Alcohols (medicine)

Alcohols used as antiseptics, disinfectants or antidotes

This article is about use of alcohols in medicine. For ethanol as a psychoactive drug, see Alcohol (drug). For other uses, see Ethanol.

Alcohol

Ethanol is a commonly used medical alcohol.

Clinical data
Routes of
administration| Topical, intravenous, by mouth
Drug class| Antiseptics, disinfectants, antidotes
ATC code|

* D08AX08 (WHO) V03AB16 (WHO), V03AZ01 (WHO)

Legal status
Legal status|

* US: OTC

Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism| Liver
Identifiers
CAS Number|

* 64-17-5

PubChem CID|

* 702

DrugBank|

* DB00898

ChemSpider|

* 682

UNII|

* 3K9958V90M

Alcohols, in various forms, are used medically as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and antidote.[1] Alcohols applied to the skin are used to disinfect skin before a needle stick and before surgery.[2] They may also be used as a hand sanitizer;[2] to clean other areas;[2] and in mouthwashes.[3][4][5] Taken by mouth or injected into a vein, ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity when fomepizole is not available.[1]

Side effects of alcohols applied to the skin include skin irritation.[2] Care should be taken with electrocautery, as ethanol is flammable.[1] Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol.[6][7] Alcohols are effective against a range of microorganisms, though they do not inactivate spores.[7] Concentrations of 60% to 90% work best.[7]

## Uses[edit]

95% ABV ethanol is known as spiritus fortis in medical context.

### Alcohol septal ablation[edit]

Main article: Alcohol septal ablation

Ablysinol (a brand of 99% ethanol medical alcohol) was sold from $1,300 to $10,000 per 10-pack[Give volume amount please] in 2020 due to FDA administrator action granting exclusivity when used for treating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with Alcohol septal ablation in the US through 2025, despite "misuse" of the orphan drug act.[8][9][10][unreliable source?]

### Antiseptics[edit]

#### Alcohols[edit]

Ethanol is listed under Antiseptics, and Alcohol based hand rub under Disinfectants, on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11]

Applied to the skin, alcohols are used to disinfect skin before a needle stick and before surgery.[2] They may be used both to disinfect the skin of the person and the hands of the healthcare providers.[2] They can also be used to clean other areas,[2] and in mouthwashes.[3]

Both ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are common ingredients in topical antiseptics, including hand sanitizer.[12]

### Antidote[edit]

When taken by mouth or injected into a vein ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity[13] when fomepizole is not available.[1]

#### Mechanism[edit]

Ethanol, when used for toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing more serious toxic effect of the glycols to crystallize in the kidneys.[14]

### Euthanasia[edit]

Alcohol can intensify the sedation caused by hypnotics/sedatives such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, sedative antihistamines, opioids, nonbenzodiazepines/Z-drugs (such as zolpidem and zopiclone).[15]

In the Netherlands, pentobarbital is part of the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide for self-administration by the patient.[16] It is given in liquid form, in a solution of sugar syrup and alcohol, containing 9 grams of pentobarbital. This is preceded by an antiemetic to prevent vomiting.[16]

### Medicinal solvent[edit]

Ethanol, often in high concentrations, is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications and related compounds. Liquid preparations of pain medications, cough and cold medicines, and mouth washes, for example, may contain up to 25% ethanol[17] and may need to be avoided in individuals with adverse reactions to ethanol such as alcohol-induced respiratory reactions.[18] Ethanol is present mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in over 700 liquid preparations of medicine including acetaminophen, iron supplements, ranitidine, furosemide, mannitol, phenobarbital, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and over-the-counter cough medicine.[19]

### Sclerosant[edit]

Absolute ethanol is used as a sclerosant in sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy has been used "in the treatment of simple pleural effusions, vascular malformations, lymphocytes and seromas."[20]

### Sedative[edit]

Ethchlorvynol, developed in the 1950s, was used to treat insomnia, but prescriptions for the drug had fallen significantly by 1990, as other hypnotics that were considered safer (i.e., less dangerous in overdose) became much more common. Also, ethchlorvynol is not compatible with intravenous injection like ethanol—serious injury (including the loss of limbs due to vascular injury) or death can occur when it is used in this manner.[21] It is no longer prescribed in the United States due to unavailability, but it is still available in some countries and would still be considered legal to possess and use with a valid prescription.

