Ahmose I

Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ahmose I

Amosis, according to Manetho,[1] also Amasis,[2] Aahmes

A fragmentary statue of Ahmose I, Metropolitan Museum of Art[3]

Pharaoh
Reign| 25 regnal years
1570-1546 BC (HC)
1560–1537 BC
1551–1527 BC
1539–1514 BC[note 1]
25 years and 4 months (Manetho)
Predecessor| Kamose (Upper Egypt)
Khamudi (Lower Egypt)
Successor| Amenhotep I

Royal titulary

| Horus name

Aa kheperu
ꜤꜢ-ḫprw
Great of manifestations[22]
Great of Developments[23]

|  |  |  |

|  |

|  | | |

|
|

Nebty name

Tut mesut
Twt mswt
Perfect of Birth[23]
The (very) image of (re-)birth[22]

|  |  |  |

|  |  |  |
| | | |

|
|
|
|

Golden Horus

Tjez tawy
Ṯs tꜢwy
He who knots together the Two Lands[23]

|  |  |  |

|  |  |  |

|

Praenomen

Neb pehty re
Nb pḥty rꜤ
The Lord of Strength is Re[4]

|  |  | |

|

|  |  |  |

|  |

|

Nomen

Iah mes(u)
IꜤḥ ms(w)
Iah (the moon god) is born (Ahmose)[4][22]

|  |  | |

|

|  |  |  |

|  | | |

|
|

Consort| Ahmose-Nefertari, God's Wife of Amun, Ahmose-Sitkamose, Ahmose-Henuttamehu, Kasmut, Thenthapi
Children| Ahmose-Meritamun
Ahmose-Sitamun
Siamun
Ahmose-ankh
Amenhotep I
Ramose
Mutnofret
Father| Seqenenre Tao
Mother| Ahhotep I
Died| 1546 BC (HC)
1527 BC (LC)
Burial| Mummy found in the Deir el-Bahri royal cache, but was likely originally buried in Abydos or Dra' Abu el-Naga'
Monuments| Palace at Avaris, Temple of Amun at Karnak, Temple of Montu at Hermonthis
Dynasty| 18th Dynasty

Ahmose I (Amosis, Aahmes; meaning "Iah (the Moon) is born"[24]) was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt in the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age.

During his reign, Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos, restored Theban rule over Lower- and Upper Egypt, and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan.[25] He then reorganized the administration of the country, reopened quarries, mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom. This building program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. Ahmose's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom, under which Egyptian power reached its peak.

## Family

[edit]

Further information: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

He was a member of the Theban royal house, the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Kamose. During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. When he was seven years old, his father was killed,[26] and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes after reigning only three years. Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother,[25] and upon coronation became known as Nebpehtyre, nb-pḥtj-rꜥ "The Lord of Strength is Ra".

Ahmose descended from the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. His grandfather and grandmother, Senakhtenre Ahmose and Tetisheri, had at least twelve children, including Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I. The brother and sister, according to the tradition of Egyptian queens, married, and had sons Kamose and Ahmose I, as well as several daughters.[27] Ahmose I followed in the tradition of his father and married several of his sisters, making Ahmose-Nefertari his chief wife.[28] They had several children including daughters Meritamun B, Sitamun A and sons Siamun A, Ahmose-ankh,[29] Amenhotep I and Ramose A[30] (the "A" and "B" designations after the names are a convention used by Egyptologists to distinguish between royal children and wives that otherwise have the same name). They may also have been the parents of Mutnofret, who would become the wife of later successor Thutmose I. Ahmose-ankh was Ahmose's heir apparent, but he preceded his father in death sometime between Ahmose's 17th and 22nd regnal year.[31] Ahmose was succeeded instead by his eldest surviving son, Amenhotep I, with whom he might have shared a short coregency.[32]

### Manetho

[edit]

There was no distinct break in the line of the royal family between the Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties. The priest and historian Manetho author of a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II (283 – 246 BC), the now lost Aegyptiaca (Αἰγυπτιακά), considered the final expulsion of the Hyksos after nearly a century and the restoration of native Egyptian rule over the whole country a significant enough event to warrant the start of a new dynasty.[33]

## Reign

[edit]

Ahmose I ascended the throne as a "boy king" at the age of 10. He went on to rule about 25 regnal years before he died around the age of 35. The beginning of his reign would have been under a regency until his coming of age. During his reign he successfully defeated the Hyksos in Lower Egypt, reuniting the Two Lands, becoming the "patriarch" of the New Kingdom. He also started military raids into the Levant pursuing the Hyksos.

### Regency

[edit]

Ahmose ascended the throne when he was still a child, so his mother, Ahhotep, reigned as regent until he was of age. Judging by some of the descriptions of her regal roles while in power, including the general honorific "carer for Egypt", she effectively consolidated the Theban power base in the years before Ahmose assumed full control. If in fact Apepi II was a successor to Apepi I, then he is thought to have remained bottled up in the delta during Ahhotep's regency, because his name does not appear on any monuments or objects south of Bubastis.[27]

### Campaigns

[edit]

Bracelet of Ahmose I in 2018 Dagger bearing the name Ahmose I on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Cartouche of Ahmose I on the dagger pommel, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto

The conflict between the local kings of Thebes and the Hyksos king Apepi had started during the reign of Ahmose's father, Seqenenre Tao, and would be concluded, after almost 30 years of intermittent conflict and war, during his own reign. Seqenenre Tao was possibly killed in a battle against the Hyksos, as his much-wounded mummy gruesomely suggests, and his successor Kamose (likely Ahmose's elder brother) is known to have attacked and raided the lands around the Hyksos capital, Avaris (modern Tell el-Dab'a).[26] Kamose evidently had a short reign, as his highest attested regnal year is year 3, and was succeeded by Ahmose I.[34] Apepi died around a decade later.[35]

#### Conquest of the Hyksos

[edit]

Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi's reign, but the sequence of events is not universally agreed upon.[36]

Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital of Avaris is extremely difficult. Almost everything known comes from a brief but invaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, consisting of brief diary entries,[37] one of which reads:

> Regnal year 11, second month of shomu, Heliopolis was entered. First month of akhet, day 23, this southern prince broke into Tjaru.[38]

Copper axe blade inscribed with the titulary of pharaoh Ahmose I, Ashmolean Museum.

