African Americans in Oklahoma

Ethnic group in Oklahoma

Ethnic group

African Americans in Oklahoma

Elderly African American Sharecroppers in 1914

Total population
289,961 (7.8% of the population)
Part of a series on

African Americans

History

|  Periods

* Timeline
* Atlantic slave trade
* Abolitionism in the United States
* Slavery in the colonial history of the US
* Revolutionary War
* Antebellum period
* Slavery and military history during the Civil War
* Reconstruction era
* Politicians
* Juneteenth
* Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
* Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
* Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
* Black power movement
* Post–civil rights era

Aspects

* Agriculture history
* Black Belt in the American South
* Business history
* Military history
* Treatment of the enslaved

Migrations

* Great Migration
* Second Great Migration
* New Great Migration

Culture

|  Lifeways

* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food

Schools

* Education during the slave period in the US
* Education of freed people during the Civil War
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* Historically black colleges and universities
* Fraternities

Academic study

* Studies
* Art
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Celebrations

* Martin Luther King Jr. Day
* Black History Month
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa

Economic class

* African-American businesses
* Middle class
* Upper class
* Billionaires

Symbols and ideas

* African-American beauty
* Black is beautiful
* Black pride
* African-American hair
* Good hair
* Stepping
* "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
* Self-determination

Religion

|  Institutions

* Black church

Theologies

* Black theology
* Womanist theology

Non-Christian groups

* Hoodoo
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* African-American Jews
* African-American Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Louisiana Voodoo
* African Diaspora Religions

Politics

|  Organizations

* Congressional Black Caucus
* Joint Center
* National Black Caucus of State Legislators
* National Conference of Black Mayors

Ideologies

* Afrocentrism
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* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Capitalism
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* Leftism
* Liberalism
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* Pan-Africanism
* Patriotism
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* Socialism

Civic/economic groups

|  Organizations

* Association for the Study of African
American Life and History
* Black conductors
* NAACP
* National Black Chamber of Commerce
* National Council of Negro Women
* National Pan-Hellenic Council
* National Urban League
* TransAfrica
* UNCF

Sports

* Negro league baseball

Athletic associations and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* HBCU (HBCUAC)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Sub-communities

|  Multiethnic

* African-American Jews
* Afro-Puerto Ricans
* Alabama Creole people
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Mascogos
* Blaxicans
* Brass Ankles
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* Melungeon
* Carmel
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Specific ancestries

* Americo-Liberians
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* Gullah
* Merikins
* Nova Scotians
* Samaná Americans
* Sierra Leone Creole

Sexual orientation

* LGBT community

Dialects and languages

|  English dialects

* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* Liberian English
* Samaná English
* Tutnese

Languages and other dialects

* Gullah
* Afro-Seminole Creole
* Negro Dutch
* Black American Sign Language

Population

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Diaspora

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Prejudice

|  Racism

* Black genocide
* Race and ethnicity in the US census
* Racism against Black Americans
* Reparations for slavery
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* Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

Stereotypes and media depictions

* Blackface
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* United States portal
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* v
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* e

African Americans in Oklahoma or Black Oklahomans are residents of the state of Oklahoma who are of African American ancestry. African Americans have a rich history in Oklahoma.[1][2] An estimated 7.8% of Oklahomans are Black as of the 2020 census, constituting 289,961 individuals.[3]

African-Americans first settled in Oklahoma during the Trail of Tears. While many of these people were enslaved Africans, around 500 chose to do so in order to escape slavery.[4] During the 19th century, pre-statehood Oklahoma was viewed as desirable for settlement by African-Americans seeking political freedom in the American Frontier.[5] Prior to the institution of Jim Crow laws, multiple Black Oklahomans had served in the territorial legislature.[5]

Oklahoma began instituting Jim Crow legislation in 1897, banning miscegenation and segregating Oklahoma's schools. Racism against Black Oklahomans has been common throughout the state's history, manifesting itself in scenarios such as the Tulsa race massacre, which targeted members of Tulsa's affluent African-American Greenwood District.[6] Today, 13 of the over-50 settlements founded by Black Oklahomans still exist.[7]

## History

[edit]

### 19th century: Black people in the "Twin Territories"

[edit]

Staff at the American Red Cross disaster relief headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after the Tulsa race massacre of June 1921

Black slaves came with their Native American slave owners during the Trail of Tears to their new territorial home in Oklahoma beginning in the 1830s.[1] Later in the 19th century, groups of African Americans would migrate to the Oklahoma Territory in the hopes of securing political freedoms.[8]

