African American newspapers

Newspapers serving African American communities

"Black press" redirects here. For the Canadian publisher, see Black Press.

Freedom's Journal, considered the first African American newspaper published within the United States Part of a series on

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* United States portal
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* v
* t
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African American newspapers (also known as the Black press or Black newspapers) are news publications in the United States serving African American communities. Samuel Cornish and John Brown Russwurm started the first African American periodical, Freedom's Journal, in 1827. During the antebellum period, other African American newspapers sprang up, such as The North Star, founded in 1847 by Frederick Douglass.

As African Americans moved to urban centers beginning during the Reconstruction era, virtually every large city with a significant African American population had weekly or monthly newspapers directed towards African Americans. These newspapers gained audiences outside African American circles. Demographic changes continued with the Great Migration from southern states to northern states from 1910 to 1930 and during the Second Great Migration from 1941 to 1970. In the 21st century, papers (like newspapers of all sorts) have shut down, merged, or shrunk in response to the dominance of the Internet in terms of providing free news and information, and providing cheap advertising.[1][2]

## History

[edit]

Charles Alston's illustration celebrating the 116th anniversary of African American newspapers

### Origins

[edit]

Most of the early African American publications, such as Freedom's Journal, were published in the North and then distributed, often covertly, to African Americans throughout the country.[3] The newspaper often covered regional, national, and international news. It also addressed the issues of American slavery and The American Colonization Society which involved the repatriation of free blacks back to Africa.[4]

### 19th century

[edit]

Some notable black newspapers of the 19th century were Freedom's Journal (1827–1829), Philip Alexander Bell's Colored American (1837–1841), the North Star (1847–1860), the National Era, The Aliened American in Cleveland (1853–1855), Frederick Douglass' Paper (1851–1863), the Douglass Monthly (1859–1863), The People's Advocate, founded by John Wesley Cromwell and Travers Benjamin Pinn (1876–1891), and The Christian Recorder (1861–1902).[5]

In the 1860s, the newspapers The Elevator and the Pacific Appeal emerged in California as a result of black participation in the Gold Rush.[6] The American Freedman was a New York-based paper that served as an outlet to inspire African Americans to use the Reconstruction era as a time for social and political advancement. This newspaper did so by publishing articles that referenced African American mobilization during that era that had not only local support but had gained support from the global community as well.[citation needed] The name The Colored Citizen was used by various newspapers established in the 1860s and later.

In 1879, John J. Neimore founded The California Owl, later renamed The California Eagle. The Los Angeles-based publication was one of the oldest African American newspapers in the West.[7]

Pdf of the 1892 book The Afro American Press and its Editors by Irvine Garland Penn

In 1885, Daniel Rudd formed the Ohio Tribune, said to be the first newspaper "printed by and for Black Americans", which he later expanded into the American Catholic Tribune, purported to the first Black-owned national newspaper.[8] The Cleveland Gazette was established in the 1880s and continued for decades.

The National Afro-American Press Association was formed in 1890 in Indianapolis, Indiana.[9][10]

In 1894, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin founded The Woman's Era, the first nationally distributed newspaper published by and for African American women in the United States.[11][12] The Woman's Era began as the official publication of the National Association of Colored Women, and grew in import and impact with the founding of the National Federation of Afro American Women in 1895. It was also one of the first newspapers, along with the National Association Notes, to create journalism career opportunities for Southern black women.[13]

Many African American newspapers struggled to keep their circulation going due to the low rate of literacy among African Americans. Many freed African Americans had low incomes and could not afford to purchase subscriptions but shared the publications with one another.[14]

### 20th century

[edit]

African American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. By the 20th century, daily papers appeared in Norfolk, Chicago, Baltimore and Washington, D.C.[15] Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1870–1940) and John H. Sengstacke (1912–1997), publishers of the Chicago Defender; John Mitchell Jr. (1863–1929), editor of the Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865–1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee; Garth C. Reeves Sr. (1919–2019), publisher emeritus of the Miami Times; and Robert Lee Vann (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier.[16]

In the 1940s, the number of newspapers grew from 150 to 250.[17] At the end of World War II, the black newspapers with the highest circulation in the United States were the Pittsburgh Courier, the Afro-American, the Chicago Defender, and the Norfolk Journal and Guide.[18]