## Society and culture[edit]

### Unproven COVID-19 hand sanitizer[edit]

Main article: List of unproven methods against COVID-19

Vodka was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[22][23][medical citation needed]

## History[edit]

See also: Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933

### Ancient world[edit]

Since antiquity, prior to the development of modern agents, alcohol was used as a general anesthetic.[24]

Beer is one of the earliest known ingredients for wound healing. A medical prescription from Mesopotamia describes a method for healing wounds:[25][26]

> Pound together fur-turpentine, pine-turpentine, tamarisk, daisy, flour of inninnu strain; mix in milk and beer in a small copper pan; spread on skin; bind on him, and he shall recover.

### Late Middle Ages[edit]

Alcohol has been used as an antiseptic as early as 1363, with evidence to support its use becoming available in the late 1800s.[27]

### Modern period[edit]

Early doctors recognized that ethanol was a risky anesthetic because it could lead to death from alcohol poisoning or vomit inhalation (pulmonary aspiration). This led to use of alternatives in antiquity, such as opium and cannabis, and later diethyl ether starting in the 1840s.[28] As safer options became available, ethanol was eventually phased out as a general anesthetic.

Methylpentynol, discovered 1913, prescribed for the treatment of insomnia, but its use was quickly phased out in response to newer drugs with far more favorable safety profiles.[29][30][31] The drug has been replaced by benzodiazepines and is no longer sold anywhere.[32]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d British National Formulary: BNF 69 (69th ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 42, 838. ISBN 9780857111562.
2. ^ a b c d e f g World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 321\. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
3. ^ a b Limeback H (11 April 2012). Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-1-118-28020-1. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
4. ^ Kuriakose MA (8 December 2016). Contemporary Oral Oncology: Biology, Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention. Springer. pp. 47–54. ISBN 978-3-319-14911-0. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
5. ^ Jameel RA, Khan SS, Kamaruddin MF, Abd Rahim ZH, Bakri MM, Abdul Razak FB (October 2014). "Is synthetic mouthwash the final choice to treat oral malodour?". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons—Pakistan. 24 (10): 757–762. PMID 25327922.
6. ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
7. ^ a b c McDonnell G, Russell AD (January 1999). "Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12 (1): 147–179. doi:10.1128/cmr.12.1.147. PMC 88911. PMID 9880479.
8. ^ Paavola A (12 February 2020). "Why price of dehydrated alcohol is going from $1,300 to $10K". www.beckershospitalreview.com.
9. ^ "Biotech executives, having pledged fair pricing, criticize drugmaker for steep hike". BioPharma Dive.
10. ^ "Statement on Belcher Pharmaceuticals". linkedin. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
11. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
12. ^ Research Cf (12 May 2023). "Q&A for Consumers | Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19". FDA.
13. ^ Mégarbane B (24 August 2010). "Treatment of patients with ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning: focus on fomepizole". Open Access Emergency Medicine. 2: 67–75. doi:10.2147/OAEM.S5346. ISSN 1179-1500. PMC 4806829. PMID 27147840.
14. ^ Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Vale JA (2002). "American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 40 (4): 415–446. doi:10.1081/CLT-120006745. PMID 12216995. S2CID 26495651.
15. ^ Yost DA (2002). "Acute care for alcohol intoxication" (PDF). Postgraduate Medicine Online. 112 (6). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
16. ^ a b Köhler W (23 November 2000). "Euthanica". Euthanesia Dossier (in Dutch). NRC Webpagina's.
17. ^ "Alcohol Content in Common Preparations" (PDF). Medical Society of the State of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
18. ^ Adams KE, Rans TS (December 2013). "Adverse reactions to alcohol and alcoholic beverages". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 111 (6): 439–445. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.016. PMID 24267355.
19. ^ Zuccotti GV, Fabiano V (July 2011). "Safety issues with ethanol as an excipient in drugs intended for pediatric use". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 10 (4): 499–502. doi:10.1517/14740338.2011.565328. PMID 21417862. S2CID 41876817.
20. ^ Episalla NC, Orra S, Black CK, Dekker PK, Kim KG, Cardella JT, et al. (August 2021). "Sclerotherapy as an alternative treatment for complex, refractory seromas". Journal of Surgical Case Reports. 2021 (8). Oxford University Press: rjab224. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjab224. PMC 8384448. PMID 34447570.
21. ^ Glauser FL, Smith WR, Caldwell A, Hoshiko M, Dolan GS, Baer H, et al. (January 1976). "Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)-induced pulmonary edema". Annals of Internal Medicine. 84 (1): 46–48. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-84-1-46. PMID 942681.
22. ^ "Fact or Fiction: Tito's Vodka can be used in hand sanitizer?". KGTV. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
23. ^ "Coronavirus: Don't use vodka to sanitise hands". BBC News. 6 March 2020.
24. ^ Eger II EI, Saidman LJ, Westhorpe RN (14 September 2013). The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-4614-8441-7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
25. ^ Shah JB (September 2011). "The history of wound care". The Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists. 3 (3): 65–6. doi:10.1016/j.jcws.2012.04.002. PMC 3601883. PMID 24525756.
26. ^ Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE (2006). "A Brief History of Wound Care". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 117: 6S–11S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000225429.76355.dd. PMID 16799371.
27. ^ Block SS (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 14\. ISBN 9780683307405. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.
28. ^ Grattan, N. "Treatment of Uterine Haemorrhage". Provincial Medicine and Surgical Journal. Vol. 1, No. 6 (Nov. 7, 1840), p. 107.
29. ^ Hirsh HL, Orsinger WH (January 1952). "Methylparafynol—a new type hypnotic. Preliminary report on its therapeutic efficacy and toxicity". American Practitioner and Digest of Treatment. 3 (1): 23–6. PMID 14903452.
30. ^ Schaffarzick RW, Brown BJ (December 1952). "The anticonvulsant activity and toxicity of methylparafynol (dormison) and some other alcohols". Science. 116 (3024): 663–5. Bibcode:1952Sci...116..663S. doi:10.1126/science.116.3024.663. PMID 13028241.
31. ^ Herz A (March 1954). "[A new type of hypnotic; unsaturated tertiary carbinols; experimental studies on therapeutic use of 3-methyl-pentin-ol-3 (methylparafynol)]". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 4 (3): 198–9. PMID 13159700.
32. ^ Hines RD (2002). The Pursuit of Oblivion. p. 327.