New York-born Edward P. McCabe, who founded the town of Langston, led a movement to create a Black-majority state in Oklahoma, and pushed for settlement in both the "Twin Territories" of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory.[5] McCabe described the region as a "mecca" for Black Americans seeking freedom from oppression.[9]

The Land Run of 1889 led to a sizable increase in African-American settlers in the Indian Territory. Prior to this migration, around 8,000 freedmen lived in the Indian Territory.[10] The increase in Oklahoma's Black population during the Land Run of 1889 was preceded by a similar migration of African Americans to Kansas.[11] Oklahoma is believed to have had the highest population of Black homesteaders of any state.[10]

Tensions would arise at times in the late 19th century in the Twin Territories between Black tribal members and African-American settlers from elsewhere. Creek freedmen would reportedly refer to Black settlers as "state negroes", leading to tensions in towns like Boley, an all-black town founded by settlers. Conversely, there were instances of local Black newspapers founded by settlers criticizing Native American freedmen for selling their land allotments to white settlers.[8]

Two Black Oklahomans, Green I. Currin and David J. Wallace, were elected to the territorial legislature.[5] As late as 1900, it was common for Black and white students in Oklahoma to attend the same schools.[8]

### 1897-1950s: Jim Crow period

[edit]

Beginning in 1897, the territorial legislature and its successor, the state legislature, enacted Jim Crow laws to restrict African Americans' rights. A total of 18 Jim Crow laws were passed from 1897 until 1957, including laws segregating Oklahoma schools.[12] Miscegenation between white and Black Oklahomas was made a felony subject to five years imprisonment, with a 1921 law banning marriage between Black Oklahomans and Native Americans.[12]

The Edmond Sun noted in 1905 that Oklahoma's Jim Crow laws were extraordinarily strict, even by the standards of the time, stating "Probably no other state or territory has built a stronger barrier against mixed schools".[13] In response to increased oppression, around 1,000 Black Oklahomans chose to migrate to the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta between 1905 and 1911.[14]

#### Racial violence

[edit]

On May 25, 1911, the lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson, an African-American mother and her child, occurred in Okfuskee County. The Nelsons were among the 75 documented victims of lynching in Oklahoma that took place between 1877 and 1950.[15]

In 1921, members of Tulsa's Greenwood District (nicknamed "Black Wall Street"), home to a large number of African-American businesses, was targeted in the Tulsa race massacre.[6] Considered among the worst incidents of racial violence in American history, it had an estimated death toll between 100 and 300.[16] In the aftermath of the massacre, over 6,000 Black Oklahomans were detained by National Guard agents in internment camps.[17]

### 1958-present: Civil Rights era and post-segregation period

[edit]

During the civil rights movement, activists including Clara Luper led stage-ins to protest segregation, with Luper leading the 1958 sit-in movement in Oklahoma City.[18] Desegregation would begin in the 1960s, with the Oklahoma City government banning businesses from discriminating on the basis of race in June 1964, a month before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.[19]

The predominantly African-American Deep Deuce neighborhood of Oklahoma City was bulldozed in the 1980s to make way for construction of the I-235.[20]

Following the end of segregation, Oklahoma City Public School District would remain under court order to institute busing until 1991.[21] In 1990, Republican J. C. Watts would be elected to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, becoming the first African-American to win statewide office.[22] In 2013, Republican T. W. Shannon would become the first African-American to serve as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.[23]

#### Tulsa race massacre recognition efforts

[edit]

Beginning in 2002, the Tulsa race massacre (known as the "Tulsa Race Riot") became permitted to be taught in Oklahoma public schools. This marked a shift with the state's approach in past decades, which prohibited its instruction in public schools.

However, an investigation found that many Oklahoma students graduated without learning of the massacre, even after 2012 state standards required more specific language surrounding the event.[16] In 2021, the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission was formed.[24]

## Economic conditions

[edit]

Inequalities continue to persist in the 21st century, with Black children in Oklahoma estimated in 2019 to be almost six times more likely to live in concentrated poverty than white peers.[25]

## All-black towns

[edit]

Entirely black towns and neighborhoods were historically common in Oklahoma. From 1865 to 1920, African Americans founded over 50 all-black towns and settlements in the Indian Territory.[26] The Land Run of 1889 contributed to the settlement of African American towns in modern Oklahoma.[27] Thirteen African American towns still exist.[28][7]

This is a list of all remaining African American towns in Oklahoma:

* Brooksville
* Boley
* Clearview
* Grayson
* IXL
* Langston
* Lima
* Redbird
* Rentiesville
* Summit
* Taft
* Tatums
* Tullahassee
* Vernon

## Black newspapers

[edit]

A list of historically black-owned/edited newspapers, serving primarily black communities, established in Oklahoma.[29]

