Albert I of Germany

King of Germany from 1298 to 1308

For other people named Albert of Austria, see Albert of Austria (disambiguation).

Albert I

Seal of Albert I, inscribed in Latin: Albertus Dei gratia Romanorum rex semper augustus ('Albert by the grace of God King of the Romans, ever majestic')

King of Germany
(formally King of the Romans)
Reign| 27 July 1298 – 1 May 1308
Coronation| 24 August 1298
Aachen Cathedral
Predecessor| Adolf
Successor| Henry VII

Born| July 1255
Imperial City of Rheinfelden
Died| 1 May 1308(1308-05-01) (aged 52)
Windisch, Further Austria
Burial|

Speyer Cathedral

Spouse| Elizabeth of Carinthia
Issue|

* Rudolph I, King of Bohemia
* Frederick the Fair, King of the Romans
* Leopold I, Duke of Austria
* Albert II, Duke of Austria
* Henry the Gentle
* Otto, Duke of Austria
* Anna, Margravine of Brandenburg and Duchess of Wrocław
* Agnes, Queen of Hungary
* Elizabeth, Duchess of Lorraine
* Catherine, Duchess of Calabria
* Judith, Countess of Öttingen

House| House of Habsburg
Father| Rudolph I of Germany
Mother| Gertrude of Hohenberg

Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany[1] and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl.[2]

## Biography

[edit]

From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian (Further Austrian) possessions in Alsace. In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg, invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria,[3] which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles.

King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors, fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy, chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans. An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna.[3]

Albrecht I

He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen, again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain.[4]

Seal of Albert I of Habsburg; his shield displays the arms of Habsburg (modern) (Babenberg: Gules, a fess argent, here shown decorated with diaper-work) whilst his banner and the shields on his horse's caparison displays Habsburg (ancient) Or, a lion rampant gules crowned armed and langued azure. Latin inscription (abbreviated): Albertus Dei gratia grandis dux Austriae et Styriae de Habsburg et Kiburg comes lantgravus Alsaciae ('Albert by grace of God Grand Duke of Austria and Styria, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace'). Atop his helm he displays a crest of A plume of peacock feathers

Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August.[5]

Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with the princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary.[3]

Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press a quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV, by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, the King's half-sister. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.[3]

Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland, as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III. He also renewed the claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and the Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities, however, he soon crushed the rising.[3]

## Death

[edit]

Albert was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew Duke John, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida".[6]

## Titles

[edit]

His full name and titles were: Albert, by the grace of God, King of the Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola, over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace.

## Marriage and children

[edit]

In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth,[7] daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor.

Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children:

1. Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau),[1] married:
1. in Graz c. 1295 to Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel;[1]
2. in Breslau 1310 to Henry VI the Good, Duke of Wrocław.
2. Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary.[1]
3. Rudolph III (c. 1282 – 4 July 1307, Horažďovice)[7] married but line extinct and predeceased his father.
4. Elizabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine.[1]
5. Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330, Gutenstein)[7] married to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany but line extinct.
6. Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg)[8] married, had issue.
7. Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples), married Charles, Duke of Calabria in 1316.
8. Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).[8]
9. Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327,[1] Bruck an der Mur) married but line extinct.
10. Meinhard (1300 – 1301), died in infancy.
11. Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna)[8] married but line extinct.
12. Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329), married Ludwig V, Count of Öttingen in Baden, 26 March 1319.

## Male-line family tree

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

House of Habsburg[n 1]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Original line

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308| | | | | | Hartmann
1263–1281| | Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307| | Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330| | Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326| | Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358| | Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327| | Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339| | John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Albertinian line| | | | | | | | | |   Leopoldian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365| | Frederick III
1347–1362| | Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395| | | | | | | | | | Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386| | | | | | Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344| | Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404| | William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406| | Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411| | Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424| | | | | | Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439| | | | | | | | | | Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493| | Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463| | Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457| | | | | | | | | | Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |   Spanish / Iberian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Austrian / HRE line
| | | | Charles V
HRE
1500–1558| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576| | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595| | | | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568| | Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621| | Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612| | Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595| | Matthias
HRE
1557–1619| | Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618| | Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621| | Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578| | Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600| | Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618| | Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637| | Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616| | Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632| | Charles
of Austria
1590–1624
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665| | Charles
of Austria
1607–1632| | Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619| | Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657| | Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662| | Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662| | Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646| | Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654| | Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705| | Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711| | Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maria Theresa
HRE
1740–1780| | Francis I
HRE
1745–1765

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Habsburg-Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph II
HRE
1765–1790| | Leopold II
HRE
1790–1792
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Francis II
HRE
1792–1806
Notes:

1. ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f George 1875, p. table XIV.
2. ^ Wheatcroft, Andrew (1995). The Habsburgs Embodying Empire. Penguin. p. 32.
3. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
4. ^ Johannes von Geissel (1835). Die Schlacht am Hasenbühl und das Königskreuz zu Göllheim: eine historische Monographie. Kranzbühler.
5. ^ On the election and coronation see Andreas Büttner, Rituale der Herrschererhebung im spätmittelalterlichen Reich (Mittelalter-Forschung 35,1). Vol. 1. Ostfildern 2012, pp. 237–264 (online).
6. ^ The medieval sources on the murder are examined by Manuel Kamenzin, Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349) (Mittelalter-Forschungen 64), Ostfildern 2020, pp. 278–308 (online).
7. ^ a b c Previté-Orton 1960, p. 796.
8. ^ a b c Previté-Orton 1960, p. 797.

## Sources

[edit]

* George, Hereford Brooke (1875). Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
* Previté-Orton, Charles William (1960). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2\. Cambridge University Press.
*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Albert I.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 496.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert I of Habsburg.

The poem  A Monarch's Death-bed., by Felicia Hemans recalls the scene of Albert's death, where he was supposedly comforted by a passing peasant woman. From Friendship's Offering annual, 1826.

Albert I of Germany

House of Habsburg

Born: 1255 Died: 1308

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Rudolph IV
Rudolph V

|  Count of Habsburg
1291–1308
with Rudolph VI (1298–1307) | Succeeded by

Leopold I

Preceded by

Adolf

|  King of Germany
1298–1308  | Succeeded by

Henry VII

Margrave of Meissen
1298–1307
with Theodoric II (1291–1307)
Frederick I (1291–1323) | Succeeded by

Frederick II

Preceded by

Rudolph I

|  Duke of Austria and Styria
1282–1308
with Rudolph II (1282–83)
Rudolph III (1298–1307) | Succeeded by

Frederick the Fair
Leopold I

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