Ahmed Izzet Pasha

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1918)

Not to be confused with the 19th-century Ottoman provincial governor, Izzet Ahmed Pasha. For other people with similar names, see Izzet Pasha or Ahmed Pasha.

Ahmed Izzet

Pasha

Ahmed İzzet, c. 1918

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office
14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918
Monarch| Mehmed VI
Preceded by| Talaat Pasha
Succeeded by| Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
13 June 1921 – 4 November 1922[1]
Monarch| Mehmed VI
Prime Minister| Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Preceded by| Abdüllatif Safa Bey
Succeeded by| Office abolished
Minister of War
In office
14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918
Monarch| Mehmed VI
Prime Minister| Himself
Preceded by| Enver Pasha
Succeeded by| Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
In office
11 June 1913 – 3 January 1914
Monarch| Mehmed V
Prime Minister| Said Halim Pasha
Preceded by| Mahmud Şevket Pasha
Succeeded by| Enver Pasha
Personal details
Born| 1864
Nasliç, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Died| 31 March 1937 (aged 72-73)
Istanbul, Turkey
Nationality| Ottoman (until 1923)
Turkish (after 1923)
Political party| Committee of Union and Progress
Alma mater| Ottoman Military Academy (Class of 1884) Cav. 1st
Profession| Soldier
Military service
Allegiance|  Ottoman Empire
Branch/service|  Ottoman Army
Years of service| 1884–1922
Rank| Field marshal
Commands| Second Army
Eastern Army Group
Battles/wars|

* Yemeni-Ottoman Conflicts
* Albanian Revolt of 1910
* First World War
* Turkish War of Independence

Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1864 – 31 March 1937 Ottoman Turkish: احمد عزت پاشا), known as Ahmet İzzet Furgaç after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was a Turkish-Albanian soldier and statesman. He was a general during World War I and also one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918) and its last Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## Early life

[edit]

Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Djemal Pasha arriving in Jerusalem in 1917

Ahmed Izzet was born in Nasliç (Neapoli), Manastir Vilayet, into an Albanian family.[2][3] His father, Haydar Bey, was a prominent civil servant of the area and a former governor.[4] He graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1881, the Harbiye School in 1884, and the General Staff School the following year. From 1887 to 1890 he was educated in strategy and military geography in the Ottoman Military College,[5] while later until 1894 he studied in Germany under Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz.[3] After returning home in 1894, he served in various positions in Istanbul, Syria, Palestine, and Sofia.

## Military career

[edit]

During the Greco-Turkish War he played key roles in the planning of the Battle of Domokos and Çatalca. Though he was promoted to the rank of Miralay (colonel) after the war, he was arrested and interrogated before being reassigned to Damascus. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who praised his abilities while he was in Germany, reconnected with İzzet during his trip to Syria in 1901, and pressured the government to give İzzet a promotion and some medals. He performed important duties in Syria, Lebanon and Hejaz. In January 1904, he was assigned to suppress the Yemen rebellion as the chief of staff of the Ottoman army, being stationed there for three and a half years. in March 1905, he was promoted to Mirlivâ (brigadier general) and in 1907 to Ferik.

In 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution İzzet became chief of the Ottoman general staff. He was opposed to the military actions of the Ottoman army under Mahmud Shevket Pasha against Albanian nationalists during the Albanian revolt of 1910. His strong opposition to Shevket Pasha and von der Goltz led to his dismissal and reappointment to Yemen, to crush another revolt, in February 1911.[3] He was made a member of the Ottoman Senate on 6 July 1911.

During his time in high command, he played a leading role in the modernization of the Ottoman army under the supervision of German military advisors. Together with von der Goltz from the German military advisory mission, he prepared war plans in case the Ottoman Empire entered a war in the Balkans and with Russia. He advocated for a defensive war of attrition strategy, and fortified key cities like Edirne and Yanya.

When he returned from Yemen on 17 November 1912, he was approached by Mehmed Talaat and Hacı Adil (Arda) to be Grand Vizier after a Unionist putsch. İzzet turned down the offer, and the CUP went ahead with their putsch on 23 January 1913.[6] Shevket was elevated to the premiership instead but was subsequently assassinated 6 months later. In his place, İzzet was appointed War Minister in the Said Halim Pasha cabinet. Towards the end of the Balkan Wars, he served in the Army of Thrace and was deputy commander in chief.