* v
* t
* e

Alcohols

By consumption|

| Alcohols found in
alcoholic drinks|

* 1-Propanol
* 2-Methyl-1-butanol
* Ethanol
* Isoamyl alcohol
* Isobutanol
* Phenethyl alcohol
* tert-Amyl alcohol
* tert-Butyl alcohol
* Tryptophol

|

Medical alcohol|

* Ethchlorvynol
* Methylpentynol
* Methanol poisoning
* Ethanol

Toxic alcohols|

* Isopropyl alcohol
* Methanol

Primary
alcohols (1°)|

| Methanol|

* 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol
* Aminomethanol
* Cyclohexylmethanol
* Methoxymethanol
* Methylazoxymethanol
* Trifluoromethanol

|

Ethanol|

* 1-Aminoethanol
* 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol
* 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
* 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol
* 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol
* 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol
* 2-Butoxyethanol
* 2-Chloroethanol
* 2-Ethoxyethanol
* 2-Fluoroethanol
* 2-Mercaptoethanol
* 2-Methoxyethanol
* Aminoethylethanolamine
* Diethylethanolamine
* Dimethylethanolamine
* Ethanol
* Ethanolamine
* N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
* N-Methylethanolamine
* Phenoxyethanol
* Tribromoethanol

Butanol|

* 2-Methyl-1-butanol
* Isobutanol
* n-Butanol

Straight-chain
saturated
C1 — C9|

* Methanol
* Ethanol
* 1-Propanol
* 1-Butanol
* 1-Pentanol
* 1-Hexanol
* 1-Heptanol
* 1-Octanol (capryl)
* 1-Nonanol (pelargonic)

Straight-chain
saturated
C10 — C19|

* 1-Decanol (capric)
* 1-Undecanol (hendecyl)
* 1-Dodecanol (lauryl)
* 1-Tridecanol
* 1-Tetradecanol (myristyl)
* 1-Pentadecanol
* 1-Hexadecanol (cetyl / palmityl)
* 1-Heptadecanol
* 1-Octadecanol (stearyl)
* 1-Nonadecanol

