African Meeting House

Historic church in Massachusetts, United States

United States historic place

African Meeting House

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

U.S. Historic district
Contributing property

Location| 8 Smith Court, Boston, MA
Coordinates| 42°21′35.94″N 71°3′55.73″W﻿ / ﻿42.3599833°N 71.0654806°W﻿ / 42.3599833; -71.0654806
Built| 1806
Architectural style| Federal
Part of| Beacon Hill Historic District (ID66000130)
NRHP reference No.| 71000087
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| October 7, 1971[1]
Designated NHL| May 30, 1974[2]
Designated CP| October 15, 1966

The African Meeting House, also known variously as First African Baptist Church, First Independent Baptist Church and the Belknap Street Church, was built in 1806 and is now the oldest black church edifice still standing in the United States. A Baptist congregation led by Reverend Thomas Paul built the church. The church also established a school, at first holding classes in its basement. After serving most of the nineteenth century as a church, it then served as a synagogue until 1972 when it was purchased for the Museum of African American History. It is located in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, adjacent to the historically Black American Abiel Smith School, now also part of the museum. It is a National Historic Landmark.

## History

[edit]

### Church

[edit]

Portrait of Thomas Paul

Before 1805, although black Bostonians could attend white churches, they generally faced discrimination. They were assigned seats only in the balconies and were not given voting privileges.

Thomas Paul, a Black American preacher from New Hampshire, led worship meetings for blacks at Faneuil Hall. Paul, with twenty of his members, officially formed the First African Baptist Church on August 8, 1805. In the same year, land was purchased for a building. The African Meeting House, as it came to be commonly called, was completed the next year. At the public dedication on December 6, 1806, the first-floor pews were reserved for all those "benevolently disposed to the Africans," while the black members sat in the balcony of their new meeting house.

#### Ministers

[edit]

* Thomas Paul, c. 1805–1829
* John Peck, c. 1830
* Washington Christian, c. 1831
* Thomas Ritchie, c. 1832
* Samuel Gooch, c. 1833–1834
* John Given, c. 1835
* Armstrong W. Archer, c. 1837
* George H. Black, c. 1838–1840
* John T. Raymond, c. 1841–1845
* William B. Serrington, c. 1848–1849
* William Thompson, c. 1851–1853
* Thomas Henson, c. 1856–1858
* J. Sella Martin, c. 1860–1862
* H. H. White, c. 1864[3]

### School (1806–1835)

[edit]

In the early 1800s, Primus Hall had established a school in his home. He sought funding from the community, including Black American sailors, to pay for expenses to run the school. Unsuccessful in attempts to establish a public school with the city of Boston in 1800, he moved his school to the African Meeting House by 1806. Hall continued fund-raising to support the Black American school until 1835.[4]

> Besides inspiring Boston's Black Americans to pursue justice and quality in education, the school offered them opportunities for employment and economic growth, which in turn provided funds for future generations of Black American Bostonians to pursue higher education.[4]

The Abiel Smith School was built in 1834 following the donation of $2,000 (~$65,211 in 2023) by Abiel Smith. The primary and grammar school was the first building built as a public school for Black Americans in the country.[5] In 1835, all Black American children in Boston were assigned to the Smith school, which replaced the basement school in the African Meeting House.

### Civic activities (1832 and Civil War)

[edit]

The African Meeting House became known as the Black Faneuil Hall during the abolitionist movement. On January 6, 1832, William Lloyd Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society here. During the Civil War, Frederick Douglass and others recruited soldiers here for the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments.

### Synagogue (late 19th century – 1972)

[edit]

At the end of the 19th century, when the black community began to migrate to the South End and Roxbury, the building was sold to a Jewish congregation, Anshei Lubavitch. They were the new immigrants in the city and living on Beacon Hill and in the North End. It served as a synagogue until 1972, when it was acquired by the Museum of African American History and adapted as a museum.