While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose, it is today believed instead to refer to Ahmose's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of 'Prince of the South' rather than king or pharaoh, as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him.[39] Anthony Spalinger, in a JNES 60 (2001) book review of Kim Ryholt's 1997 book, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, notes that Ryholt's translation of the middle portion of the Rhind text chronicling Ahmose's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the "1st month of Akhet, 23rd day. He-of-the-South (i.e. Ahmose) strikes against Sile."[40] Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not question Ryholt's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether:

> it is reasonable to expect a Theban-oriented text to describe its Pharaoh in this manner? For if the date refers to Ahmose, then the scribe must have been an adherent of that ruler. To me, the very indirect reference to Ahmose—it must be Ahmose—ought to indicate a supporter of the Hyksos dynasty; hence, the regnal years should refer to this monarch and not the Theban.[40]

Cartouche 66, Abydos King List. Temple of Seti I, Abydos, Egypt

The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose's military strategy when attacking the Delta. Entering Heliopolis in July, he moved down the eastern delta to take Tjaru, the major border fortification on the Horus Road, the road from Egypt to Canaan, in October, totally avoiding Avaris. In taking Tjaru[38] he cut off all traffic between Canaan and Avaris. This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris, isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan.[41]

Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of a participating soldier, Ahmose, son of Ebana. These records indicate that Ahmose I led three attacks against Avaris, the Hyksos capital, but also had to quell a small rebellion further south in Egypt. After this, in the fourth attack, he conquered the city.[42] He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their stronghold Sharuhen near Gaza after a three-year siege.[43][44] Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year of his reign at the very latest. This is suggested by "a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby 'oxen from Canaan' were used at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose's regnal year 22."[45] Since the cattle would probably have been imported after Ahmose's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris, this means that the reign of Khamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose's 25-year reign at the very latest.[45]

#### Levantine campaigns

[edit]

After defeating the Hyksos, Ahmose began campaigning in Syria and Nubia. A campaign during his 22nd year reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates, although the later Pharaoh Thutmose I is usually credited with being the first to campaign that far. Ahmose did, however, reach at least as far as Kedem (thought to be near Byblos), according to an ostracon in the tomb of his wife, Ahmose-Nefertari.[46] Details on this particular campaign are scarce, as the source of most of the information, Ahmose, son of Ebana, served in the Egyptian navy and did not take part in this land expedition. However, it can be inferred from archaeological surveys of southern Canaan that during the late 16th century BC Ahmose and his immediate successors intended only to break the power of the Hyksos by destroying their cities and not to conquer Canaan. Many sites there were completely laid waste and not rebuilt during this period—something a Pharaoh bent on conquest and tribute would not be likely to do.[47]

#### Nubian campaigns

[edit]

Ahmose I's campaigns in Nubia are better documented. Soon after the first Nubian campaign, a Nubian named Aata rebelled against Ahmose, but was crushed. After this attempt, an anti-Theban Egyptian named Tetian gathered many rebels in Nubia, but he too was defeated. Ahmose restored Egyptian rule over Nubia, which was controlled from a new administrative center established at Buhen.[28] When re-establishing the national government, Ahmose appears to have rewarded various local princes who supported his cause and that of his dynastic predecessors.[48]

### Art and monuments

[edit]

Fragments of an armband of Ahmose I, Musée du Louvre.

With the re-unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Ahmose, a renewal of royal support for the arts and monumental construction occurred. Ahmose reportedly devoted a tenth of all the productive output towards the service of the traditional gods,[49] reviving massive monumental constructions as well as the arts. However, as the defeat of the Hyksos occurred relatively late in Ahmose's reign, his subsequent building program likely lasted no more than seven years,[50] and much of what was started was probably finished by his son and successor Amenhotep I.[51]

Work from Ahmose's reign is made of much finer material than anything from the Second Intermediate Period, though the craftsmanship from his reign does not always match the best work from either the Old or Middle Kingdoms.[13] With the Delta and Nubia under Egyptian control once more, access was gained to resources not available in Upper Egypt. Gold and silver were received from Nubia, lapis lazuli from distant parts of central Asia, cedar from Byblos, and in the Sinai the Serabit el-Khadim turquoise mines were reopened. Although the exact nature of the relationship between Egypt and Crete is uncertain, at least some Minoan designs have been found on objects from this period, and Egypt considered the Aegean to be part of its empire.[52] Ahmose reopened the Tura limestone quarries to provide stone for monuments and used Asiatic cattle from Phoenicia to haul the stone, according to his quarry inscription.[53]

Ahmose I-Fragmentary Stela-Statue Marble Torso Metropolitan Museum Of Art

Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a probable Hyksos. Detail of a ceremonial axe in the name of Ahmose I, treasure of Queen Ahhotep II. Luxor Museum[54][55][note 2]

The art during Ahmose I's reign was similar to the Middle Kingdom royal Theban style,[57] and stelae from this period were once more of the same quality.[52] This reflects a possibly natural conservative tendency to revive fashions from the pre-Hyksos era. Despite this, only three positively identified statuary images of Ahmose I survive: a single shabti kept at the British Museum, presumably from his tomb (which has never been positively located), and two life-size statues; one of which resides in the New York Metropolitan Museum, the other in the Khartoum Museum.[57] All display slightly bulging eyes, a feature also present on selected stelae depicting the pharaoh. Based on style, a small limestone sphinx that resides at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, has also been tentatively identified as representing Ahmose I.[58]

The art of glass making is thought to have developed during Ahmose's reign. The oldest samples of glass appear to have been defective pieces of faience, but intentional crafting of glass did not occur until the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty.[59] One of the earliest glass beads found contains the names of both Ahmose and Amenhotep I, written in a style dated to about the time of their reigns.[60] If glassmaking was developed no earlier than Ahmose's reign and the first objects are dated to no later than his successor's reign, it is quite likely that it was one of his subjects who developed the craft.[60]

Ahmose I And Queen-Relief Brooklyn Museum The jewels and ceremonial weaponry found in the burial of Queen Ahhotep, including an axe whose blade depicts Ahmose I striking down a Hyksos soldier, and the golden flies awarded to the Queen for her supportive role against the Hyksos

Ahmose resumed large construction projects like those before the Second Intermediate Period. In the south of the country he began constructing temples mostly built of brick, one of them in the Nubian town of Buhen. In Upper Egypt he made additions to the existing temple of Amun at Karnak and to the temple of Montu at Armant.[52] According to an inscription at Tura,[53] he used white limestone to build a temple to Ptah and the southern harem of Amun, but did not finish either project.[52] He built a cenotaph for his grandmother, Queen Tetisheri, at Abydos.[52]

Excavations at the site of Avaris by Manfred Bietak have shown that Ahmose had a palace constructed on the site of the former Hyksos capital city's fortifications. Bietak found fragmentary Minoan-style remains of the frescoes that once covered the walls of the palace; there has subsequently been much speculation as to what role this Aegean civilization may have played in terms of trade and in the arts.[61]

Under Ahmose's reign, the city of Thebes became the capital for the whole of Egypt, as it had been under the 11th Dynasty in the early Middle Kingdom. It also became the center for a newly established professional civil service, where there was a greater demand for scribes and the literate as the royal archives began to fill with accounts and reports.[62] Having Thebes as the capital was probably a strategic choice as it was located at the center of the country, the logical conclusion from having had to fight the Hyksos in the north as well as the Nubians to the south. Any future opposition at either border could be met easily.[63]