From 1881 to 1909, the National Colored Press Association (American Press Association) operated as a trade association. The National Negro Business League-affiliated National Negro Press Association filled that role from 1909 to 1939.[19] The Chicago-based Associated Negro Press (1919–1964) was a subscription news agency "with correspondents and stringers in all major centers of black population".[20] In 1940, Sengstacke led African American newspaper publishers in forming the trade association known in the 21st century as the National Newspaper Publishers Association.[21]

Poster from the U.S. Office of War Information, 1943

During the 1930s and 1940s, the Black southern press both aided and, to an extent, hindered the equal payment movement of Black teachers in the southern United States. Newspaper coverage of the movement served to publicize the cause. However, the way in which the movement was portrayed, and those whose struggles were highlighted in the press, displaced Black women to the background of a movement they spearheaded. A woman's issue, and a Black woman's issue, was being covered by the press. However, reporting diminished the roles of the women fighting for teacher salary equalization and “diminished the presence of the teachers’ salary equalization fight” in national debates over equality in education.[22]

Lyndon Johnson meets with newspaper publishers in 1965.

There were many specialized black publications, such as those of Marcus Garvey and John H. Johnson. These men broke a wall that let black people into society. The Roanoke Tribune was founded in 1939 by Fleming Alexander, and recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. The Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder is Minnesota's oldest black-owned newspaper[23] and one of the United States' oldest ongoing minority publication, second only to The Jewish World.[citation needed]

### 21st century

[edit]

Many Black newspapers that began publishing in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s went out of business because they could not attract enough advertising. As of 2002, about 200 Black newspapers remained. With the decline of print media and proliferation of internet access, more black news websites emerged, most notably Black Voice News, The Grio, The Root, and Black Voices.[citation needed]

## See also

[edit]

* Journalism portal
* United States portal

* Black-owned business
* List of African American newspapers and media outlets
* List of newspapers in the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, eds. The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Greenwood, 2001), pp. 216–230. ISBN 978-0313298387
2. ^ Simmons, Charles A. The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965. McFarland, 2006, p. 2. ISBN 978-0786403875
3. ^ Bacon, Jacqueline (2003). "The History of Freedom's Journal: A Study in Empowerment and Community". The Journal of African American History. 88 (1): 1–20\. doi:10.2307/3559045. JSTOR 3559045.
4. ^ "Honoring African American Contributions: The Newspapers". 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
5. ^ Knowlton, Steven. "LibGuides: African American Studies: Newspapers: 19th century". Libguides.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
6. ^ "History 313: Manual – Chapter 3". Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
7. ^ Anderson, Susan (2007-05-20). "Only the walls will change". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
8. ^ "Daniel Rudd". Star Quest Production Network (SQPN). 2020-02-03. Archived from the original on 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
9. ^ Nina Mjagkij, ed. (2001), Organizing Black America: an Encyclopedia of African American Associations, Garland, ISBN 978-0815323099
10. ^ Gonzalez 2011.
11. ^ Stabel, Meredith (2021). Radicals, Volume 2: Memoir, Essays, and Oratory: Audacious Writings by American Women, 1830-1930. University of Iowa Press. p. 173\. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1m9x358. ISBN 978-1-60938-768-6. JSTOR j.ctv1m9x358.
12. ^ "The Woman's Era". Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. Retrieved 2024-02-12 - via Lewis H. Beck Center at Emory University.
13. ^ Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981). "Black Women Journalists in the South, 1880-1905: An Approach to the Study of Black Women's History". Callaloo (11/13): 138–152\. doi:10.2307/3043847. ISSN 0161-2492. JSTOR 3043847.
14. ^ Rhodes, Jane (1998). Mary Ann Shadd Carry: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 120–123\. ISBN 0253213509.
15. ^ Jacqueline Bacon, Freedom's journal: the first African-American newspaper (2007).
16. ^ Patrick S. Washburn, The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom (2006).
17. ^ Mott, Frank Luther (1950). American Journalism: The history of newspapers in the United States 1690–1950. Macmillan. p. 794.
18. ^ "Newspapers: The Norfolk Journal and Guide". PBS. Retrieved 2025-08-02.
19. ^ "National Colored Press Association". nkaa.uky.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
20. ^ "Associated Negro Press", Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, archived from the original on June 8, 2008, retrieved March 20, 2017
21. ^ Osgood, Harley (2018-09-30). "The National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA) (1940– )". Black Past. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
22. ^ Aiello, Thomas (February 2018). "'Do We Have Any Men to Follow in Her Footsteps?': The Black Southern Press and the Fight for Teacher Salary Equalization". History of Education Quarterly. 58 (1): 94–121\. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.50. ISSN 0018-2680.
23. ^ "About". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. Retrieved 2024-02-12.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bacon, Jacqueline. Freedom's journal: the first African-American newspaper (Lexington Books, 2007)
* Belles, A. Gilbert (1975). "The Black Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 68 (4): 344–352\. JSTOR 40191030. online

* Brown, Warren Henry (1946). Check list of Negro newspapers in the United States (1827–1946). Jefferson City, Mo.: Lincoln University School of Journalism. OCLC 36983520.
* Bullock, Penelope L. The Afro-American Periodical Press, 1838–1909 (LSU Press, 1981).