* Clearview Tribune
* Creek Baptist Herald
* Lawton Community Guide
* The Baptist Informer
* The Beacon
* The Black Dispatch
* The Boley Informer
* The Boley News
* The Bookertree Searchlight
* The Chickasaw Rival
* The Clarksville Echo
* The Clearview Patriarch
* The Langston City Herald
* The Lawton Oklahoma Eagle
* The Lima Observer
* The Lincoln Tribune
* The Muskogee Cimeter
* The Muskogee Lantern
* The New Community Guide
* The Oklahoma Dispatch
* The Oklahoma Eagle
* The Oklahoma Guide
* The Oklahoma Safeguard
* The Oklahoma Tribune
* The Paden Press
* The Paden Times
* The Patriarch
* The Peoples Elevator
* The Taborian Monitor
* The Tulsa Star
* The Wagoner Echo
* The Weekly Progress
* The Western World
* The Wewoka and Lima Courier
* The Wichita Observer

## Notable residents

[edit]

* Green Currin (d. 1918), Republican politician; first African American to serve in the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature
* Lelia Foley (born 1942), Democratic politician who served as mayor of Taft, Oklahoma; often cited as the first Black female mayor in the United States[30]
* William Henry Twine (1864–1933), early African-American lawyer in Oklahoma and publisher of the Muskogee Cimeter
* A. C. Hamlin (1881–1912), Republican politician; first African American in the Oklahoma state legislature
* Barry Sanders (born 1968), American football player and former running back for the Detroit Lions; played for the Oklahoma State Cowboys earlier in his career
* Constance N. Johnson (born 1952), Democratic politician; became first woman U.S. Senate nominee in Oklahoma in the 2014 U.S. Senate election[31]
* T. W. Shannon (born 1978), Republican politician and first Black Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2014 and 2022
* J. C. Watts (born 1957), retired football player and former Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma's 4th district
* Edward P. McCabe (1850–1920), Republican politician who aimed to make Oklahoma a majority-Black state

## See also

[edit]

* Oklahoma portal

* Choctaw freedmen
* List of African-American newspapers in Oklahoma
* Demographics of Oklahoma
* History of slavery in Oklahoma
* History of Oklahoma

## References

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to African Americans in Oklahoma.

1. ^ a b "African Americans". Oklahoma Historical Society.
2. ^ "Black History is Oklahoma History". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
3. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Oklahoma". www.census.gov. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
4. ^ "African American History & Culture in Oklahoma". TravelOK.com - Oklahoma's Official Travel & Tourism Site. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
5. ^ a b c d "African Americans | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
6. ^ a b Huddleston, Tom Jr. (4 July 2020). "'Black Wall Street': The history of the wealthy Black community and the massacre perpetrated there 100 years ago". CNBC. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
7. ^ a b Young, Marcus (15 October 2021). "All-Black Towns of Oklahoma". State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 30 December 2021 - via ArcGIS Story Maps.
8. ^ a b c Luckerson, Victor (17 March 2021). "The Unrealized Promise of Oklahoma". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
9. ^ Moore, Evan F. (16 July 2020). "This land is my land". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
10. ^ a b Eaton, Kristi (14 March 2023). "Study Explores Less Known Role of Western Black Homesteaders". The Daily Yonder. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
11. ^ Littlefield, Daniel F.; Underhill, Lonnie E. (1973). "Black Dreams and "Free" Homes: The Oklahoma Territory, 1891-1894". Phylon. 34 (4): 342. doi:10.2307/274249. ISSN 0031-8906.
12. ^ a b "Jim Crow Laws in Oklahoma". The Oklahoman. 13 February 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
13. ^ "Jim Crow Laws In Edmond". Edmond History Museum. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
14. ^ Flanagan, Tom (9 August 2023). "Finding Freedom: Black Oklahomans in White Alberta". C2C Journal. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
15. ^ "May 24, 1911 | White Mob in Oklahoma Abducts and Lynches Laura Nelson and Her Young Son". Equal Justice Initiative. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
16. ^ a b Martinez-Keel, Nuria (26 May 2021). "'A conspiracy of silence': Tulsa Race Massacre was absent from schools for generations". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
17. ^ Parshina-Kottas, Yuliya; Singhvi, Anjali; Burch, Audra D. S.; Griggs, Troy; Gröndahl, Mika; Huang, Lingdong; Wallace, Tim; White, Jeremy; Williams, Josh (24 May 2021). "What the Tulsa Race Massacre Destroyed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
18. ^ "Clara Luper: A Leader in Desegregation's Sit-in Movement | About the Hero". Lowell Milken Center. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
19. ^ Hall, Richard (5 February 2015). "5 things about Oklahoma's civil rights movement you should know". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
20. ^ Bruton, Anjelicia (23 February 2022). "Deep Roots Of Deep Deuce: Former Residents Remember Neighborhood They Were Forced To Leave". News 9. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
21. ^ "Busing | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
22. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (12 May 1998). "Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 August 2024. "Raised in a family of Democrats, Watts declared that the party had taken blacks for granted and switched to the GOP, becoming the first African American elected statewide when he became one of Oklahoma's three corporation commissioners in 1990."
23. ^ "Shannon elected 1st black Oklahoma House speaker". Peoria Journal Star. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
24. ^ Brown, DeNeen L. (30 May 2021). "Tensions erupt in Tulsa as city commemorates 1921 race massacre". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
25. ^ Fine, Rebecca (24 September 2019). "Black and Latino children in Oklahoma are still more likely to live in concentrated poverty - Oklahoma Policy Institute". Oklahoma Policy Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
26. ^ Simpson, April (17 October 2023). "In Oklahoma's Black Belt, land ownership and power built Black wealth". Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
27. ^ "Oklahoma: Home to More Historically All-Black Towns than Any Other U.S. State". Oklahoma Center for the Humanities. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
28. ^ "Throwback Tulsa: The 13 historic all-Black towns that remain in Oklahoma". Tulsa World. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
29. ^ "African-American Newspapers". The Gateway to Oklahoma History. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
30. ^ Brockell, Gillian (2 April 2019). "Chicago elected its first Black woman mayor. Lelia Foley-Davis knows what that feels like". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
31. ^ "Connie Johnson Wins Dem Primary For Oklahoma Senate". CBS Local. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