İzzet Pasha resigned from the War Ministry in January 1914 when he refused to implement army reforms demanded by the CUP. Ismail Enver took his place with much protest by İzzet, due to his junior rank. When Ismail Qemali and Esad Pasha Toptani proposed that İzzet Pasha be installed as Prince of Albania, he refused.[7]

He was a fierce opponent of entering World War I, and did not serve in the first two years of the conflict. In 1916, he was appointed commander of the Second Army which fought in the Caucasus alongside the Third Army, and suffered defeat against the advancing Russians.[2] In 1917, he was appointed to command the Caucasus Army Group, which comprised the Second and Third Armies.[8] He also served as Aide-de-camp of Sultan Mehmed VI during the war.

## Grand Vizierate

[edit]

Main article: İzzet Pasha cabinet

During the end of the war, he was called upon to lead the government that signed the Armistice of Mudros on behalf of the Ottoman Empire,[2] thus putting an end to the First World War for the Ottomans (he was also promoted to marshal). He was Talaat Pasha's and also Mustafa Kemal Pasha's (Atatürk) preferred candidate for a post-war government.[9][10] His government consisted mainly of the anti-war faction of the CUP, including figures such as Mehmed Cavid, Rauf (Orbay), and Fethi (Okyar). It was predicted in the press that Kemal Pasha was to be War Minister, but Izzet chose not to put him there, instead he himself also served concurrently as War Minister and Foreign Minister. The government did not have any minorities represented in cabinet, though he recalled offering some ministries to two well respected Greek and Armenian bureaucrats.[11]

The government received a vote on confidence on 19 October 1918, with the program which described the war-time CUP's governments and its policies without criticism, and wrote of the "deportation affair" as something "compelled by the exigencies of the war." Nevertheless, the new government understood that the empire's fate would be decided in the upcoming Paris Peace Conference, and had to tangibly appear amenablely distant from the war-time CUP government. On the issue of the fate of non-Turkish minorities, which was described as a "great torment" suffered by the "children of the homeland", plans were announced to return the property, possessions, and provide compensation. Also discussed were new electoral laws to increase minority participation in government, the affirmation of Wilsonian principle of national self-determination, and autonomy for the Arab provinces.[12]

İzzet Pasha issued a proclamation allowing deportees the right to return to their homes. Before his resignation he endorsed plans to form dozens of commissions that would return or compensate the losses of homes and businesses to Ottoman Greek and Armenian deportees. However these commissions often resulted in a returned property being inaccurately appraised, already looted, or occupied by resettled muhacirs. Local officials also complicated the process of return by refusing service. By 1920, 335,000 Ottoman Greek and Armenians returned to their homes, according to Ottoman press.[13]

He was dismissed on 8 November 1918. Afterwards, he was criticized for allowing all three of the Three Pashas to escape abroad on the night of 2–3 November before they could be put on trial in the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 for crimes including atrocities against the Armenians of the Empire. While most of the allies' concerns were heeded in his short ministry, he resisted prosecuting and delivering justice to the Unionists, and in his memoirs, wrote of them in positive terms. This reverence for the CUP even included the blocking of investigations of the Unionists, direct interventions for the safe passages of Special Organization members out of the capital, and the destruction of incriminating documents and archives. His naval minister and representative at Mudros, Rauf Orbay, noted that "[Enver] Pasha's protection is the duty of the government. I am personally obliged." and that they would never acquiesce to the demands of the Entente powers to prosecute Unionists.[12] İzzet Pasha let Talat know the following: "As long as I am in the cabinet, I will never turn you over to the enemy. But who knows how long I will remain in the cabinet?"[11]

İzzet spent much of his 25-day premiership bedridden with the Spanish flu.

## Turkish War of Independence

[edit]

Ahmed İzzet Pasha came back into government as War Minister in Damat Ferid Pasha's cabinet. According to himself, he took important steps to reorganize Ottoman armies and prepare them for renewed combat.[14] Under Grand Vizier Ali Rıza Pasha he became a sort of unofficial ambassador for the Ottoman government to the Nationalist Movement, then based in Sivas organized under the Committee of Representation.