### Museum (c. 1972–present)

[edit]

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.[2][6]

The African Meeting House houses the Museum of African American History, which is a museum "dedicated to preserving, conserving and accurately interpreting the contributions of African Americans in New England from the colonial period through the 19th century," according to the museum's website.[7] The African Meeting House is open to the public. This site is part of Boston African American National Historic Site.

Adjacent to the African Meeting House, is the Education and Technology Center. The Trust for Public Land assisted in the acquisition of the building when the museum needed space to expand.[8]

## Construction and remodeling

[edit]

Funds for the African Meeting House were raised in both the white and black communities. Cato Gardner, a native of Africa, was responsible for raising more than $1,500 toward the total $7,700 to complete the meeting house. A commemorative inscription above the front door reads: "Cato Gardner, first Promoter of this Building 1806." Scipio and Sylvia Dalton also helped organize and raise money to build the church.

Although the building committee was able to secure $2,500 for the church, the congregation and the committee were compelled to ask the Massachusetts legislation for funds to complete construction. This funding request required an accounting of persons who worked on and supplied materials to the construction project and documents that both African-American and white laborers contributed to it. This accounting lists, for example, that the white carpenter Amos Penniman worked on the African Meeting House. This research has not yet located this document, but it does substantiate that Abel Barbadoes did masonry work on the building, as Chloe Thomas, then a resident of the Home for Aged Colored Women, told George Ruffin in 1883:[9]

> I heard from the lips of some of our most honored fathers, Cato Gardner, Father Primus Hall, Hamlet Earl, Scipio Dalton, Peter G. Smith, G.H. Holmes, that George Holmes made the first hod to carry bricks and mortar that was ever used in Boston. He invented it for the purpose of carrying bricks and mortar to build our meeting house with as he was a mason and calculated to do his part to the best of his ability. And Boston Smith, father of P.G. Smith, with the rest of his devoted brothers, was anxious to do all in his power. As Boston Smith was a master builder, he led the carpentry department...Abel Barbadoes, being a master mason also assisted. He was the father of Mrs. Catherine Barbadoes at 27 Myrtle Street.

The façade of the African Meeting House is an adaptation of a design for a townhouse published by Boston architect Asher Benjamin. In addition to its religious and educational activities, the meeting house became a place for celebrations and political and anti-slavery meetings. The African Meeting House was remodeled by the congregation in the 1850s.

## See also

[edit]

* List of museums focused on African Americans
* List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
* National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
* Thomas Dalton
* James George Barbadoes
* Twelfth Baptist Church, Boston
* History of African Americans in Boston

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. ^ a b "African Meeting House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
3. ^ Levesque. 1975; p. 520+
4. ^ a b Faustine C. Jones-Wilson (1996). Encyclopedia of Black American education. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 200\. ISBN 978-0-313-28931-6. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
5. ^ James Oliver Horton (March 24, 2005). Landmarks of Black American History. Oxford University Press. pp. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-514118-4. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
6. ^ Carol Ann Poh and Robert C. Post (October 29, 1973), African Meeting House, National Register of Historic Places Inventory (with photo), National Park Service
7. ^ "Museum of African American History Boston – Welcome". Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2006.
8. ^ "African American Meeting House". The Trust for Public Land.
9. ^ Grover, Kathryn and Janine V. de Silva, "Historic Resource Study Boston African American National Historic Site, 31 December 2002."

## Further reading

[edit]

* Paul Dean. A discourse delivered before the African Society, at their meeting-house, in Boston, Mass. on the abolition of the slave trade by the government of the United States of America, July 14, 1819. Boston: Nathaniel Coverly, 1819.
* George A. Levesque. "Inherent Reformers-Inherited Orthodoxy: Black Baptists in Boston, 1800-1873". Journal of Negro History, Vol. 60, No. 4 (October 1975), pp. 491–525.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to African Meeting House (Boston).