Straight-chain
saturated
C20 — C29|

* 1-Icosanol (arachidyl)
* 1-Heneicosanol
* 1-Docosanol (behenyl)
* 1-Tricosanol
* 1-Tetracosanol (lignoceryl)
* 1-Pentacosanol
* 1-Hexacosanol (ceryl)
* 1-Heptacosanol
* 1-Octacosanol (cluytyl / montanyl)
* 1-Nonacosanol

Straight-chain
saturated
C30 — C39|

* 1-Triacontanol (melissyl / myricyl)
* 1-Hentriacontanol
* 1-Dotriacontanol (lacceryl)
* 1-Tritriacontanol
* 1-Tetratriacontanol (geddyl)
* 1-Pentatriacontanol
* 1-Hexatriacontanol
* 1-Heptatriacontanol
* 1-Octatriacontanol
* 1-Nonatriacontanol

Straight-chain
saturated
C40 — C49|

* 1-Tetracontanol
* 1-Hentetracontanol
* 1-Dotetracontanol
* 1-Tritetracontanol
* 1-Tetratetracontanol
* 1-Pentatetracontanol
* 1-Hexatetracontanol
* 1-Heptatetracontanol
* 1-Octatetracontanol
* 1-Nonatetracontanol

* 2-Ethylhexanol
* Allyl alcohol
* Anisyl alcohol
* Benzyl alcohol
* Cinnamyl alcohol
* Crotyl alcohol
* Furfuryl alcohol
* Isoamyl alcohol
* Neopentyl alcohol
* Nicotinyl alcohol
* Perillyl alcohol
* Phenethyl alcohol
* Prenol
* Propargyl alcohol
* Salicyl alcohol
* Tryptophol
* Vanillyl alcohol
* Veratrole alcohol

Secondary
alcohols (2°)|

* 1-Phenylethanol
* 2-Butanol
* 2-Deoxyerythritol
* 2-Heptanol
* 3-Heptanol
* 2-Hexanol
* 3-Hexanol
* 3-Methyl-2-butanol
* 2-Nonanol
* 2-Octanol
* 2-Pentanol
* 3-Pentanol
* Cyclohexanol
* Cyclopentanol
* Cyclopropanol
* Diphenylmethanol
* Isopropanol
* Pinacolyl alcohol
* Pirkle's alcohol
* Propylene glycol methyl ether

Tertiary
alcohols (3°)|

* 2-Methyl-2-pentanol
* 2-Methylheptan-2-ol
* 2-Methylhexan-2-ol
* 3-Methyl-3-pentanol
* 3-Methyloctan-3-ol
* Diacetone alcohol
* Ethchlorvynol
* Methylpentynol
* Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol
* tert-Amyl alcohol
* tert-Butyl alcohol
* Triphenylethanol
* Triphenylmethanol

Hydric alcohols|

| Monohydric alcohols|

* Methanol (C1)
* Ethanol (C2)
* Isopropanol (C3)
* 1-Butanol (C4)
* 1-Pentanol (C5)
* Cetyl alcohol (C16)

|

Dihydric alcohols|

* Ethylene glycol
* Propylene glycol

Trihydric alcohols|

* Glycerol

Polyhydric alcohols (sugar alcohols)|

* Pentaerythritol
* Ethylene glycol (C2)
* Glycerol, Propylene glycol (C3)
* Erythritol, Threitol (C4)
* Xylitol (C5)
* Mannitol, Sorbitol (C6)
* Volemitol (C7)

Amyl alcohols|

* 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol
* 2-Methylbutan-1-ol
* 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
* 3-Methylbutan-1-ol
* 3-Methylbutan-2-ol
* Pentan-1-ol
* Pentan-2-ol
* Pentan-3-ol

Aromatic alcohols|

* Benzyl alcohol
* 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
* 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

Saturated
fatty alcohols|

* Cetostearyl alcohol
* Decanol
* Lauryl alcohol
* Myristyl alcohol
* Nonanol
* Octanol
* Tridecanol
* Undecanol

Branched and
unsaturated
fatty alcohols|

* 3-Methyl-3-pentanol
* Erucyl alcohol
* Linolenyl alcohol
* Linoleyl alcohol
* Oleyl alcohol
* Palmitoleyl alcohol
* tert-Amyl alcohol
* tert-Butyl alcohol