Perhaps the most important shift was a religious one: Thebes effectively became the religious as well as the political center of the country, its local god Amun credited with inspiring Ahmose in his victories over the Hyksos. The importance of the temple complex at Karnak (on the east bank of the Nile north of Thebes) grew and the importance of the previous cult of Ra based in Heliopolis diminished.[64]

Several stelae detailing the work done by Ahmose were found at Karnak, two of which depict him as a benefactor to the temple. In one of these stelae, known as the "Tempest Stele", he claims to have rebuilt the pyramids of his predecessors at Thebes that had been destroyed by a major storm.[65] The Thera eruption in the Aegean has been implicated by some scholars as the source of the damages described in the Tempest Stele.[66]

### Length and date of reign

[edit]

Two gold and silver barques or boats[67] donated by Ahmose I and Kamose to Queen Ahhotep II.

According to Josephus in Contra Apionem and Theophilus of Antioch in his Apologia ad Autolycum, Manetho's Aegyptiaca stated that the pharaoh who expelled the Hyksos from Egypt was named "Tethmôsis" and reigned for 25 years and 4 months.[68][43] At the opposite, according to the Byzantine scholar George Syncellus, Sextus Julius Africanus wrote that the Aegyptiaca reported the king to be named "Amôs". Syncellus also notes that Eusebius in his Chronicon told that an "Amôsis" or "Amoses"—depending on the version of Eusebius—is mentioned in the Aegyptiaca as reigning 25 years and founding the eighteenth dynasty from Thebes.[69] The 25 years figure is seemingly supported by a 'Year 22' inscription from his reign at the stone quarries of Tura.[70] A medical examination of his mummy indicates that he died when he was about thirty-five, supporting a 25-year reign if he came to the throne at the age of 10.[43]

Ahmose I-Cartouche From A Monument Rosicrucian Museum

Ahmose's reign can be fairly accurately dated using the Heliacal rise of Sirius in his successor's reign, but because of disputes over from where the observation was made, he has been assigned a reign from 1570 to 1546 BC, 1560–1537 BC, 1551–1527 BC and 1539–1514 BC by various sources.[43][71][72] The radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.[20][note 3]

Winged Griffin Plaque Inscibed with the Name Nebpehtyre (Ahmose I) MET DP112344 Winged Griffin Plaque Inscibed with the Name Nebpehtyre (Ahmose I)

## Death

[edit]

### Pyramid

[edit]

Main article: Pyramid of Ahmose

The ruins of the Pyramid of Ahmose.

The remains of Ahmose's pyramid in Abydos were discovered in 1899 and identified as his in 1902.[75] Most of its outer casing stones had been robbed for use in other building projects over the years, and the mound of rubble upon which it was built has collapsed. However, two rows of intact casing stones were found by Arthur Mace, who estimated its steep slope as about 60 degrees, based on the evidence of the limestone casing (compare to the less acute 51 degrees of the Great Pyramid of Giza).[76] Adjacent to the main pyramid temple and to its east, Harvey has identified two temples constructed by Ahmose's queen, Ahmose-Nefertari. One of these structures also bears bricks stamped with the name of Chief Treasurer Neferperet, the official responsible for re-opening the stone quarries at el-Ma'asara (Tura) in Ahmose's year 22. A third, larger temple (Temple C) is similar to the pyramid temple in form and scale, but its stamped bricks and details of decoration reinforce that it was a cult place for Ahmose-Nefertari.[77]

Relief Depicting King Ahmose Embracing Osiris

The axis of the pyramid complex may be associated with a series of monuments strung out along a kilometer of desert. Along this axis are several key structures: 1) a large pyramid dedicated to his grandmother Tetisheri which contained a stele depicting Ahmose providing offerings to her; 2) a rock-cut underground complex which may either have served as a token representation of an Osirian underworld or as an actual royal tomb;[78] and 3) a terraced temple built against the high cliffs, featuring massive stone and brick terraces. These elements reflect in general a similar plan undertaken for the cenotaph of Senwosret III and in general its construction contains elements which reflect the style of both Old and Middle Kingdom pyramid complexes.[78]

Dagger of Ahmose I, Luxor Museum.

There is some dispute as to if this pyramid was Ahmose's burial place, or if it was a cenotaph. Although earlier explorers Mace and Currelly were unable to locate any internal chambers, it is unlikely that a burial chamber would have been located in the midst of the pyramid's rubble core. In the absence of any mention of a tomb of King Ahmose in the tomb robbery accounts of the Abbott Papyrus, and in the absence of any likely candidate for the king's tomb at Thebes, it is possible that the king was interred at Abydos, as suggested by Harvey. Certainly the great number of cult structures located at the base of the pyramid located in recent years, as well as the presence at the base of the pyramid of a cemetery used by priests of Ahmose's cult, argue for the importance of the king's Abydos cult. However, other Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was constructed (like Tetisheri's pyramid at Abydos) as a cenotaph and that Ahmose may have originally been buried in the southern part of Dra' Abu el-Naga' with the rest of the late Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Dynasties.[52]

This pyramid was the last pyramid ever built as part of a mortuary complex in Egypt. The pyramid would be abandoned by subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom, for both practical and religious reasons. The Giza plateau offered plenty of room for building pyramids; but this was not the case with the confined, cliff-bound geography of Thebes and any burials in the surrounding desert were vulnerable to flooding. The pyramid form was associated with the sun god Re, who had been overshadowed by Amun in importance. One of the meanings of Amun's name was the hidden one, which meant that it was now theologically permissible to hide the Pharaoh's tomb by fully separating the mortuary template from the actual burial place. This provided the added advantage that the resting place of the pharaoh could be kept hidden from necropolis robbers. All subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom would be buried in rock-cut shaft tombs in the Valley of the Kings.[79]

Heset Ewer of Ahmose I

### Mummy

[edit]

The mummified head of Ahmose I at the Luxor Museum.