* v
* t
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African Americans

History|

* Timeline
* Abolitionism
* African American founding fathers
* Afrocentrism
* American Civil War
* Atlantic slave trade
* Black Codes
* Black cowboys
* Black genocide
* Black Lives Matter
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
* Children of the plantation
* Civil Rights Acts
* 1964
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* 1968
* Civil rights movement 1865–1896
* Civil right movement 1896–1954
* Civil rights movement 1954–1968
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle (1956)
* Sit-in movement
* Freedom Riders
* Birmingham movement
* March on Washington
* Freedom Summer
* Selma to Montgomery marches
* Chicago Freedom Movement
* Post–civil rights era
* Cornerstone Speech
* COVID-19 impact
* Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
* Free Negro
* Free people of color
* George Floyd protests
* Great Migration
* Second
* New
* Exodusters
* Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching
* Military history
* Million Man March
* Nadir of American race relations
* The Negro Motorist Green Book
* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Plantations
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Reconstruction Amendments
* Reconstruction era
* Redlining
* Separate but equal
* Silent Parade
* Slavery
* Treatment of slaves
* Tulsa race massacre
* Underground Railroad
* Women's suffrage movement

Culture|

* Afrofuturism
* Art
* Black mecca
* Businesses
* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Hair
* Harlem Renaissance
* New Negro
* Hoodoo
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa
* LGBTQ community
* Literature
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Negro National Anthem
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food
* Stereotypes
* Middle class
* Upper class

Notable people|

* Ralph Abernathy
* Maya Angelou
* Crispus Attucks
* James Baldwin
* James Bevel
* Julian Bond
* Amelia Boynton
* James Bradley
* Carol Moseley Braun
* Edward Brooke
* Blanche Bruce
* Ralph Bunche
* George Washington Carver
* Shirley Chisholm
* Claudette Colvin
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Medgar Evers
* James Farmer
* Henry Highland Garnet
* Marcus Garvey
* Fred Gray
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Kamala Harris
* Jimi Hendrix
* Jesse Jackson
* Ketanji Brown Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Harriet Jacobs
* Barbara Jordan
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Huddie Ledbetter
* John Lewis
* Joseph Lowery
* Malcolm X
* Thurgood Marshall
* Toni Morrison
* Bob Moses
* Diane Nash
* Barack Obama
* Michelle Obama
* Rosa Parks
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Colin Powell
* Gabriel Prosser
* Joseph Rainey
* A. Philip Randolph
* Hiram Revels
* Paul Robeson
* Al Sharpton
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Clarence Thomas
* Emmett Till
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Nat Turner
* Denmark Vesey
* C. T. Vivian
* David Walker
* Booker T. Washington
* Ida B. Wells
* Roy Wilkins
* Oprah Winfrey
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young

Education, science
and technology|

* Black studies
* Black schools
* Historically black colleges and universities
* Inventors and scientists
* Museums
* Women
* in computer science
* in medicine
* in STEM fields

