Ahmadiyya

Messianic movement within Islam

"Ahmadi" redirects here. For the surname, see Ahmadi (surname). For other uses, see Ahmadi (disambiguation).

This article is about the religious movement based on Sunni Islam. For the new religious movement based on Twelver Shi'a Islam, see Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light.

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at

The White Minaret and the Ahmadiyya flag in Qadian, India. For Ahmadi Muslims, the two symbolize the advent of the Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

Type| Sect of Islam
Scripture| Quran and various books of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Caliph| Mirza Masroor Ahmad
Founder| Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Origin| 19th century
British India
Separated from| Sunni Islam
Number of followers| 10–20 million
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Ahmadiyya

Beliefs and practices

* Tawhid
* Five Pillars of Islam
* Six articles of faith
* Bay'ah

Distinct views

* Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
* Prophets
* Jesus
* Jihad
* Evolution

Days of remembrance

* Caliphate Day
* Eid al-Adha
* Eid al-Fitr
* Promised Messiah Day
* Promised Reformer Day

Foundational texts and sciences

* Quran
* Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah)
* Aqidah (creed)
* Tafsir (exegesis)

* Fiqh (jurisprudence)
* Sharia (law)

Key literature

* Rūhānī Khazā᾽in
* Malfūzāt
* Tafsīr-e-Kabīr
* Haqā'iq al-Furqān
* Review of Religions
* Al Fazl (newspaper)
* The Muslim Sunrise

Organizational structure

* Caliphs:
* I
* II
* III
* IV
* V

* Majlis al-Shura

* Lajna
* Khuddām
* Ansār

* Jalsa Salana
* Mosques
* Jamia
* MTA

Key sites

Hijaz

* Kaaba
* Masjid al-Haram
* Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

United Kingdom

* Fazl Mosque
* Baitul Futuh Mosque
* Mubarak Mosque

Qadian

* Aqsa Mosque
* Minaret-ul-Masih
* Mubarak Mosque

Rabwah

* Aqsa Mosque
* Jamia

Miscellaneous

* Persecution
* Mirzai
* Qadiani
* Ahmadiyya by country
* Ahmadiyya and other faiths
* List of Ahmadis
* Humanity First (NGO Charity)
* Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
* Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran
* Roza Bal (Tomb of Jesus)
* Mai Mari da Ashtan (Tomb of Mary)

* v
* t
* e

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* Oneness of God

* Angels
* Holy books

* Prophets
* Judgement Day

* Predestination

Practices

* Profession of faith
* Prayer

* Almsgiving
* Fasting
* Pilgrimage

* Texts
* Foundations

* Quran
* Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah)

* Tafsir (exegesis)
* Ijtihad
* Aqidah (creed)
* Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets)
* Mathnawi (poems)

* Fiqh (jurisprudence)
* Sharia (law)

History

* Timeline
* Jahiliyyah
* Muhammad
* Ahl al-Bayt
* Sahabah
* Rashidun
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Related topics

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* terrorism
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Ahmadiyya,[a] officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ),[4][b] is an Islamic messianic[5][6] movement originating in British India in the late 19th century.[7][8][9] It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam;[10] as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.[11] Adherents of the Ahmadiyya—a term adopted expressly in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Ahmad[12][13][14][15] — are known as Ahmadi Muslims or simply Ahmadis.

Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries.[7] Its adherents consider Ahmad to have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus in accordance with their reading of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set in motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace.[16] They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the early Muslim community.[17][18] Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam.[19]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad established the Community (or Jamāʿat) on 23 March 1889 by formally accepting allegiance from his supporters. Since his death, the Community has been led by a succession of Caliphs. By 2017 it had spread to 210 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The Ahmadis have a strong missionary tradition, having formed the first Muslim missionary organization to arrive in Britain and other Western countries.[20] Currently, the community is led by its caliph, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, and is estimated to number between 10 and 20 million worldwide.[21][22][23]

The movement is almost entirely a single, highly organized group. However, in the early history of the community, some Ahmadis dissented over the nature of Ahmad's prophetic status and succession. They formed the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which has since dwindled to a small fraction of all Ahmadis. Ahmadiyya's recognition of Ahmad as a prophet has been characterized as heretical by mainstream Muslims, who believe that Muhammad was the final prophet, and the Ahmadi movement has faced non-recognition and persecution in many parts of the world.[24][23][25][26] Some Muslims pejoratively use the term Qādiyānī to refer to the movement.[27]

## Naming and etymology

[edit]

See also: Muhammad (name), Ahmad (name), and Ḥ-M-D

The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889, but the name Aḥmadīyah was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated 4 November 1900, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announced that the name chosen to identify the movement from other Muslim groups would be in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Aḥmad.[28][15] According to him, the meaning of the name Muḥammad — "the most praised one" — comported with the traits of glory and indicated the triumphant career of the Islamic prophet following his migration to Medina; but Aḥmad, an Arabic elative form meaning "highly praised" and also "one who praises the most", comported with the beauty of his sermons and conveyed the perseverance and forbearance that characterized his earlier life at Mecca. Accordingly, these two names reflected two aspects of Islam and in later times it was the latter aspect that was destined to be the chief characteristic of its progress.[13][15][29][30] Ghulam Ahmad deemed it a blameworthy innovation (bid‘ah) to label an Islamic school after anyone other than Muhammad.[31] The announcement of 1900 stated:

> The name which is appropriate for this Movement and which we prefer for ourselves and for our Jamā'at is Muslims of the Aḥmadīyah Section. And it is permissible that it also be referred to as Muslims of the Aḥmadī school.[32]

### Lexicology

[edit]

The term Aḥmadīyah—formed by way of suffixation (nisba) from Aḥmad and the suffix -īya(t) (comparable to the English -ness)—is an abstract noun used in reference to the movement itself; while the term Aḥmadī (adjectivally denoting affiliation to Aḥmad) is a noun used in reference to an adherent of the movement, whether male or female. Despite Ahmadis dissociating the name from their founder, deriving it instead from Islamic prophecy[33] and the name variant of Muhammad,[13] some Sunni Muslims, especially in the Indian subcontinent from where the movement originated, refer to Ahmadis using the pejorative terms Qādiyānī or Mirzaī — derived from Qadian, the home town of Ghulam Ahmad, or from Mirza, one of his titles, respectively.[34] Both are externally attributed names and are never used by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community itself.[35]

## History

[edit]

Ahmadiyya timeline

* * *

1882  | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (without publicity) says he is the Mujaddid of the fourteenth Islamic century

* * *

1889  | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim movement

* * *

1890  | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announces that he is 'The Promised Messiah' and 'The Imam Mahdi' of the Latter days

* * *

1908  | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad dies in Lahore. Hakeem Noor-ud-Din is elected as the First Caliph

* * *

1914  | Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad is elected as the Second Caliph

* * *

1947  | Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad migrates to Lahore, Pakistan

* * *

1948  | Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad establishes the city of Rabwah as the new headquarters of the Community

* * *

1965  | Mirza Nasir Ahmad is elected as the Third Caliph

* * *

1982  | Mirza Tahir Ahmad is elected as the Fourth Caliph

* * *

1984  | Mirza Tahir Ahmad migrates to London, England, moving the headquarters to London

* * *

2003  | Mirza Masroor Ahmad is elected as the Fifth Caliph

* * *

2019  | The headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is moved from the Fazl Mosque in Southfields, London to Islamabad in Tilford, Surrey

* * *

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement.

