Albert II of Germany

King of the Romans from 1438 to 1439

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Albert the Magnanimous

Posthumous anonymous portrait of Albert, 16th century

Duke of Austria
Reign| 14 September 1404 – 27 October 1439
Predecessor| Albert IV
Successor| Ladislaus the Posthumous
King of Hungary and Croatia
Reign| 18 December 1437 – 27 October 1439
Coronation| 1 January 1438, Székesfehérvár
Predecessor| Sigismund
Successor| Vladislaus I
King of the Romans
Reign| 17 March 1438 – 27 October 1439
Predecessor| Sigismund
Successor| Frederick III
King of Bohemia
Reign| 6 May 1438 – 27 October 1439
Coronation| 29 June 1438, Prague
Predecessor| Sigismund
Successor| Ladislaus the Posthumous

Born| 10 August 1397
Vienna, Duchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died| 27 October 1439(1439-10-27) (aged 42)
Neszmély, Kingdom of Hungary
Burial|

Székesfehérvár

Spouse|

Elizabeth of Luxembourg

(m. 1422)​

Issue|

* Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg
* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
* Ladislas the Posthumous

House| Habsburg
Father| Albert IV, Duke of Austria
Mother| Joanna Sophia of Bavaria

Albert the Magnanimous KG, elected King of the Romans as Albert II (10 August 1397 – 27 October 1439), was a member of the House of Habsburg. By inheritance he became Albert V, Duke of Austria. Through his wife (jure uxoris) he also became King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, and inherited a claim to the Duchy of Luxembourg.

He played a significant role in the Hussite Wars, assisting his father-in-law Sigismund and suffering defeats like the Battle of Domažlice in 1431. Crowned King of Hungary in 1438, he struggled to control Bohemia and fought against Polish-Bohemian forces. He later became King of the Romans but died in 1439 while defending Hungary from the Ottomans. His reign saw anti-Hussite and anti-Jewish persecutions, continuing medieval crusades against perceived heretics. Austrian Jews faced increased taxation and expulsions, culminating in the 1420 Vienna pogrom, partly driven by accusations of aiding the Hussites.

## Biography

[edit]

Coronation of Albert II in 1438 as King of Bohemia, by Karel Svoboda, 1848–1856

Albert was born in Vienna as the son of Albert IV, Duke of Austria, and Joanna Sophia of Bavaria.[1]

He succeeded to the Duchy of Austria at the age of seven on his father's death in 1404. His uncle Duke William of Inner Austria, then head of the rivaling Leopoldinian line, served as regent for his nephew, followed by his brothers Leopold IV and Ernest the Iron in 1406. The quarrels between the brothers and their continued attempts to gain control over the Albertinian territories led to civil war-like conditions. Nevertheless, Albert, having received a good education, undertook the government of Austria proper on the occasion of Leopold's death in 1411 and succeeded, with the aid of his advisers, in ridding the duchy of the evils which had arisen during his minority.[2]

In 1422 Albert married Elisabeth of Luxemburg, the daughter and heiress of the King Sigismund of Hungary (later also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia), and his second wife, the Slovenian noblewoman Barbara of Celje.[3] Besides Hungary, Albert's marriage brought him claims to several Slavic kingdoms and principalities as well.

Albert II as Roman-German king

Albert assisted his father-in-law Sigismund in his campaigns against the Hussites, involving the Austrian duchy in the Hussite Wars. In return Sigismund designated him as his successor and granted him the title of a Margrave of Moravia in 1423. The Austrian lands were devastated several times and Albert also participated in the 1431 Battle of Domažlice where the Imperial troops suffered an embarrassing defeat. While his lands were harmed it was a showing of loyalty to the church as the church was trying to consolidate its influence and power.[4]

When Sigismund died in 1437, Albert was crowned king of Hungary on 1 January 1438, and just as his predecessor did, he moved his court to the Hungarian Kingdom from where he later oversaw his other domains. Although crowned king of Bohemia six months after ascending to the Hungarian throne, he was unable to obtain possession of the country. He was engaged in warfare with the Bohemians and their Polish allies, when on 17 March 1438, he was elected as "King of the Romans" at Frankfurt.[5] Albert was never crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.