Religion|

* African-American Jews
* Islam
* American Society of Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Black church
* Azusa Street Revival
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Black theology
* Doctrine of Father Divine

Political movements|

* Anarchism
* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Movement
* Capitalism
* Conservatism
* Leftism
* Pan-Africanism
* Populism
* Raised fist
* Self-determination
* Nationalism
* Socialism

Civic and economic
groups

* Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
* Black Panther Party
* Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP)
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Nashville Student Movement
* National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
* National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
* National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
* National Urban League (NUL)
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* Thurgood Marshall College Fund
* United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

Sports|

* Negro league baseball
* Baseball color line
* Black players in professional American football
* Black NFL quarterbacks
* Black players in ice hockey
* Muhammad Ali
* Arthur Ashe
* Jack Johnson
* Joe Louis
* Jesse Owens
* Jackie Robinson
* Serena Williams

Athletic associations
and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions|

* By African descent
* Fula
* Gullah
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Alabama Creole
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Cherokee Freedmen
* Choctaw Freedmen
* Creek Freedmen
* Black Southerners
* Blaxicans
* Great Dismal Swamp maroons
* Louisiana Creole
* of color
* Melungeon

Demographics|

* Neighborhoods
* list
* U.S. cities with large populations
* 2000 majorities
* 2010 majorities
* Metropolitan areas
* States and territories

Languages|

* Afro-Seminole Creole
* American Sign
* Black American Sign
* English
* American English
* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* social context
* Gullah
* Louisiana Creole

By state/city|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Florida
* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Georgia
* Atlanta
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Chicago
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Davenport
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Lexington
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Massachusetts
* Boston
* Michigan
* Detroit
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Omaha
* New Jersey
* New York
* New York City
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Cleveland
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Austin
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* San Antonio
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Diaspora|

* Africa
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Sierra Leone
* America
* Canada
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Israel
* Europe
* France

Lists|

* African Americans
* Activists
* Actors
* Astronauts
* Billionaires
* Journalists
* Jurists
* Mathematicians
* Republicans
* Singers
* Sportspeople
* Spingarn Medal winners
* US cabinet members
* US representatives
* US senators
* Visual artists
* Writers
* African-American firsts
* Mayors
* Sports firsts
* US state firsts
* Historic places
* Index of related articles
* Landmark African-American legislation
* Lynching victims
* Monuments
* Neighborhoods
* Topics related to the African diaspora

* Category
* United States portal

* v
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State of Oklahoma

Oklahoma City (capital)

Topics|

* Index
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Geography
* Ghost towns
* Government
* governor (list)
* History
* Land Rush of 1889, 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1895
* Unassigned Lands
* Mass media
* newspapers
* radio
* TV
* People
* Sports
* Symbols
* Tourist attractions

Society|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Culture
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* Gun laws
* LGBTQ rights
* Politics

Regions|

* Ark-La-Tex
* Central
* Cherokee Outlet
* Choctaw Country
* Cross Timbers
* Four State Area
* Flint Hills
* Green Country
* Little Dixie
* Northwestern
* Oklahoma City Metro
* Ouachita Mountains
* The Ozarks
* Panhandle
* South Central
* Southwestern
* Texoma
* Tulsa Metro
* Western

Largest cities|

* Ardmore
* Bartlesville
* Bixby
* Broken Arrow
* Del City
* Duncan
* Edmond
* Enid
* Lawton
* Midwest City
* Muskogee
* Moore
* Norman
* Oklahoma City
* Owasso
* Ponca City
* Shawnee
* Stillwater
* Tulsa
* Yukon

Counties|

* Adair
* Alfalfa
* Atoka
* Beaver
* Beckham
* Blaine
* Bryan
* Caddo
* Canadian
* Carter
* Cherokee
* Choctaw
* Cimarron
* Cleveland
* Coal
* Comanche
* Cotton
* Craig
* Creek
* Custer
* Delaware
* Dewey
* Ellis
* Garfield
* Garvin
* Grady
* Grant
* Greer
* Harmon
* Harper
* Haskell
* Hughes
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Johnston
* Kay
* Kingfisher
* Kiowa
* Latimer
* Le Flore
* Lincoln
* Logan
* Love
* Major
* Marshall
* Mayes
* McClain
* McCurtain
* McIntosh
* Murray
* Muskogee
* Noble
* Nowata
* Okfuskee
* Oklahoma
* Okmulgee
* Osage
* Ottawa
* Pawnee
* Payne
* Pittsburg
* Pontotoc
* Pottawatomie
* Pushmataha
* Roger Mills
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