* Buni, Andrew (1974). Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh courier: politics and Black journalism. University of Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.
* Burma, John H. (1947). "An Analysis of the Present Negro Press". Social Forces. 26 (2): 172–180\. doi:10.2307/2571774. JSTOR 2571774.

* Clark, Benjamin Franklin, Sr. "The Editorial Reaction of Selected Southern Black Newspapers to the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968" (PhD dissertation, Howard University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1989. 9006612).

* Dann, Martin E. The Black Press, 1827–1890: The Quest for National Identity (1972). online

* Davis, Ralph N. "The Negro Newspapers and the War." Sociology and Social Research 27 (1943): 378–380.

* Detweiler, Frederick German (1922). The Negro Press in the United States. U of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-7426-4265-2. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

* Eldridge, Lawrence Allen. Chronicles of a Two-front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press (University of Missouri Press, 2012)
* Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2006). "Newspapers". Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895. Vol. 2\. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0195167771.
* Finkle, Lee. Forum for protest: The black press during World War II (Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1975)

* Frisken, Amanda K. " 'A song without words': Anti-Lynching Imagery in the African American press, 1889–1898.” The Journal of African American History 97#3 2012, pp. 240–69. online

* Gonzalez, Juan; Joseph Torres (2011). News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1844679423.

* Gershenhorn, Jerry. Louis Austin and the Carolina Times: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle. (U of North Carolina Press, 2018).

* Grose, Charles William. " Black newspapers in Texas, 1868-1970" (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1972. 7307558).

* Guskin, Emily, Paul Moore, and Amy Mitchell. "African American media: Evolving in the new era." in The State of the News Media 2011 (2011).
* Haram, Kerstyn M. “The Palmetto Leader’s Mission to End Lynching in South Carolina: Black Agency and the Black Press in Columbia, 1925-1940.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 107#4 2006, pp. 310–33. online

* Haywood, D'Weston Lebutler. "Let Us Make Man: Black Newspapers and a Gendered Vision of Racial Advancement, 1915-1960s" (PhD dissertation, Northwestern University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2013. 3605715).

* Henritze, Barbara K. Bibliographic Checklist of African American Newspapers (Genealogical Publishing Com, 1995)
* Hogan, Lawrence D. A black national news service: the Associated Negro Press and Claude Barnett, 1919–1945 (Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1984)

* Hutton, Frankie P. "The antebellum black press and the quest for inclusion: Ideals and messages of social responsibility, morality, class and style" (PhD dissertation, Rutgers U; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1990. 9123284).

* Hutton, Frankie, " Social Morality in the Antebellum Black Press ," Journal of Popular Culture, 26#1 (Fall 1992), 71-84.

* Jones, Allen W. (1979). "The Black Press in the "New South": Jesse C. Duke's Struggle for Justice and Equality". The Journal of Negro History. 64 (3): 215–228\. doi:10.2307/2717034. JSTOR 2717034.
* La Brie, Henry G. A survey of Black newspapers in America (Mercer House Press, 1973).
* Meier, August (1953). "Booker T. Washington and the Negro Press: With Special Reference to the Colored American Magazine". The Journal of Negro History. 38 (1): 67–90\. doi:10.2307/2715814. JSTOR 2715814.
* Morris, James McGrath. Eye on the Struggle: Ethel Payne, the First Lady of the Black Press (New York: Amistad, 2015). xii, 466 pp.
* “Negro Higher Education as Seen Through the Antebellum Black Press.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 20, (1998), pp. 36–38. online

* Oak, Vishnu Vitthal. The Negro Newspaper (Greenwood, 1970)
* Odum-Hinmon, Maria E. "The Cautious Crusader: How the Atlanta Daily World Covered the Struggle for African American Rights from 1945 to 1985." (PhD Dissertation, U of Maryland, 2005). [1] Archived 2023-12-07 at the Wayback Machine

* Penn, Irvine Garland (1891). The Afro-American Press and Its Editors. Massachusetts: Willey and Co.
* Pride, Armistead Scott; Clint C. Wilson (1997). History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 978-0882581927.

