Ahmed Zewail

Egyptian chemist (1946–2016)

Ahmed Zewail

ON OME

أحمد زويل

Zewail in 2010

Born|

Ahmed Hassan Zewail

(1946-02-26)February 26, 1946

Damanhur, Egypt

Died| August 2, 2016(2016-08-02) (aged 70)

Pasadena, California, U.S.

Resting place| 6th of October, Giza, Egypt
Nationality| Egyptian
Citizenship|  Egypt
United States (naturalized)[3]
Alma mater|

* University of Alexandria (B.S., M.S.)
* University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.)

Known for| Femtochemistry
Awards|

* King Faisal International Prize for Science (1989)
* Wolf Prize (Chemistry) (1993)
* Order of Merit (1995)
* Peter Debye Award (1996)[1]
* Tolman Award (1997)
* E. Bright Wilson Award (1997)[1]
* E. O. Lawrence Award (1998)[1]
* The Franklin Medal (United States) (1998)[1]
* Paul Karrer Gold Medal (1998)[1]
* Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1999)
* Order of the Nile (1999)
* ForMemRS (2001)[2]
* Albert Einstein World Award of Science (2006)
* Othmer Gold Medal (2009)
* Priestley Medal (2011)
* Davy Medal (2011)

Scientific career
Fields|

* Femtochemistry

Institutions|

* University of California, Berkeley
* California Institute of Technology
* Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation
* Tohoku University

Thesis| Optical and magnetic resonance spectra of triplet excitons and localized states in molecular crystals (1975)
Doctoral advisor| Robin M. Hochstrasser

Ahmed Hassan Zewail (February 26, 1946 – August 2, 2016) was an Egyptian-American chemist,[4] known as the "father of femtochemistry".[5] He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian and Arab to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field,[4] and also the first African to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[citation needed] He was a professor of chemistry and physics at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech), where he was the first CalTech faculty member to be named the Linus Pauling Chair of Chemical Physics[6] and served as the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology.[7]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Ahmed Hassan Zewail was born on February 26, 1946, in Damanhur, Egypt, and was raised in Desouk.[8] He received Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in chemistry from Alexandria University before moving to the United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania under the supervision of Robin M. Hochstrasser.[1][9]

## Career

[edit]

After completing his PHD, Zewail did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, supervised by Charles B. Harris.[1] Following this, he was awarded a faculty appointment at the California Institute of Technology in 1976, and eventually became the first Linus Pauling Chair in Chemical Physics there.[1] He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on March 5, 1982.[10] Zewail was the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology.[11]

Zewail with his colleagues at the Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation in 2012

Zewail was nominated and participated in President Barack Obama's Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), an advisory group of the nation's leading scientists and engineers to advise the President and Vice President and formulate policy in the areas of science, technology, and innovation.[12]

## Research

[edit]

Zewail's key work was a pioneer of femtochemistry[5][13][14]—i.e. the study of chemical reactions across femtoseconds. Using a rapid ultrafast laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), the technique allows the description of reactions on very short time scales – short enough to analyse transition states in selected chemical reactions.[15]

Zewail in 1986

Zewail became known as the "father of femtochemistry".[16] He also made critical contributions in ultrafast electron diffraction, which uses short electron pulses rather than light pulses to study chemical reaction dynamics.[17]

## Political work

[edit]

In a speech at Cairo University on June 4, 2009, US President Barack Obama proclaimed a new Science Envoy program as part of a "new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world."[18] In January 2010, Ahmed Zewail, Elias Zerhouni, and Bruce Alberts became the first US science envoys to the Muslim world, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia.[19]

Zewail in 2010

When asked about rumors that he might contest the 2012 Egyptian presidential election, Ahmed Zewail said: "I am a frank man... I have no political ambition, as I have stressed repeatedly that I only want to serve Egypt in the field of science and die as a scientist."[20][21]

During the 2011 Egyptian protests he announced his return to the country. Zewail said that he would join a committee for constitutional reform alongside Ayman Nour, Mubarak's rival at the 2005 presidential elections and a leading lawyer.[22] Zewail was later mentioned as a respected figure working as an intermediary between the military regime ruling after Mubarak's resignation, and revolutionary youth groups such as the April 6 Youth Movement and young supporters of Mohamed ElBaradei.[23] He played a critical role during this time as described by Egyptian Media.

