comparative addition to the conservative canon." According to the review, the most important shortcoming of the book is that it "lacks a comprehensive discussion of alternatives to affirmative action and possible ramifications of other options."[7]

Michael Bérubé, writing for The Nation magazine, agreed with Sowell's arguments that affirmative action has gone far beyond what the Civil Rights Act of 1965 intended and that preferential benefits for ethnic groups without historical oppression in the United States are unjustified but criticized Sowell's association of affirmative action with unrest in the countries selected for the study and pointed out the United States has never implemented the racial preference systems of those foreign countries.[8]

Economist Cecilia Conrad wrote that the book "might have been more accurately titled The Case Against Affirmative Action Around the World." Conrad concludes that the book "succeeds in establishing the costs of the policy are similar around the world, but it fails as an overall assessment of affirmative action."[9]

A review in Ethics & International Affairs wrote that "Sowell leaps to conclusions without adequate evidence and oversimplifies complex issues" and that Sowell only presents a "selection of the facts." Additionally, the review concludes that the book is ridden with Sowell's "values and theoretical preconceptions."[10]

## References

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1. ^ a b Sowell, Thomas (2004-10-30). "Affirmative Action around the World". Hoover.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
2. ^ Dutch Martin (2004-10-20). "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study". Intellectualconservative.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-08. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
3. ^ DasGupta, Kasturi (2005). "DasGupta on Sowell, 'Affirmative Action around the World: An Empirical Study'".
4. ^ "Advantages for the advantaged", The Economist, vol. 371, no. 8380, p. 83, June 19, 2004
5. ^ Jones, Stuart (March 2005). "Lessons from Affirmative action around the world". South African Journal of Economic History. 20 (1). Routledge: 131–138\. doi:10.1080/10113430509511182. ISSN 1011-3436. S2CID 154048588.
6. ^ Callihan, Jean (2005). "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. By Thomas Sowell. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. pp. x, 239". International Journal of Legal Information. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press: 479–481\. doi:10.1017/S0731126500011276. ISSN 0731-1265. S2CID 150859851.
7. ^ Bell, Monica C. (2006-01-01). "Book Review: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study". The Yale Journal of International Law. 31.
8. ^ Bérubé, Michael (January 24, 2005), "And Justice for All", The Nation, vol. 280, no. 3, pp. 29–31
9. ^ Conrad, Cecilia A. (January 2005). "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study . By Thomas Sowell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004. pp. ix, 239". The Journal of Economic History. 64 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1155–1157\. doi:10.1017/S002205070435312X. ISSN 0022-0507. S2CID 153297103.
10. ^ Boxill, Bernard (September 2004). "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Thomas Sowell (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 256 pp". Ethics & International Affairs. 18 (2). Cambridge University Press: 114–115\. doi:10.1017/S0892679400009072. ISSN 1747-7093. S2CID 145584535.

## Further reading

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Sterba, James P. (2004). "Completing Thomas Sowell's Study of Affirmative Action and Then Drawing Different Conclusions". Stanford Law Review. 57 (2): 657–693\. ISSN 0038-9765. JSTOR 40040213.

* v
* t
* e

Works by Thomas Sowell

* Race and Economics (1975)
* Knowledge and Decisions (1980)
* A Conflict of Visions (1987)
* Inside American Education (1993)
* The Vision of the Anointed (1995)
* Basic Economics (2000–2014)
* Applied Economics (2003; 2008)
* Affirmative Action Around the World (2004)
* Black Rednecks and White Liberals (2005)
* The Housing Boom and Bust (2009)
* Intellectuals and Society (2010)
* Wealth, Poverty and Politics (2015; 2016)
* Charter Schools and Their Enemies (2020)

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