* Prides, Armistead S. A Register and History of Negro Newspapers in the United States: 1827–1950. (1950)

* Shortell, Timothy. “The Rhetoric of Black Abolitionism: An Exploratory Analysis of Antislavery Newspapers in New York State.” Social Science History 28#1 (2004), pp. 75–109. online

* Simmons, Charles A. The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965 (McFarland, 2006).
* Simmons, Charles Alexander. "A comparative look at four black newspapers and their editorial philosophies during the eras of the northern migration and World War I, World War II, and the civil rights movement" (PhD dissertation, Oklahoma State University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1995. 9601684).
* Spellman, Charles G. “The Black Press: Setting the Political Agenda During World War II.” Negro History Bulletin, vol. 51 1993, pp. 38–42. online

* Stevens, John D. "Conflict-cooperation content in 14 Black newspapers." Journalism Quarterly 47#3 (1970): 566–568.
* Strickland, Arvarh E., and Robert E. Weems, eds. The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Greenwood, 2001), pp. 216–230, with long bibliography

* Suggs, Henry Lewis, ed. The Black press in the south, 1865–1979 (Praeger, 1983).
* Suggs, Henry Lewis, ed. The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865–1985 (Greenwood Press, 1996). 416 pp.
* Vercellotti, Timothy, and Paul R. Brewer. “‘To Plead Our Own Cause’: Public Opinion Toward Black and Mainstream News Media among African Americans.” Journal of Black Studies 37#2, 2006, pp. 231–50. online

* Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981). "Black Women Journalists in the South, 1880-1905: An Approach to the Study of Black Women's History". Callaloo (11/13): 138–152\. doi:10.2307/3043847. JSTOR 3043847.
* Washburn, Patrick S. The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom (Northwestern UP, 2006); covers 1827–1900; emphasis on Pittsburgh Courier and the Chicago Defender
* Washburn, Patrick Scott. A question of sedition: The federal government's investigation of the black press during World War II (Oxford UP, 1986).

* Williams, Kim M. “Black Political Interests on Immigrant Rights: Evidence from Black Newspapers, 2000–2013.” Journal of African American Studies 20# 3/4, 2016, pp. 248–71. online

* Wolseley, Roland Edgar. The black press, USA (Wiley-Blackwell, 1990). online

### Primary sources

[edit]

* Dunnigan, Alice. Alone Atop the Hill: The Autobiography of Alice Dunnigan, Pioneer of the National Black Press (University of Georgia Press, 2015)
* La Brie, Henry G. III, Black Pulitzers and Hearsts, oral history collection at Columbia University's Butler Library with over 80 interviews with Black publishers and editors

## External links

[edit]

* List of black-owned newspapers in the United States
* African American Newspapers 1829 to present
* Black Press USA: List of local newspapers

* v
* t
* e

African American press

Newspapers|

| Active|

| Northeast|

* Bay State Banner
* Buffalo Criterion
* New Pittsburgh Courier
* The New York Age
* New York Amsterdam News
* Our Time Press
* The Philadelphia Tribune
* The Washington Afro-American
* The Washington Informer

|

South|

* African-American News and Issues
* Atlanta Black Star
* Atlanta Daily World
* Atlanta Inquirer
* Atlanta Voice
* Baltimore Afro-American
* Baltimore Times
* The Baptist Vanguard
* Birmingham Times
* Black Chronicle
* The Burning Spear Newspaper
* Carolina Peacemaker
* The Carolinian
* The Charleston Chronicle
* The Charlotte Post
* The Christian Recorder
* The Dallas Weekly
* The Daytona Times
* Florida Sentinel Bulletin
* The Florida Star
* Houston Defender
* Houston Forward Times
* Jackson Advocate
* The Jacksonville Advocate
* Jacksonville Free Press
* The Louisiana Weekly
* Louisville Defender
* The Miami Times
* New Journal and Guide
* The New Orleans Tribune
* The Oklahoma Eagle
* The Orlando Times
* Richmond Free Press
* Roanoke Tribune
* Savannah Tribune
* Tennessee Tribune
* The Triangle Tribune
* Tri-State Defender
* The Village Beat
* Winston-Salem Chronicle