## Awards and honours

[edit]

Zewail's work brought him international attention, receiving awards and honors throughout most of his career for his work in chemistry and physics. In 1999, Zewail became the first Egyptian to receive a science Nobel Prize when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[8] Zewail gave his Nobel Lecture on "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers".[24][25]

In 1999, he received Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of the Nile.[1] Other notable awards include the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1983), the King Faisal International Prize (1989),[1] the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993), the Earle K. Plyler Prize (1993), the Herbert P. Broida Prize (1995), the Peter Debye Award (1996), the Tolman Award (1997),[1] the Robert A. Welch Award (1997),[1] the Linus Pauling Medal (1997), the Franklin Medal (1998) and the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2000).[26] In October 2006, Zewail received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science for "his pioneering development of the new field of femtoscience and for his seminal contributions to the revolutionary discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding the functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the four dimensions of space and time."[27] Zewail was awarded the Othmer Gold Medal (2009),[28][29] the Priestley Medal (2011) from the American Chemical Society[30] and the Davy Medal (2011) from the Royal Society.[31]

In 1982 he was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society.[32] Zewail became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1989,[33] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993,[34] and the American Philosophical Society in 1998.[35] Zewail was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2001.[2] He was also elected as a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences in 2001.[36]

Zewail was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[1] In 2005, the Ahmed Zewail Award for Ultrafast Science and Technology was established by the American Chemical Society and the Newport Corporation in his honor.[37] In 2010 the journal Chemical Physics Letters established the Ahmed Zewail Prize in Molecular Sciences.[38] In May 2010, Zewail gave the commencement address at Southwestern University.[39] The Zewail City of Science and Technology, established in 2000 and revived in 2011, is named in his honour.[8]

### Honorary degrees

[edit]

Zewail was bestowed honorary degrees by the following institutions: University of Oxford, UK (1991); The American University in Cairo, Egypt (1993); Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (1997); University of Pennsylvania, US (1997); University of Lausanne, Switzerland (1997); Swinburne University of Technology, Australia (1999); Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. Alexandria University, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. University of New Brunswick, Canada (2000); Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (2000); University of Liège, Belgium (2000);[40] Heriot-Watt University, Scotland (2002);[1] Lund University, Sweden (2003); Cambridge University (2006);[41] Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (2008);[42] University of Jordan, Jordan (2009);[43] University of Glasgow, Scotland (2011);[44] Yale University, US (2014).[45]

### Egyptian national honours

[edit]

Egypt

* Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt) (1995)
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1998)
* Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1999)

### Foreign honours

[edit]

France

* Knight of the Legion of Honour
* Officier of the National Order of Merit

Lebanon

* Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar

Sudan

* Grand Officer of the Order of the Two Niles

Tunisia

* Commander of the Order of the Republic

United Arab Emirates

* Grand Officer of Order of Zayed

## Personal life

[edit]

Zewail and his first wife, Mervat, were married in 1967, just before leaving Egypt to attend the University of Pennsylvania for his PhD. He had two daughters with Mervat, Maha and Amani. Mervat and Ahmed however, separated in 1979.[46][47]

Zewail married Dema Faham in 1989.[1] Zewail and Faham had two sons, Nabeel and Hani.[48][49]

## Death and funeral

[edit]

Zewail died aged 70 on the morning of August 2, 2016. He was recovering from cancer, however, the exact cause of his death is unknown.[50][51][52] Zewail returned to Egypt, but only his body was received at Cairo Airport.[46] A military funeral was held for Zewail on August 7, 2016, at the El-Mosheer Tantawy mosque in Cairo, Egypt.[52] Those attending included President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Prime Minister Sherif Ismail, al-Azhar Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb, Defence Minister Sedki Sobhi, former President Adly Mansour, former Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab and heart surgeon Magdi Yacoub.[52] The funeral prayers were led by Ali Gomaa, former Grand Mufti of Egypt.[53][52]

## Publications

[edit]

### Scientific

[edit]