Formally, the history of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community begins when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad took the oath of allegiance from a number of his companions at a home in Ludhiana, India, on 23 March 1889. However, the history can be taken back to the early life of Ahmad, when he reportedly started receiving revelations concerning his future, but also as far back as the traditions of various world religions. At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the "Centennial Reformer of Islam" (Mujaddid), metaphorical second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi (guided one) awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sindh.[36] He and his followers believe that his advent was foretold by Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and also by many other religious scriptures of the world. Ahmadiyya emerged in India as a movement within Islam, also in response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity that was widespread in the 19th century.

The Ahmadiyya faith believes that it represents the latter-day revival of the religion of Islam. Overseas Ahmadiyya missionary activities started at an organized level as early as 1913 (for example, the UK mission in Putney, London). For many modern nations of the world, the Ahmadiyya movement was their first contact with the proclaimants from the Muslim world.[37] According to Richard Brent Turner, "until the mid-1950s the Ahmadiyyah was arguably the most influential community in African-American Islam".[38] Today, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has one of the most active missionary programs in the world. It is particularly large in Africa. In the post colonial era, the Community is credited for much of the spread of Islam in the continent.[39]

### First Caliphate

[edit]

After the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Hakeem Noor-ud-Din was unanimously elected as his first successor and Caliph of the Community. Within the stretch of his Caliphate, a period which lasted six years (1908-1914), he oversaw a satisfactory English translation of the Quran, the establishment of the first Ahmadiyya Muslim mission in England and the introduction of various newspapers and magazines of the Community. As a result of growing financial requirements of the Community, he set up an official treasury. Most notably, however, he dealt with internal dissensions, when a number high-ranking office bearers of the Ahmadiyya Council disagreed with some of the administrative concepts and the authority of the Caliph.

### Second Caliphate

[edit]

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag, first designed in 1939, during the Second Caliphate

Soon after the death of the first caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad was elected as the second caliph, in accordance with the will of his predecessor. However, a faction led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din strongly opposed his succession and refused to accept him as the next caliph, which soon led to the formation of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. This was due to certain doctrinal differences they held with the caliph such as the nature of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood and succession.[40] It has also been theorised that a clash of personalities with that of the dissenters and the caliph himself, who had a relatively poor academic background, also played a role.[41] However, the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, which settled in Lahore, has had relatively little success and has failed to attract a sizeable following.[42] In the history of the Community, this event is referred to as 'The Split' and is sometimes alluded to a prophecy of the founder.

Elected at a young age, Mahmood Ahmad's Caliphate spanned a period of almost 52 years (1914-1965). He established the organizational structure of the Community and directed extensive missionary activity outside the subcontinent of India. Several weeks following his election, delegates from all over India were invited to discuss about propagation of Islam. Two decades later, Mahmood Ahmad launched a twofold scheme for the establishment of foreign missions and the moral upbringing of Ahmadi Muslims. The Tehrik-e-Jadid (the 'new scheme') and Waqf-e-Jadid ('new dedication') respectively, initially seen as a spiritual battle against the oppressors of the Ahmadi Muslims, called upon members of the Community to dedicate their time and money for the sake of their faith. In time the scheme produced a vast amount of literature in defence of Islam in general and the Ahmadiyya beliefs in particular. The funds were also spent on the training and dispatching of Ahmadi missionaries outside the Indian sub-continent.[43]

During his time, missions were established in 46 countries, mosques were constructed in many foreign countries and the Quran published in several major languages of the world. Although the Community continued to expand in the course of succeeding Caliphates, sometimes at a faster pace, the second caliph is credited for much of its inception. Ahmad wrote many written works, the most significant of which is the ten volume commentary of the Quran.[43]

### Third Caliphate

[edit]

Elected on 8 November 1965, Mirza Nasir Ahmad succeeded as the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. His caliphate lasted until 1982. Started by his predecessor, he is credited with the expansion of the missionary work, particularly in Africa, and is seen as having shown great leadership and guidance to the Community during the period when the National Assembly of Pakistan declared the Community as a non-Muslim minority.[44][45] Nusrat Jahan Scheme, a scheme dedicated to serving parts of Africa by running numerous medical clinics and schools was one of the many outcomes of his 1970 tour of West Africa, regarded as the first ever visit to the continent made by an Ahmadi Caliph. During his visit for the foundation stone ceremony of the Basharat Mosque, the first mosque in modern Spain, he coined the popular Ahmadiyya motto: Love for all, Hatred for None.[46][47]

Mirza Nasir Ahmad established the Fazl-e-Umar Foundation in honour of his predecessor, oversaw the compilations of dialogues and sayings of the founder of the Community, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and also directed the complete collection of the dreams, visions and verbal revelations of the founder.[44]

### Fourth Caliphate

[edit]

Baitur Rehman Mosque near Washington, D.C., is one of several mosques inaugurated by the fourth caliph

Mirza Tahir Ahmad was elected as the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on 10 June 1982, a day after the death of his predecessor. He remained Caliph until his death in 2003. Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984, which rendered the Caliph unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy, Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, moving the headquarters of the Community to Fazl Mosque, the first mosque in London.[48] For Ahmadi Muslims, the migration marked a new era in the history of the Community. Ahmad launched the first Muslim satellite television network, Muslim Television Ahmadiyya;[49] instituted the Waqfe Nau Scheme, a program to dedicate Ahmadi Muslim children for the services of the Community; and inaugurated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryum Shaadi Fund, the Syedna Bilal Fund, for victims of persecution, and the disaster relief charity Humanity First.[49]

To the Community, Ahmad is noted for his regular Question & Answer Sessions he held in multiple languages with people of various faiths, professions and cultural backgrounds. However, Ahmad also wrote many books – the most significant of which include Islam's Response to Contemporary Issues, Murder in the name of Allah, Absolute Justice, Kindness and Kinship, Gulf Crisis and The New World Order and his magnum opus[50] Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth.

### Fifth Caliphate

[edit]

Following the death of the fourth Caliph in 2003, the Electoral College for the first time in the history of the Community convened in the western city of London, after which Mirza Masroor Ahmad was elected as the fifth and current Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[51]

## Summary of beliefs

[edit]

The Six articles of Islamic Faith and the Five Pillars of Islam constitute the basis of Ahmadi belief and practice. Likewise, Ahmadis accept the Quran as their holy text, face the Kaaba during prayer, follow the sunnah (normative practice of Muhammad) and accept the authority of the ahadith (sing. hadith; reported sayings of and narrations about Muhammad).[52] In the derivation of Ahmadi doctrine and practice, the Quran has supreme authority followed by the sunnah and the ahadith. Quranic rulings cannot be overruled by any other secondary source. If a hadith is found to be in manifest conflict with the Quran and defies all possible efforts at harmonization, it is rejected regardless of the classification of its authenticity.[35][53] Their acceptance of the authority of the four Rightly Guided caliphs (successors) as legitimate leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's death, their belief that a caliph need not be a descendant of Muhammad, and use of the Kutub al-Sittah fundamentally aligns Ahmadis with the Sunni tradition of Islam rather than with the Shi'a tradition.[54] In matters of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Ahmadis reject strict adherence (taqlid) to any particular school of thought (madhhab), giving foremost precedence to the Quran and sunnah, but usually base their rulings on the Hanafi methodology in cases where these sources lack clear elaboration.[55] What essentially distinguishes Ahmadi Muslims from other Muslims is their belief in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement, as both the promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah foretold by Muhammad to appear in the end times. Summarising his position, Ahmad writes:

> The task for which God has appointed me is that I should remove the malaise that afflicts the relationship between God and His creatures and restore the relationship of love and sincerity between them. Through the proclamation of truth and by putting an end to religious conflicts, I should bring about peace and manifest the Divine verities that have become hidden from the eyes of the world. I am called upon to demonstrate spirituality which lies buried under egoistic darkness. It is for me to demonstrate by practice, and not by words alone, the Divine powers which penetrate into a human being and are manifested through prayer or attention. Above all, it is my task to re-establish in people's hearts the eternal plant of the pure and shining Unity of God which is free from every impurity of polytheism, and which has now completely disappeared. All this will be accomplished, not through my power, but through the power of the Almighty God, Who is the God of heaven and earth.[56]

In keeping with this, he believed his objective was to defend and propagate Islam globally through peaceful means, to revive the forgotten Islamic values of peace, forgiveness and sympathy for all humankind, and to establish peace in the world through the teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world, which, he believed, had descended into materialism.[57]

Ahmadi teachings state that all the major world religions have divine origins and are part of the divine plan towards the establishment of Islam as the final religion, because Islam is the most complete and perfected the previous teachings of other religions,[58] which (they believe) have drifted away from their original form and been corrupted. The message which the founders of these religions brought was, therefore, essentially the same as that of Islam, albeit incomplete. The completion and consummation of the development of religion came about with the advent of Muhammad. However, the global conveyance, recognition and eventual acceptance of his message (i.e. the perfection of the manifestation of Muhammad's prophethood) was destined to occur with the coming of the Mahdi.[59] Thus, Ahmadi Muslims regard Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as that Mahdi and, by extension, the "Promised One" of all religions fulfilling eschatological prophecies found in the scriptures of the Abrahamic religions, as well as Zoroastrianism, the Indian religions, Native American traditions and others.[60] Ahmadi Muslims believe that Ahmad was divinely commissioned as a true reflection of Muhammad's prophethood to establish the unity of God and to remind humankind of their duties towards God and His creation.[61][62] Summarising the Islamic faith, Ahmad writes:

> There are only two complete parts of faith. One is to love God and the other is to love humankind to such a degree that you consider the suffering and the trials and tribulations of others as your own and that you pray for them.[63]

## Articles of faith

[edit]

Ahmadi Muslims subscribe to the same beliefs as the majority of Muslims,[64] but with a difference of opinion on the meaning of Khatam an-Nabiyyin. The six articles of faith are identical to those believed in by Sunni Muslims, and are based on the Quran and traditions of Muhammad:

### Unity of God

[edit]

Main article: Tawhid

The Shahada, outside the Mahmood Mosque in Zurich, proclaiming the oneness of God.

Ahmadi Muslims firmly believe in the absolute Unity of God.[64] Acknowledgement of this principle is the most important and the cardinal principle of Islam as interpreted by the Community. All other Islamic beliefs spring from this belief. The belief in the Unity of God is thought to influence a person's life in all its aspects and is believed to have much wider meaning and deeper applications. For example, elaborating on the Oneness of God, the Quranic verse "There is no all-encompassing power except God" is believed to negate all forms of fear with the exception of the fear of God. It instills a sense of complete dependence on God and that every good emanates from him. In general, the belief in unity of God is thought to liberate believers from all forms of carnal passions, slavery and perceptions of earthly imprisonment. The founder of the Community writes:

> The Unity of God is a light which illumines the heart only after the negation of all deities, whether they belong to the inner world or the outer world. It permeates every particle of man's being. How can this be acquired without the aid of God and His Messenger? The duty of man is only to bring death upon his ego and turn his back to devilish pride. He should not boast of his having been reared in the cradle of knowledge but should consider himself as if he were merely an ignorant person, and occupy himself in supplications. Then the light of Unity will descend upon him from God and will bestow new life upon Him.[65]

It is further believed that the Islamic concept of Oneness of God inculcates the realization of the Oneness of the human species and thus removes all impediments in this regard. The diversity of all human races, ethnicities and colours are considered worthy of acceptance. Moreover, it is thought that a belief in the Unity of God creates a sense of absolute harmony between the Creator and the creation. It is understood that there can be no contradiction between the word of God and work of God.[66][67]

### Angels

[edit]

Main article: Islamic view of angels

The belief in angels is fundamental to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. They are spiritual beings created by God to obey him and implement his commandments. Unlike human beings, angels have no free will and cannot act independently. Under God's command, they bring revelations to the Prophets, bring punishment on the Prophets' enemies, glorify God with his praise, and keep records of human beings' deeds. Angels are not visible to the physical eye. Yet, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, they do sometimes appear to man in one form or another. This appearance, however, is not physical but a spiritual manifestation.[68] Ahmadi Muslims regards angels as celestial beings who have their own entity as persons. The major role they play is the transmission of messages from God to human beings. According to the Quran, the entire material universe as well as the religious universe is governed by some spiritual powers, which are referred to as angels. Whatever they do is in complete submission to the Will of God and the design that he created for things. According to Islam, as interpreted by Ahmadi Muslims, they cannot deviate from the set course or functions allocated to them, or from the overall plan of things made by God.[69]

### Books

[edit]

Main article: Islamic holy books

Some of the many Quran translations by Ahmadi translators at the 2009 Frankfurt Book Fair

For Ahmadi Muslims, the third article in Islam is concerned with the belief in all the divine scriptures as revealed by God to his Prophets. This includes the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, the scrolls of Abraham, and the Quran. Before the advent of Islam, the history of religion is understood as a series of dispensations where each messenger brought teachings suitable for the time and place. Thus, at the time of their inception, the divine teachings sent by God concurred in their fundamentals, with the exception of minor details that were chosen to complement the time and place. With the exception of the Quran, it is believed that the divine scriptures are susceptible to human interpolation. Islam recognises that God sent his prophets to every nation and isolated communities of the world. Thus, according to the Ahmadi teachings, books outside of the Abrahamic tradition, such as the Vedas and Avesta are too considered as being of divine origin. Among the recognised books, the Community believes that the Quran is the final divine scripture revealed by God to humankind. The teachings of the Quran are considered timeless.[70]

### Prophets

[edit]

Main articles: Prophets in Islam, Prophethood (Ahmadiyya), and Khatam an-Nabiyyin

According to the Ahmadi Muslim view, the fourth article of faith in Islam is concerned with the belief in all divine prophets sent by God. Ahmadi Muslims believe that when the world is filled with unrighteousness and immorality, or when a specific part of the world displays these attributes, or when the followers of a certain law (religion) become corrupt or incorporate corrupted teachings into the faith, thus making the faith obsolete or in need of a Divine Sustainer, then a Prophet of God is sent to re-establish his Divine Will. Aside from the belief in all prophets in the Quran and the Old Testament, the Community also regards Zoroaster, Krishna, Buddha, and Confucius as prophets.[71]