Ahmose I's mummy was discovered in 1881 within the Deir el-Bahri Cache, located in the hills directly above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. He was interred along with the mummies of other Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasty leaders Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II and Ramesses IX, as well as the Twenty-first Dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I, Pinedjem II and Siamun.[80]

Ahmose I's mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June 9, 1887. It was found within a coffin that bore his name in hieroglyphs, and on his bandages his name was again written in hieratic script. While the cedarwood coffin's style dates it squarely to the time of the Eighteenth Dynasty, it was neither of royal style nor craftsmanship, and any gilding or inlays may have been stripped in antiquity.[81] He had evidently been moved from his original burial place, re-wrapped and placed within the cache at Deir el-Bahri during the reign of the Twenty-first Dynasty priest-king Pinedjem II, whose name also appeared on the mummy's wrappings. Around his neck a garland of Delphinium flowers had been placed. The body bore signs of having been plundered by ancient grave-robbers, his head having been broken off from his body and his nose smashed.[82]

The body was 1.63 m (64 in) in height. The mummy had a small face with no defining features, though he had slightly prominent front teeth; this may have been an inherited family trait, as this feature can be seen in some female mummies of the same family, as well as the mummy of his descendant, Thutmose II.[82]

Ceremonial Axe in the name of Ahmose I, found in the tomb of queen Ahhotep II. This axe celebrates the victories of Ahmose. It bears the king's titulary, along with images of the king smiting an Asiatic enemy, and prayers for many years of rule. Eighteenth Dynasty, from Dra Abu el-Naga. CG 52645 / JE4673 Luxor Museum.

A short description of the mummy by Gaston Maspero sheds further light on familial resemblances:

> ...he was of medium height, as his body when mummified measured only 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) in length, but the development of the neck and chest indicates extraordinary strength. The head is small in proportion to the bust, the forehead low and narrow, the cheek-bones project and the hair is thick and wavy. The face exactly resembles that of Tiûâcrai [Seqenenre Tao] and the likeness alone would proclaim the affinity, even if we were ignorant of the close relationship which united these two Pharaohs.[83]

Initial studies of the mummy were first thought to reveal a man in his 50s,[83] but subsequent examinations have shown that he was instead likely to have been in his mid-30s when he died.[48] The identity of this mummy (Cairo Museum catalog n° 61057) was called into question in 1980 by the published results of Dr. James Harris, a professor of orthodontics, and Egyptologist Edward Wente. Harris had been allowed to take x-rays of all of the supposed royal mummies at the Cairo Museum. While history records Ahmose I as being the son or possibly the grandson of Seqenenre Tao, the craniofacial morphology of the two mummies are quite different. It is also different from that of the female mummy identified as Ahmes-Nefertari, thought to be his sister. These inconsistencies, and the fact that this mummy was not posed with arms crossed over chest, as was the fashion of the period for male royal mummies, led them to conclude that this was likely not a royal mummy, leaving the identity of Ahmose I unknown.[84]

The mummy is now in the Luxor Museum alongside the purported one of Ramesses I, as part of a permanent exhibition called "The Golden Age of the Egyptian Military".[85]

### Succession

[edit]

Osiride statue of Amenhotep I, currently housed in the British Museum

Ahmose I was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I. A minority of scholars have argued that Ahmose had a short co-regency with Amenhotep, potentially lasting up to six years. If there was a co-regency, Amenhotep could not have been made king before Ahmose's 18th regnal year, the earliest year in which Ahmose-ankh, the heir apparent, could have died.[31] There is circumstantial evidence indicating a co-regency may have occurred, although definitive evidence is lacking.[86]

The first piece of evidence consists of three small objects which contain both of their praenomen next to one another: the aforementioned small glass bead, a small feldspar amulet and a broken stele, all of which are written in the proper style for the early Eighteenth Dynasty.[60] The last stele said that Amenhotep was "given life eternally", which is an Egyptian idiom meaning that a king is alive, but the name of Ahmose does not have the usual epithet "true of voice" which is given to dead kings. Since praenomen are only assumed upon taking the throne, and assuming that both were in fact alive at the same time, it is indicated that both were reigning at the same time. There is, however, the possibility that Amenhotep I merely wished to associate himself with his beloved father, who reunited Egypt.[60]

Second, Amenhotep I appears to have nearly finished preparations for a Sed festival, or even begun celebrating it; but Amenhotep I's reign is usually given only 21 years and a Sed festival traditionally cannot be celebrated any earlier than a ruler's 30th year. If Amenhotep I had a significant co-regency with his father, some have argued that he planned to celebrate his Sed festival on the date he was first crowned instead of the date that he began ruling alone. This would better explain the degree of completion of his Sed festival preparations at Karnak.[87] There are two contemporary New Kingdom examples of the breaking of this tradition; Hatshepsut celebrated her Heb Sed festival in her 16th year and Akhenaten celebrated a Sed festival near the beginning of his 17-year reign.[88]

Third, Ahmose's wife, Ahmose Nefertari, was called both "King's Great Wife" and "King's Mother" in two stelae which were set up at the limestone quarries of Ma'sara in Ahmose's 22nd year. For her to literally be a "King's Mother," Amenhotep would already have to be a king. It is possible that the title was only honorific, as Ahhotep II assumed the title without being the mother of any known king;[86] though there is a possibility that her son Amenemhat was made Amenhotep I's co-regent, but preceded him in death.[31]

Because of this uncertainty, a co-regency is currently impossible to prove or disprove. Both Redford's and Murnane's works on the subject are undecided on the grounds that there is too little conclusive evidence either for or against a coregency. Even if there was one, it would have made no difference to the chronology of the period because in this kind of institution Amenhotep would have begun counting his regnal dates from his first year as sole ruler.[89][90] However, co-regency supporters note that since at least one rebellion had been led against Ahmose during his reign, it would certainly have been logical to crown a successor before one's death to prevent a struggle for the crown.[86]

## Attestations

[edit]

### Dated objects

[edit]

Objects with the royal name of Ahmose with a regnal date.

* Hannover 1935.200.209 | A limestone stela dated to Year 18 of Ahmose I mentioning his daughter, King's Daughter and God's Wife Satamun.[91][92]
* el-Masara 6 | rock inscription dated to Year 22 of Ahmose I.[93]
* el-Masara 8 | rock inscription dated to Year 22 of Ahmose I.[94]

### Undated objects

[edit]

Objects with the royal name of Ahmose without a regnal date.