* Advances in Laser Spectroscopy I, ed. A. H. Zewail, SPIE, Bellingham, 1977
* Advances in Laser Chemistry, ed. A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1978
* Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vols. 1 and 2, ed. A. H. Zewail, Harwood Academic, London, 1983
* Ultrafast Phenomena VII, eds. C. B. Harris, E. P. Ippen, G. A. Mourou and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1990
* The Chemical Bond: Structure and Dynamics, ed. A. H. Zewail, Academic Press, Boston, 1992
* Ultrafast Phenomena VIII, eds. J.-L. Martin, A. Migus, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1993
* Ultrafast Phenomena IX, eds. P. F. Barbara, W. H. Knox, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1994
* Femtochemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Vol. I, A. H. Zewail, World Scientific, 1994
* Femtochemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Vol. II, A. H. Zewail, World Scientific, 1994
* Physical Biology: From Atoms to Medicine, ed. A. H. Zewail, Imperial College Press, London, 2008
* 4D Electron Microscopy, ed. A. H. Zewail, Imperial College Press, London, 2009
* International Advisory Board for Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (1999–2014)
* 4D Visualization of Matter: Recent Collected Works of Ahmed H Zewail, Nobel Laureate, Imperial College Press, London, 2014

### Biographical

[edit]

* Voyage Through Time: Walks of Life to the Nobel Prize, Ahmed H Zewail, World Scientific, 2002
* Age of Science (2005, autobiography in Arabic)

### Remembering Ahmed H. Zewail

[edit]

* Chergui, Majed; Marcus, Rudolph A.; Thomas, John Meurig; Zhong, Dongping (2017). Majed Chergui; Rudolph A Marcus; John Meurig Thomas; Dongping Zhong (eds.). Personal and Scientific Reminiscences: Tributes to Ahmed Zewail. World Scientific. doi:10.1142/q0128. ISBN 978-1-78634-435-9.
* Douhal, Abderrazzak; Baskin, John Spencer; Zhong, Dongping (2017). Abderrazzak Douhal; John Spencer Baskin; Dongping Zhong (eds.). Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail: Photons, Electrons and What Else? A Portrait from Close Range. Remembrances of his Group Members and Family. World Scientific. doi:10.1142/10750. ISBN 978-981-323-153-5.

## See also

[edit]

* Zewail City of Science and Technology (ZCST)
* Ahmed founded ZCST and even donated his entire Nobel prize money in order to establish this university. Due to his need of wanting help Egypt to excel and advance academically the first batch of students were exempted from fees due to their scientific brilliance.[46]
* List of Egyptian scientists