According to the Ahmadiyya belief, the technical Islamic terms 'warner' (natheer), 'prophet' (nabi), 'messenger' (rasul) and 'envoy' (mursal) are synonymous in meaning. However, there are two kinds of prophethood as understood by the Community: Law-bearing prophets, who bring a new law and dispensation, such as Moses (given the Torah) and Muhammad (given the Quran); and non-law-bearing prophets, who appear within a given dispensation such as Jeremiah, Jesus and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Adam is regarded as the first human with whom God spoke and revealed to him his divine will and thus the first prophet, but is not regarded as the first human on earth by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, contrary to traditional Islamic, Jewish and Christian interpretations. This view is based on the Quran itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[72]

### Day of Judgement

[edit]

Main article: Qiyamat

The fifth article of faith relates to the Day of Judgment.[73] According to the Ahmadis, after belief in one God, belief in the Day of Judgement is the most emphasized doctrine mentioned in the Quran.[73] According to Ahmadi Muslim beliefs, the entire universe will come to an end on the Day of Judgment, a position also taken by all other Islamic sects and schools of thought. The dead will be resurrected and accounts will be taken of their deeds. People with good records will enter into Heaven while those with bad records will be thrown into Hell.[73] Hell is understood in Ahmadiyya as a temporary abode, lasting an extremely long time but not everlasting, much like in mainstream Judaism. It is thought to be like a hospital, where souls are cleansed of their sins, and this view is based on the Quran and Hadith.[74]

### Divine decree

[edit]

Main article: Predestination in Islam

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes that divine decree controls the eventual outcome of all actions in this universe. Within the boundaries of divine decree, man is given free will to choose the course.[75]

## Five pillars

[edit]

Main article: Five Pillars of Islam

The Pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, 'pillars of religion') are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all Ahmadi Muslims.[76] The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are: (1) the shahadah (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.

## Distinct teachings

[edit]

Although the Five Pillars of Islam and the six articles of belief of Ahmadi Muslims are identical to those of mainstream Sunni Muslims and central to Ahmadi belief,[77] distinct Ahmadiyya beliefs include:

### Second Coming

[edit]

Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, Kashmir

Contrary to mainstream Islamic belief, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Jesus was crucified and survived the four hours on the cross.[78] He was later revived from a swoon in the tomb.[79] Ahmadis believe that Jesus died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the Lost Tribes of Israel.[78][80][81][82] Jesus' remains are believed to be entombed in the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf.[78][80]

### Seal of Prophets

[edit]

See also: Khatam an-Nabiyyin and Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

Although Ahmadi Muslims believe that the Quran is the final message of God for humankind, they also believe that God continues to communicate with his chosen individuals in the same way he is believed to have done in the past. All of God's attributes are eternal. In particular, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection and was the last law-bearing prophet and the apex of humankind's spiritual evolution. New prophets can come, but they must be completely subordinate to Muhammad and will not be able to exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion. They are also thought of as reflections of Muhammad rather than independently made into Prophets, like the Prophets of antiquity.[83]

### Jihad

[edit]

Main article: Ahmadiyya view on Jihad

According to Ahmadi Muslim belief, Jihad can be divided into three categories: Jihad al-Akbar (Greater Jihad) is that against the self and refers to striving against one's low desires such as anger, lust and hatred; Jihad al-Kabīr (Great Jihad) refers to the peaceful propagation of Islam, with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen; Jihad al-Asghar (Smaller Jihad) is an armed struggle only to be resorted to in self-defence under situations of extreme religious persecution whilst not being able to follow one's fundamental religious beliefs, and even then only under the direct instruction of the Caliph.[84] Ahmadi Muslims point out that as per Islamic prophecy, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad rendered Jihad in its military form as inapplicable in the present age as Islam, as a religion, is not being attacked militarily but through literature and other media, and therefore the response should be likewise.[85] They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love.[86]

Concerning terrorism, the fourth Caliph of the Community wrote in 1989:

> As far as Islam is concerned, it categorically rejects and condemns every form of terrorism. It does not provide any cover or justification for any act of violence, be it committed by an individual, a group or a government.[87]

### Abrogation

[edit]

See also: Naskh (tafsir)

Unlike most scholars of other Islamic sects,[88] Ahmadi Muslims do not believe that any verses of the Quran abrogate other verses. All Quranic verses have equal validity, in keeping with their emphasis on the "unsurpassable beauty and unquestionable validity of the Qur'ān".[89] The harmonization of apparently incompatible rulings is resolved through their juridical deflation in Ahmadī fiqh, so that a ruling (considered to have applicability only to the specific situation for which it was revealed), is effective not because it was revealed last, but because it is most suited to the situation at hand.[89]

### Religion and science

[edit]

See also: Ahmadiyya views on evolution

Ahmadi Muslims believe that there cannot be a conflict between the word of God and the work of God, and thus religion and science must work in harmony with each other.[90] With particular reference to this relationship, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community states that in order to understand God's revelation, it is necessary to study His work, and in order to realize the significance of His work, it is necessary to study His word.[91] According to the Nobel laureate, Abdus Salam, a devout Ahmadi Muslim, 750 verses of the Quran (almost one eighth of the book) exhort believers to study Nature, to reflect, to make the best use of reason in their search for the ultimate and to make the acquiring of knowledge and scientific comprehension part of the community's life.[92]

### Cyclical nature of history

[edit]

A final distinct belief is the notion that the history of religion is cyclic and is renewed every seven millennia. The present cycle from the time of the Biblical Adam is split into seven ages, parallel to the seven days of the week, with periods for light and darkness. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad appeared as the promised Messiah at the sixth epoch heralding the seventh and final age of humankind.[93]

## Demographics

[edit]

Main article: Ahmadiyya by country

Ahmadiyya Muslim population map. Members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Qadian

By 2016, the community had been established in 209 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world.[94] In some countries like Pakistan, it is practically illegal to be an Ahmadi Muslim.[95] Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the community itself as well as independent organizations. For this reason, the community gives a figure of "tens of millions";[96] however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million[97] worldwide, thereby representing around 1% of the world's Muslim population.[98] In 2001, the World Christian Encyclopedia, estimated that the Ahmadiyya movement was the fastest growing group within Islam.[99] It is estimated that the country with the largest Ahmadiyya population is Pakistan, with an estimated 4 million Ahmadi Muslims.[100] The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, headed by the Caliph. The other is the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which represents less than 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population.[42] Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in India.[101]

## Organizational structure

[edit]

### The Caliph

[edit]

Main article: Khalifatul Masih

Baitul Futuh Mosque, one of the largest mosques in Europe.