* African Meeting House
* Museum of African American History website
* New York Times article mentioning African-American history-oriented tourism in Boston

* v
* t
* e

Boston African American community prior to the Civil War

* Boston African American National Historic Site
* Black Heritage Trail
* Slavery in the colonial United States

Prominent individuals|

* Macon Bolling Allen (lawyer, judge)
* William G. Allen (college professor)
* Crispus Attucks (killed during Boston Massacre)
* Leonard Black (minister, slave memoirist)
* John P. Coburn (abolitionist, soldier)
* Ellen and William Craft (slave memoirists, abolitionists)
* Rebecca Lee Crumpler (physician)
* Lucy Lew Dalton (abolitionist)
* Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)
* Hosea Easton (abolitionist, minister)
* Moses Grandy (abolitionist, slave memoirist)
* Leonard Grimes (abolitionist, minister)
* Primus Hall (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
* Prince Hall (freemason, abolitionist)
* Lewis Hayden (abolitionist, politician)
* John T. Hilton (abolitionist, author, businessman)
* Thomas James (minister)
* Barzillai Lew (Rev. War soldier)
* George Latimer (escaped slave)
* Walker Lewis (abolitionist)
* George Middleton (1735–1815) (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
* Robert Morris (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
* William Cooper Nell (abolitionist, writer)
* Susan Paul (teacher, abolitionist, author)
* Thomas Paul (minister)
* John Swett Rock (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
* John Brown Russwurm (college grad., teacher)
* John J. Smith (abolitionist, politician)
* Maria W. Stewart (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
* Baron Stow (minister)
* Samuel Snowden (minister, abolitionist)
* Edward G. Walker (abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)
* David Walker (abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)
* Phillis Wheatley (poet, author)

Relevant topics and
associated individuals|

| Black nationalism|

* Back-to-Africa movement (See Paul Cuffe \- William Gwinn)

|

Legal cases|

* Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 Supreme Court decision
* Freedom suits of 1781 (See Elizabeth Freeman \- Quock Walker)
* Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (See: Anthony Burns \- Shadrach Minkins \- Thomas Sims)

History of slavery|

* Charles Apthorp
* Bunch-of-Grapes
* Merchants Row

Organizations|

| Abolitionism|

* Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
* Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
* Massachusetts General Colored Association (abolitionism, equality)
* Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
* Prince Hall Freemasonry

|

Education|

* Home of Primus Hall (1798–1806)
* African Meeting House (1806–1835)
* Abiel Smith School (1835-?)

Religion|

* African Meeting House
* Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
* Twelfth Baptist Church

Other|

* Bucks of America (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
* Prince Hall Freemasonry

Historic sites
or neighborhoods|

* Abiel Smith School
* African Meeting House and Museum
* Black Beacon Hill (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
* Black Heritage Trail
* Boston African American National Historic Site
* Charles Street Meeting House
* John Coburn House
* Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
* George Middleton House
* William C. Nell House
* Phillips School
* John J. Smith House

Influential publications|

* Freedom's Journal
* The Liberator
* Walker's Appeal

Related|

* Copp's Hill Burying Ground
* William Lloyd Garrison
* Isaac Knapp
* Abolition Riot of 1836

* v
* t
* e

Boston landmarks

* African Meeting House
* Boston Athenæum
* Boston Central Library
* Boston Children's Museum
* Boston Common
* Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
* Boston Navy Yard
* Boston Public Garden
* Boston Public Library
* Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
* Citi Performing Arts Center
* Downtown Crossing
* Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
* Faneuil Hall
* Fenway Park
* Franklin Park Zoo
* Freedom Trail
* Institute of Contemporary Art
* Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
* John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Massachusetts State House
* Museum of Fine Arts
* Appeal to the Great Spirit
* Museum of Science
* New England Aquarium
* New England Holocaust Memorial
* Newbury Street
* Old North Church
* Old State House
* Paul Revere House
* Prudential Center
* Samuel Adams (Whitney)
* South Station
* Symphony Hall
* TD Garden
* Trinity Church
* USS Cassin Young (DD-793)
* USS Constitution
* Museum

* v
* t
* e

U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Topics|

* Contributing property
* Keeper of the Register
* Historic district
* History of the National Register of Historic Places
* National Park Service
* Property types

Lists by county|

* Barnstable
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Lists by city|

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Other lists|

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* Category
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Authority control databases |

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