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zewail, Ahmed. "Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
2. ^ a b "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015". London: Royal Society.
3. ^ "In Fond Remembrance of Egyptian Scientist Ahmed Zewail". U.S. Embassy in Egypt. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
4. ^ a b Khan, Amina (2016-08-05). "Nobel Prize-winning Caltech scientist Ahmed Zewail has died at 70". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
5. ^ a b Douhal, Abderrazzak; Lahmani, Françoise; Zewail, Ahmed H. (1996). "Proton-transfer reaction dynamics". Chemical Physics. 207 (2–3): 477–498\. Bibcode:1996CP....207..477D. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(96)00067-5. ISSN 0301-0104.2–3&rft.pages=477-498&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0301-0104&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0301-0104(96)00067-5&rft_id=info:bibcode/1996CP....207..477D&rft.au=Douhal,+Abderrazzak&rft.au=Lahmani,+Françoise&rft.au=Zewail,+Ahmed+H.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmed+Zewail" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "Caltech Selects Chemist Ahmed Zewail For First Linus Pauling Professorship". The Scientist. Retrieved 2025-03-20.
7. ^ "بالفيديو والصور.. جثمان أحمد زويل يوارى الثرى بمدفن أسرته بمدينة 6 أكتوبر". اليوم السابع (in Arabic). 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
8. ^ a b c Weil, Martin (3 August 2016). "Ahmad Zewail, Nobel laureate who sparked a 'revolution in chemistry,' dies at 70". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
9. ^ Zewail, Ahmed (1975). Optical and magnetic resonance spectra of triplet excitons and localized states in molecular crystals (PhD thesis). University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 54507972.
10. ^ Zewail, Ahmed (2002). Voyage Through Time: Walks of Life to the Nobel Prize. World Scientific. p. 214. ISBN 978-981-4338-09-7.
11. ^ Zewail, Ahmed. "A Message from the Director". Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
12. ^ "President Obama Announces Members of Science and Technology Advisory Council". The White House. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
13. ^ Pal, Samir Kumar; Zewail, Ahmed H. (2004). "Dynamics of Water in Biological Recognition". Chemical Reviews. 104 (4): 2099–2124\. doi:10.1021/cr020689l. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 15080722. S2CID 10050118.
14. ^ Zewail, Ahmed H. (2000). "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond†". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 104 (24): 5660–5694\. Bibcode:2000JPCA..104.5660Z. doi:10.1021/jp001460h. ISSN 1089-5639.
15. ^ "Press Release: The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. 12 October 1999. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
16. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (13 October 1999). "Nobels for Fast Camera and Tying 2 Forces of Nature". The New York Times. Associated Press/Reuters/Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
17. ^ Srinivasan, Ramesh; Lobastov, Vladimir A.; Ruan, Chong-Yu; Zewail, Ahmed H. (July 10, 2003). "Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED): A New Development for the 4D Determination of Transient Molecular Structures". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 86 (6): 1761–1799\. doi:10.1002/hlca.200390147.
18. ^ Thomas, John Meurig (2019-12-30). "Ahmed Hassan Zewail. 26 February 1946—2 August 2016". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 68: 431–453\. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2019.0040.
19. ^ Pellerin, Cheryl (16 February 2010). "First U.S. Science Envoys Begin Work in Muslim-Majority Countries". America.gov. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010.
20. ^ "Obituary: Envoy to science". Al-Ahram Weekly. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
21. ^ Obituary: AHMED HASSAN ZEWAIL (1946–2016). Chemical Physics Letters. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
22. ^ "Egypt: Zewail returns, credible post-Mubarak figure". ANSAmed. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
23. ^ Fahim, Kareem; Kirkpatrick, David D. (February 12, 2011). "Military Offers Assurances to Egypt and Neighbors". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
24. ^ Zewail, Ahmed H. (2000). "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers (Nobel Lecture)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 39 (15): 2586–2631\. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000804)39:15<2586::AID-ANIE2586>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 10934390.
25. ^ "Ahmed Zewail – Nobel Lecture: Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
26. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
27. ^ "Prof. Ahmed Zewail". World Cultural Council. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
28. ^ "Othmer Gold Medal". Science History Institute. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
29. ^ "Chemical Heritage Foundation Presents Ahmed Zewail with Othmer Gold Medal". Chromatography Techniques. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
30. ^ "Zewail Wins 2011 Priestley Medal". Chemical & Engineering News. 21 June 2010. p. 5.
31. ^ "Royal Society announces 2011 Copley Medal recipient". The Royal Society. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
32. ^ "Ahmed H. Zewail". American Institute of Physics: Physics History Network. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
33. ^ "Ahmed H. Zewail". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
34. ^ "Ahmed Hassan Zewail". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
35. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
36. ^ "Zewail Ahmed Hassan | The AAS". www.aasciences.africa. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
37. ^ "Funding and Awards: Ahmed Zewail Award in Ultrafast Science and Technology". American Chemical Society. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
38. ^ Thomas, John Meurig (6 November 2019). "Ahmed Hassan Zewail. 26 February 1946—2 August 2016". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 68: 431–453\. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2019.0040.
39. ^ "Nobel Laureate to Give 2010 Commencement Address". Southwestern University. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
40. ^ "Honorary Degrees". Wiley Online Library. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
41. ^ "Honorary Degrees 2006". University of Cambridge. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
42. ^ "Zewail, Ahmed H (Ciencias Químicas), 12 de mayo de 2008". Complutense University of Madrid. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
43. ^ Kheetan, Thameen (26 February 2009). "Egyptian Nobel laureate calls for 'scientific renaissance' in Arab world". Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
44. ^ "Guest lectures – archive: Professor Ahmed Zewail – 3rd October 2011". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
45. ^ "Yale awards 12 honorary degrees at 2014 graduation". YaleNews. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
46. ^ a b c El Nadi, Lotfia, ed. (2019). The brilliant Zewail. World Scientific Publishing Company Pte. Limited. ISBN 978-981-327-583-6. OCLC 1112734385.
47. ^ Aspturian, Heidi. "Interview with Ahmed Zewail (1946 - 2016)" (PDF). CalTech Oral Histories. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
48. ^ "Ahmed Zewail, 1946–2016 | Caltech". California Institute of Technology. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
49. ^ Thomas, John Meurig (2020). "Ahmed Hassan Zewail. 26 February 1946—2 August 2016". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 68: 431–453\. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2019.0040. S2CID 207893909.
50. ^ "Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian chemist Zewail dies". Reuters News Agency. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
51. ^ "Egyptian Chemist Zewail, Noble Prize-Winner, Dies at 70". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
52. ^ a b c d "Sisi heads mourners at military funeral for Egyptian Nobel Laureate Ahmed Zewail". Ahram Online. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
53. ^ "نبذة عن العالم المصري أحمد زويل". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2024-02-05.