Ahmadi Muslims believe that the Ahmadiyya caliphate is the resumption of the Rightly Guided Caliphate. This is believed to have been re-established with the appearance of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad whom Ahmadis believe was the promised Messiah and Mahdi. Ahmadi Muslims maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses[102] and numerous hadith on the issue, the Caliphate (Khilāfah) can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to those who believe and work righteousness and uphold the unity of God. Therefore, any movement to establish the Caliphate centred around human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the precepts of prophethood and they are as a result disunited, their inability to elect a caliph caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. It is believed that through visions, dreams and spiritual guidance, God instils into the hearts and minds of the believers of whom to elect. No campaigning, speeches or speculation of any kind are permitted. Thus the caliph is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people) nor merely by election but primarily by God.[103]

According to Ahmadiyya thought, it is not essential for a caliph to be the head of a state, rather the spiritual and religious significance of the Caliphate is emphasised. It is above all a spiritual office, with the purpose to uphold, strengthen, spread the teachings of Islam and maintain the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by Muhammad. If a caliph does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as a caliph.[104][105] The caliph is also referred to by Ahmadi Muslims as Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Faithful). The current and fifth caliph is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

### The Consultative Council

[edit]

The Majlis-ash-Shura (Consultative Council), in terms of importance, is the highest ranking institution within the Community after the Caliphate. It was established in 1922 by the second caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. This advisory body meets formally at least once a year. At the international level, the council is presided over by the caliph. Its main purpose is to advise the caliph on important matters such as finance, projects, education and other issues relating to members of the Community. It is required for the caliph to carry out his duties through consultation, taking into consideration the views of the members of the council. However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The caliph may comment, issue instructions, announce his decisions on the proposals during the course of the proceedings or may postpone the matter under further reflection. However, in most cases the caliph accepts the advice given by the majority. At the national level, the council is presided over by the ʾAmīr (national president). At the conclusion of the proceedings, the recommendations are sent to the caliph for approval which he may accept, reject or partially accept.[106]

The Mubarak Mosque in Islamabad, Tilford – the current headquarters of the movement.

### The Headquarters

[edit]

The principal headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is the city, town or place where the caliph resides. As such, since the forced exile of the fourth caliph from Pakistan in 1984, the de facto headquarters of the Community had been based at the Fazl Mosque in London, England. In 2019, the fifth caliph moved the headquarters to Islamabad, Tilford, England on land bought by the Community in 1985.[107][108] Although the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are acknowledged to be more sacred, Qadian is considered to be the spiritual headquarters of the Community.[109] It is believed, and prophesied, that in the future, the Ahmadiyya Caliphate will once again return to Qadian, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. However, the Ahmadiyya city of Rabwah in Pakistan, since its founding on 20 September 1948 by the second caliph, after the Indian partition, coordinates the majority of the organization's activity around the world. In particular, the city is responsible for, but not exclusively, the two central bodies of the Community; Central Ahmadiyya Council and the Council for 'The New Scheme'.[110][111] Another, but much smaller body, the Council for 'New Dedication' , is also active. All central bodies work under the directive of the caliph.

The Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya (Central Ahmadiyya Council), first set up by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1906, is today responsible for organizing the Community activities in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; whereas the Anjuman Tehrik-i-Jadid (the Council for 'The New Scheme'), first set up by the second caliph, is responsible for missions outside the Indian subcontinent.[110] Each council is further divided into directorates, such as the Department of Financial Affairs, the Department of Publications, the Department of Education, the Department of External Affairs, and the Department of Foreign Missions, among others.[112] Under the latter council, the Community has built over 15,000 mosques, over 500 schools, over 30 hospitals and translated the Quran into over 70 languages.[113] The Anjuman Waqf-i-Jadid (the Council for 'The New Dedication'), also initiated by the second caliph, is responsible for training and coordinating religious teachers in rural communities around the world.

### Institutions

[edit]

Pakistani campus of the Ahmadiyya University in Rabwah

Of all religious institutions of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Jāmi’ah al-Ahmadīyya, sometimes translated as Ahmadiyya University of Theology and Languages, is particularly notable. It is an international Islamic seminary and educational institute with several campuses throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Founded in 1906 as a section in Madrassa Talim ul Islam (later Talim-ul-Islam College) by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, it is the main centre of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for Islamic learning and the training of missionaries. Graduates may be appointed by the Caliph either as missionaries of the Community[111] (often called Murrabi, Imam, or Mawlana) or as Qadis or Muftis of the Community with a specialisation in matters of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Some Jamia alumni have also become Islamic historians. As of 2008, there are over 1,300 graduates of the university working as missionaries throughout the world.[113]

### Auxiliary organizations

[edit]

There are five organizations auxiliary to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Each organization is responsible for the spiritual and moral training of their members. The Lajna Ima’illah is the largest of all the organizations and consists of female members above the age of 15; Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya is for male members between the ages of 15 and 40; Majlis Ansarullah is for male members above the age of 40; Nasiratul Ahmadiyya is for girls between the ages of 7 and 15; and Atfalul Ahmadiyya is for boys between the ages of 7 and 15.[111]

### The Community

[edit]

The Ahmadiyya Flag and the flags of German states at the 2009 German Annual Convention

The International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is divided into National Communities, each with its National Headquarters. Each National Community is further divided into Regional Communities, which is again partitioned into Local Communities.[114] In many cases, each Local Community will have its own mosque, centre or a mission house. The national president, called Amīr, though overseen by the central bodies of the Community, directs the National Amila or the National Executive Body which consists of national secretaries such as the general secretary, secretary for finance, secretary for preaching, secretary for moral training, and secretary for education, among others. This layout is replicated at regional and local levels with each of their own president and executive bodies.[111][115]

### Annual events

[edit]

Unlike the Muslim holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha also celebrated by Ahmadi Muslims, there are several functions observed by Ahmadis though not regarded as religious holidays. As such, functions are not considered equally obligatory nor is it necessary to celebrate them on the day normally set for celebration. The most important religious function of the Community is Jalsa Salana or the Annual Convention, first initiated by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, is the formal annual gathering of the Community, for the purpose of increasing one's religious knowledge and the promotion of harmony, friendship, and solidarity within members of the Community.[116] Other functions include "Life of the Holy Prophet Day", "Promised Messiah Day", "Promised Reformer Day" and "Caliphate Day".

## Persecution

[edit]

Main article: Persecution of Ahmadis

Ahmadi have been viewed as infidels[117][118] and heretics[119] by some, and the movement has faced at times violent opposition.[120][121][122] In 1973, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation officially declared that the Ahmadiyya was not linked to Islam.[123] In Pakistan, Ahmadis have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan[124] and the term Qādiānī is often used pejoratively to refer to them and is also used in Pakistani documents.[27]

Ahmadis have been subject to religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889.[125]

## See also

[edit]

* Islam portal

* Islamic schools and branches
* List of Ahmadis
* List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures
* Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International
* Ahmadiyya hospitals
* New religious movement

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /ˌɑːməˈdiːə/, also UK: /-ˈdiːjə/),[1][2][3]
2. ^ Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية الأحمدية, romanized: al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmīyyah al-Aḥmadīyyah; Urdu: جماعتِ احمدیہ مسلمہ, romanized: Jamā‘at-i-Aḥmadiyah Muslimah); also Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

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[edit]