Afterwards engaged in defending Hungary against the attacks of the Turks, he died on 27 October 1439 at Neszmély and was buried at Székesfehérvár. Albert was an energetic and warlike prince, whose short reign as a triple king gave great promise of usefulness for the Holy Roman Empire.[2]

## Hussite Wars and persecution

[edit]

Albert's seal

Beginning with the First Crusade in the year 1095, those who were not adherents to the Catholic faith were deemed by the religious authorities to be heretics, and were to be persecuted, destroyed or converted.[6] While the papal call for an end to heresy applied to Muslims traditionally, there was widespread violence against other religious and social groups.[7] Jews and lepers were the main targets along with Muslims in the crusade to destroy "devilry."[8][9] The persecution of Jews came as no surprise in connection with the Hussite Wars. The call to arms against heretics meant the call to arms against all who are not Christian, with the hopes of their destruction or conversion.[9] However, the crusaders saw that as an opportunity to convert all who were not Christian, the Jews and lepers included not just the intended Muslims.[8] If the heretics did not convert to Christianity they were massacred, usually burned. This would apply later in the Hussite Wars, which was a continuation of the crusades, as Albert II came to power as Duke of Austria, who was a willing participant in the fight against heresy. The Hussite Wars is a series of crusades against heresy in the Middle Ages spanning from 1418-1437 and through his loyalty to the church and the persecutive works of his contemporaries, he would embark on his own persecutive journey against the Jews.[10]

## Jewish persecution

[edit]

Beginning in the 11th century, Jews started to define themselves as a people, garnering a foothold as moneylenders within their communities.[4] By the 13th century, Jews in Austria and elsewhere in Europe had established themselves as a group with their own social identity.[4] However, with this newfound identity, persecution followed. It was during this period that Jewish people began to suffer from plundering and the theft of their lands, as they came to be regarded as outsiders.[4] However, the first major instance of Jewish persecution began with the First Crusade in the fall of 1095, which is thought by historians to have been the first major incident in what became a long list of anti-Jewish persecutions involving violence during the High Middle Ages in Europe.[6] Summoned by Pope Urban II with the aim of conquering the Holy Land, violence against the Jewish population was inspired by rumours of a papal encouragement to use violence against non-Christians, although if true this was likely meant to refer to Muslims.[7] Pogroms were also organized to destroy Jewish communities, which were highly effective.[4] Over time, historiographical works have tended to focus on the German-Austrian massacres due to how much documentary evidence has survived.[4] These German-Austrian massacres were arguably a great influence on Albert V and his Jewish persecutions and expulsions. The persecution of Jews would grow to encompass all of Europe for many centuries, which Albert V as Duke of Austria also took part in when he came to power.

Though the Jews in the Austrian duchy had been subject to local persecutions during the 13th and 14th century, their position remained relatively safe. Jewish communities prospered in several towns like Krems or the area around the Judenplatz at Vienna. During the confusion after the death of Duke Albert IV in 1404 their situation worsened sharply, culminating in the blaze of the Vienna synagogue on 5 November 1406, followed by riots and lootings.[citation needed]

King Albert of Hungary as depicted in the Chronica Hungarorum

With the ordering of campaign preparations against the Hussites by King Sigismund in the beginning of the 15th century taxes would be used to fund a crusade army.[9] Albert V of Austria would follow suit, keeping his good standing with the Catholic Church while he was in power.[10] When Albert V came of age in 1411 and interfered in the Hussite Wars, he repeatedly established new taxes imposed on the Jewish community to finance his campaigns. Taxes would be established to destroy "devilry" and "imprudence".[9] Like the Hussites, Jews were seen at this point as an enemy to Christendom.[4] After the Hussites had devastated the duchy, the Austrian Jews were accused of collaboration and arms trade in favor of the enemies. The accusations of a host desecration at Enns in 1420 gave Albert pretext for the destruction of the Jewish community.[citation needed]

According to the 1463 Chronica Austriae by chronicler Thomas Ebendorfer, the duke on 23 May 1420, at the behest of the Church, ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews. Those that had not converted or escaped were sent off in boats down the Danube, while wealthy Jews remained under arrest, several of them tortured and stripped of their property. The forced baptism of Jewish children was stopped on intervention by Pope Martin V. On 12 March 1421 Albert sentenced the remaining Jews to death. Ninety-two men and 120 women were burned at the stake south of the Vienna city walls on 12 March 1421. The Jews were placed under an "eternal ban" and their synagogue was demolished. The persecutions in several Austrian towns are explicitly described in a 16th-century script called Vienna Gesera.[citation needed]

## Full title

[edit]

Coat of arms Albert II of Habsburg

Full titulature Albert possessed went as follows: Albert, by the grace of God elected King of the Romans, always August, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, elected King of Bohemia, duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, margrave of Moravia, Lord of the Wendish March and Port Naon, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrete and Kyburg, etc. Margrave of Burgau and landgrave of Alsace.