Sugar alcohols|

| C1 — C7|

* Methylene glycol (C1)
* Ethylene glycol (C2)
* Glycerol (C3)
* Erythritol (C4)
* Threitol (C4)
* Arabitol (C5)
* Ribitol (C5)
* Xylitol (C5)
* Mannitol (C6)
* Sorbitol (C6)
* Galactitol (C6)
* Iditol (C6)
* Volemitol (C7)

|

Deoxy sugar
alcohols|

* Fucitol

Cyclic sugar
alcohols|

* Inositol

Glycylglycitols|

* Maltitol
* Lactitol
* Isomalt
* Maltotriitol
* Maltotetraitol
* Polyglycitol

Terpene alcohols|

| Monoterpene
alcohols|

* Borneol
* Citronellol
* Geraniol
* Linalool
* Menthol
* Nerol
* Rhodinol
* Terpineol

|

Sesquiterpene
alcohols|

* Bisabolol
* Farnesol
* Nerolidol
* Patchoulol

Diterpene
alcohols|

* Phytol

Dialcohols|

* 1,4-Butanediol
* 1,5-Pentanediol
* 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol
* Diethylpropanediol
* Ethylene glycol

Trialcohols|

* Glycerol

Sterols|

* Cholesterol
* Ergosterol
* Lanosterol
* β-Sitosterol
* Stigmasterol

Fluoroalcohols|

* 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
* 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
* 2-Fluoroethanol
* Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol
* Trifluoromethanol

Preparations|

* Substitution of haloalkane
* Carbonyl reduction
* Ether cleavage
* Hydrolysis of epoxide
* Hydration of alkene
* Ziegler process

Reactions|

* Deprotonation
* Protonation
* Alcohol oxidation
* Glycol cleavage
* Nucleophilic substitution
* Fischer–Speier esterification
* Williamson ether synthesis
* Elimination reaction
* Nucleophilic substitution of carbonyl group
* Friedel-Crafts alkylation
* Nucleophilic conjugate addition
* Transesterification

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Antiseptics and disinfectants (D08)

Acridine derivatives|

* Ethacridine lactate
* 9-Aminoacridine
* Euflavine

Biguanides and amidines|

* Dibrompropamidine
* Chlorhexidine#
* Propamidine
* Hexamidine
* Polihexanide

Phenol and derivatives|

* Hexachlorophene
* Policresulen
* Phenol
* Triclosan
* Triclocarban
* Chloroxylenol#
* Biphenylol
* Fenticlor

Nitrofuran derivatives|

* Nitrofurazone

Iodine products|

* Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
* Povidone-iodine#
* Diiodohydroxypropane

Quinoline derivatives|

* Dequalinium
* Chlorquinaldol
* Oxyquinoline
* Clioquinol

Quaternary ammonium compounds|

* Benzalkonium
* Benzethonium chloride
* Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride)
* Cetylpyridinium
* Cetrimide
* Benzoxonium chloride
* Didecyldimethylammonium chloride

Mercurial products|

* Mercuric amidochloride
* Phenylmercuric borate
* Mercuric chloride
* Merbromin
* Nitromersol
* Thiomersal
* Mercuric iodide

Silver compounds|

* Silver nitrate

Alcohols|

* Propanol (propyl alcohol)
* Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
* Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)#

Other|

* Potassium permanganate
* Sodium hypochlorite
* Halazone
* Monalazone
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Eosin
* Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)
* Octenidine dihydrochloride

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

* v
* t
* e

Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)

GABAA|

| Alcohols|

* 2M2B
* Chloralodol
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Diethylpropanediol
* Ethchlorvynol
* Methylpentynol
* Trichloroethanol

|

Barbiturates|

* Allobarbital
* Amobarbital
* Aprobarbital
* Barbital
* Butabarbital
* Butobarbital
* Cyclobarbital
* Ethallobarbital
* Heptabarb
* Hexobarbital
* Mephobarbital
* Methohexital
* Narcobarbital
* Pentobarbital
* Phenallymal
* Phenobarbital
* Propylbarbital
* Proxibarbal
* Reposal
* Secobarbital
* Talbutal
* Thiamylal
* Thiopental
* Thiotetrabarbital
* Vinbarbital
* Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines|

* Brotizolam
* Cinolazepam
* Climazolam
* Clonazolam
* Doxefazepam
* Estazolam
* Flubromazolam
* Flunitrazolam
* Flunitrazepam
* Flurazepam
* Flutoprazepam
* Lorazepam
* Loprazolam
* Lormetazepam
* Midazolam
* Nimetazepam
* Nitemazepam
* Nitrazepam
* Nitrazolam
* Quazepam
* Temazepam
* Triazolam