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8. ^ *Morgan, Diane (2009). Essential Islam: A comprehensive guide to belief and practice. Greenwood Press. p. 242\. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1.
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* Gilham, Jamie (2014). Loyal Enemies: British converts to Islam, 1850–1950. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 123–213\. ISBN 978-1-84904-275-8.
* Ryad, Umar (2015). "Salafiyya, Ahmadiyya, and European converts to Islam in the interwar period". In Agai, B.; et al. (eds.). Muslims in Interwar Europe: A transcultural historical perspective. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 47–87\. doi:10.1163/9789004301979_004. ISBN 978-90-04-30197-9. S2CID 159980688. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2023. "In the interwar period the Ahmadiyya occupied a pioneering place as a Muslim missionary movement in Europe; they established mosques, printed missionary publications in a variety of European languages, and attracted many European converts to Islam.: 47 "
* Jonker, Gerdien (2015). The Ahmadiyya Quest for Religious Progress: Missionizing Europe 1900–1965. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-30529-8.
* Kraemer, Hendrik (1960). World Cultures and World Religions: The coming dialogue. James Clarke & Co. p. 267\. ISBN 9780227170953. "The spirit of their tenets and the militant vigour of their founder have made the Ahmadiyya naturally a group with strong missionary and reforming zeal, both inside the lands of Islam where they are represented and outside. They constitute almost exclusively the "Muslim Missions" in Western countries and elsewhere ... They devote themselves with sincere enthusiasm to the task of proclaiming Islam to the world in a rationalist, often combative way, and try in Muslim lands to purify and reform the dominant type of popular Islam." `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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42. ^ a b The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has unofficially stated its total population to be up to 30,000, of which 5,000 to 10,000 live in Pakistan. On this basis, the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement represents approximately 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population. See:
* Simon Ross Valentine (6 October 2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
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* "It may be useful to mention that Ahmadis do not actually adhere to the Hanafi school of thought like most South Asian Muslims, even though many rulings are loosely based on Hanafi methodology." p.12
* "Ahmadis claim to base their legal methodology primarily on rulings and principles of the Hanafi madhhab but reject strict adherence to any particular school of thought, which is likely a direct result of Ghulam Ahmad's Ahl-i Hadith influence." p.59
* Lathan, Andrea (2008). "The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Aḥmadiyya". Die Welt des Islams. 48 (3/4): 372–393\. doi:10.1163/157006008X364749. JSTOR 27798273. "For him [Ghulam Ahmad] the main source of law was the Qurʾān, followed by the Prophet's actions and statements (sunna) and the traditions (aḥādīth). The tradition would only meet approval if it did not contradict the Qurʾān. If all three sources did not lead to a solution, Ghulām Aḥmad would refer to the jurisprudence (fiqh) of the Ḥanafī school and to the ijtihād by the scholars of the Aḥmadiyya."
* Muniruddin Ahmed, Das Fiqh der Ahmadiyya. Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad: What is Ahmadiyyat? Question Answered by the Head of the Ahmadiyya Community Archived 3 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 1963; pp.26–31
* "Question & Answer Session (3 March 1996) with Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Islam Ahmadiyya". 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2017 – via YouTube.
56. ^ A.R. Dard. Life of Ahmad (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. XV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
57. ^ Ina Wunn: Muslimische Gruppierungen in Deutschland. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2007, S. 158
58. ^ "The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
59. ^ "The Holy Quran". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
60. ^ Invitation to Ahmadiyyat by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad Part II, Argument 4, Chapter "Promised Messiah, Promised One of All Religions"
61. ^ Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. 32–33\. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
62. ^ Nasir Mahmood Malik (2007). "Raising Ahmadi Children in the West" (PDF). Al Islam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
63. ^ "Islam – A Threat or a Source of Peace". Review of Religions. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
64. ^ a b Gallagher, Eugene V.; Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia, eds. (2021). "The Ahmadiyya Movement". New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World. Vol. 1\. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 8–11\. ISBN 978-1-4408-6235-9.
65. ^ "Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on the Unity of Allah". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014.
66. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. 54\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
67. ^ "Allah". Islam Ahmadiyya. Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
68. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 64\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
69. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 65\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
70. ^ "A Book of Religious Knowledge" by Waheed Ahmad, pg. 34
71. ^ Multiple sources:
* Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 6–8\. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1.
* "Finality of Prophethood | Hadhrat Muhammad (PUBH) the Last Prophet – Al Islam Online". Alislam.org. 29 November 1966. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
* "Lord Krishna and Jesus Christ". Alislam.org. 11 February 2000. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
72. ^ "Man Lived on Earth Even Before the Advent of Adam". Alislam.org. 16 February 2000. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
73. ^ a b c Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 72\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
74. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. 73\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
75. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 73–74\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
76. ^ Robert Dannin (August 2005). Black Pilgrimage to Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 37\. ISBN 9780195300246. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
77. ^ "Islam". Islam Ahmadiyya. Al Islam. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
78. ^ a b c  • "Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
• Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). "Jesus Christ died a Natural Death". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
• Iqbal, Farhan (2020). "30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
79. ^ "Jesus, a Humble Prophet of God". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
80. ^ a b Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). "Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154\. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442\. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1.
81. ^ Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). "Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth". Images of Jesus Christ in Islam (2nd ed.). London: Continuum International. pp. 34–36, 129–132\. doi:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002. ISBN 978-1-4411-7739-1.
82. ^ "Death of Jesus" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by Shahid Aziz, Bulletin October 2001, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore (UK)
The Promised Mehdi and Messiah Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 50, "Jesus Migrated to India", by Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited
83. ^ The Promised Messiah and Mehdi – The Question of Finality of Prophethood Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited.
84. ^ "Suspension of Jihad". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
85. ^ Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 190\. ISBN 9781850659167. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
86. ^ "True Concept of Islamic Jihad". Review of Religions. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
87. ^ "Is Islam a Threat to Poland and World Peace?". Review of Religions. 15 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
88. ^ Multiple sources:
* Fatoohi, Louay (2012). Abrogation in the Qur'an and Islamic Law. Routledge. pp. 70–80\. ISBN 9781138809512.
* An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed (1996). Toward An Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse University Press. pp. 20–22.
* John Burton (1990), Islamic Theories of Abrogation, pp. 43–44, 56–59, 122–124, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0108-2, page 95
89. ^ a b Friedmann, Jihād in Ahmadī Thought, ISBN 965-264-014-X, p. 227
90. ^ Mathieu Guidère (20 July 2012). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism. Scarecrow Press. p. 22\. ISBN 9780810879652. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
91. ^ "From the Archives:Why I believe in Islam". Review of Religions. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
92. ^ Ayub K. Ommaya. "The Rise and Decline of Science in Islam". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
93. ^ Daud A Hanif (2003). "Prophets of God". The Muslim Sunrise (2). Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
94. ^ "The Minority's Minority". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
95. ^ "The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?". 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
96. ^ "An Overview". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
97. ^ See:
* Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8\. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2015. "Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate"
* Larry DeVries; Don Baker; Dan Overmyer (January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. "The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world"
* Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24\. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. "The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million"
* "Ahmadiyya Muslims". PBS. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
98. ^ A figure of 10 to 20 million represents 0.62% to 1.25% of the worlds Muslim population.
99. ^ As of 2001[update] the Ahmadiyya Movement had been the fastest growing sect over decades across multiple editions of the World Christian Encyclopedia. The 2001 edition placed the growth rate at 3.25%, which was the highest of all Islamic sects and schools of thought. See:
* David B. Barrett; George Thomas Kurian; Todd M. Johnson, eds. (15 February 2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195079639.
100. ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See:
* over 2 million: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (4 December 2008). "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 - Nov. 2008)". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
* 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
* 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
* 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52
* "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
101. ^ "Wretched of the Land". 5 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
102. ^ E.g. Quran 24:55
103. ^ The Holy Quran with English Translation and Commentary. Surrey: Islam International Publications. 1988. p. 1870\. ISBN 1-85372-045-3.
104. ^ Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (2009). Khilafat-e-Rashidah (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-620-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
105. ^ Rafi Ahmad (3 March 2011). "The Islamic Khilafat – Its Rise, Fall, and Re-emergence". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
106. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 318–324\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
107. ^ "Head of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Opens New Central Mosque in Islamabad, Tilford, UK". Press & Media Office. 19 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
108. ^ "Muslim leader opens new Tilford mosque". Farnham Herald. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
109. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 324\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
110. ^ a b Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Hurst & Company. p. 86\. ISBN 9781850659167. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
111. ^ a b c d "Organisational Structure". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
112. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 324–342\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
113. ^ a b "Tehrike-Jadid-Scheme" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
114. ^ Jamie S. Scott (January 2012). The Religions of Canadians. University of Toronto Press. p. 198\. ISBN 9781442605169. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
115. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 357–360\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
116. ^ "Renewing a Pledge of Unity and Peace". The Washington Post. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
117. ^ Imam, Zainab (1 June 2016). "The day I declared my best friend kafir just so I could get a passport". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
118. ^ Sayeed, Saad (16 November 2017). "Pakistan's long-persecuted Ahmadi minority fear becoming election scapegoat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
119. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (21 November 2013). "The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
120. ^ "Who are the Ahmadi?". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010.
121. ^ Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). When Muslims are not Muslims: The Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. ISBN 9781303424861. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
122. ^ Haq, Zia (2 October 2011). "'Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
123. ^ Harrigan, Jane; El-Said, Hamed (2009), "Faith-Based Welfare and Jordan's Muslim Brotherhood Movement", Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 56–77, doi:10.1057/9781137001580_4, ISBN 978-1-349-30033-4, retrieved 14 August 2021
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1980). Invitation to Ahmadiyyat. Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 0-7100-0119-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
* Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1924). Ahmadiyyat or the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-982-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2014. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2004). With Love to the Muslims of the World: The Ahmadiyya Perspective (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-744-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
* Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1985). An Elementary Study of Islam. Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-562-5.
* Syed Hasanat Ahmad (2010). An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-84880-050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
* Humphrey J Fisher (1963). Ahmadiyya: a study in contemporary Islam on the West African coast. Nigeria: Oxford University Press.
* Yohanan Friedmann (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
* Antonio R. Gualtieri (1989). Conscience And Coercion. Canada: Guernica Editions. ISBN 0-920717-41-1.
* Antonio Gualtieri (2004). The Ahmadis: community, gender, and politics in a Muslim society. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2738-9.
* Shaikh Abdul Hadi (2008). Basics of Religious Education (PDF) (5th ed.). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1882494-03-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
* Farhan Iqbal; Imtiaz Ahmed Sra (2014). With Love to Muhammad, The Khatam-un-Nabiyyin: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Understanding of Finality of Prophethood (PDF). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-0-9937731-0-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
* Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (1978). Ahmadiyyat: The Renaissance of Islam. Tabshir Publications. ISBN 0-85525-015-1.
* Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). "Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154\. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442\. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
* Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
* Karimullah Zirvi. Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