On 5 December 1920 he accompanied Salih Pasha (now former Grand Vizier) to meet with Mustafa Kemal in Bilecik. The goal of the meeting was to coordinate common policy between Istanbul and the Nationalist Movement, now based in Ankara. It was hoped the two governments could pressure the allies to amend the Treaty of Sèvres. After the conference, Mustafa Kemal did not allow the two to return to Istanbul, and detained them in Ankara for three months.[15][unreliable source?]

He was eventually allowed to return to Istanbul in March 1921, where upon İzzet Pasha became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Tevfik Pasha cabinet. He remained in this position until the dissolution of the Ottoman government on 4 November 1922, making him the last Ottoman foreign minister. İzzet's acceptance of the job meant he was harshly criticized by Kemal in his famous 1927 speech, because he promised Kemal that he would not serve in an Istanbul cabinet while in Ankara. İzzet Pasha was accused of "preserving his support for the caliph until the end of his life."

## Republic

[edit]

After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent loss of the title of pasha after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Ahmed İzzet adopted the surname Furgaç in 1934. He lived on a pension, though in 1934, he was appointed to the board of directors of the Istanbul Electricity Company, which provided him with "a certain amount of peace of mind." He died in his home in Moda, Istanbul on 31 March 1937. He was buried in the Karacaahmet Cemetery.

## Legacy

[edit]

Ahmed İzzet Pasha's decisions during the Caucasus campaign have also been criticized and are regarded as one of the factors of its failure, while his subsequent high reputation in Turkey has been attributed to his successful activity during the Turkish War of Independence.[16]

## Personality

[edit]

According to Ali Fuat Cebesoy, İzzet Pasha was highly knowledgeable on military sciences, strategy, philosophy, literature. He knew in addition to his native Turkish, he knew Albanian, German, French, Arabic and Persian. He valued his modesty.[17]

## See also

[edit]

* List of field marshals of the Ottoman Empire

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Atatürk Research Center – Halâs-I Vatan Cemiyeti Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ a b c W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, 376, n 1. ISBN 0-89839-296-9
3. ^ a b c Handan, Akmeşe (2005). The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. I.B.Tauris. pp. 25–98\. ISBN 1-85043-797-1.
4. ^ İbnülemin'e göre "Eşrafdan bir zatın oğlu olması kendinde Aristokratik bir zihniyet vücude getirmişti." İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal İnal, Son Sadrazamlar, IV.2020. Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Nasliç ahalisinin aslen Türk olduğunu ileri sürer.
5. ^ Harp Akademileri Komutanlığı, Harp Akademilerinin 120 Yılı, İstanbul, 1968, p. 19. (in Turkish)
6. ^ Keiser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 132\. ISBN 978-0-691-15762-7.
7. ^ Son Sadrazamlar, IV.1979.
8. ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, 437. ISBN 0-89839-296-9
9. ^ Jäschke, Gotthard (1957). "Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit". Die Welt des Islams. 5 (1/2): 28. doi:10.2307/1570253. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1570253.
10. ^ Akçam 2007, p. 243.
11. ^ a b Gingeras 2022, p. 92.
12. ^ a b Akçam 2007, p. 244.
13. ^ Gingeras 2022, p. 104.
14. ^ Son Sadrazamlar, IV.1994.
15. ^ M.K. Atatürk, Nutuk (1938 baskısı), s. 376.
16. ^ Erickson, Edward (2001). Ordered to die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220\. ISBN 1-85043-797-1.
17. ^ Son Sadrazamlar, IV.2020.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Akçam, Taner (2007). A Shameful Act. London: Macmillan.
* Gingeras, Ryan (2022). The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. Great Britain: Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-241-44432-0.

## External links

[edit]

* Newspaper clippings about Ahmed Izzet Pasha in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Political offices

Preceded by

Said Halim Pasha

|  Minister of War
11 June 1913 – 3 January 1914  | Succeeded by

Enver Pasha

Preceded by

Talaat Pasha

|  Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918  | Succeeded by

Ahmet Tevfik Pasha

Preceded by

Enver Pasha

|  Minister of War
14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918  | Succeeded by

Kölemen Abdullah Pasha

Preceded by

Abdüllatif Safa Bey

|  Minister of Foreign Affairs
13 June 1921 – 4 November 1922  | Office abolished

* v
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Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire

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Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)

* Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331)
* Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348)
* Hacı Pasha (1348–1349)
* Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364)
* Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387)
* Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406)
* Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413)
* Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421)
* Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429)
* Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439)
* Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453)

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Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)

* Zagan Pasha (1453–1456)
* Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466)
* Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469)
* Ishak Pasha (1469–1472)
* Veli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474)
* Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477)
* Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481)
* Ishak Pasha (1481–1482)
* Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497)
* Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498)
* Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499)
* Yakub Pasha (1499–1501)
* Mesih Pasha (1501)
* Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503)
* Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506)
* Hadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511)
* Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512)
* Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515)
* Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516)
* Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517)
* Yunus Pasha (1517)
* Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523)
* Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536)
* Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539)
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* Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544)
* Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553)

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Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)

* Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555)
* Rüstem Pasha (1555–1561)
* Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565)
* Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579)
* Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1579–1580)
* Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580)
* Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582)
* Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584)
* Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585)
* Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586)
* Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1586–1589)
* Koca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591)
* Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592)
* Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1592–1593)
* Koca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595)
* Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595)
* Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595)
* Koca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596)
* Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596)
* Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596)
* Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597)
* Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598)
* Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599)
* Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601)
* Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603)
* Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604)
* Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)
* Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606)
* Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611)
* Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614)
* Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616)
* Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619)
* Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619)
* Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621)
* Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621)
* Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622)
* Kara Davud Pasha (1622)
* Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622)
* Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622)
* Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623)
* Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1623)
* Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624)
* Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625)
* Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626)
* Damat Halil Pasha (1626–1628)
* Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631)
* Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632)
* Topal Recep Pasha (1632)
* Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637)
* Bayram Pasha (1637–1638)
* Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638)
* Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644)
* Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645)
* Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647)
* Kara Musa Pasha (1647)
* Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648)
* Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649)
* Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650)
* Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651)
* Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651)
* Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652)
* Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653)
* Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654)
* Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655)
* Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655)
* Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655)
* Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656)
* Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656)
* Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1656)
* Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656)
* Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)
* Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)
* Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683)
* Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685)
* Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687)
* Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688)
* Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688)
* Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689)
* Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691)
* Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692)
* Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693)
* Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694)
* Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695)
* Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697)
* Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)

* v
* t
* e

Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)

* Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703)
* Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703)
* Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703)
* Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704)
* Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704)
* Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706)
* Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710)
* Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710)
* Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1710–1711)
* Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712)
* Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713)
* Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713)
* Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716)
* Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717)
* Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718)
* Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730)
* Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731)
* Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731)
* Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732)
* Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735)
* Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736)
* Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737)
* Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737)
* Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739)
* Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740)
* Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742)
* Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743)
* Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746)
* Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747)
* Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750)
* Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752)
* Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755)
* Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755)
* Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755)
* Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755)
* Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756)
* Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757)
* Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763)
* Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763)
* Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765)
* Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768)
* Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768)
* Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769)
* Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769)
* Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770)
* Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771)
* Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774)
* Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775)
* Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777)
* Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778)
* Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779)
* Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781)
* Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782)
* Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782)
* Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785)
* Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786)
* Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789)
* Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789)

* v
* t
* e

Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and modernization (1789–1922)

* Hassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790)
* Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791)
* Koca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792)
* Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794)
* Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798)
* Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805)
* Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806)
* Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807)
* Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808)
* Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808)
* Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809)
* Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811)
* Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812)
* Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818)
* Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820)
* Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821)
* Benderli Ali Pasha (1821)
* Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822)
* Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823)
* Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823)
* Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824)
* Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828)
* Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)
* Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839)
* Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841)
* Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848)
* Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1848–1852)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852)
* Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1852)
* Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853)
* Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)
* Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1854–1855)
* Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1855–1856)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1856–1857)
* Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857)
* Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1857–1858)
* Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1858–1859)
* Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859)
* Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)
* Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
* Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861)
* Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)
* Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)
* Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866)
* Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)
* Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1866–1871)
* Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)
* Midhat Pasha (1872)
* Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873)
* Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873)
* Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)
* Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)
* Ahmed Esad Pasha (1875)
* Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876)
* Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876)
* Midhat Pasha (1876–1877)
* Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)
* Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)
* Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)
* Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)
* Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)
* Saffet Pasha (1878)
* Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)
* Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)
* Kadri Pasha (1880)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882)
* Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1882)
* Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1882)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885)
* Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891)
* Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1895)
* Kâmil Pasha (1895)
* Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903)
* Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1908)
* Kâmil Pasha (1908–1909)
* Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)
* Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909)
* Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910)
* Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)
* Mehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912)
* Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)
* Kâmil Pasha (1912–1913)
* Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913)
* Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917)
* Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)
* Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918)
* Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)
* Damat Ferid Pasha (1919)
* Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920)
* Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920)
* Damat Ferid Pasha (1920)
* Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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