Midwest|

* The Call
* Call and Post
* The Chicago Crusader
* The Chicago Defender
* The Cincinnati Herald
* The Columbus Post
* Fort Wayne Ink Spot
* Gary Crusader
* Indianapolis Recorder
* Michigan Chronicle
* The Michigan FrontPage
* Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
* Omaha Star
* The St. Louis American
* St. Louis Argus
* St. Louis Sentinel

West|

* Arizona Informant
* Black Lens News
* The Facts
* Los Angeles Sentinel
* Los Angeles Wave
* Oakland Post
* Oakland Sunshine
* Portland Observer
* Richmond Post
* The Sacramento Observer
* San Francisco Bay View
* Seattle Medium
* The Skanner
* Sun-Reporter

National|

* The Final Call

Defunct|

* The Advocate
* The Alaska Spotlight
* The Aliened American
* Arkansas State Press
* Athens Blade
* Athens Republique
* Athens Voice
* Atlanta Independent
* The Black Dispatch
* The Black Panther
* Black Times
* Boston Guardian
* The Broad Ax
* California Eagle
* The Carolina Times
* Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
* Chicago Bee
* The Chicago Conservator
* Chicago Whip
* The Circuit
* The City Sun
* The Cleveland Gazette
* The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
* The Colored American (New York City)
* The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
* Daily Negro Times
* Dallas Express
* The Denver Star
* Detroit Plaindealer
* Detroit Tribune
* The Elevator
* The Equator
* Freedom
* Freedom's Journal
* Frost Illustrated
* Gary American
* Harambee
* Indianapolis Freeman
* Indianapolis Leader
* Ink
* Iowa Bystander
* Jackson Eagle Eye
* Louisianian
* Louisville Leader
* The McDowell Times
* Memphis Free Speech
* Memphis Post
* Metro Herald (Virginia)
* The Michigan Citizen
* Mirror of the Times
* The Mississippi Enterprise
* Mojo
* Muhammad Speaks
* Nashville Globe
* The Negro Star
* Negro World
* New National Era
* The North Star
* Pacific Appeal
* The People's Voice
* The Philadelphia Independent
* Pittsburgh Courier
* Portland New Age
* The Progressive Era
* Ravenswood Post
* The Reflector
* Richmond Planet
* The Rights of All
* The Seattle Republican
* The Shining Star
* Southwestern Christian Advocate
* The Washington Bee
* The Washington Sun
* The Appeal
* The Winter Park Advocate
* The Woman's Era
* Omaha Monitor
* Western Post
* Afro-American Sentinel
* The Enterprise
* Omaha Guide

Magazines|

* Black Enterprise
* Black Issues Book Review
* BLK
* Clutch
* The Colored American Magazine
* The Crisis
* Ebony
* Emerge
* Essence
* The Fader
* Fire!!
* theGrio
* The Horizon
* Jet
* King
* Negro Digest
* Our Women and Children
* Right On!
* The Root
* Sister 2 Sister
* Soul
* Tint
* Transition Magazine
* Visions Metro Weekly
* YSB

Organizations|

* Associated Negro Press
* National Association of Black Journalists
* National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
* National Newspaper Publishers Association

Corporations|

* Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
* Real Times

Related|

* Abolitionist publications
* The Anti-Slavery Bugle
* Genius of Universal Emancipation
* The Liberator
* The National Era

* v
* t
* e

Newspapers in the United States (North America)

States|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Federal district|

Washington, D.C.

Territories|

* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Lists of newspapers|

* African-American
* Alternative
* Business
* By circulation
* Defunct
* Family-owned
* French-language
* German-language
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African Americans

History|

* Timeline
* Abolitionism
* African American founding fathers
* Afrocentrism
* American Civil War
* Atlantic slave trade
* Black Codes
* Black cowboys
* Black genocide
* Black Lives Matter
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
* Children of the plantation
* Civil Rights Acts
* 1964
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* 1968
* Civil rights movement 1865–1896
* Civil right movement 1896–1954
* Civil rights movement 1954–1968
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle (1956)
* Sit-in movement
* Freedom Riders
* Birmingham movement
* March on Washington
* Freedom Summer
* Selma to Montgomery marches
* Chicago Freedom Movement
* Post–civil rights era
* Cornerstone Speech
* COVID-19 impact
* Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
* Free Negro
* Free people of color
* George Floyd protests
* Great Migration
* Second
* New
* Exodusters
* Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching
* Military history
* Million Man March
* Nadir of American race relations
* The Negro Motorist Green Book
* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Plantations
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Reconstruction Amendments
* Reconstruction era
* Redlining
* Separate but equal
* Silent Parade
* Slavery
* Treatment of slaves
* Tulsa race massacre
* Underground Railroad
* Women's suffrage movement