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Religion

Religious groups and denominations

| Western
and Middle
Eastern|

| Abrahamic|

| Judaism|

* Orthodox
* Haredi
* Hasidic
* Modern
* Zionist
* Conservative
* Reform
* Karaite
* Haymanot
* Reconstructionist
* Renewal
* Humanistic
* list

|

Christianity|

* Catholicism
* Latin
* Eastern
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Oriental Orthodoxy
* Nestorianism
* Ancient
* Assyrian
* Proto-Protestantism
* Hussites/Moravians
* Waldensians
* Protestantism
* Adventism
* Anabaptism
* Amish
* Brethren
* Hutterites
* Mennonites
* Schwenkfelder Church
* Anglicanism
* Baptists
* Calvinism
* Congregationalism
* Presbyterianism
* Reformed
* Charismatic Christianity
* Pentecostal
* Charismatic
* Neo-charismatic
* Evangelicalism
* Irvingism
* Lutheran
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* Holiness
* Non-denominational
* Plymouth Brethren
* Quakerism
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* Esoteric
* The Christian Community
* Independent Catholicism
* Old Catholic
* Judaizers
* Nontrinitarianism
* Bible Students
* Associated Bible Students
* Free Bible Students
* Friends of Man
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Kitawala
* Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
* Christadelphians
* Mormonism
* Oneness Pentecostalism
* Spiritual
* Swedenborgianism
* Tolstoyan
* Unitarianism
* list

Islam|

* Sunnism
* Ash'arism
* Maturidism
* Atharism
* Salafism
* Wahhabism
* Modernist Salafism
* Shi'ism
* Alawism
* Ali-Illahism
* Ismailism
* Twelver Shi'ism
* Zaydism
* Sufism
* Khawarij
* Ibadism
* Alevism
* Ishikism
* Kurdish Alevism
* Ahmadi
* Mahdavism
* Quranism
* Milah Abraham
* Non-denominational
* list

Other|

* Bábism
* Azalism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Druze
* Mandaeism
* Rastafari
* Samaritanism

Iranian|

| Zoroastrian|

* Blagovery
* Ilm-e-Khshnoom
* Mazdaznan
* Zurvanism

|

Kurdish|

* Shabakism
* Yarsanism

Other|

* Assianism/Uatsdin
* Roshani
* Manichaeism
* Chinese Manichaeism
* Yazdânism
* Yazidism

Eastern|

| East Asian|

| Chinese|

* Chinese folk religion
* Confucianism
* Luoism
* Nuo
* Salvationist
* Xiantiandao
* Yiguandao
* Falun Gong
* Taoism
* Folk Taoism
* Yao Taoism

|

Japonic|

* Shinto
* list
* Shugendō
* New religions
* Tenrikyo
* Ryukyuan

Korean|

* Korean shamanism
* Cheondoism
* Jeungsanism

Vietnamese|

* Vietnamese folk religion
* Đạo Mẫu
* Caodaism
* Hoahaoism
* Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương

Indian|

| Hinduism|

* Vaishnavism
* Krishnaism
* Sri Vaishnavism
* Brahma Sampradaya
* Nimbarka Sampradaya
* Pushtimarg
* Mahanubhava
* Ramanandi
* Warkari
* Swaminarayan
* Shaivism
* Shaiva Siddhanta
* Ganapatya
* Kashmiri
* Kapalika
* Kaumaram
* Lingayatism
* Nath
* Balinese
* Shaktism
* Smartism
* Śrauta
* Sant Mat
* Neo-Hinduism
* list

|

Buddhism|

* Theravada
* Mahayana
* Chan/Zen/Thiền
* Amidism
* Nichiren
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan
* Neo-Buddhism
* list

Other|

* Ayyavazhi
* Kalash
* Jainism
* Digambara
* Śvetāmbara
* Sarnaism
* Kirat Mundhum
* Vedda religions
* Ravidassia
* Sikhism
* Khalsa
* Sects

Ethnic|

| Altaic|

* Turko-Mongolic
* Burkhanism
* Tengrism
* Vattisen Yaly
* Tungusic
* Evenki
* Manchu

|

Austroasiatic|

* Sarnaism

Austronesian|

* Batak Parmalim
* Dayak
* Kaharingan
* Indonesian
* Aliran Kepercayaan
* Kejawèn
* Kapitayan
* Karo Pemena
* Malaysian
* Traditional Sabahan religions
* Philippine Dayawism
* Tagalog
* Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Māori
* Sumbese Marapu
* Sundanese Wiwitan