* Harari, ASAE 56 | a stela with the royal name of Ahmose along with Ahmose-Nefertari and Senior King's Son of his body, Ahmose.[95]
* Simpson, Heka-Nefer, 34 fig. 27, pl. XVIIb | a rock inscription from Armenna East with the royal name of Ahmose along with King's Son Djehuty and King's Son Teti.[96]
* Weigall, Report, 127, pl. LXV (4) | a rock inscription from Toshka with the royal name of Ahmose along with King's Son [Djehuty] and [King's Son] Teti.[97]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Pharaohs

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Proposed dates for Ahmose I's reign: 1570–1546 BC,[4][5] starting 1569 BC,[6] 1569–1545 BC,[7][8] 1552–1526 BC,[9] 1550–1525 BC,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] starting 1549 BC,[17] 1549–1524 BC,[18] 1539–1515 BC.[19] Radiocarbon studies have yielded the following intervals for Ahmose's date of accession to the throne: 1566–1552 BC with 68% probability, 1570–1544 BC with 95% probability.[20][21] These studies are based on archaeological samples to measure fluctuations in radiocarbon activity, specific information on radiocarbon activity in the region of the Nile Valley (anchored by dendrochronology to absolute dates), direct linkages between the dated samples and historical chronology and relative dating information. Samples dated to specific reigns were collected from museum collections and excavation material while certain types of material (notably charcoal and mummified remains) were avoided owing to their susceptibility to contamination.[20]
2. ^ Pierre Montet, discoverer of the treasure relates that: "Others [objects] were later added to them, things which came from the pharaoh Ahmose, like the axe decorated with a griffin and a likeness of the king slaying a Hyksos, with other axes and daggers".[56]
3. ^ Significantly reduced dates for his reign (1194 to 1170 BC) were suggested by David Rohl,[73] but these were rejected by the majority of Egyptologists.[74] A radiocarbon study published in 2010 suggested minor revisions in the traditional chronology but did not support Rohl's theory.[20]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Gardiner 1964, p. 168.
2. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia 2008.
3. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 2023.
4. ^ a b c Clayton 2006, p. 100.
5. ^ Woodward 1996, p. 46.
6. ^ Murnane 2001, p. 519.
7. ^ Romanosky 2001, p. 46.
8. ^ Troy 2001, p. 525.
9. ^ Grimal 1992, p. 392.
10. ^ von Beckerath 1997, p. 189.
11. ^ von Beckerath 1999, p. 286.
12. ^ Bryan 2000, p. 207.
13. ^ a b Rice 1999, p. 3.
14. ^ Hayes 1978, p. 499.
15. ^ Lehner 1997, p. 9.
16. ^ Shaw & Nicholson 1995, p. 17.
17. ^ Ryholt 1997, p. 410.
18. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 290.
19. ^ Hornung 2012, p. 492.
20. ^ a b c d Ramsey et al. 2010, p. 1556.
21. ^ Ritner & Moeller 2014, p. 17.
22. ^ a b c Leprohon 2013, p. 95.
23. ^ a b c Wiener & Allen 1998, p. 3.
24. ^ Leprohon 2013, p. 96.
25. ^ a b Grimal 1992, p. 192.
26. ^ a b Shaw 2000, p. 199.
27. ^ a b Grimal 1992, p. 194.
28. ^ a b Grimal 1992, p. 190.
29. ^ Dodson 1990, p. 91.
30. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 126.
31. ^ a b c Wente 1975, p. 271.
32. ^ Gordon 1982, pp. 296–297.
33. ^ Redford 1967, p. 28.
34. ^ Dodson 2012.
35. ^ Grimal 1992, p. 189.
36. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 203.
37. ^ Spalinger 2005, p. 23.
38. ^ a b Redford 1992, p. 71.
39. ^ Schneider 2006, p. 195.
40. ^ a b Spalinger 2001, p. 299.
41. ^ El-Aref 2005.
42. ^ Breasted 1906, pp. 7–8.
43. ^ a b c d Grimal 1992, p. 193.
44. ^ Redford 1967, pp. 46–49.
45. ^ a b Redford 1992, p. 195.
46. ^ Weinstein 1981, p. 6.
47. ^ Weinstein 1981, p. 7.
48. ^ a b Shaw & Nicholson 1995, p. 18.
49. ^ Maspero 1903, p. 129.
50. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 209.
51. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 213.
52. ^ a b c d e f Grimal 1992, p. 200.
53. ^ a b Quarry Inauguration 2006.
54. ^ Daressy 1906, p. 117.
55. ^ Morgan 2010, p. 308.
56. ^ Montet 1968, p. 80.
57. ^ a b Russmann & James 2001, pp. 210–211.
58. ^ Russmann 2005, pp. 24–25.
59. ^ Cooney 1960, p. 11.
60. ^ a b c d Gordon 1982, p. 296.
61. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 208.
62. ^ Tyldesley 2001, pp. 18–19.
63. ^ Maspero 1903, pp. 130–131.
64. ^ Tyldesley 2000, p. 100.
65. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 210.
66. ^ Ritner & Moeller 2014, pp. 1–19.
67. ^ Egyptian Museum Catalogue No. JE4682
68. ^ Waddell 1971, pp. 101 & 109.
69. ^ Waddell 1971, p. 115.
70. ^ Breasted 1906, p. 12.
71. ^ Helck 1983, pp. 47–49.
72. ^ Ahmose I 2015.
73. ^ Rohl 1997.
74. ^ Bennett 1996.
75. ^ Egyptian Pharaohs: Ahmose I 2006.
76. ^ Lehner 1997, p. 190.
77. ^ Harvey 2001, pp. 54–55.
78. ^ a b Lehner 1997, p. 191.
79. ^ Tyldesley 2000, p. 101.
80. ^ Aston 2015, p. 24.
81. ^ Forbes 1998, p. 614.
82. ^ a b Smith 2000, pp. 15–16.
83. ^ a b Maspero 1903, pp. 112.
84. ^ Forbes 1998, p. 699.
85. ^ Bickerstaffe 2006, p. 31.
86. ^ a b c Gordon 1982, p. 297.
87. ^ Wente 1975, p. 272.
88. ^ Kinnaer 2019.
89. ^ Redford 1967, p. 51.
90. ^ Murnane 1977, p. 114.
91. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/inscription/6503
92. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/5/person/3578
93. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/5/inscription/18727
94. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/5/inscription/21577
95. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/inscription/21393#62296
96. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/inscription/22880
97. ^ https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/inscription/22882

### Bibliography

[edit]

* "Ahmose I". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015.
* "Amasis I". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
* Aston, David A. (2015). "TT 358, TT 320 and KV 39. Three Early Eighteenth Dynasty Queen's Tombs in the Vicinity of Deir el-Bahari" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. XXIV (2): 15–42\. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.0168. Retrieved January 16, 2024.15-42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0168&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_XXIV_2/PAM_24_2_Aston.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Bennett, Chris (1996). "Temporal Fugues". Journal of Ancient and Medieval Studies. 13.
* Bickerstaffe, Dylan (2006). "Examining the Mystery of the Niagara Falls Mummy". KMT. 17 (4).
* Breasted, James Henry (1906). Ancient Records Of Egypt Volume II: The Eighteenth Dynasty. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
* Bryan, Betsy M. (2000). "The New Kingdom (c. 1550–1352 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 207–264. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
* Clayton, Peter (2006). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. New York: Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-28628-9.
* Cooney, John D. (1960). "Glass Sculpture in Ancient Egypt". Journal of Glass Studies. 2: 10–43\. ISSN 0075-4250.10-43&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=0075-4250&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Daressy, George (1906). "Un Poignard du Temps des Rois Pasteurs". Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. VII. Le Caire : Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale: 115–120.115-120&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Daressy&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https://archive.org/stream/annalesduservice78egyp/annalesduservice78egyp#page/n124/mode/1up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Dodson, Aidan (1990). "Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 76: 87–96\. doi:10.2307/3822009. JSTOR 3822009.87-96&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/3822009&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822009#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Dodson, Aidan (October 26, 2012). "Kamose". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15219. ISBN 978-1-4051-7935-5. Retrieved January 14, 2024. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
* Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
* "Egyptian Pharaohs: Ahmose I". phouka.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
* El-Aref, Nevine (August 11–17, 2005). "King of the Wild Frontier". Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
* Forbes, Dennis C. (1998). Tombs, Treasures, Mummies: Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology. KMT Communications, Inc. ISBN 1879388065.
* Gardiner, Alan (1964). Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500267-6.
* Gordon, Andrew H. (1982). "A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 41 (4): 295–298\. doi:10.1086/372969. ISSN 0022-2968. S2CID 162089130.295-298&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162089130#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/372969&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
* Harvey, Stephen P. (2001). "Tribute to a Conquering King". Archaeology. 54 (4): 52–55.52-55&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Hayes, William (1978). The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 7427345.
* "Head of Ahmose I". The MET. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
* Helck, Wolfgang (1983). "Schwachstellen der Chronologie-Diskussion". Gottinger Miszellen Gottingen. 67: 43–49.43-49&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Helck&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. ISSN 0169-9423.
* Kinnaer, Jacques. "The Ancient Egypt Site". Archived from the original on November 12, 2019.
* Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids (2001 ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
* Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
* Maspero, Gaston (1903). Sayce, A. H. (ed.). History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4. Translated by McClure, M. L. London: The Grolier Society.
* Montet, Pierre (1968). Lives of the Pharaohs. London: Spring Books. ISBN 978-0-60-035452-9.
* Morgan, Lyvia (2010). "An Aegean Griffin in Egypt: The Hunt Frieze at Tell el-Dab'a". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 20: 303–323\. doi:10.1553/AEundL20s303. ISSN 1015-5104. JSTOR 23789943.303-323&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1015-5104&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23789943#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1553/AEundL20s303&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lyvia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Murnane, William J. (1977). Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
* Murnane, William J. (2001). "New Kingdom". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 519–525\. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.519-525&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Murnane&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* "Quarry Inauguration Under Ahmose I". reshafim.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
* Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Dee, Michael W.; Rowland, Joanne M.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Harris, Stephen A.; Brock, Fiona; Quiles, Anita; Wild, Eva M.; Marcus, Ezra S.; Shortland, Andrew J. (2010). "Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt". Science. New Series. 328 (5985). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1554–1557\. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1554R. doi:10.1126/science.1189395. JSTOR 40656429. PMID 20558717. S2CID 206526496.1554-1557&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206526496#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:bibcode/2010Sci...328.1554R&rft_id=info:pmid/20558717&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.1189395&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40656429#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Bronk&rft.au=Dee,+Michael+W.&rft.au=Rowland,+Joanne+M.&rft.au=Higham,+Thomas+F.+G.&rft.au=Harris,+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Brock,+Fiona&rft.au=Quiles,+Anita&rft.au=Wild,+Eva+M.&rft.au=Marcus,+Ezra+S.&rft.au=Shortland,+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Redford, Donald (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00086-2.
* Redford, Donald (1967). History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies. University of Toronto Press.
* Rice, Michael (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15449-9.
* Ritner, Robert K.; Moeller, Nadine (2014). "The Ahmose 'Tempest Stela', Thera and Comparative Chronology". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 73 (1): 1–19\. doi:10.1086/675069. JSTOR 675069. S2CID 161410518.1-19&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161410518#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/675069#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/675069&rft.aulast=Ritner&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Moeller,+Nadine&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Rohl, David M. (1997). Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609801309.
* Romanosky, Eugene (2001). "Ahmose". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 46\. ISBN 978-0-19-513821-4.
* Russmann, Edna R.; James, T. G. H. (2001). Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23082-8.
* Russmann, Edna R. (2005). "Art in Transition: The Rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the Emergence of the Thutmoside Style in Sculpture and Relief". In Roehrig, Catharine H. (ed.). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York, N.Y: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 23–43\. ISBN 1-58839-173-6. Retrieved January 16, 2024.23-43&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58839-173-6&rft.aulast=Russmann&rft.aufirst=Edna+R.&rft_id=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Ryholt, Kim (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
* Schneider, Thomas (2006). "The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17)". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 168–196\. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. Retrieved January 14, 2024.168-196&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11385-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https://ia902907.us.archive.org/32/items/AncientEgyptianChronology_201303/Ancient%20Egyptian%20chronology.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
* Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul T. (1995). The Bristish Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (2002 pocket ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-71-411980-9.
* Smith, Grafton Elliot (2000) [1912]. The Royal Mummies: Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, nos. 61051-61100 (Reprint ed.). London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2959-X.
* Spalinger, Anthony (2001). "Book Review: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C. by K. S. B. Ryholt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 60 (4): 296–300\. doi:10.1086/468961.296-300&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/468961&rft.aulast=Spalinger&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Spalinger, Anthony John (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405113717.
* Troy, Lana (2001). "New Kingdom". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 525–531\. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.525-531&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Lana&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Tyldesley, Joyce A. (2000). The Private Lives of the Pharaohs. London: Channel 4 Books. ISBN 0-7522-1903-0. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
* Tyldesley, Joyce A. (2001). Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom. London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-5160-6.
* von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten : die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46\. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2310-9.
* von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Mainz: Philip von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2591-2.
* Waddell, William Gillan (1971). Manetho. Loeb Classical Library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. OCLC 6246102.
* Weinstein, James M. (1981). "The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 241 (241): 1–28\. doi:10.2307/1356708. JSTOR 1356708. S2CID 164015977.1-28&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164015977#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356708#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1356708&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Wente, Edward F. (1975). "Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 57 (1): 265–272\. doi:10.1086/372429. S2CID 161597223.265-272&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/372429&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161597223#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Wente&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Wiener, Malcolm H.; Allen, James P. (1998). "Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Thera Eruption". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 57 (1): 1–28\. doi:10.1086/468596. S2CID 162153296.1-28&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/468596&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162153296#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+H.&rft.au=Allen,+James+P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
* Woodward, Scott (1996). "Genealogy of New Kingdom Pharaohs and Queens". Archaeology. 49 (5). Archaeological Institute of America: 45–47\. JSTOR 41771185.45-47&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771185#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmose I.

* Ahmose accessed July 19, 2006.