Culture|

* Afrofuturism
* Art
* Black mecca
* Businesses
* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Hair
* Harlem Renaissance
* New Negro
* Hoodoo
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa
* LGBTQ community
* Literature
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Negro National Anthem
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food
* Stereotypes
* Middle class
* Upper class

Notable people|

* Ralph Abernathy
* Maya Angelou
* Crispus Attucks
* James Baldwin
* James Bevel
* Julian Bond
* Amelia Boynton
* James Bradley
* Carol Moseley Braun
* Edward Brooke
* Blanche Bruce
* Ralph Bunche
* George Washington Carver
* Shirley Chisholm
* Claudette Colvin
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Medgar Evers
* James Farmer
* Henry Highland Garnet
* Marcus Garvey
* Fred Gray
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Kamala Harris
* Jimi Hendrix
* Jesse Jackson
* Ketanji Brown Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Harriet Jacobs
* Barbara Jordan
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Huddie Ledbetter
* John Lewis
* Joseph Lowery
* Malcolm X
* Thurgood Marshall
* Toni Morrison
* Bob Moses
* Diane Nash
* Barack Obama
* Michelle Obama
* Rosa Parks
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Colin Powell
* Gabriel Prosser
* Joseph Rainey
* A. Philip Randolph
* Hiram Revels
* Paul Robeson
* Al Sharpton
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Clarence Thomas
* Emmett Till
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Nat Turner
* Denmark Vesey
* C. T. Vivian
* David Walker
* Booker T. Washington
* Ida B. Wells
* Roy Wilkins
* Oprah Winfrey
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young

Education, science
and technology|

* Black studies
* Black schools
* Historically black colleges and universities
* Inventors and scientists
* Museums
* Women
* in computer science
* in medicine
* in STEM fields

Religion|

* African-American Jews
* Islam
* American Society of Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Black church
* Azusa Street Revival
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Black theology
* Doctrine of Father Divine

Political movements|

* Anarchism
* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Movement
* Capitalism
* Conservatism
* Leftism
* Pan-Africanism
* Populism
* Raised fist
* Self-determination
* Nationalism
* Socialism

Civic and economic
groups

* Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
* Black Panther Party
* Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP)
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Nashville Student Movement
* National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
* National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
* National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
* National Urban League (NUL)
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* Thurgood Marshall College Fund
* United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

Sports|

* Negro league baseball
* Baseball color line
* Black players in professional American football
* Black NFL quarterbacks
* Black players in ice hockey
* Muhammad Ali
* Arthur Ashe
* Jack Johnson
* Joe Louis
* Jesse Owens
* Jackie Robinson
* Serena Williams

Athletic associations
and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions|

* By African descent
* Fula
* Gullah
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Alabama Creole
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Cherokee Freedmen
* Choctaw Freedmen
* Creek Freedmen
* Black Southerners
* Blaxicans
* Great Dismal Swamp maroons
* Louisiana Creole
* of color
* Melungeon

Demographics|

* Neighborhoods
* list
* U.S. cities with large populations
* 2000 majorities
* 2010 majorities
* Metropolitan areas
* States and territories

Languages|

* Afro-Seminole Creole
* American Sign
* Black American Sign
* English
* American English
* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* social context
* Gullah
* Louisiana Creole

By state/city|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Florida
* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Georgia
* Atlanta
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Chicago
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Davenport
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Lexington
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Massachusetts
* Boston
* Michigan
* Detroit
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Omaha
* New Jersey
* New York
* New York City
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Cleveland
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Austin
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* San Antonio
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Diaspora|

* Africa
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Sierra Leone
* America
* Canada
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Israel
* Europe
* France

Lists|

* African Americans
* Activists
* Actors
* Astronauts
* Billionaires
* Journalists
* Jurists
* Mathematicians
* Republicans
* Singers
* Sportspeople
* Spingarn Medal winners
* US cabinet members
* US representatives
* US senators
* Visual artists
* Writers
* African-American firsts
* Mayors
* Sports firsts
* US state firsts
* Historic places
* Index of related articles
* Landmark African-American legislation
* Lynching victims
* Monuments
* Neighborhoods
* Topics related to the African diaspora

* Category
* United States portal

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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