Native
American|

* Abenaki
* Alaskan
* Anishinaabe
* Ojibwe
* Midewiwin
* Wabunowin
* Apache
* Blackfoot
* Californian
* Kuksu
* Miwok
* Ohlone
* Pomo
* Chilote
* Choctaw
* Crow
* Ghost Dance/Sun Dance
* Guarani
* Haida
* Ho-Chunk
* Iroquois
* Cherokee
* Four Mothers Society
* Keetoowah Society
* Longhouse
* Mohawk
* Muscogee Creek
* Seneca
* Wyandot
* Jivaroan
* Kwakwakaʼwakw
* Lenape
* Mapuche
* Mesoamerican
* Aztec
* Maya
* Purépecha
* Muisca
* Native American Church
* Navajo
* Nuu-chah-nulth
* Pawnee
* Pueblo
* Acoma Pueblo
* Hopi
* Zuni
* Sioux
* Lakota
* Wocekiye
* Tsimshian
* Ute
* Washat Dreamers
* Yaqui

Tai and Miao|

* Ahom
* Hmongism
* Mo
* Satsana Phi

Tibeto-Burmese|

* Bon
* Burmese
* Benzhuism
* Bimoism
* Bathouism
* Bongthingism
* Dongba
* Donyi-Polo
* Gurung
* Heraka
* Kiratism
* Qiang
* Sanamahism

Traditional
African|

| North African|

* Berber
* Guanche church

|

Sub-Saharan
African|

* Akamba
* Akan
* Baluba
* Bantu
* Kongo
* Zulu
* Bushongo
* Dinka
* Dogon
* Efik
* Fon and Ewe
* Ik
* Lotuko
* Lozi
* Lugbara
* Maasai
* Mbuti
* Odinala
* San
* Serer
* Tumbuka
* Urhobo
* Waaqeffanna
* Yoruba
* Ifá

* Diasporic:
* Candomblé
* Bantu
* Jejé
* Ketu
* Comfa
* Convince
* Espiritismo
* Kumina
* Obeah
* Palo
* Quimbanda
* Santería
* Tambor de Mina
* Trinidad Orisha
* Umbanda
* Vodou
* Voodoo
* Winti

Other ethnic|

* Aboriginal Australian
* Inuit
* Papuan
* Siberian

New
religious
movements|

| Syncretic|

* Blagovery
* Brahmoism
* Chinese
* Falun Gong
* Coconut Religion
* Japanese
* Meivazhi
* Modekngei
* New Acropolis
* New Age
* New Thought
* Rajneesh
* Rastafari
* Sant Mat
* Radha Soami
* Spiritualism
* Subud
* Tensegrity
* Thelema
* Theosophy
* Neo-Theosophy
* Agni Yoga and Roerichism
* Transcendental Meditation
* Unitarian Universalism
* White Brotherhood

|

Modern
paganism|

* African
* Godianism
* Armenian
* Baltic
* Dievturība
* Romuva
* Caucasian
* Abkhaz
* Circassian
* Celtic
* Druidry
* Germanic
* Hellenism (modern religion)
* Neoshamanism
* Ossetian
* Polytheistic reconstructionism
* Italo-Roman
* Kemetism
* Romanian
* Slavic
* Authentism
* Uralic
* Estonian
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Mari
* Erzya
* Sámi
* Udmurt
* Wicca
* Zalmoxianism
* list

De novo|

* Anthroposophy
* The Christian Community
* Discordianism
* Eckankar
* Fourth Way
* Goddess
* Jediism
* Satanism
* Scientology
* UFO religion
* Raëlism

Historical religions

* Prehistoric
* Paleolithic
* Ainu
* Armenian
* Baltic
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Old Prussian
* Basque
* Celtic
* Druidism
* Irish
* Cook Islands
* Dravidian
* Egyptian
* Atenism
* Etruscan
* Finnish
* Fuegian
* Selkʼnam
* Georgian
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Continental
* Frankish
* Norse
* Greek
* Gnosticism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Hermeticism
* Mysteries
* Orphism
* Guanche
* Harappan
* Hittite
* Hungarian
* Hurrian
* Illinois
* Inca
* Jamaican Maroon
* Manichaeism
* Mazdakism
* Melanesian
* Mesopotamian
* Babylonian
* Sumerian
* Micronesian
* Nauruan indigenous religion
* Olmec
* Paleo-Balkan
* Albanian
* Dacian
* Illyrian
* Thracian
* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Iranian
* Vedic
* Ancestral Pueblo
* Pueblo II
* Pueblo III
* Pueblo IV
* Rapa Nui
* Roman
* Cult of Magna Mater
* Gallo-Roman
* Imperial cult
* Mithraism
* Mysteries of Isis
* Natale di Roma
* Semitic
* Arabian
* Canaanite
* Yahwism
* Punic
* Scythian
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tongan
* Turkic
* Tengrism
* Urartu
* Vainakh
* Zapotec

Topics

| Aspects|

* Apostasy / Disaffiliation
* Behaviour
* Beliefs
* Call to prayer
* Laicism / Laity
* Covenant
* Conversion
* Deities
* Denomination
* Entheogens
* Faith
* God
* Goddess
* Meditation
* Monasticism
* Monk
* Novice
* Nun
* Mysticism
* Mythology
* Ordination
* Orthodoxy
* Orthopraxy
* Paganism
* Prayer
* Prophecy
* Religious experience
* Ritual
* Liturgy
* Purification
* Sacrifice
* Sacred space
* Bodies of water
* Groves
* Mountains
* Trees
* Soul
* Spirituality
* Supernatural
* Symbols
* Text
* Truth
* Water
* Worship
* Astral
* Fire
* Nature
* Place

|

Theism|

* Animism
* Deism
* Dualism
* Henotheism
* Monotheism
* Nontheism
* Pandeism
* Panentheism
* Pantheism
* Polytheism
* Transtheism

Religious
studies|

* Anthropology
* Cognitive science
* Comparative
* Demographics
* Ethnic
* Folk
* Indigenous
* Major
* World
* Evolutionary origin of religion
* Evolutionary psychology
* History
* Neurotheology
* Philosophy
* Psychology
* Sociology
* Soteriology
* Salvation
* Theology
* Theories about religion
* Women

Religion
and society

* Agriculture
* Business
* Clericalism / Clergy
* Monasticism
* Ordination
* Priest
* Conversion
* Assimilation
* Missionary
* Proselytism
* Disability
* Education
* Fanaticism
* Freedom
* Pluralism
* Syncretism
* Toleration
* Universalism
* Fundamentalism
* Growth
* Gender
* Happiness
* LGBTQ people
* Homosexuality
* Intersex people
* Transgender people
* Minorities
* National church
* National religiosity levels
* Politics
* Populations
* Religiocentrism
* Schism
* School
* Science
* Sexuality
* State
* Suicide
* Theocracy
* Vegetarianism
* Video games
* Violence
* Persecution
* Terrorism
* War
* Sectarian
* Wealth

Secularism
and irreligion

* Agnosticism
* Antireligion
* Atheism
* Criticism
* Deconstruction
* Objectivism
* Secular humanism
* Secular religion
* Secular theology
* Secularization
* Separation of church and state
* Unaffiliated

Overviews
and lists

* Abrahamic prophets
* Deification
* Deities
* Founders
* Index
* Mass gatherings
* Names of God
* New religious movements
* Organizations
* Outline
* Religions and spiritual traditions
* Scholars
* Timeline

Religion by country

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Georgia
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Korea
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Macau
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czechia
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

North America|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

South America|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

* Category
* Portal

Authority control databases

National|

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* Israel

Other|

* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Yale LUX

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