In practise he often used a shorter version: Albert, by the grace of God elected King of the Romans, always August, King of Hungary, Dalmatia and Croatia, etc. elected King of Bohemia, duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Margrave of Moravia and Count of Tyrol, etc.

## Family

[edit]

His children with Elizabeth of Luxembourg were:

* Anne of Austria (1432–1462), who married William III, Duke of Saxony.[1] William became (1457–69) Duke of Luxembourg, in right of his wife
* Elisabeth (c. 1436–1439 to 1505), who married Casimir IV of Poland,[1] and whose son Vladislaus II of Bohemia later became king of Bohemia and Hungary
* George (born and died at Vienna on 16 February 1435)
* Ladislas V Posthumus of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Bohemia[3]

## Male-line family tree

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

House of Habsburg[n 1]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Original line

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308| | | | | | Hartmann
1263–1281| | Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307| | Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330| | Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326| | Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358| | Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327| | Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339| | John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Albertinian line| | | | | | | | | |   Leopoldian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365| | Frederick III
1347–1362| | Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395| | | | | | | | | | Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386| | | | | | Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344| | Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404| | William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406| | Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411| | Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424| | | | | | Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439| | | | | | | | | | Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493| | Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463| | Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457| | | | | | | | | | Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |   Spanish / Iberian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Austrian / HRE line
| | | | Charles V
HRE
1500–1558| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576| | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595| | | | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568| | Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621| | Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612| | Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595| | Matthias
HRE
1557–1619| | Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618| | Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621| | Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578| | Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600| | Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618| | Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637| | Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616| | Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632| | Charles
of Austria
1590–1624
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665| | Charles
of Austria
1607–1632| | Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619| | Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657| | Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662| | Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662| | Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646| | Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654| | Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705| | Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711| | Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maria Theresa
HRE
1740–1780| | Francis I
HRE
1745–1765

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Habsburg-Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph II
HRE
1765–1790| | Leopold II
HRE
1790–1792
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Francis II
HRE
1792–1806
Notes:

1. ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

## See also

[edit]

* Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other German king.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Previté-Orton 1978, p. 792.
2. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albert II.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 496. Endnote: see W. Altmann, Die Wahl Albrecht II. zum römische Könige (Berlin, 1886).
3. ^ a b Jackson-Laufer 1999, p. 130.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Little, Lester K. (1978). Religious poverty and the profit economy in medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1213-4.
5. ^ Decaluwé, Michiel; Izbicki, Thomas M.; Christianson, Gerald, eds. (November 2016). A Companion to the Council of Basel. Brill. p. 28\. ISBN 9789004222649. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
6. ^ a b Riley-Smith, Jonathan (January 1984). "The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews". Studies in Church History. 21: 51–72\. doi:10.1017/S0424208400007531. ISSN 0424-2084.
7. ^ a b Smelyansky, Eugene, ed. (2020). The Intolerant Middle Ages: A Reader. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-0612-4.
8. ^ a b Nirenberg, David (1996). Communities of violence: persecution of minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03375-4.
9. ^ a b c d Fudge, Thomas A. (2002). The crusade against heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437: sources and documents for the Hussite crusades. Crusade texts in translation. Aldershot, Hampshire, England ; Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-0801-1. OCLC 49640251.
10. ^ a b Mark, Joshua J. "The Medieval Church". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

## References

[edit]

* Hödl, Günther (1978). Albrecht II. Königtum, Reichsregierung und Reichsreform 1438–1439.
* Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576070918.
* Previté-Orton, C. W., ed. (1978). Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter. Vol. II:The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge University Press.
* Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert II of Habsburg.

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Bericht über die Wahl Albrechts II.