* v
* t
* e

Pharaohs

Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty

* Pharaohs
* male
* female♀
* uncertain

|

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)|

| Lower|

* Hedju Hor
* Ny-Hor
* Ni-Neith
* Hat-Hor
* Pu
* Hsekiu
* Khayu
* Tiu
* Thesh
* Neheb
* Wazner
* Mekh
* Double Falcon
* Wash

|

Upper|

* A
* Finger Snail
* Fish
* Elephant
* Stork
* Bull
* Scorpion I
* Crocodile
* Iry-Hor
* Ka
* Scorpion II
* Narmer / Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)|

| I|

* Narmer / Menes
* Hor-Aha
* Djer
* Djet
* Den
* Anedjib
* Semerkhet
* Qa'a
* Sneferka
* Horus Bird

|

II|

* Hotepsekhemwy
* Nebra
* Nynetjer
* Ba
* Nubnefer
* Horus Sa
* Weneg-Nebty
* Wadjenes
* Senedj
* Seth-Peribsen
* Sekhemib-Perenmaat
* Neferkara I
* Neferkasokar
* Hudjefa I
* Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)|

| III|

* Djoser
* Sekhemkhet
* Sanakht
* Nebka
* Khaba
* Sedjes
* Qahedjet
* Huni

|

IV|

* Snefru
* Khufu
* Djedefre
* Khafre
* Bikheris
* Menkaure
* Shepseskaf
* Thamphthis

* Userkaf
* Sahure
* Neferirkare Kakai
* Neferefre
* Shepseskare
* Nyuserre Ini
* Menkauhor Kaiu
* Djedkare Isesi
* Unas

VI|

* Teti
* Userkare
* Pepi I
* Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
* Pepi II
* Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
* Netjerkare Siptah
* Neferka
* Nefer

1st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)|

| VII/VIII|

* Menkare
* Neferkare II
* Neferkare III Neby
* Djedkare Shemai
* Neferkare IV Khendu
* Merenhor
* Neferkamin
* Nikare
* Neferkare V Tereru
* Neferkahor
* Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
* Neferkamin Anu
* Qakare Iby
* Neferkaure
* Neferkauhor
* Neferirkare
* Wadjkare
* Khuiqer
* Khui
* Iytjenu

|

IX|

* Meryibre Khety
* Neferkare VII
* Nebkaure Khety
* Setut
* Imhotep

* Meryhathor
* Neferkare VIII
* Wahkare Khety
* Merykare

Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty

* Pharaohs
* male
* female♀
* uncertain

|

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)|

| XI|

* Mentuhotep I
* Intef I
* Intef II
* Intef III
* Mentuhotep II
* Mentuhotep III
* Mentuhotep IV

|

Nubia|

* Segerseni
* Qakare Ini
* Iyibkhentre

XII|

* Amenemhat I
* Senusret I
* Amenemhat II
* Senusret II
* Senusret III
* Amenemhat III
* Amenemhat IV
* Sobekneferu♀
* Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)|

| XIII|

* Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
* Sonbef
* Nerikare
* Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
* Ameny Qemau
* Hotepibre
* Iufni
* Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
* Semenkare Nebnuni
* Sehetepibre
* Sewadjkare
* Nedjemibre
* Khaankhre Sobekhotep
* Renseneb
* Hor
* Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
* Djedkheperew
* Sebkay
* Sedjefakare
* Wegaf
* Khendjer
* Imyremeshaw
* Sehetepkare Intef
* Seth Meribre
* Sobekhotep III
* Neferhotep I
* Sihathor
* Sobekhotep IV
* Merhotepre Sobekhotep
* Khahotepre Sobekhotep
* Wahibre Ibiau
* Merneferre Ay
* Merhotepre Ini
* Sankhenre Sewadjtu
* Mersekhemre Ined
* Sewadjkare Hori
* Merkawre Sobekhotep
* Mershepsesre Ini II
* Sewahenre Senebmiu
* Merkheperre
* Merkare
* Sewadjare Mentuhotep
* Seheqenre Sankhptahi

|

XIV|

* Yakbim Sekhaenre
* Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
* Qareh Khawoserre
* 'Ammu Ahotepre
* Maaibre Sheshi
* Nehesy
* Khakherewre
* Nebefawre
* Sehebre
* Merdjefare
* Sewadjkare III
* Nebdjefare
* Nebsenre
* Sekheperenre
* Bebnum
* 'Apepi
* Nuya
* Wazad
* Sheneh
* Shenshek
* Khamure
* Yakareb
* Yaqub-Har

XV|

* Sharek
* Semqen
* 'Aper-'Anati
* Salitis
* Sakir-Har
* Khyan
* Yanassi
* Apepi
* Khamudi

XVI|

* Djehuti
* Sobekhotep VIII
* Neferhotep III
* Mentuhotepi
* Nebiryraw I
* Nebiriau II
* Semenre
* Bebiankh
* Sekhemre Shedwast
* Dedumose I
* Dedumose II
* Montuemsaf
* Merankhre Mentuhotep
* Senusret IV
* Pepi III

Abydos|

* Senebkay
* Wepwawetemsaf
* Pantjeny
* Snaaib

XVII|

* Rahotep
* Nebmaatre
* Sobekemsaf I
* Sobekemsaf II
* Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
* Nubkheperre Intef
* Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
* Senakhtenre Ahmose
* Seqenenre Tao
* Kamose

New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty

* Pharaohs  (male
* female♀)
* uncertain

|

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)|

| XVIII|

* Ahmose I
* Amenhotep I
* Thutmose I
* Thutmose II
* Hatshepsut♀
* Thutmose III
* Amenhotep II
* Thutmose IV
* Amenhotep III
* Akhenaten
* Smenkhkare
* Neferneferuaten♀
* Tutankhamun
* Ay
* Horemheb

|

XIX|

* Ramesses I
* Seti I
* Ramesses II
* Merneptah
* Amenmesses
* Seti II
* Siptah
* Tausret♀

XX|

* Setnakhte
* Ramesses III
* Ramesses IV
* Ramesses V
* Ramesses VI
* Ramesses VII
* Ramesses VIII
* Ramesses IX
* Ramesses X
* Ramesses XI

3rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)|

| XXI|

* Smendes
* Amenemnisu
* Psusennes I
* Amenemope
* Osorkon the Elder
* Siamun
* Psusennes II

|

High Priests of Amun|

* Herihor
* Pinedjem I

XXII|

* Shoshenq I
* Osorkon I
* Shoshenq II
* Tutkheperre Shoshenq
* Takelot I
* Osorkon II
* Shoshenq III
* Shoshenq IV
* Pami
* Shoshenq V
* Pedubast II
* Osorkon IV

XXIII|

* Harsiese A
* Takelot II
* Pedubast I
* Iuput I
* Shoshenq VI
* Osorkon III
* Takelot III
* Rudamun
* Shoshenq VII
* Menkheperre Ini