## External links

[edit]

Ahmed Zewail at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote

Scholia has an author profile for Ahmed Zewail.

* Official website Captured from the Wayback Machine, June 28, 2018, accessed July 20, 2020
* Ahmed Zewail's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
* Ahmed Zewail publications indexed by Google Scholar
* Interview with Ahmed Zewail Caltech Oral Histories, California Institute of Technology
* Ahmed Zewail on Nobelprize.org

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry

1970s|

* Carl Djerassi (1978)
* Herman Mark (1979)

1980s|

* Henry Eyring (1980)
* Joseph Chatt (1981)
* John Charles Polanyi / George C. Pimentel (1982)
* Herbert S. Gutowsky / Harden M. McConnell / John S. Waugh (1983/4)
* Rudolph A. Marcus (1984/5)
* Elias James Corey / Albert Eschenmoser (1986)
* David C. Phillips / David Blow (1987)
* Joshua Jortner / Raphael David Levine (1988)
* Duilio Arigoni / Alan R. Battersby (1989)

1990s|

* Richard R. Ernst / Alexander Pines (1991)
* John Pople (1992)
* Ahmed Zewail (1993)
* Richard Lerner / Peter Schultz (1994/5)
* Gilbert Stork / Samuel J. Danishefsky (1995/6)
* Gerhard Ertl / Gabor A. Somorjai (1998)
* Raymond Lemieux (1999)

2000s|

* F. Albert Cotton (2000)
* Henri B. Kagan / Ryōji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless (2001)
* Harry B. Gray (2004)
* Richard N. Zare (2005)
* Ada Yonath / George Feher (2006/7)
* William E. Moerner / Allen J. Bard (2008)

2010s|

* Stuart A. Rice / Ching Wan Tang / Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (2011)
* Paul Alivisatos / Charles M. Lieber (2012)
* Robert S. Langer (2013)
* Chi-Huey Wong (2014)
* K. C. Nicolaou / Stuart Schreiber (2016)
* Robert G. Bergman (2017)
* Omar M. Yaghi / Makoto Fujita (2018)
* Stephen L. Buchwald / John F. Hartwig (2019)

2020s|

* Leslie Leiserowitz / Meir Lahav (2021)
* Bonnie L. Bassler / Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Benjamin F. Cravatt (2022)
* Chuan He / Hiroaki Suga / Jeffery W. Kelly (2023)
* Helmut F. Schwarz (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1901–1925|

* 1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff
* 1902: Emil Fischer
* 1903: Svante Arrhenius
* 1904: William Ramsay
* 1905: Adolf von Baeyer
* 1906: Henri Moissan
* 1907: Eduard Buchner
* 1908: Ernest Rutherford
* 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald
* 1910: Otto Wallach
* 1911: Marie Curie
* 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier
* 1913: Alfred Werner
* 1914: Theodore Richards
* 1915: Richard Willstätter
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918: Fritz Haber
* 1919
* 1920: Walther Nernst
* 1921: Frederick Soddy
* 1922: Francis Aston
* 1923: Fritz Pregl
* 1924
* 1925: Richard Zsigmondy

1926–1950|

* 1926: Theodor Svedberg
* 1927: Heinrich Wieland
* 1928: Adolf Windaus
* 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin
* 1930: Hans Fischer
* 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
* 1932: Irving Langmuir
* 1933
* 1934: Harold Urey
* 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie
* 1936: Peter Debye
* 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
* 1938: Richard Kuhn
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: George de Hevesy
* 1944: Otto Hahn
* 1945: Artturi Virtanen
* 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley
* 1947: Robert Robinson
* 1948: Arne Tiselius
* 1949: William Giauque
* 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder

1951–1975|

* 1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg
* 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge
* 1953: Hermann Staudinger
* 1954: Linus Pauling
* 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud
* 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov
* 1957: Alexander Todd
* 1958: Frederick Sanger
* 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský
* 1960: Willard Libby
* 1961: Melvin Calvin
* 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew
* 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
* 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin
* 1965: Robert Woodward
* 1966: Robert S. Mulliken
* 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter
* 1968: Lars Onsager
* 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel
* 1970: Luis Federico Leloir
* 1971: Gerhard Herzberg
* 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein
* 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
* 1974: Paul Flory
* 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog

1976–2000|

* 1976: William Lipscomb
* 1977: Ilya Prigogine
* 1978: Peter D. Mitchell
* 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
* 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
* 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
* 1982: Aaron Klug
* 1983: Henry Taube
* 1984: Robert Merrifield
* 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
* 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi
* 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
* 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
* 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech
* 1990: Elias Corey
* 1991: Richard R. Ernst
* 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
* 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith
* 1994: George Olah
* 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
* 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley
* 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou
* 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople
* 1999: Ahmed Zewail
* 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa

2001–present|

* 2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
* 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich
* 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
* 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
* 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin
* 2006: Roger D. Kornberg
* 2007: Gerhard Ertl
* 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien
* 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
* 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi
* 2011: Dan Shechtman
* 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka
* 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel
* 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner
* 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar
* 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa
* 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson
* 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith
* 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino
* 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna
* 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List
* 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless
* 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov
* 2024: David Baker / Demis Hassabis / John M. Jumper

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1999 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Ahmed Zewail (Egypt)

Literature (1999)|

* Günter Grass (Germany)

Peace|

* Médecins Sans Frontières (Switzerland)

Physics|

* Gerard 't Hooft (Netherlands)
* Martinus J. G. Veltman (Netherlands)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Günter Blobel (Germany/United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Robert Mundell (Canada)

Nobel Prize recipients
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

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Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates

1980s|

* Ricardo Bressani (1984)
* Werner Stumm (1985)
* Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1986)
* Hugh Huxley (1987)
* Margaret Burbidge (1988)
* Martin Kamen (1989)

1990s|

* Gustav Nossal (1990)
* Albrecht Fleckenstein (1991)
* Raymond U. Lemieux (1992)
* Ali Javan (1993)
* Sherwood Rowland (1994)
* Herbert H. Jasper (1995)
* Alec Jeffreys (1996)
* Jean-Marie Ghuysen (1997)
* Charles R. Goldman (1998)
* Robert Weinberg (1999)

2000s|

* Frank Fenner (2000)
* Niels Birbaumer (2001)
* Daniel H. Janzen (2002)
* Martin Rees (2003)
* Ralph J. Cicerone (2004)
* John Hopfield (2005)
* Ahmed Zewail (2006)
* Fraser Stoddart (2007)
* Ada Yonath (2008)
* John T. Houghton (2009)

2010s|

* Julio Montaner (2010)
* Geoffrey Ozin (2011)
* Michael Grätzel (2012)
* Paul Nurse (2013)
* Philip Cohen (2014)
* Ewine van Dishoeck (2015)
* Edward Witten (2016)
* Omar M. Yaghi (2017)
* Jean-Pierre Changeux (2018)
* Zhong Lin Wang (2019)

* v
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* e

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001

Fellows|

* David Attwell
* David Baulcombe
* John Beddington
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Robert J. Birgeneau
* J. Richard Bond
* Hugh Bostock
* Keith Burnett
* Paul Callaghan
* Graham Collingridge
* James F. Crow
* Richard Dawkins
* Roger Ekins
* Henry Elderfield
* Anthony G. Evans
* Brian Eyre
* Peter Gluckman
* Charles Godfray
* Brigid Hogan
* John Hunt
* Frances Kirwan
* Shrinivas Kulkarni
* Andrew Leslie
* Michael Levitt
* Robin Lovell-Badge
* Paul Madden
* Mike Paterson
* Bruce Ponder
* Geoffrey Raisman
* Allan Sandage
* Dale Sanders
* David Schindler
* George M. Sheldrick
* Sheila Sherlock
* Thomas Simpson
* Adrian Smith
* Mandyam Veerambudi Srinivasan
* Ian Stewart
* Roger Tanner
* Marc Tessier-Lavigne
* Nicholas Tonks
* W. G. Unruh
* Bryan Webber
* Alex Wilkie

Honorary|

* Patrick Moore

Foreign|

* Alexei Abrikosov
* Alan Fowler
* Clara Franzini-Armstrong
* Ahmed Zewail

Portals:

* Biography
* Islam
* Chemistry
* Science

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii
* Scopus
* Google Scholar

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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