* Entry about Albert II of Germany in the database Gedächtnis des Landes on the history of the state of Lower Austria (Lower Austria Museum)
* Tripota – Trier portrait database Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Illustration by Francesco Terzio from 1569: Albertus II, Imp. (Digitized)
* Literature by and about Albrecht II. in the German National Library catalogue
* Works by and about Albert II of Germany in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)

Albert II of Germany

House of Habsburg

Born: 10 August 1397  Died: 27 October 1439

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Sigismund

|  King of Hungary and Croatia
1437–39  | Succeeded by

Ladislaus V
Vladislaus I

as contenders
King of Germany
1438–39  | Succeeded by

Frederick III

King of Bohemia
1438–39  | Vacant

Title next held by

Ladislaus
Preceded by

Albert IV

|  Duke of Austria
1404–39

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Bohemia

Přemyslid|

| Legendary|

* Czech
* Krok
* Libuše
* Přemysl the Ploughman
* Valasca
* Nezamysl
* Mnata
* Vojen
* Vnislav
* Křesomysl
* Neklan
* Hostivít

|

c. 870–1198 (Dukes)|

* Bořivoj I
* Spytihněv I
* Vratislaus I
* Saint Wenceslaus
* Boleslaus I
* Boleslaus II
* Boleslaus III
* Vladivoj
* Boleslaus the Brave1
* Jaromír
* Oldřich
* Bretislaus I
* Spytihněv II
* Vratislaus II (I)2
* Conrad I
* Bretislaus II
* Bořivoj II
* Svatopluk the Lion
* Vladislaus I
* Sobeslaus I
* Vladislaus II (I)2
* Frederick
* Sobeslaus II
* Frederick
* Conrad II Otto
* Wenceslaus II
* Ottokar I
* Henry Bretislaus
* Vladislaus III Henry

1198–1306 (Kings)|

* Ottokar I
* Wenceslaus I
* Ottokar II
* Wenceslaus II
* Wenceslaus III

Non-dynastic|

| 1306–1310|

* Henry the Carinthian
* Rudolph I

|

Luxembourg|

| 1310–1437|

* John the Blind
* Charles IV (I)
* Wenceslaus IV
* Sigismund

|

Habsburg|

| 1437–1457|

* Albert
* Interregnum
* Ladislaus the Posthumous

|

Non-dynastic|

| 1457–1471|

* George
* Matthias I3

|

Jagiellonian|

| 1471–1526|

* Vladislaus II
* Louis

|

Habsburg|

| 1526–1780|

* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian
* Rudolph II
* Matthias II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick4
* Ferdinand III
* Ferdinand IV5
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles II
* Charles Albert (II)3, 6
* Maria Theresa

|

Habsburg-Lorraine|

| 1780–1918|

* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II (I)
* Ferdinand V
* Francis Joseph
* Charles I (III)

|

* 1 Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty
* 2 During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
* 3 Antiking
* 4 Elector Palatine from the Wittelsbach dynasty
* 5 Junior king who co-ruled with his predecessor and predeceased him, thus never reigning on his own
* 6 Prince-elector of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Hungary

Kings of Hungary family tree, List of Hungarian monarchs

House of Árpád|

| Grand Princes|

* Álmos (c. 850–c. 895)
* Árpád (c. 895–c. 907)
* Zoltán (c. 907–c. 947)
* Fajsz (c. 947–c. 955)
* Taksony (c. 955–c. 972)
* Géza (c. 972–997)
* Stephen (997–1000)

|

Kings|

* Stephen I (1000–1038)
* Peter (1038–1041; 1044–1046)
* Samuel (1041–1044)
* Andrew I (1046–1060)
* Béla I (1060–1063)
* Solomon (1063–1074)
* Géza I (1074–1077)
* Ladislaus I (1077–1095)
* Coloman (1095–1116)
* Stephen II (1116–1131)
* Béla II (1131–1141)
* Géza II (1141–1162)
* Stephen III (1162–1172)
* Ladislaus II (1162–1163)
* Stephen IV (1163–1165)
* Béla III (1172–1196)
* Emeric (1196–1204)
* Ladislaus III (1204–1205)
* Andrew II (1205–1235)
* Béla IV (1235–1270)
* Stephen V (1270–1272)
* Ladislaus IV (1272–1290)
* Andrew III (1290–1301)

House of Přemysl|

* Wenceslaus (1301–1305)

House of Wittelsbach|

* Otto (1305–1307)

Capetian House of Anjou|

* Charles I (1308–1342)
* Louis I (1342–1382)
* Maria (1382–1385; 1386–1395)
* Charles II (1385–1386)

House of Luxembourg|

* Sigismund (1387–1437)

House of Habsburg|

* Albert (1437–1439)
* Ladislaus V (1440–1457)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus I (1440–1444)