XXIV|

* Tefnakht
* Bakenranef

XXV|

* Piye
* Shebitku
* Shabaka
* Taharqa
* Tanutamun

Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty

* Pharaohs
* male
* female♀
* uncertain

|

Late
(664–332 BC)|

| XXVI|

* Ammeris
* Tefnakht II
* Nekauba
* Necho I
* Psamtik I
* Necho II
* Psamtik II
* Wahibre
* Ahmose II
* Psamtik III

|

XXVII|

* Cambyses II
* Petubastis III
* Darius I
* Psammetichus IV
* Xerxes
* Artaxerxes I
* Darius II

XXVIII|

* Amyrtaeus

XXIX|

* Nepherites I
* Hakor
* Psammuthes
* Nepherites II
* Muthis

XXX|

* Nectanebo I
* Teos
* Nectanebo II

XXXI|

* Artaxerxes III
* Khabash
* Arses
* Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)|

| Argead|

* Alexander the Great
* Philip III Arrhidaeus
* Alexander IV

|

Ptolemaic|

* Ptolemy I Soter
* Ptolemy II Philadelphus
* Ptolemy III Euergetes
* Ptolemy IV Philopator
* Ptolemy V Epiphanes
* Ptolemy VI Philometor
* Cleopatra II♀
* Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
* Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
* Cleopatra III♀
* Ptolemy IX Soter
* Ptolemy X Alexander I
* Berenice III♀
* Ptolemy XI Alexander II
* Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
* Cleopatra V♀
* Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀
* Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀
* Cleopatra VII Philopator♀
* Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
* Arsinoe IV♀
* Ptolemy XIV Philopator
* Ptolemy XV Caesarion

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)|

| XXXIV|

* Augustus
* Tiberius
* Caligula
* Claudius
* Nero
* Galba
* Otho
* Vitellius
* Vespasian
* Titus
* Domitian
* Nerva
* Trajan
* Hadrian
* Antoninus Pius
* Lucius Verus
* Marcus Aurelius
* Commodus
* Pertinax
* Pescennius Niger
* Septimius Severus
* Geta
* Caracalla
* Macrinus
* Diadumenian
* Elagabalus
* Severus Alexander
* Maximinus Thrax
* Gordian I
* Gordian II
* Pupienus
* Balbinus
* Gordian III
* Philip
* Decius
* Trebonianus Gallus
* Aemilianus
* Valerian
* Macrianus Minor
* Quietus
* Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
* Gallienus
* Claudius Gothicus
* Quintillus
* Aurelian
* Tacitus
* Probus
* Carus
* Carinus
* Numerian
* Diocletian
* Maximian
* Galerius
* Maximinus Daza

|

Dynastic genealogies

* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 11th
* 12th
* 18th
* 19th
* 20th
* 21st to 23rd
* 24th
* 25th
* 26th
* 27th
* 30th
* 31st
* Argead
* Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of the ancient Near East

|  | Territories/
dates
[1][2][3][4][5] | Egypt | Canaan | Ebla | Mari | Kish/
Assur | Akshak/
Akkad | Uruk | Adab | Umma
| Lagash | Ur | Elam

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4000–3200 BCE  | Naqada I
Naqada II
| Egypt–Mesopotamia relations | Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)  | Susa I

Uruk period
(4000–3100 BCE)

(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)

(Anonymous "King-priests")  | Susa II

(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE  | Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes | Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette
Narmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird | Canaanites | Jemdet Nasr period
(3100–2900 BCE)  | Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE  | Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
| Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
| First kingdom of Mari
| Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE

| Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna | Uruk I dynasty
Meshkiangasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
|  | Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum | Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of Kish | Gilgamesh | Old Elamite period
(2700–1500 BCE)

Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE  | Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser

(First Egyptian pyramids)
Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni | Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu |  | Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim | Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum | Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal-
shaengur | Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mesh-he
Melem-ana
Lugal-kitun | Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu |
2575 BCE  | Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu

Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis | Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE  | Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)  | Second kingdom of Mari

Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan

Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Enna-Dagan | Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba♀ | Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu | Uruk II dynasty
Ensha-
kushanna | Mug-si | Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku | Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe

Akurgal | A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu | Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE  | Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas | Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik | Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[6] | Shushun-Tarana
Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCE  | Kun-Damu | Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE  | Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu | Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa | Urur | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal | Ur-Lumma

Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun)  | Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi | Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCE  | Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
| Adab dynasty
Lugal-Anne-Mundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE  | Isar-Damu | Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari | Invasion by Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6] | Ukush | Lugalanda
Urukagina | Luh-ishan
2350 BCE  |  | Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin | Uruk III dynasty
Lugal-zage-si
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE  |  | Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire

Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu | Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE  | Naram-Sin | Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE  | First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare | Second Eblaite
Kingdom | Third kingdom of Mari
(Shakkanakku
dynasty)

Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(vassals of the Akkadians)  |
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul | Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir |  | Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
| Hishep-ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE  | Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut | Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum

Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin | Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um | Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu |  | Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians)  | Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 BCE  | Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare

| Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE  | (Vassals of UR III)  | Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
(vassals of Ur III)[7] | Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025–1763 BCE  | Amorite invasions | Ibbi-Sin | Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Amorites)
Ibbit-Lim

Immeya Indilimma | (Amorite Shakkanakkus)
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(...)

Lim Dynasty
of Mari
(Amorites)
Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)  | Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II | Isin-Larsa period
(Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II
Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil An-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu  | Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀
1800–1595 BCE  | Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Abraham
(Biblical)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Yamhad
(Yamhad dynasty)
(Amorites)  | Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty
1808–1736 BCE)
(Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers
1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Adaside dynasty
1700–722 BCE)
Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II

| First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers |

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth
Dynasty of Egypt
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty of Egypt

| Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi | Mitanni
(1600–1260 BCE)
Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna
1531–1155 BCE  | TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I | Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi | Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb | Hittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE)
Suppiluliuma I Mursili II Muwatalli II Mursili III Hattusili III Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II

Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret♀ | Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE  | Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

| Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon

Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon | Syro-Hittite states
Carchemish
Tabal | Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II | Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur | Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE  | Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE  | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

| Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah | Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V | Eight Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
| Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE  | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun | Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE  | Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III | Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus | Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE  | Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)  | Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE  | Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀ | Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE  | Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias | Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus | Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE  | Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt | Judaea | Syria
116–117 CE  | Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan | Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE  | Syria Palaestina | Province of Mesopotamia | Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE  | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE  | Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE  | Roman Empire
Province of Egypt | Syria Palaestina | Syria | Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE  | Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE  | (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE  | Byzantine Empire | Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE  | Muslim conquest of Egypt | Muslim conquest of the Levant | Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period |  Rulers of ancient Central Asia

1. ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
2. ^ Hallo, William W.; Simpson, William Kelly (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49\. ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8.48-49&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-15-502755-8&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Simpson,+William+Kelly&rft_id=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000hall/page/48/mode/2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ahmose+I" class="Z3988">
3. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
4. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14\. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
5. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
6. ^ a b c Per the Sumerian King List.
7. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template