Carbamates|

* Carisoprodol
* Emylcamate
* Ethinamate
* Hexapropymate
* Meprobamate
* Methocarbamol
* Phenprobamate
* Procymate
* Tybamate

Imidazoles|

* Etomidate
* Metomidate
* Propoxate

Monoureides|

* Acecarbromal
* Apronal (apronalide)
* Bromisoval
* Capuride
* Carbromal
* Ectylurea

Neuroactive steroids|

* Acebrochol
* Allopregnanolone
* Alphadolone
* Alphaxolone
* Eltanolone
* Hydroxydione
* Minaxolone
* Progesterone

Nonbenzodiazepines|

* Eszopiclone
* Indiplon
* Lirequinil
* Necopidem
* Pazinaclone
* Saripidem
* Suproclone
* Suriclone
* Zaleplon
* Zolpidem
* Zopiclone

Phenols|

* Propofol

Piperidinediones|

* Glutethimide
* Methyprylon
* Pyrithyldione
* Piperidione

Quinazolinones|

* Afloqualone
* Cloroqualone
* Diproqualone
* Etaqualone
* Mebroqualone
* Mecloqualone
* Methaqualone
* Methylmethaqualone
* Nitromethaqualone
* SL-164

Others|

* Acetophenone
* Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
* Bromide compounds
* Lithium bromide
* Potassium bromide
* Sodium bromide
* Centalun
* Chloral betaine
* Chloral hydrate
* Chloralose
* Clomethiazole
* Dichloralphenazone
* Gaboxadol
* Kavalactones
* Loreclezole
* Paraldehyde
* Petrichloral
* Sulfonylalkanes
* Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
* Tetronal
* Trional
* Triclofos
* Sesquiterpene
* Isovaleramide
* Isovaleric acid
* Valerenic acid

GABAB|

* 1,4-Butanediol
* 4-Fluorophenibut
* Aceburic acid
* Baclofen
* GABOB
* GHB (sodium oxybate)
* GBL
* GVL
* Phenibut
* Tolibut

H1|

| Antihistamines|

* Captodiame
* Cyproheptadine
* Diphenhydramine
* Doxylamine
* Hydroxyzine
* Methapyrilene
* Perlapine
* Pheniramine
* Promethazine
* Propiomazine

|

Antidepressants|

* Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
* Etoperidone
* Nefazodone
* Trazodone
* Tricyclic antidepressants
* Amitriptyline
* Doxepin
* Trimipramine, etc.
* Tetracyclic antidepressants
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine, etc.

Antipsychotics|

* Typical antipsychotics
* Chlorpromazine
* Thioridazine, etc.
* Atypical antipsychotics
* Olanzapine
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone, etc.

α2-Adrenergic|

* Clonidine
* Detomidine
* Dexmedetomidine
* Lofexidine
* Medetomidine
* Romifidine
* Tizanidine
* Xylazine

5-HT2A|

| Antidepressants|

* Trazodone
* Tricyclic antidepressants
* Amitriptyline
* Doxepin
* Trimipramine, etc.
* Tetracyclic antidepressants
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine, etc.

|

Antipsychotics|

* Typical antipsychotics
* Chlorpromazine
* Thioridazine, etc.
* Atypical antipsychotics
* Olanzapine
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone, etc.

Others|

* Niaprazine

Melatonin|

* Agomelatine
* Melatonin
* Ramelteon
* Tasimelteon

Orexin|

* Daridorexant
* Lemborexant
* Suvorexant

α2δ VDCC|

* Gabapentin
* Gabapentin enacarbil
* Mirogabalin
* Phenibut
* Pregabalin

Others|

* Cannabidiol
* Cannabis
* Chlorophenylalkyldiols
* Fenpentadiol
* Metaglycodol
* Phenaglycodol
* Diethylpropanediol
* Evoxine
* Fenadiazole
* Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants
* Chlorphenesin
* Mephenesin
* Mephenoxalone
* Metaxalone
* Methocarbamol
* Midaflur
* Opioids (e.g., morphine)
* Passion flower
* Scopolamine
* Trazodone
* UMB68
* Valnoctamide

Portal:

* Medicine

*[US]: United States
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[α2δ]: alpha2delta subunit
*[VDCC]: voltage-gated calcium channel