House of Hunyadi|

* Matthias I (1458–1490)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus II (1490–1516)
* Louis II (1516–1526)

House of Zápolya|

* John (1526–1540)
* John Sigismund (1540–1570)

House of Habsburg|

* Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
* Maximilian (1564–1576)
* Rudolph (1576–1608)
* Matthias II (1608–1619)
* Ferdinand II (1619–1637)
* Ferdinand III (1637–1657)
* Ferdinand IV (1647–1654)
* Leopold I (1657–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Maria Theresa (1740–1780)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine|

* Joseph II (1780–1790)
* Leopold II (1790–1792)
* Francis (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand V (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph (1848–1916)
* Charles IV (1916–1918)

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Germany

East Francia during the
Carolingian dynasty (843–911)|

* Louis the German
* Carloman
* Louis the Younger
* Charles the Fat
* Arnulf
* Louis the Child

East Francia (911–919)
Kingdom of Germany (919–962)|

* Conrad I
* Henry I
* Arnulf
* Otto I

Kingdom of Germany within the
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)|

* Otto I
* Otto II
* Otto III
* Henry II
* Conrad II
* Henry III
* Henry IV
* Rudolf
* Hermann
* Conrad (III)
* Henry V
* Lothair II/III
* Conrad III
* Henry (VI)
* Frederick I
* Henry VI
* Philip
* Otto IV
* Frederick II
* Henry (VII)
* Conrad IV
* Henry (VIII)
* William
* Richard
* Alfonso
* Rudolf I
* Adolf
* Albert I
* Henry VII
* Louis IV
* Frederick (III)
* Charles IV
* Günther
* Wenceslaus
* Rupert
* Jobst
* Sigismund
* Albert II
* Frederick III
* Maximilian I
* Charles V
* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian II
* Rudolf II
* Matthias
* Ferdinand II
* Ferdinand III
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles VI
* Charles VII
* Francis I
* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II

Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)|

* Napoleon I

German Confederation (1815–1848)|

* Francis I
* Ferdinand I

German Empire (1848/1849)|

* Archduke John of Austria (Imperial Regent)

German Confederation (1850–1866)|

* Franz Joseph I

North German Confederation (1867–1871)|

* William I

German Empire (1871–1918)|

* William I
* Frederick III
* William II

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Croatia

House of Trpimirović|

* Tomislav
* Trpimir II
* Krešimir I
* Miroslav
* Michael Krešimir II
* Stephen Držislav
* Svetoslav Suronja
* Krešimir III / Gojslav
* Stephen I
* Peter Krešimir IV
* Demetrius Zvonimir
* Stephen II

House of Árpád|

* Ladislaus I (Álmos as duke)

House of Snačić|

* Petar Snačić (pretender)

Croatia in personal
union with Hungary|

* Rulers of Croatia after 1102 (1102–1918)

House of Savoy-Aosta
(Independent State of Croatia)|

* Tomislav II (king designate)

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Austria

House of Babenberg|

* Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994)
* Henry I the Strong (994–1018)
* Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055)
* Ernest the Brave (1055–1075)
* Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095)
* Leopold III the Good (1095–1136)
* Leopold the Generous (1137–1141)
* Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177)
* Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194)
* Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198)
* Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230)
* Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246)

Interregnum|

* Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247)
* Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250)
* Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268)
* Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278)

House of Habsburg
Austria|

* Rudolf I (1278–1282)
* Albert I (1282–1308)
* Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283)
* Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307)
* Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330)
* Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326)
* Albert II the Wise (1330–1358)
* Otto I the Merry (1330–1339)
* Frederick II (1339–1344)
* Leopold II (1339–1344)
* Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365-1379)
* Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395)
* Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404)
* Albert V (1404–1439)
* Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Maximilian II (1564–1576)
* Rudolf V (1576–1608)
* Matthias (1608–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637)
* Ferdinand IV (1637–1657)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
* Francis I Stephen (1740–1765)
* Joseph II (1765–1790)
* Leopold VII (1790–1792)
* Francis II (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
* Charles I (1916–1918)

House of Habsburg
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola|

* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411)
* Ernest the Iron (1402–1424)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493)
* Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Charles II (1564–1590)
* Ferdinand III (1590–1637)

House of Habsburg
Tyrol|

* Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439)
* Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Ferdinand II (1564–1595)
* Matthias (1595–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1619–1623)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1665–1705)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef

*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa